Puti Russkoy Skholastiki

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FORUM PHILOSOPHICUM Facultas Philosophica Ignatianum Cracovia - Kraköw, 11: 2006, 175-192

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176 Bjiaducjiae Apotcauyxun

CKOH, yKpaHHCKOH H ÖCHOpyCCKOH CXOJiaCTHKH, B TOH MCpC, B KaKOH OHH 3Ty

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MocKOBCKOH PycH H HaHHHaexc^ Kyjibxypa POCCHHCKOH HMnepHH. OcHOBHbie (|)opMbi, co^epHcaHHC H w H ^ y m n e cHJibi xpaHC^opMauHH PycH B POCCHK) B KOHCHHOM cHCxe OHpcjiejiHJiH KaK o6iij,He napaMexpbi POCCHHCKOH cxojiacxHKH,

xaK H ee a6cxpaKXHbiH xapaKxep. Cerojina npaKXHHecKH BCCMH npHsnano, HXO

nojiHXHKa CBponeHsauHH Hanajiacb B POCCHH HC npn Ilexpe I, a HaMHoro paHbme - B cepe^HHe X V I I B., Korîa cpezicxBaMH „jiaxHHCKHx yHCHHH", saHMCXBOBanHbix Ha 3ana/i;e, BJiacxb npe/i;npHHîJia nonwxKy CKOHcxpynpoBaxb HOByio poccHHCKyio HJêOJIOrHK). JXdiRQKO HC nOCJieAHHH pOJIb B 3 X 0 H HOHblXKC öbijia oxBCAena cxojiacxHKe. YHCC B caMOM c n o c o ö e nepeca^^KH sanaj^HOH cxojiacxHKH na pyc-CKyio noHBy öbijiH CKpbixbi npoxHBopeHH5i, Koxopbie KopennbiM o ö p a s o M noBJiH^jiH na nyxH 3BOJIIOUHH (})HJioco(i)CKOH H GOFOCJIOBCKOH MMCJIH POCCHH. B X V I I B . cxojiacxHKa öbijia HHxepecna jxn^ pyccKHx pe(J)opMaxopoB ne caMa no

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riymu pyccKoü cxojiacmuKu 111

cxojiacTHHCCKaa HayKa aziCKBaxHO omymajia ceÖH TOJILKO B rocyj^apcTBCHHOH CHCTCMe o6pa30BaHHH. 3aHMCTB0BaHHLie B EBpone cxojiacxHHecKHe nporpaMMbi CXaJlH O C H O B O H 4)OpMHpOBaBmeHC5I B X V I I - X V I I I B B . HOBOH pOCCHHCKOH ne/iaroFHKH. na(})oc cjiy^KeÖHocxH H yxHJiHxapnocxH, ^yx HHCxpyMCHxajiHSMa npoHH3i>iBaK)x Bce pyccKHe cxojiacxHHecKHe IHKOJIBI. 3XO Hano^HJio na pyccKyio cxojiacxHKy Hen3^Jlaz^HMbIi^ oxnenaxoK xBopnecKofi BXOPHHHOCXH - KOMnjiCKca,

ox Koxoporo B 3HaHHxejibH0 MCHbineH cxencHH cxpa^ajia nojibCKa« cxojiacxHKa

-- „AOHOp" yKpaHHCKHX H pyCCKHX UIKOJl X V I I B. Hex HHKaKOrO COMHCHHH B XOM, HXO 3X0X KOMRJieKC HBJIHJICH npOCKUHCH HCpaSBHXOCXH pyCCKOH COUHaHbHOH H (J)HJioco(})CKOH cpe^bi B XVII-XVIII BB. B 3noxy Hexpa I, Korâ HOBbm pyc-CKHH paiJiH0HajiH3M cxaji nojiHXHHecKOH BJiacxbK), cxojiacxHKa B POCCHH, KaK H IJ,epKOBb, npHoöpejia „rocyâpcxBCHHbiH" xapaKxep. HjieojiorHnecKHH KOHXCKCX cxaji HacxbFO ee naxypw. HanHHan c xoro uQ^nom, 4)HJIOCO(})HH, cxpeMHBuiaaca BbipBaxbC5i H3 3xoro KOHxcKCxa, cxaHOBHJiacb B POCCHH O ^ H H M H3 Hanöojiee onacHbix BHÔB AeaxejibHOCxH. OHJIOCO(^HH, KaK CBOÖo^Hoe xBopnecxBO, 6biJia He Hy^Ha BJiacxH. /ÔMHHnpyioiizeH (ôpMOH KaK cxojiacxHKH, xaK H XpOHOJIOrHHCCKH CJICÔBaBIHHM 3a HCH BOJIb(})HaHCXBOM B X V I I I B. CXaJl „nonyjiapHbiH", pauHonajinsM. Ero uejib cocxoajia He cxojibKO B MOj^cjinpoBanHH KapXHHbl MHpa, CKOJIbKO B ynopÂOHHBaHHH MbimJICHH)! JlKtJXQlA. OHJI0C04)CKa5I H öorocjiOBCKaH Mbicjib B POCCHH Bcerâ Hcnbixbmajia âBJieHHC POCCHHCKOH HêojiorHH. Bjiacxb, noHHMaeMaa, KaK npaBHno, c öojibuiOH öyKBbi, HMnepaxHBHO HaêJIHCXCH nOJIHOXOH SHaHCHHH HayHHOH MblCJIH. riOA 3XHM âBJieHHCM B pOCCHHCKOH CXOJiaCXHKC y^C B X V I I I B. B03HHKJIH HHCXHXyXbl H UIKOJlbl, Koxopbie AOÖpoBOJibHO 0XKa3biBajiHCb ox caMOcxoHxejibHoro naynHoro xBopnecxBa, ox aHajiH3a ACHCXBHxejibHOCXH H saHHMajiHCb npeHMymecxBeHHO nepBHHHOH pauHonajiHsaixHeH BJiacxHbix peaKUHH. B COOXBCTCXEHH C JiereHAOH BJiacxH Bcex HX o6T>eAHH5iK)x pauHOHajibHO-uejieBbie npeAcxaBjicHH^ o HCJiOBCKe H HCxopHHecKOM npouccce. KaK KyjibxypHO-HêojiorHHecKHH 4>eH0MeH, npHHaAJieâBuiHH öojiee (J)HJioco4)CKOMy asbiKy, HCM (J)HJIOCO4)HH, „nonyjwpHbm" pauH0HajiH3M nycxHJi rjiyöoKHe Kopnn B P O C C H H C K O M o6pa30BaHHH H npocynj;ecxBOBaji sêcb ;ô cepe^HHbi 1980-x ro;iOB.

PacnpocxpaHCHHe cxojiacxHKH Hanajiocb B POCCHH xorjia, Kor;^a B Eßpone

OHa HaxoztHJiacb na 3aBepmaK)iij,Hx cxa^H^x pasBHXHa. H3 xpex xjiaBHbix CXOJiaCXHHCCKHX UIKOJl, CymCCXBOBaBÜIHX B EBpone BO BXOpOH nOJIOBHHC X V I I B., - X0MH3Ma, H0MHHaJlH3Ma H „BXOpofi" CXOJiaCXHKH - B PoCCHH HaHÖOJIblUyK) nonyjiapHOCxb nojiynnjiH XOMH3M H „Bxopaa" cxojiacxHKa. CßocMy ycnexy B pyc-CKOH KyjibxypHOH cpe;ê OHH oÖHsana, ^pe^;ê Bcero, nojibCKO-yKpanHCKOMy BJiHHHHK), Koxopoe y^c opH uapc AjieKcee MnxaHJiOBHHc npnoGpeno xapaKxep KyjibxypHOH HHxepBCHUHH, ocoöcHHO - Hocjie npHCoe^HHCHHa YKpaHHbi K POCCHH B 1654 r. OcHOBHyK) pojib B nponaranAe cxojiacxHKH B POCCHH nrpajia oxKpbixaa Ha YKpaHHc B 1632 r. KneBO-MorHjiaHCKaH aKaj];eMHH ( K M A ) . Ho CBOCH nporpaMMC H coAep^KaHHK) oGpasoBanna KncBCKaa aKaêMHH öbiJia KOHHCH

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178 ßjiaducjiae ApotcanyxuH

nojiBCKHx He3yHTCKHX KOJiJierayMOB. CaM Rerp MorHJia (1596/15971647), -OCHOBaTCJIb aKaACMHH, BI>I^âK)I^HHCH npaBOCJiaBHblH ÖOrOCJIOB, MHXpOnOJIHT K H C B C K H H H FajiHizKHH, - ojiHueTBop^ji HOByio CBponeHCKyio xpHcxHaHCKyio H/i;eHTHHHOCTb. 3THHHeCKHH MOJIJâBaHHH, oGyHaBHIHHC« BO OpaHUHH, HO CBOCH ;];yxoBHOH (J)opMaaHH npHHaOTe^caBuiHH KyjibType KaxonHHecKOH IlojibuiH, riexp MorHJia öbiji npeâH IlpaBocJiaBHOH LtepKBH. BocnHxaHHHKaMH HOJILCKHX KaxoJiHHCCKHx lUKOJi 6i>iJiH xaK H nepBwe npo4)eccopa KHCBCKOH aKaztcMHH. B noJibCKHX nesynxcKHx KonjiernyMax B pasHoe BpcMa y^HJiHCL H H H O K C H X H H PHsejib (1600-1683) - peKxop K M A B 1645-1650 rr.; Jlasapt BapanoBHH - peicrop K M A B 1650-1658 rr.; BapjiaaM ^ C H H C K H H - pcKxop K M A B 1670-e

