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Zmiany w przedsiębiorstwie wobec procesu globalizacji

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èródło: ˚urek J., Przedsi´biorstwo w systemie społeczno-gospodarczym [w:] Przedsi´biorstwo. Zasady

działania, funkcjonowanie, rozwój, red. J. ˚urek, Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdaƒskiego, Gdaƒsk

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Ryc. 1. Struktura konkurencyjnoÊci przedsi´biorstwa

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Ryc. 2. Ogólne strategie konkurencyjne

PRZEWAGA STRATEGICZNA XQLNDOQRĞüSRVWU]HJDQLD SU]H]NOLHQWD SR]\FMDQLVNLHJRNRV]WX Cele VWUDWHJLF]QH ZVNDOLVHNWRUD ]UyĪQLFRZDQLH ZLRGąFDSR]\FMDNRV]WRZD ZVNDOL VHJPHQWX koncentracja èródło: Porter 1996, s. 54. .DĪGD]Z\PLHQLRQ\FKVWUDWHJLL]DNáDGDRGPLHQQ\VSRVyERVLąJDQLDSU]HZDJLNRQNXUHQ F\MQHM:SU]\SDGNXVWUDWHJLLSU]\ZyG]WZDNRV]WRZHJRFHOHPSU]HGVLĊELRUVWZDMHVWRVLąJQLĊ FLHDQDVWĊSQLHXWU]\PDQLHQLĪV]HJRQLĪNRQNXUHQFLSR]LRPXNRV]WyZSURGXNFMLSU]\UyZQR F]HĞQLHZ\VRNLHMMHMMDNRĞFLÄ:LRGąFDSR]\FMDSRGZ]JOĊGHPNRV]WyZZ\PDJDLQZHVWRZDQLD ZXU]ąG]HQLDSURGXNF\MQHQDHIHNW\ZQąVNDOĊGąĪHQLDGRREQLĪHQLDNRV]WyZSRSU]H]]GRE\ ZDQLHGRĞZLDGF]HQLDĞFLVáąNRQWUROĊNRV]WyZEH]SRĞUHGQLFKLRJyOQ\FKXQLNDQLHNOLHQWyZ RPDUJLQDOQ\P]QDF]HQLXUHNODP\REVáXJLSRVSU]HGDĪQHMLWS´ .RWRZLF]-DZRUV  .ROHMQąVWUDWHJLąNRQNXUHQF\MQąMHVWVWUDWHJLD]UyĪQLFRZDQLD G\ZHUV\¿NDFML -HVWRQDVWRVR ZDQDZyZF]DVJG\SU]HGVLĊELRUVWZRPDGR]DRIHURZDQLDNOLHQWRPXQLNDWRZ\SURGXNWNWyU\ EĊG]LHQDMZ\ĪHMSU]H]QLFKFHQLRQ\(OHPHQWDPLUyĪQLFRZDQLDPRJąE\üQDSU]\NáDGRNUH ĞORQDFHFKDSURGXNWXV\VWHPMHJRGRVWDZ\OXEPDUNHWLQJ 6WDQLHGD =Z\NOHSRSUDZD W\FKNU\WHULyZSRFLąJD]DVREą]MHGQHMVWURQ\NRQLHF]QRĞüSRQLHVLHQLDSU]H]SU]HGVLĊELRUVWZR Z\ĪV]\FKQLĪNRQNXUHQFMDNRV]WyZ]GUXJLHM]DĞXPRĪOLZLDRIHURZDQLHQDU\QNXZáDVQ\FK SURGXNWyZSRZ\ĪV]HMFHQLH7U]HFLąVWUDWHJLąNRQNXUHQF\MQąMHVWWDNWyUDSROHJDQDGąĪHQLX SU]HGVLĊELRUVWZDGRRVLąJQLĊFLDHIHNWyZZMHGQ\PZ\EUDQ\PVHJPHQFLH3RZV]HFKQLHMHVW RQDQD]\ZDQDVWUDWHJLąNRQFHQWUDFML VNXSLHQLD -HMLVWRWD]DNáDGDĪHSHZQHÄRJUDQLF]HQLH´ GRZ\EUDQHJRVHJPHQWXSRZLQQRSRZRGRZDüSHáQH]DVSRNRMHQLHSRWU]HENRQVXPHQWyZ7Ċ F]ĊĞüU\QNXPRĪQDERZLHPREVáXĪ\üVSUDZQLHMLVNXWHF]QLHMQLĪF]\QLWRNRQNXUHQFMD7DN SU]HGVWDZLRQDFKDUDNWHU\VW\NDZV]\VWNLFKWU]HFKVWUDWHJLLNRQNXUHQFMLSR]ZDODQDZ\FLąJQLĊ FLH RJyOQHJR ZQLRVNX GRW\F]ąFHJR RVLąJDQLD SU]HZDJL NRQNXUHQF\MQHM -DN WUDIQLH XMPXMH -6WDQLHQGDÄSRGVWDZRZ\PZDUXQNLHPVNXWHF]QHJRG]LDáDQLD>SU]HGVLĊELRUVWZD±7*@MHVW Z\UyĪQLHQLHWHJRHOHPHQWXF]\WHMVWUHI\ZNWyU\FKSU]HGVLĊELRUVWZREĊG]LHPLDáRSU]HZDJĊ QDGNRQNXUHQWDPL´ 6WDQLHGDV :]ZLą]NX]W\PPRĪOLZHMHVWSU]\MĊFLHSHZQ\FK ]DVDGZDUXQNXMąF\FKX]\VNDQLHSU]HZDJLF]\OLRVLąJQLĊFLHVXNFHVXU\QNRZHJR1DOHĪ\E\ü QDMOHSV]\PZMHGQHM]WU]HFKZ\PLHQLRQ\FKVWUDWHJLLVWDOHXGRVNRQDODüSR]\FMĊOLGHUDZMHG QHM]QLFKRUD]SRV]XNLZDüQDMNRU]\VWQLHMV]HMSR]\FMLZSR]RVWDá\FKGZyFK $OWNRUQ 

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èródło: opracowanie własne na podstawie Stanienda 2006, s. 21.

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Ryc. 3. Współczesny model przewagi konkurencyjnej

:\UyĪQLDMąFHVLĊ zasoby i kompetencje PRZEWAGA .21.85(1&<-1$ :DUWRĞüGOD DNFMRQDULXV]\ :DUWRĞüGRGDQD

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èródło: opracowanie własne na podstawie Suszyƒski 2007, s. 128.

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