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cepe^HHbi XVIII B.. B HaynnoH JiHxepaxype npHHHxo CHHxaxb 3XH yneÖHHKH apHcxoxejicBCKHMH. Omîô xaKaH KJiaccH(j)HKaLi;H5i npe^cxaBJiîexca ne oneub yjâHHOH. ApHcxoxejiHSM, CKopee, AaBan KHCBCKHM yneÖHHKaM no 4)HJIOCO(J)HH

oömyK) HayHHyio opneHxauHio, HCM onpcAeJiaJi H X coAepâHne. HenOCpeACXBCHHblMH ê HCXOHHHKaMH 3XHX yneÖHHKOB ÖbIJIH, B OCHOBHOM, cxojiacxbi X V I BCKa: CKajinrep (Scaliger), 3a6apejina (Zabarella), jiioxepaHHH MejianxxoH, nesynxbi Tojiexyc (Toletus), ITepeHpa (Pereira), Cyapec (Suärez). /],OKxpHHajibHoe coêpâHHe yneÖHHKOB HC xojibKO no Mexa(|)H3HKe H 4)HJ10C04)HH, HO H HO ÖOrOCJIOBHK) HaXO^HJIOCb B 3aBHCHM0CXH OX 3XHX aBXOpOB. J\o cepeAHHbi X V I I B. pasBHBaîcb aBxoHOMHO ox MOCKOBCKOH öorocjiOBCKoii lUKOJibi, KHCBCKoe öorocjiOBHC öbiJio öojiee opneHxnpoBaHO na jiaxHHO-nojibCKHC o6pa3u;bi xpHCxnancxBa. DepBbiM BbiâioiUHMCH npcACxaBHxejieM 3XOH IUKOJIH öbiJi JlaBpeHXHH 3H3aHHii. B CBoeM EojibiuoM mmexusuce OH c(J)opMyjiHpoBaji HOBoe AJiH pyccKHx npaBocjiaBHbix noHHMaHHC pejinrnosHOH ^ H 3 H H KaK

o6^3aHHocxH. B oxjiHHHe ox rpenecKoii naxpncxHKH KHCBCKOC 6orocjiOBHe He orpaHHHHBajio CBOII npe^MCx BoroM B Ce6e, H O , KaK 3x0 öbiJio npHHaxo B KaxojiHHecKOii xeojiorHH, BKJiioHajio B Hero Bce npoHBJicHH^ Bo)KecxBa B MHpe. KpoMe xoro, pyccKHe ne MOFJIH pasêJiHXb yöoKAeHHOcxb yKpanncKHx öorocjioBOB B XOM, HXO HMCHHO pa3yM npeBpam,aex JHOACH B ^HBbie HKOHW Bora. HecMOxpH Ha xo, HXO M H O F H X B M O C K B C nacxopa^HBajia H â^ce nyrajia OpHCHXaUHH KHCBJIHH Ha XpaAHUHH JiaXHHCKOrO 06pa30BaHHH, Ha npOXH^CHHH itejioro cxojiexHH, HaHHHa5i c cepcAHHbi X V I I B., KneBCKa« aKaêMH« 6biJia OCHOBHbIM HCXOHHHKOM HC XOJlbKO pyCCKOÖ CXOJiaCXHHCCKOH 4)HJI0C0(J)HH, HO H HOBOH 3JIHXbI PyCCKOH HpaBOCJiaBHOii L|,epKBH. K M A 3aK0HHHJIH IlaBeji MopaBCKHH B 1683 1687 rr. MHxponojiHx PasancKHH, HycxHH BasHJiCBHH B 17051709 rr. enncKon KypcKHÖ H Bejiropo^cKHii, CnjibBecxp KpaiiCKHii -B 1705-1712 rr. MHxponojiHx CMOJICHCKHH, HOCH(^ JIa3apeBHH-c 1991 no 1701

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[Jymu pyccKoü cxojiacmuKU 179

r. MHTpOnOJIHT POCTOBCKHH, OeOAOCHH ^HOBCKHH - C 1720 F. apxHenHCKOo HoBropoACKHH, CTe4)aH ^BopcKHH - B Hakane X V I I I B. MecxoöJiiocTHTejib naxpHapmero npecxojia, Oeo(})aH ITpoKonoBHH - CHOABH^KHHK Hexpa I H CO3-Aaxejib npoeKxa pe(J)opMbi PyccKOH I],epKBH. Bnaroâpa K M A , POCCHH yê K cpe^HHe XVIII B. yâjiocb coKpaxHXb KyjibxypHbiH paspbiB Moicny PyccKOH IJ,epKOBbK) H CBponCHCKHM XpHCXHaHCXBOM.

HcXOpHH CXOJiaCXHKH B PoCCHH HaHHHaCXCH BMCCXe C HCXOpHCH pyCCKHX HIKOJl. B 1645-1647 rr. B MocKBy no npHrjiameHHio HSBecxHoro rocyâpcxBCHHoro AeaxejiH H cnoABH^KHHKa napa AJICKCCH MnxaHJiOBHHa Oeôpa PxniucBa (1626 - 1673) npHÖbiJio OKOJio xpnzmaxH ynenbix MonaxoB H3 pasHbix npaBocjiaBHbix MonacxbipcH YKpanHbi. I],ejibio HX npeöbmaHH^ B M O C K B C GMJIH nepcBOA C B . riHcaHHH H öorocjiy^KCÖHbix KHHX, a xaKê oGyneHHC pyccKHx nepeBOAHHKOB BHÖJIHH H KoppcKxopoB-peAaKxopoB uepKOBHbix KHHX. B 1648 r. ynenaH yKpaHHCKaa KOJIOHH5I 6biJia nepeBeêHa B AnApecBCKHH HpeoGpaêHCKHH Monacxbipb, B KoxopoM MOHaxH oxKpbiJiH lUKOJiy H npenoAaBajTH B HCH rpaMMaxHKy, pnxopHKy H 4)HJIOCO4)HK). HosAHee sa 3XOH IUKOJTOH saKpenHJiocb HM)i PxHutCBCKOH. XoxH uapcKHM yKasoM OX 14 Maa 1649 r. JJ^Bop npHâJi niKOJie o4)HUHajibHbiH cxaxyc H BbiACJiiui êHbXH na ee coAepânne, PxHiueBCKaa lUKOJia npeAcxaBjiHJia, CKopee, npocBexHxenbCKoe GpaxcxBo, HCM peryjiapHoe yneÖHoe saBCAeHHe. T C M HC MCHCC, KaK CBHêxejibcxByiox HCXOHHHKH X V I I B., yneHHKH PXHIUCBCKOH UIKOJlbl ÖbIJlH „H3HIIJ,HbI BO yHCHHH XpaMMaXHKH CJiaBHHCKOH H rpenecKOH, Aa>Ke jio pnxopHKH H 4)HJIOCO(|)HH XOXHIUHM xoMy yncHHio BHHMaXb"^ CBCAeHH^ O COAepâHHH 4)HJT0C0(J)CKHX KypCOB PXHU^CBCKOH UIKOHbl (^parMCHxapHbi, H cero^HH xpy^HO CKasaxb, KaKoro cxojiacxHHecKoro HanpaBJieHHH npHêp^KHBajiHCb ee neârorH. M O ) K H O npe^nojio^nxb, HXO neârorH 3XOH uiKOJibi EnH(j)aHHH CjiaBHHeuKHH (yM. B 1675 r.) H KapHon HCXOMHH npOBOAHJIH 3aH5IXHH B PXHIUCBCKOH UIKOJIC HO XOH CXOJiaCXHHCCKOH CHCxcMe, no KoxopoH OHH yHHJiHCb B K M A CO BpcMCH (})Hjioco4)CKoro Kypca pcKxopa K M A HHHOKCHXHH FHsejin^.

B xpyâx 3XHX neâroroB nejibsa ne saMCXHXb BxopoH JIHHHH MOXHBauHH HX npocBexHxejibCKOH AeaxejibHocxn, Koxopaa acnee Bcero 6biJia Bbipaêna B HX uepKOBHOM rpeKO(})HJibcxBe. 3xa JiHHHji cB^Sbmajia KHCBCKHX ynenbix c MHCXHKO-acKCXHHecKHMH xpaAHUHHMH yKpaHHCKOFO HpaBOCJiaBHOXo MOHamecxBa. B oxjiHHHe ox poccHHCKoro MOHauiecxBa nepBOH nojiOBHHbi X V I I B . , B yKpaHHCKHX npaBOCJiaBHbix MonacxbipHX 3xa xpa^HUHa ocxaBajiacb ^ H B O H , H 3Aecb 6biJT0 KOMy HHxaxb C O H H H C H H H rpenecKOH naxpncxHKH. B 3XOM

' ^HTHC MHJiocTHBoro My^a Oe^iopa PTHiueea. - JlpeBHRÄ PoccHHCKaa BHBJiHO(j)HKa, HJIH co6paHHe pasHwx APCBHHX COHHHCHHH. HIJISHHQ 2-e. T. XVIII. M.. 1791. C. 401.

^ 05 3T0M M05KH0 cy^jHTb oo (l)HJioco(j)CKHM T C S H c a M KapHOHa HcTOMHHa. CM.: Tpy;ibi KHCBCKOH J^yxoBHOH a K a / i e M H H . 1888. 2. C. 299-300.

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180 Bjiaducjiae ApjicanyxuH

OTHOiucHHH yKpaHHCKoc npaBOCJiaBHC ÖBIJIO öojibine CBHsano c PyMbmcKOH npaBocJiaBHOH LIepKOBbio, HCM C pyccKHM npaBOCJiaBHCM. HeyAHBHxejibHO, HTO B M O C K B C BOKpyr pyKOBOAHxejia PramcBCKOH UIKOJIM Enuc^aHUH CjiaBHueaKoro CJIO^HJICH Kpyr CTOpOHHHKOB B03pO)KAeHH^ AyXOBHOFO npOCBemCHMJI Ha OCHOBC BHSaHTHHCKOH UaxpHCTHKH, KOTOpblH HOSAHCC, y»Ce HOCJIC SaKpblTHH UIKOJIbl B AHApecBCKOM MOHacTbipe npnoöpeji o6iu;epoccHHCKoe BJinaHHC. B 1650e

-1670-e rr. rpeKo4)HJibi, rpynnnpOBaBuiHecH BOKpyr P T H I H C B C K O H IUKOJIH, nojibsoBajiHCb noJiHXHHecKOH noAAep)KKOH PyccKoro /],Bopa H Bbipaâjin ero osaöoneHHOCXb COCXOÎHHCM npocBeuêuHH B POCCHH. O H H MenxajiH o cosAaHHH B POCCHH xaKOH UIKOJIBI, Koxopaa cooxBexcxBOBajia 6bi CBponeHCKHM HopMaM, HO öbiJia 6bi HanojiHena rpcKO-BHsanxuHCKHMH HACHMH. MOCKOBCKHC rpeKO(})HJibi HC öbuiH npoxHB jiaxHHCKOH cxojiacxHKH KaK xaKOBOH, HO CHHxajiH HXO „xpeHCCKoe yneHHe" ^BJiHJiocb öojiee cooxBCxcxByiou^HM pyccKoii AyxoBuoH xpaAHUHH. B rpeKo4)HJibCKOH HACH pojib HCxoHHHKa npocBemcHHH oxBOAHJiacb rpenecKOMy HSbiKy, rpenecKOH puxopHKe H AHajiCKiHKC, BHsanxHHCKOH naxpHCXHKe. Morjio noKasaxbCH, HXO B ropHHCM cxpCMJieuHH nocxpoHXb lUKOJiy na 4)yHAaMeHxe BH3aHXH3Ma ÖbIJTO ÖOJIbUIC HpaBOCJiaBHOH MCHXbl, HCM HpaKXHHCCKHX iipeAJiojKCHHH. 05uiaa Kyjibxypnaa CHxyauna B POCCHH B nepBOH HOJIOBHHC X V I I B. öbijia HeÖJiaronpu^xHOH jxm. Bcero rpenecKoro. B X V I I B. pyccKHC CHHxajiH, HXO Ha rpenecKHX uepKOBHbix yHHxejiefi, Koxopbix npeÂe B P O C C H H OXOXHO npHHHMajiH, yê HC BcerAa MO^CHO nojio^KHXbc«. M H O X H C H3 H H X npnesâjiu B MocKBy HC c xpHCXHancKoro BocxoKa, a c 3anaAa, - H3 BeneaHH HJIH IlaAyH, PuMa HJIH iêHCBbi, - H nojiynajiH 3HaHHH o BHsaHXHHCKOH naxpHCXHKe B 3anaAHbix yuHBepcHxexax. B PyccKOH IJ,epKBH uanajia X V I I B . Aaê cymecxBOBajio MHeune, HXO rpcKH yxpaxHJiH Hcxunnyio Bepy, HXO HCXHHHOC ÖJiaronecxne xenepb y pyccKHX, a ne y rpcKOB. J\QRO AOXOAHJIO AO xoro, HXO B Hanajie X V I I B. rpenecKHM KynuaM sanpemajiocb BxoAuxb B pyccKHe xpaMbi. CaMoe nojiHoe Bbipa:aceHHe HOAOÖHOXO npeueöpe^HxejibHoro MHCHH;! O rpcKax C0Aep:acHXCH B FIpenuRx o eepe c epeKüMu ApceHH^ CyxauoBa. DiaBHan HAC^ 3 X 0 X 0 COHHHCHHa MoCKBa BO BCCX OXHOIUCHHÎX H, HpCÂC BCCFO -B pejiHrH03H0M, 3aMeHHJia KoHcxanxHHonojib. OAuaKo B POCCHH, n p e ^ e Bcero - B M O C K B C , 6biJio H neiviajio CXOPOHHHKOB BOspoTKAeHua rpenecKOH naxpncxHKH. CpeAH H H X - riaxpnapx MOCKOBCKHH HOCHC}) (1642-1652). Ilpu H C M B POCCHH B0306H0BHJIHCb nyÖJIHKaUHH CBHXOOXeneCKHX yHHXeJIbHblX COHHHeHHH. B 1641 r. 6biji HanenaxaH Map2apum Hoanna Sjiaxoycxa, B 1642 r. - ^ H X H C Hoanna Bjiaxoycxa. B XOM ^KC roAy öbiJiH HSAaubi 12 ynuxejibubix CJIOB aBBbi /],opo(J)e5i. C 1643 HO 1653 r. B M O C K B C xpnÂbi BBIXOAHJIH B CBCX noyneuH^ E(^peMa CnpHua. B 1647 r. öbijia HanenaxaHa j7ecmewi/öf Hoanua JlecxBHHHHKa. Ho caMbie 3HaHHxejibHbie ycHJiun no peaGujiHxauHH rpenecKoro öorocnoBCKoro nacjiCAHH npcAnpHHHMaji Kpyr JHOACH, oÖBeAHHHBiuHHca BOKpyr naxpnapxa HuKona. K 3xoMy Kpyry npHuaAJieâjiH OeAop PxnmcB, ÜBaH HcBepoB, a xaKê BoHH(})axbeB. CxapanneM 3XHX JUOACH B M O C K B C 6biJia nsAana Kuma o eepe.

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fjymu pyccKoü cxonacmuKu 181

KOTopaa saiuHmajia aBTopuxex rpenecKOH qepKBH H BOCXOHHMX naxpwapxoB. OcHOBHaH H^ea KHHFH saKjnoHajiacb B yxBep^AeHHH, HXO rpeKn coxpaHHJiH HCXHHHyK) Bepy, HecMoxpa Ha xypeuKoe nro. Monaxn AnApeeBCKoro Monacxbipa B cepcAHHe X V I I B. nepcBejiH c HOBorpenecKoro na pyccKHH asbiK Eecedbi H Tlpomue EenoMUR BacHJina BejiHKoro, 50 cjioe FpHropHa BorocjiOBa, Cjioea HoaHHa 3jiaxoycxa na naxHAecaxHHay, coHHHCHHa Hoanna /I,aMacKHHa, A4)aHacHa AjieKcaHApHHCKoro, O MOJiumee CnMCOHa H O B O F O BorocJiOBa,

O öesMOJieuu FpHropHH CHHanxa. B M O C K B C yKpanncKHC MonaxH BnepBbie B pyccKOH uepKOBHOH HcxopHH HaHajiH ncpcBOAHXb Ha pyccKHH HSbiK xpy^bi BOCxoHHbix oxuoB uepKBH c JiaxHHCKHx sana^Hbix H3AaHHH. Oco6a5i sacjiyra B 3 X 0 M npHHaAJie5Kajia EnH(j)aHHio CjiaBHHeuKOMy. O H oepeBeji Bonpocbi HycxHHa OHJioco(})a c napH}KCKoro mmmsi 1636 r., npenuR AcpauacuM Bejiumao

cApueM c JiaxHHCKoro HS^aHHa 1482 r. H O nccumax A(})aHacH[^ BejiHKoro. HenbSH

He saMexHXb, HXO MOCKOBCKHC rpeKO(})HJibi öbijiH JIIOABMH HOBOXO BPCMCHH, Koxopbie oacHHBajiH npaBOCJiaBHC yê He xojibKO KaK pejiHPHK), HO H KaK KyjibxypHoe HBiienne. H x BHsanxHSM HMeji coanajibHyK) HanpaBJieHHOCXb. PoccHHCKHC BJiacxH co3HaBajiH HCoöxoAHMOcxb npeoAOJiCHHH paspbiBa MeÂy npcAaHHCM H „HCBOKecxBeHHbiM oöbiHaeM" H npH noAAep^KKe PXHUJ^CBCKOH UIKOJlbl HCKajiH onopy C B O H M nuanaM B rpenecKOH ^yxoBHOH xpaAuauH. PxHu^CBCKaji uiKOJia npocymecxBOBajia 33 roâ H B 1673 r. B CBH3H CO cMepxbio CBoero ocHOBaxejiH Oeôpa PxnmeBa öbiJia saKpwxa. TCM ue Meuee, „rpenecKaH

napxHH", Bbipocuia^ Ha ocuoBe 3XOH IUKOJIW, coxpauHJia CBOH HOSHUHH JXO KOHua X V I I B.

BxopoH MOCKOBCKOH uiKOJiOH, B HporpaMMC KOXopoH upHcyxcxBOBajia cxojiacxHHecKaî (J)HJIOCO(^H^, 6biJia oxKpuxaa B 1665 r. no yKa3y J],Bopa CnaccKaî lUKOJia npu BoroHBJieHCKOM Monacxbipe. HpaBâ, e lUKOJie GbiJio Bcero xpn yneuHKa - noAB^Hue H3 TaHuoro H /I,BopaoBoro npuKasoB, a eAUHCXBeuHbiM ee yHHxejiCM 6biJi C H M C O H H O J I O U K H H ( 1 6 2 9 - 1 6 8 0 ) . BuxuHCXBeHHCHiuHH JIOFHHeCXBOM, HCHOSpHXeJIbHCHIUHH (^HJI0C0(j)HeH", KaK O HOJIOUKOM 0X3bIBaJTCH

ero yneuHK CujibBecxp Me^BCAeB^, C O B C C M H C 3Haji rpenecKoro ii3biKa

H npenoAaBaji na jiaxuncKOM. <I>HJioco(})CKHe y6e)KAeHH^ CuMeona HOJIOUKOXO cjio}KHJiHCb B K H C B O - MorHJiHHCKOH aKaêMHu, rê OH ynujica c 1637 no 1651 r. y JIa3apH BapanoBuna, H B nesynxcKOM KOJiJiernyMC B BujibHo, cxynenxoM KOxopoH OH HBJIHJICH B 1653-1654 aKaêMunecKOM ro^y. B MocKBy OH npnexaji B 1664 r. c peKOMCHAaauHMH naxpnapxa HepycajiHMCKoro HaHCHH JlHrapuAa (1609 - 1678) H cpa3y Ke OKasajica B uenxpe iêpKOBHO-oGmecxBCHHOH ^ H 3 H H pyccKOH cxojiHUbi. B 1665-1666 rr. on HBJDIJICJI npuABopHbiM ynnxejicM uapcKHX êxcH H peâKxopoM MaxepnajiOB ApxnepeHCKoro co6opa 1666 r.

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182 Bnaducjiae ApofcauyxuH

C H M C O H ÜOJIOUKHH nenaTaji H pacnpocxpan^Ji JiaxHHCKHe H nojibCKHC K H H F H , nponaFaHAHpoBaji noJiLCKO-JiaxHHCKHc KyjibxypHue oGpaaubi H HOA HX BJiiwHHeM HHcaji Hbecbi jiJi^ npHABopHOFO xeaxpa. Ha nesynxcKoe npoHcxoÂCHHe 4)HJioco(})CKHx npcACxaBncHHH HojiouKoro yKasbmaex, B nacxHOCxn, xox (})aKx, HXO OH AeJIHJl (J)HJI0C04)HK) Ha XpH HaCXHI HOFHKy, „HaxypaJIbHyio" (f)HJIOCO(|)HIO H 3XHKy. „HaxypajibHyK)" ({)HJIOCO(})HIO CnMcona HOJIOUKOFO MO^CHO nasBaxb cxojiacxHHecKOH, x.K. öojibuiaH ee nacxb coBnaâex c nesynxcKHM apncxo-xejiH3M0M. TeopexHHCCKaa npHBep}KeHHocxb CnMeona HOJIOUKOFO nesynxcKOH CHCxcMe 6biJia oneBH^Ha ero coBpeMenHHKaM. H S B C C X H O , HXO Haxpnapx M O C K O B C K H H HoaKHM oxKpbixo OÖBHHHJI exo B cjieAOBaHHH nesyHxaM. O^naKO HHxejiJieKxyajibHaH xpa^HUHa nesynxoB ne aBJiHJiacb, no-BH^HMOMy, C A H H C -XBCHHblM HCXOHHHKOM (J)HnOCo4)CKOrO BAOXHOBCHHH HoJIOUKOrO. E r O FJiaBHbIM öorocjiOBCKHM coHHHeHHCM 6biji xpaKxax „Beneq Bcpbi", KOxopbiH B 1690 r. sa cjiCAOBaHHC Hê^M OoMbi A K B H H C K O X O H ^ynca CKoxa 6biJi ocy^ên MOCKOBCKHM ApXHCpCHCKHM CoÖOpOM HpaBOCJiaBHOH H,epKBH KaK epeXHHCCKHH.

B Bonpocax pasBHxna npocBemcHHî B POCCHH CnaccKaa niKOJia c MOMCHxa CBoero ocHOBaHHH H A O saKpbixHH B 1667 r. naxoAHJiacb B onnosHUHH K M O C K O B C K H M rpeKO(J)HJiaM. B 3X0M npOXHBOCXOHHHH C H M C O H H O J I O U K H H npcACxaex KaK nocjiCAOBaxejibHbiH cxopoHHHK xoro nyxH pasBHxna IUKOJIW, KoxopbiH cjio^HJica Ha jiaxHHCKOM 3anaAe^. MOHCHO npcAnojio^HXb, HXO HêajioM UIKOJlbl jiRÄ Hero 6bijia KOJiJierna CB. AcâuacHH, ocHOBanHan B P H M C B 1576 F. nanoH FpuFopHCM XIII cneunajibHO

jjji^

npaBocjiaBHwx rpeKOB, He HMCBIUHX B03M0ÄH0CXH HOJiyHHXb oöpasoBaHHC y ce6^ na poAune. B 1622 r. 3xa KOJiJiernî 6biJia npeo6pa30BaHa B ceMHuapnio, npeAHasHaneHHyio JXJIR oGyncHH^ rpCKOB H3 BnsaHXHH, Hxo6bi xe no OKOHHauHio Kypca MOXJIH paöoxaxb y ceöa na poAnne B KanecxBc npaBocjiaBUbix HJIH KaxojiHHCCKHx CBamenuHKOB. B AajibHCHiueM KOJiJieruH CB. A(})aHacHH cxajia O C H O B H O H IUKOJIOH H O A X O X O B K H CBHiu;e-HHOCJiy^HxejiCH AJi^ ynnaxcKOH uepKBu. 06pa3 KOJUierHH CB. AtjânacHH Bcxaex nepeA FJia3aMH, KorAa M M snaKOMHMca c npeAJioêuHbiM HOJIOUKHM npocKxoM nepBOFO B POCCHH yneÖHOFo saBCAeHHî yuHBepCHxexcKOxo xnna - MOCKOBCKOH CjiaBHHO-XpeKO-JiaXHHCKOH aKaAeMHH. B C B O H X CHMUaXH^X K JiaXHHCKHM xpaAuauHM C H M C O H H O J I O U K H H H C 6biji O A H H O K . BoKpyr Hero B M O C K B C cjio^HJiacb uejiaa „jiaxHHCKaa" rpynna, ocHOBuyio pojib B Koxopofi nrpajia uapcBua Co(^bH, KH«3b B . B . FojiHitbiH H yneuHK HOJIOUKOFO CujibBecxp MCABCACB.

HojiCMHKa „jiaxHHCKOH" H „rpcHecKOH" napxHH, cxaBuiaa oxKpbixoH c 1670-X FOAOB HBJiHJiacb AOMHuauxoH pyccKOH AyxoBHOH )KH3HH KOHi^a X V I I - Hanajia X V I I I BB. B 3X0H HAeojioruHecKOH AHCKyccHH, AUHBiucHCH HC MCHce xpex

^ CaMbiM HCHMM Bbipa^CHHCM sanaflHHHecTBa CHMCOHa nojiouKoro HBHJiacb ero pa6oTa „^e3Ji npaBJiCHHH" (1666).

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IJymu pyccKoü cxoJiacmuKu 183

AecHTHJiexHH, no cymecTBy rjiaBHbiM ÖBIJI Bonpoc o Bbiöope nyxen pa3BHTHa pyccKOH UIKOJlbl, pyccKoro öorocjiOBna H Bcen PyccKon LI,epKBH nocjie xparHHecKHX COÖWTHH, CBasauHbix c uepKOBUbiM pacKOJiOM cepcAHHbi X V I I B. Bce ynacTHMKH AHCKyccnu öbuiu coniacHbi c T C M , HTO pyccKoe HCBOKCCTBO cxajio npHHHHOH aepKOBHOH KaTacTpo(t>bi, HTO PoccHH Heo6xoAHMa uiKOJia. Bonpoc saKJiionajica B TOM, KaKon AOJi^na 6biTb 3Ta uiKOJia? /],oji^Ha JIH öbijia PyccKaa LI,epKOBb, KaK CHHTajiH npaBOCJiaBHbie „jiaxHHCXByiomHe", HOHTH npunîTOM na Banale naynHbiM nyxeivi pa3BHTH^ Ö O F O C J I O B H H , HJIH, KaK uacxaHBajiH „rpeKO(J)HJibi", ona AOJi^na öbijia 3a6oxHXbCH, npoKê Bcero, o coxpaneHUH B 6orOCJIOBHH MHCXHKO-aCKCXHHeCKOH Xpa^HUHH BH3aHXHH? /],OJI>KHa JIH Bcpa ocHOBbiBaxbCH na uepKOBuoM npcAauHH, HJIH ona MOêx onnpaxbca H na JioruKy? KaKOH H3biK - rpenecKHH HJIH jiaxHHCKHH - nojiesnee pyccKOMy nejiOBCKy?

Cnop o BpcMeuH npecyui;ecxBJieHHH C B H X M X /],apoB cxaji XCM HOJICM, na KOXopoM ABC napxHH, - „jiaxHHCKaa" H „xpenecKaH", - nanajiH Mepaxbca CBOHMH CHJiaMH H AeMOHCxpupoBaxb CBoe BJiH5iHHe Ha Bjiacxb. B 3X0M cnope H öbuia onpcAeJienbi nepcneKXHBbi pyccKOH cxojiacxHKu ua nepByio nojiOBuny XVIII B. HanaBuiHCb B 1673 r. B M O C K B C C nyöJiHHHOH aKaêMUHecKOH AHCKyccHH M e ^ y EnH(})aHHeM CjiaBuneuKHM H CHMCOHOM riojiouKHM, cnop nosAuee oxBaxHJi BCK) PyccKyio II,epKOBb. ITocxeneHHO napa^y c ÖOXOCJIOBCKHMH xeMaMH B 6opb6y ÖbIJIH BXHHyXbl ({)HJIOCO(^CKHe, aepKOBHO-HCXOpuqeCKHe H nOJIHXHHeCKHe npoGjiCMbi. J\si9{ ITpaBocjiaBHOH LfepKBu Bonpoc o BpeMeun npecymecxBjieuHH C B O T M X /âpoB He 6biJi HOBOH npoÖJieMOH. Y ^ e B nepnoA OjiopenxHHCKoro co6opa (1438-1439) xeMa npecymecxBJicHHH 6biJia npe^MexoM ocxpoH A H C K -yccHH^ Y ^ e xorâ CB. MapKOM 3(|)eccKHM ÖBUIH c(})opMyjiHpoBaHbi GOFOCJIOBCKHC npHHUHHbl, KOXOpbie B X V I I B. ÖblJlH B3HXbI Ha BOOpy^KeUHe MOCKOBCKHMH „rpeKO(j)HJiaMH". Hcnojibsya xepMHHOJiorHio C B . MapKa 3({)eccKoro, O H H OGBHHHJIH „jiaxHHCxByiomHx" B „xjie6onoKJioHCXBe", nojiara5i, HXO „Jiaxnnc-XByiomne", KaK H BCC sana^Hbie xpncxHane npunamaioxcH ne Tejiy XpncxoBy, a xjieöy. „rpeKo4)HJibi" cnnxajiH, HXO „jiaxuncxByiomHe" pacKajibmaiox IJ,epKOBb, cxaBH ee nepe^ neoöxoAHMOcxbio Bbiöupaxb M C ^ ^ y BusanxuHCKHM yHeuHCM o6 ynacxHH Bcex J I H U C B . Tpouubi B EBxapncxun H sana^HbiM yneHHCM o EBxapucxHH, coFJiacHO KOxopoMy Xpncxoc cosâex ueKoxopyio ocoöyio cymnocxb eBxapHCxunecKoxo Corpus Misticum^.

^CM.: CB. MapK 3(j)eccKHH. CJIOBO O TOM, HTO HC TOJII>KO npOHSHomeHHeM CJIOB CnacHTCJia ocBJimaiOTca öo^KecTBCHHue Aapw, HO nocjieaywmHMH sa OHM MOJIHTBOH H GjiarocjioBeHHCM CBJimeHHHKa, CHJIOK) CBHTOFO JXyxdi. II ApxHM. AMBPOCHH (IlorojiHH). CB. MapK 3(J)eccKHH H OjiopCHTHHCKaa yHH5i. Jordanville. 1963. C. 295-301.

^ JlÔKyMCHTbi, o6jTHHaK)mHe „xjieöonoKJiOHHHKOB", no pacnopHêHHK) naTpnapxa HoaKHMa GbuiH coöpaHbi B KHHre „OCTCH". (CM.: OCTCH. ElaMHTHHKH pyccKOH jiyxoBHOH nHCbMeHHOCTH XVIl BCKa. KaaaHb. 1865). 0 6 oGcTOHxejibCTBax cnopa CM.: T. MHPKOBHH. O BPCMCHH npecymecTBJieHHJi CBHTBIX âpoB. Cnop, 6biBiiiHH B MOCKBC BO BTopoH OOJIOBHHC XVII BCKa. BHJibHO. 1886.

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184 Bjiaducjiae ApjicanyxuH

B 1685 r, Korâ 6opL6a „jiaTHHCKOH" H „rpenecKOH" napxHH öbijia B HOJIHOM pasrape, B MocKBy H3 KoHcxaHTHHonojiH npHÖbiJiH ^Ba rpenecKHx Monaxa -6paxba HoaHHHKHH (1633-1717) H Co(t)poHHH (1652-1730) JlHxyAbi. PemcHHe HanpaBHXb JlMxyÔB B P O C C H K ) j\ns{ yKpenjiCHHa nosHUHH M O C K O B C K H X „rpeKO(^Hi[OB" npHHaAJieâjio naxpnapxy HepycajiHMCKOMy JJpcvi^QK), KOxopwH Hxpaji AaJieKO ne nocjiCAHioK) pojib B 6opb6e c MOCKOBCKHMH „jiaxHHHHaMH". Bpaxba cpasy öbiJiH BXHHyxbi B 3xy 6opb6y H cxajiH jiHAepaMH „rpenecKOH" napxHH. C HX npHÖbixHCM MOCKOBCKHC „rpeKO({)HJibi" nojiynnjiH OHCBHAHbie npCHMymecxBa B npoxHBOCxoaHHH „jiaxHHCXByiomHM"^. B 1685 r. JlnxyAbi oxKpbiJiH B M O C K B C rpenecKyio uiKOJiy B 1687 r. no HX npocKxy, a ne no npocKxy HX onnoHCHxa CnMcona ITojiouKoro, B POCCHHCKOH CXOJIHUC öbuio oxKpbixo 3jijiHHOrpeHecKoe yHHJinme (öy^ymaa CjiaBHHorpeKojiaxHHCKaa aKaACMHii) -- nepBoe Bbicmee yMCÖHoe saBCACHHe POCCHH.

B HCM öbiJia npHHHHa, XOXH H BpcMCHHoro, HO Bce ê ycnexa JlnxyÔB? Hxo B nosHUHH KOHCxanxHHonoJibCKHx yncHbix MonaxoB 6biJio npHBJiCKaxejibHbiM AJI^ MOCKOBCKHX BJiaCXCH? ITpC^KAe BCerO xo, HXO ÖOrOCJIOBCKH JlHXyAbI BbipOCJIH B BcHCUHH Yiojx BJiHHHHCM FcpacHMa Bjiaxa (1605-1685), MHxponojinxa OHJiaêjibc^HHCKoro (1679-1685), ynennKaMH KOxoporo OHH HBJiHJincb na npoxa)KeHHH HCCKOJibKHx Jicx. KaK 6orocjiOB FepacHM Bjiax c4)opMHpoBajic5i B OÖntCM pyCJie MHCXHKO-aCKCXHHCCKHX B033peHHH XpCHCCKOH HaxpHCXHKH. 3HaHHxejibHaH nacxb ero ÖOFOCJIOBCKOFO XBopnecxBa 6biJia CBHsana c ynacxHCM B H3AaHHH XBOpCHHH HpenOAOÖHOXO MaKCHMa HcnoBCAHHKal 3x0 H3AaHHe cxajio OCHOBHbIM HCXOHHHKOM apxyMCHXOB JlHêpOB „rpCHCCKOH" HapXHH B HX ÖOpbÖC c MOCKOBCKHMH „jiaxHHCXByiomHMH". KpoMC xoFO, B MocKBC JlHxyâM, HpaBâ, HC 6e3 noMomn naxpnapxa HepycajiHMCKoro /tocnc^CH^, na KaKoe-xo BpcM^ yâjiocb yöcAHXb L(apcKHH /],Bop, HXO „rpeKO(J)HJibCXBo" c ero BHsanxHHCKHM aCKCXHHeCKHM HAeaJIOM OXHIOAB HC npOXHBOpCHHX npOCBCXHXeJIbCKHM ycxpeMJiCHHîM BjiacxH, H HXO eBponcHsauHJi o6pa30BaHHa ne oÖHsaxejibHO BJienex 3a coöoH ero „ocxpyio" jiaxHHHsauHio. HanöoJiee yöcAHxejibHbiM AOBOAOM 3XOH no3HLtHH HBJiHJiacb HHxejiJieKxyajibHaH 6Horpa4)HH JlnxyAOB. Xoxa öpaxba H saHHMajiH nenpHMHpHMyio nosHunio no OXHOIUCHHIO K „jiaxHHCXByiomHM"

^ 3 x 0 npcHMymecxBO BwpasHJiocb B pemeHHJix MocKOBCKoro co6öpa 1690 r., KOxopbiH ocy^Hji npaKXHHCCKH Bce KHCBCKoe öorocjiOBHc KaK epexHHCCKoe. TaKoe 5Ke peiucHHe npHHaji KoHCxaHXHHonojibCKHH coöop 1691 r. llaxpHapXH MOCKOBCKHH HoaKHM H HepycajiHMCKHH JXOCW^QVI noxpeöoBajiH ox nepapxHH KHCBCKOH MHxponojiHH ())opMajibHoro corjiacH« c aHa(J)eMaMH MocKOBCKoro coöopa, H KncBCKaji MHxponojin^i öbiJia BbiHy>K;^CHa ^axb xaKoe comacHC.

^ PcHb Hj^ex o6 ynacxHH FepacHMa Bjiaxa B H3;iaHHH, Koxopoe öbuio npej^npHH^xo AOMHHHKanueM Opancya KoM6e(^HCOM. CM. OHCbMO KoM6c4)Hca Bjiaxy, 1657 r. B Patrologiae cursus completus. Series graeca. Ed. J . - R Migne. T. 90, Paris 1865. 61-65.

^ Flaxpnapx /],ocH(J)eii npHJio>KHJi HCMano ycHjiHH TOFO, Hxo6bi HSOJiHpoBaxb BJinaHHC yKpaHHCKHX „jiaxHHcxByiomnx" B MOCKBC. OH aa^c npcKpaxHJi c HHMH oömcHHC.

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riymu pyccKoü cxonacmuKu 185

yKpaHHuaM, no CBoen HHTejiJieKxyajibnoH (J)opMauHH OHH npHnaAJie^ajin KaxojiHHecKOH cxojiacxHKe'^. C 1661 r. no 1670 r. JlnxyAM yHHnncb B yHHBcpcHxexe Ha^yn, KOxopbiH K XVII B. saBoeBaji orpoMHWH aBxopnxex y öorocjiOBOB npaBOCJiaBHoro BocxoKa. HanHHaa c X V I B., BCC nanGojiee HSBecxHbie rpenecKHe öorocjioBbi, - ox FeHHaAHH Cxojiapnca jxo EBrennH ByjirapHca, - HBnajincb cxyAcnxaMH ria^yn. B pasnoe BpcMH B lla^yancKOM yHHBepcHxexe nojiynnjiH oGpasoBanne caMbiH HSBCCXHWH ÖOXOCJIOB FpeuHH MejiexHH Hnrac, OnjiaAejib^HHCKHH Mnxponojinx FaBpnnji CcBcpoc, KoHCxanxHHonojTbCKHH naxpnapx KHPHJUI JlyKapnc. ITpaBocjiaBHbix npnBJieKajio B Fla^ye xo, HXO yymt c Konua X V B. 3Aecb naHaiiH nsynaxb Apncxoxejia no rpenecKHM xeKCxaM'^ Bbi^aiou^HMCH naynnbiM AOCXH)KeHHeM ITa^yn aBHJiocb rpcKO-jiaxHHCKoe nsAanne ApncxoxeJi5i 1590 r. B xenenne necKOJibKHX BCKOB 3X0 HSAanne coxpanano CBOK) snaHHMOCXb KaK

jxji^

xpHcxHancKoro Sana/na, xaK

H jxRTi xpHCxnancKoro BocxoKa. nonyjiapnocxn Ha^yancKoro ynnBepcnxexa

cpcAH npaBOCJiaBHbix cnocoöcxBOBaji H XOX (})aKx, HXO 3Aecb napa^y c xpa-AHUHOHHbiM jxJi^ Banana apncxoxcjiHSMOM 6biJi npcAcxaBJien 6JIH3KHH npaBOCJiaBHbiM rpcKaM njiaxoHH3M. Y^e c Konua X V B. B HxajiHH pacnpoc-xpanajiHCb JiaxHHCKHC nepcBOAbi BHsanxHHCKHX neonjiaxoHHKOB, a caM HeonjiaxoHH3M cxaji BOcnpHHHMaxbca KaK ocHOBa „3JiJiHHHCxHHecKoro" GorocjiOBHH. CoxjiacoBaHHc apncxoxcjinsMa c njiaxoHH3MOM ^Bjiajiocb

xapaKxepnbiM npHsnaKOM rpenecKOH ÖOFOCJIOBCKOH cpe^w üa^yn. Xoxa B Fla^ye B cepcAHHc XVII B. öbiJio npcAcxaBJieno necKOJibKO 4>HJIOCO4)CKHX xpa^HUHH, OCHOBHyK) pOJIb BCC HKQ HXpaJIH ABC HHXCpnpCXaitHH ApHCXOXCJI« - aBeppoH3M H pe(|)OpMHpOBaHHbIH „BXOpofi" CXOJiaCXHKOH X0MH3M. IlcpBaH Xpa^HUHH, -aBeppoH3M, - onpCACJi^iJia JIHUO na^yancKOH cxojiacxHKH c cepcAHHbi X V

jxo

nanajia XVII BCKa'^ B sana^nbix ynHBcpcHxexax jiaxHHCKHH aBcppoHSM Hanaji pacnpocxpan^xbCH co BxopoH nojiOBHHbi XIII B. C cepcAnnbi X V B. OH cxanoBHXca

'° CymeCTByCT ^ance HCCKOJIbKO CBHZieTeJIbCTB xoro, HTO ÖJIHSOCTb JlHXy^OB K KHTOJIHUHSMy He orpaHHHHBajiacb TOJibKO HX HHTcpecoM K cxojiacTHKe. no yTBep>K;ieHHio yneHHKa JlnxyaoB IlcTpa ApTCMbeBa, KOTOpbiH B 1688 r. B HTajiHH nojx aaBJieHHCM HoaHHHKH« Jlnxyaa npHJiJi KaTOJiHHecTBO, JlHxyAbi 6bijiH ropasAO 6jiH»ce K KaTOJiHHecTBy, HeM K opaBOCJiaBHK). CM. E . O . UJMypjio. PyccKHe KaTOJiHKH KOHua XVll BCKa. „SanHCKH PyccKoro Haynnoro HHCTHTyTa B Bejirpa;ie". Bejirpa^ 1931. Bbin. 3. c. 28.

" B ria^ye B 1497 r. Niccolo Tomeo nepBbiM B ÜTajiHH nanaji npenoiiaBaTb ApncTOTejia no rpenecKHM TCKCTaM. CM.: The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Ed. C B . Schmitt. Cambridge. 1988. p. 70.

B EBpone nepBbie jiaTHHCKne nepeBO^bi ABepp03ca noJiBHJiHCb B Xlll B. B HTajiHH Lauren-tius Canozius 6biji nepBbiM, KTO B 1472 - 1475 rr. B Hajiye nanaji Hs^aBaTb ApncTOTejia c KOMMenxapHaMH ABepp03ca. XOTH y jiaTHHCKoro aBeppoHSMa 6buio MHOFO HPOTHBHHKOB B U,epKBH, TCM He Menee c 1472 no 1542 r. B Ha/iye Bbiuijio AecaTb HSflaHHH ApHCTOTejm B aseppoHCTCKOH

HHTepnpeTauHH. CM.: R Edward Cranz. Editions of the Latin Aristotle accompanied by the com-mentaries of Averroes. // Philosophy and Humanism. Renaissance. Essay in Honor of P. O. Kristel¬ ler. Ed. E.R Mahoney. Leiden. 1976. p. 117.

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186 Bjiaducjiae ApDfcauyxuH

AOMHHHpyiomeH (|)HJioco(J)CKOH HHTepnpcTauHeH ApHCTOTejifl B ria^ye. O^HaKO K TOMy BpeMCHH, KOFâ öpaTBH Jluxyjxhi nocTynHJiH B ria^yaHCKHÖ yHHBcpcHTeT, jiyHiuHe BpcMCHa aBcppoHCxcKoro apHCTOxejiHSMa ÖBIJIH y^ce nosa^H. E r o KOHuenTyajiBHoe CAHHCTBO ÖBIJIO napyiueHo. IIo KpaHHCH Mepe, K axoMy B P C M C H H Bce B CBponcHCKOM yHHBcpcHxexcKOM MHpe cxajiH npH3HaBaxb, HTO y ABeppo3ca ecxB HCAOCxaxKH. C Hanajia X V I I B. cepAUe na^yancKoro aBepponsMa cxajio ÖHXBCH Bce cjia6ee H cjiaöee, c xeM, HXOÖBI oKOHnaxejiBHO ocxaHOBHXbCH nocjie xoro, KaK cBponcHCKHMH yHHBcpcHxexaMH oBJiaêjiH HACH, po5KAeHHbie B xoê KaxojiHHCCKOH PecôpMauHH'^

KaK ccHHac o6menpH3HaHHo, IlaAyaHCKHH yHHBcpcHxex B cepcAHne X V I I B. yBHAeji KOHCu OAHoro H3 HanGonee njioAOXBopnbix nepnoAOB apHcxoxejiH3Ma, AJiHBuierocH öojiee xpex BCKOB. Bxopan xpa^HUHH Da^yH HHxepnpexauHH ApHCxoxcji^ MOêx öbixb Ha3BaHa XOMH3MOM B caMOM mnpoKOM CMbicjie 3xoro cjiOBa. KOHCHHO, na^yancKne Cursus Philosophicum, ocHOBannwe na JiaxHHCKHX H3AaHH^X ApHCXOXeJia C KOMMCHXapHHMH CB. OOMbI AKBHHCKOrO, HaXO^HJIHCb B o6opoxe JXO KOHua X V I I B.. O^HaKO Ha3Baxb 3XH yneGnHKH X O M H C X C K H M H B xoHHOM CMbicjie 3xoro cnoBa öbiJio 6bi HenpaBHJibHO. B X V I B. CAHHCXBO xoMH3Ma pacnajiocb, H M M M O ^ C M roBopnxb o ero necKOJibKHX BepcH^x, rjiaBHaa H3 Koxopbix nocjie 1600 r. öbiJia npcACxaBJieHa „Bxopon" KaxojiHHCCKOH cxojiacxHKOH HesynxoB. C B . HrnaxHH peKOMen/ioBaji CBOHM nocjiCAOBaxejiHM (J)Hjioco4)HK) ApHcxoxejiH B HHxepnpcxauHH AKBHHCKOFO. H O B X V I I B. xaKOH pCKOMCHAaiiHH yê ne ÖMJIO JICXKO cjieÔBaxb. ynHBcpcHxexcKHc yneÖHHKH (|)HJioco(^HH xoro BpeMCHH HC âiox HCHoro npcACxaBJieHHH o XOM, HXO ^KC na caMOM Aejie npcAcxaBJiHji COÖOH xpaAHUHOHHbiH XOMHSM.

O H H npcAJiarajiH pasjiHHHbie BepcHH xoMH3Ma, nacxo paspaöoxaHHbie c ynexoM HOSAHCH KPHXHKH xeopnn CB. O O M M , caMbiMH cepbesHbiMH npe^-cxaBHxejDiMH KOxopoH öbiJiH Ka3xaH (Cajetan, 1469-1534) H Cyapec (Suärez, 1548-1617). O^naKO H 3XH KPHXHKH ne nbixajiHCb cosâxb noByio 4)HJIOCO(^HIO, HO pasAeji^JiH oöutee cxpeMJieHHC eu;e 6ojiee npnöjiHSHXb ee K xpHCXHancxBy. TaK, B 1660-e ro^Bi B Ha^yancKOM yHHBepcHxexe cxyênxaM HHxajin rpaMMaxHKy (jiaxHHCKyK) H rpenecKyio), pnxopuKy (IJ,HuepoH), jioruKy na OCHOBC nop4)HpHH H apHCXOXCJICBCKHX AuajIHXHK, (J)HJ10C0(:})HK) (apHcxoxejiCBCKaa 4)H3HKa B KOMMCHxapHHx CB. OoMbi H ABepp03ca), Mexa4)H3HKy (ApHCXOXeJTb B KOMMCHxapHHx CB. OoMM, ABeppo3ca H Cyapcca) H xeonornio. HaKoneu;, 3HaHHxejibHbiM AocxHêHHCM Ra^yaHCKoro yHHBepcnxexa ÖMJIO xo, HXO B 3XOH

uiKOJie BuepBbie 6biJia BbipaGoxana jioruKa uaynHoro HccjieAOBaHH^^"^.

B HHTejiJieKTyajibHOM OTHOUICHMH KoHTp-Pe(j)opMauHio cnpaBe^jiHBO nasbiBaiOT KaxojiHHecKOH Pe4)opMauHeH. HacHHO OHa ö w j i a HC crojibKo aBHJKeHHCM npoTHB Pe(j)opMauHH, CKOJIbKO BHyrpCHHHM paSBHTHCM KaTOJIHHCCKOH flOKTpHHbl.

See: John Herman Randall. The Development of Scientific Method in the School of Padova. -Journal of the History of Ideas. V. 1. # 2. 1940.

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riymu pyccKoü cxojiacmuKU 187

06e 3TH cxojiacTHHCCKHe Tpa^HUHH 6biJiH npeACTaBJiCHM B Kypcax pHXOpHKH, JIOFHKH H (j)H3HKH, KOTOpblC ÖpaXbÎ ÜHXyUbl HHXaJIH B CjiaBÄHO-rpeKO-JiaXHHCKOH aKaAeMHH B M O C K B C cl 687 no 1694 r. Kypc pnxopHKH, KoxopbiH B M O C K B C HHxaji Co4)poHHH JlnxyA, 6biJi cocxaBjieHHM B 1681 r.'^ B OCHOBC Kypca naxo^HJiacb BeneuHaHCKaa rpcHccKaa PnxopHKa OpannecKO CKy({)(^H^^. C HHCXO (})HJIO-co(|)CKOH xoHKH spCHHJi caMbiM SHaHHxcjibHbiM 3JieMeHX0M 3X0X0 Kypca ÖbIJia HOBan AJiH pyccKOH Kyjibxypw paaHonajiHCXHHCCKaa MCxoAOJiornH. Ee maBHbiH npHHunn - MHp ecxb nopaÔK, B JIIOGOH CBOCH XOHKC npoHHuacMbiH pasyMOM. PnxopHKa Co(J)poHH3i Jlnxyâ OKasajia rjiyöoKoe BJIH^HHC na pasBHxne pyccKOH cxojiacxHKH^^ KaxeropnajibHbiH anajins AeHCXBHxejibnocxH, KoxopbiH ona nponaraHAHpoBajia, B X V I I I B. cxaii ocnoBanHCM pyccKoro öorocjiOBCKoro H (J)HJioco4)CKOFO pauHOHajiHSMa. Kypc JIOXHKH, KOxopbiH Co(j)poHHH JlnxyA npoHHxaji B MOCKOBCKOH aKaACMnn B 1688 r., cxaji nepBbiM B POCCHH onbixoM CHCxcMaxHHCCKoro npenoAaBaHH« jiornKH'^. O C H O B O H Kypca cxajin KOHcneKXbi jiCKUHH, CAejiaHHbie Co(J)poHHeM B 1669 r. B HCM oxpasnjica rjiyöoKHH nnxepec Oa^yn K ynenHio o Mexoê, BMCCXC C KOxopbiM na^yancKaa niKOJia cxojiacxHKH AOcxHFJia HHKa CBoero pasBHxna. B K O H X C K C X C 3xoro yncHHa jioxHKa paccMaxpHBaexcH B Kypce ne cxojibKO KaK nayKa, CKOJibKO KaK nncxpyMCHx, c noMombK) KOxoporo M O ^ H O oönapy^nxb ncxnny n oxnHHHXb ee ox J I ^ H . JloxHKa - 3X0 opy^ne, H ona HHxepecna ne caMO no ce6e, a xoJibKO c XOHKH spcHHH xoro, KaKyK) nojTb3y ona MOêx npHnecxn jxJi^ nayKH. HepBoe, na HXO oöpamaji BHHManHe jioxHHecKHH cxojiacxHHCCKHH MexoA - 3X0 yKasanne na ocoöyio, BCCbMa BbicoKyio cxencHb C J I O ^ H O C X H nsynacMbix n peKOHCxpynpyeMbix O G B C K X O B , C H C X C M HejioBenecKoro MbiuiJiennH cjio^nocxb C H C X C M U ero AexepMHHauHH, anajinxHHecKOH peKoncxpyKunn H noHHManHH. C 3xoro B pyc-CKOH rtayKC nanaiiocb ycBoenne HXOFOB CBponcHCKOH HaynnoH PCBOJUOUHH H nepexoA K nayKe HoBoro BpeMcnn. B 1689 r. HoanHHKHH Jlnxy^ nanaji HHxaxb B aKaACMHH Kypc O H S H K H . OCHOBOH 3xoro Kypca'^ cxajin xaKê ncpepaGoxannbie cxyênHCCKHC KOHcncKXbi JICKUHH, Koxopbie HoannnKHH cjiymaji B lla^ye^^.

B nexepGyprcKHX pyKonHCHtix coöpaHHax xpaHaxca asa cnHCKa PHTOPHKH Co({)pOHH5i .TlHxyjxa: B Oxziejie pyKonHCCH BHÖJIHOTCKH POCCHHCKOH AKaAeMHH HayK (PyK. BAH. 16.15.20) H B Ox/iejie pyKOHHceH H pe^KOH KHHFH POCCHHCKOH HaHHOHajitHoii BHÖHHOTCKH (PyK. PHB. OCPK. OXV.8).

CM. pyccKHH nepCBOji 3TOH PHTOPHKH: SjiaTOCJiOB HJIH OTKPMTHC pHTopcKHa nayKH, TO ecTb HCKyCCTBa BHTHHCTBa, COHHHCHHOe FpCHCCKHM CBHmCHHHKOM OHJiapCTOM CKy({)0K). CaHKT-HeTepöypF. 1779.

'•^ B POCCHH lunpoKyio H3BecTH0CTb pHTopHKa Co(t)pOHH5i Jlnxy^a nojiynnjia nocjie 1698 r , KOFjxa MOHax Hy^oBa MonacTbipa Ko3bMa A(})0H0HBepCKHH nepeBCJi ee c FpenecKOFO Ha pyccKHH JI3bIK.

ABT0Fpa(J) JIoFHKH Co^pOHHH JlHxyjâ CM. PyKOOHCb FocyflapCTBeHHOH BHÖJIHOTCKH POCCHH (FBP). C o ö p a H H e MOCKOBCKOH ^yxoBHOH aKaêMHH. 299, 300. JlaTHHCKHH nepeBOji JIOFHKH CM. PyK. PHB. C o ö p a H H e CaHKT-HeTCpöypFCKOH i^yxoBHOH aKaîeMHH. B- II. JSfo 3.

PyK. FBR HH. 2133. OyHA. 316.

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188 Bjiaducjiae ApjfcanyxuH

H X0T5I B npCAHCJlOBHH K Kypcy aBTOp SaHBJlHCT O CBOCM HaMepCHHH BO BCCM cjieAOBaxb ApHCTOTCJiK), OH3HKa HoaHHHKHH jiHuib ôpMajibHO HanoMHHaex apHCTOxejiHSM H no CBoeMy coAepânnio HBUHCTCH 3KJieKTHHecK0H. O n a npHHaAJiOKHT roMorennoH cyÖTpaAnann - aBcpponcxcKOMy apncxoxejiHSMy, KOTopbiH, OAHaKO, KO BpcMCHH yHCÖbi JlHxyÔB B Ha^ye yê yTpaxHJi TeopexHHecKoe CAHHCTBO. B COOTBCTCTBHH CO cxojiacxHHccKHM MCTOAOM Kypc 4)H3HKH B MOCKOBCKOH aKaACMHH npCACXaBJIHJl C 0 6 O H KOMMCHXapHH B HACH ApHCTOTCJia. Ho B OTJiHHHC OT Ha^yH MOCKOBCKHH Kypc HC HpcAnojiaraji qXCHHC xpyAOB caMoro ApncxoxcjiH. B 3XOM KOHXCKCXC apHcxoxcjiCBCKHC H cxojiac-XHHCCKHC XCMbl H KOHU;enU,HH, KOXOpblC paCCMaxpHBaUHCb B Kypce HoaHHHKHH JlHxyAa, HMCJiH ne cxojibKO xeopexHHCCKyio, CKOJibKO MexaxeopexHHCCKyio 4)yHKUHio: B oxcyxcxBHH apHCxoxcjiCBCKoro xeKcxa OHH âBajin MCXO^BI H CHOCOÖ 4)opMyjiHpoBKH npoÖJicM, a xaKê Kpnxepnn nayHHOcxH. B nepBOH nacxH Kypca paccMaxpHBaexcH yneHHC o ecxecxBCHHbix Hanajiax, x.e. yneHHC o MaxepHH H (jDopMe. Bo BxopoH H xpcxbCH HacxH pa36HpaK)xcH KOHiêniiHH nexbipex npHHHH H paccMaxpHBaioxcH KaxeropHH KanecxBa, KOJinnecxBa, ABH>KeHHH, Mecxa, BpeMCHH. HocjiCAHHH Hacxb Kypca - „nacxnan (J)H3HKa" - no coAep>KaHHK) 6ojiee Bcero npHÖJiHâexcH K xoMy, HCM 4)H3HKa cxajia nocjie Hbioxona. Ho B OXJIHHHC ox 3X0H „ H O B O H " (J)H3HKH, KOXOpaH nO^XO^HX K HBJTCHHilM KaK K OÖOSpCBaCMblM, „Hacxnaa (^H3HKa" paccMaxpnBajia nx KaK jiornHecKHC. Sêcb CBoncxBa npcAMCxoB HBJiHioxcH pe3yjibxaxoM ne CHJI H (})yHKi^HOHajibHbix oxnomennH, a caMooGBHCHHiomHxcH cymnocxcH.

Cnop rpenecKOH n jiaxHncKOH napxHH ne HMCJI xeopexHHCCKoro saBcpmennH. O H 6biJi ocxanoBJien BMcmaxejibcxBOM rocyâpcxBennoH BJiacxH, Koxopaa 3XHM BMcmaxcjibcxBOM onpCAejTHJia nepcncKXHBbi pyccKon cxojiacxHKH. B 1701 r. nocjie CMcpxH naxpnapxa MOCKOBCKOFO A^pnana uapb Hexp 13anpexHJi BbiGopw HOBOFO naxpnapxa n JIHHHO Hasnannji na AOJDKHOcxb MCCXOÖJHOCXHXCJIH naxpnapmero npecxojia n npe4)eKxa MOCKOBCKOH CjiaBano-rpeKO-JiaxHHCKOH aKaêMHH BOcnnxannnKa nesynxcKHX UIKOJI JTbBOBa, JIioGjinna, Hosnann H BHJibHO, OAHoro H3 jiHêpoB „jiaxHHCKOH" napxHH MHxponojiHxa Cxecâna ^BopcKoro. A MecxoÖJHOCxHxcjib naxpnapmero npecxojia no cymecxBOBaBuiCH B xo BpcMH xpa^nuHH - 3X0 yyKQ noHXH naxpnapx. CjiaBHHO-rpcKO-JiaxnncKaH aKaAeMHH öbijia nepecxpoena na npHHannax jiaxHHCKOH cxoJiacxHKH. Pojib 3XOH UIKOJlbl B pyccKOH ÄH3HH XVIII B. xpy^HO iiepeoueHHXb. Hepe3 ee cxojiacxnnecKHe Kypcbi npouiJio MHO)KecxBO BbiâiomnxcH jinHHOCxcK. Cpeû HHX - no3x K . HcxoMHH, rocyAapcxBCHHbiH Aeaxejib A . KanxcMup, nepBbin pyccKHH ÔKXop MeAnu;nHbi H . H O C X H H K O B , MaxeMaxHK JI. MarHHu;KHH. Ho B nanajie BCKa MocKOBCKoe AyxoBCHCxBO HOHbixajiocb 0Ka3axb ocxanoBHXb xpHyM4)ajibHoe

B uiKOJiax, KOTopue 6biJiH opraHHSOBaHbi KaxojiHHecKHMH opaenaMH. B yHHBepcHTexax aaHHWH npeziMex Haabmajica „(l)HJioco(bHii".

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riymu pyccKoü cxonacmuKu 189

UieCTBHC „JiaXHHCTByiOmHx". CxOJlHHHBie naCXbipH OÖpaXHJIHCB 3a noAAep)KKOH K HepycajiHMCKOMy naxpnapxy ^0CH(})eK), KoxopBifi B CHJiy CBoero GorocjiOBCKoro aBxopHxexa 6biJi apÖHxpoM cnopoB BHyxpH PyccKoii LI,epKBH. naxpnapx /],ocH(j)eH B CBOCM nocjiaHHH K llexpy yroBapHBaji ne HasHanaxb na BbicoKHe nocxbi B uepKBH 3JI0BpeAHbIX KHCBCKHX „JiaXbIHHHKOB", a XOJlbKO MOCKBHHCH. BxOpOC HOCJiaHHC GbiJio a^pecoBaHO caMOMy Cxe(J)aHy, B KOxopoM ^0CH(})eH KpnxHKyex yBjicHCHHC KHCBJIHH JiaXHHCXBOM H npCAynpCâCX ero O B03M0^HbIX CaHKUHHX CO cxopoHbi apxHcpecB npaBOcnaBHoro BocxoKa. ^ O C H C ^ C H xopomo 3Haji, HXO OH HMCJI B BH/^y TeopeXHHCCKaH SaBHCHMOCXb ^BOpCKOrO ox «BXOpOH» CXOJiaCXHKH öbijia npoHBJiCHa B paHHCM ero 4)H-ntoco(J)CKOM Kypce, nponnxaHHOM B 1690-e TOABI B KnCBO-MorHJIHHCKOH aKaAeMHH. CymeCXBCHHblMH, C 3X0H XOHKH 3peHHH, nojio^CHHHMH Kypca GbuiH, BO-nepBbix, npHsnaHHC Maxepnn H (})opMbi B KanecxBC paBHOUCHHblX OCHOBaHHH HpHpO^HblX BCmCH; BO-BXOpblX, yXBCpÂeHHC, HXO ÖblXHC BCmCH HC CBOAHMO HH K (})OpMe, HH K MaXCpHH; B-XpCXbHX, pasrpaHHHCHHe pasyMa H HHxcjiJicKxa KaK jx^yx pa3Hbix (J)opM no3HaHHH; B-nexBepxbix, aKucHX Ha n03HaHHH CyiH,HOCXH H npCHcGpOKCHHe CymeCXBOBaHHCM KaK HC HMCIOmHM 3HaHeHHe. O^HaKo oöpamcHHH HepycajiHMCKoro naxpnapxa ne ocxanoBHJin pyc-CKoro uapa. OAHOBpcMCHHO c nasHaHenneM Cxe(|)aHa ÜBopcKoro na KJHOHCBOH nocx B PyccKOH IêpKBH riexp I ycxanoBHJi orpannHCHna na nyÖJiHKaunn JlnxyAaMH CBOHX HOJICMHHCCKHX coHnneHnn^'. 3a necKOJibKO Jiex Jio 3xoro Jlnxy^bi GbiJiH oxcxpancHbi ox paöoxbi B CjiaBHHO-rpeKO-JiaxnncKOH aKaêMnn H BbicjiaHbi H3 MocKBbi. OxKpbixaH nojiCMHKa c „JiaxHHCKOH" napxHH cxajia HeB03M05KHOH.

Haê^â na BWXOA H3 Kpnsnca noHBHJiacb BMCCXC C npcAJioêHHCM Mnxp. HoBropoACKoro HoBa oxKpbixb B HoBropoê rpcKO-jiaxHHCKyio lUKOJiy 3xo npCAJio^CHHe Jlnxy^bi npHn^n, n B 1706 r. uiKOJia nanajia paöoxaxb. HHHunaxHBa MHxp. HoBa CBHêxcjibcxBOBajia o XOM, HXO uenxp „rpenecKOH" napxHH nepcMCCxHJiCH B HoBXopoA. CxpcMJiCHHC „rpcHecKon" napxnn KOHCOJIHAH-poBaxbCH npoxHB nojiyHHBuiCH no^êp^Ky ^Bopa yKpanncKOH jiaxnncKOH CXOJiaCXHKH, HCCOMHCHHO, HBHJIOCb OAHHM H3 CaMblX ApaMaXHHHblX 3nH30A0B pyccKOH AyxoBHOH ^ H 3 H H HaHajia XVIII B. Ka3ajiocb, HXO „rpenecKaa" onno3HLiHH CHOBa xeppnxopnajibHO n oprannsaunoHHo ocôpMjiena, HXO nannHaexcH noBbiH 3xan 6opb6bi c „jiaxnncxByioinHMH". O^naKo MCXOABI, KoxopbiMH BCJiacb 3xa 6opb6a, saByajinpoBaHHbiH xapaKxep ee UCJICH HC ocxaBJiHiox y nac COMHCHHH B X O M , HXO rpeKo4)HJibi" BbiHy}KAeHbi öbijin onpeêjiaxb CBOC oxHomcHne K MOCKOBCKOH „jiaxHHCKOH" HapxHH KaK xaHHyK) onno3HUHK). riepejiOMHbiM MOMCHXOM npOXHBOCXOHHHH AByX HanpaBJlCHHH B pyCCKOH CXOJiaCXHKC,

^' PcHb wnßT o uapcKOM sanpexe nyÖJiHKauHH KHHFH JlnxyjioB „noKasanne H oGnHHCHHe epecen Jlioxepa H KajibBHHa ox ynnxejieH HoaHHHKHH H Co(t)pOHHJi". CM. „HpaBOCJiaBHoe oGospcHHe". 1872. JVb5. C. 26.

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190 Bjiaducjiae Apjfcauyxun

sacBHACTejibCTBOBaBuiHM OKOHHaxejiBHyio yxpaxy „rpeKO(J)HJiaMH" CBoero BJiHHHHH Ha oömyK) AyxoBHyio CHxyauHK), cxajia saoHHaa nojiCMHKa MC^^y 6paXBHMH JlHXyaaMH H MHXp. HOBOM - C OAHOH CXOpOHBI, H MHXp. Cxe({)aHOM ^BOpCKHM - C ApyrOH. B 1711 F. MHXp. HoB H HoaHHHKHH ÜHXyA o6paXHJIHCB K MHxp. Cxe(J)aHy H npo(J)eccopaM MOCKOBCKOH aKaAeMHH c npocBÖOH OXBCXHXB na xeopexHHecKHC Bonpocbi, KOxopBie KacajiHCB ^yxoBHBix acncKxoB Fpexo-naêHH^, KpemcHHii H BHACHHH BoFa. OömcH JXJ\S{ 3XHX BonpocoB ÖBuia npoGjiCMa COOXHOinCHHH XBapHOFO H HCXBapHOFO B pCJIHFHOSHOH ^H3HH, X.C. npoGjICMa, KoxopaH ÖBiJia npHHUHHHajiBHOH B cnope c „xjie6onoKJiOHHHKaMH". Ha 3XH ê BonpocBi B 1712 F. Hanncaji pasBepnyxBiH OXBCX Co(})poHHH Jlnxy^^^. C B O H BHSOB Ha6HpaBnieH CHJiy MOCKOBCKOH jiaxnncKOH cxojiacxHKe on c4)opMHpoBaji na OCHOBC 60FOCJ10BCKHX H 4)HJioco4)CKHX cxpyKxyp najiaMH3Ma. CxaxnnnoMy HHxejiJieKxyajiH3My „jiaxHHCXByiomnx" Co4)poHHH JlnxyA npoxHBonocxaBHJin nanaMHxcKHH 4)HJIOCO4)CKO-6OFOCJIOBCKHH CHHXCS, aenxpoM KoxopoH HBJIHCXCH ACHCXBHC Boxa KaK caMOoxânn n npeBOCxoÂenna CBOCH xpancucHAenxHOCXH. 3xox 4)aKX 3acjiy^HBaex OCOÖOFO BHHManHH, X.K. B X V I I I B. HHxepec K najiaMH3My npcAcxaBjiHJi, CKopee, HCKJUOHCHHC B pyccKOM 6OFOCJIOBHH, H C M npaBHno H coBcpmeHHO oxcyxcxBOBaji B KHCBCKOM ÖOFOCJIOBHH. OöpamancB K MHxp. Cxe(})aHy, HOBFOPOAUBI, BHAHMO, paccnnxBiBajiH AOÖHXBCH OX HCFO ÖOFOCJIOBCKOFO H (|)HJIOCO(^CKOFO HOKaHHH)! 3a XC y Ö e ^ C H H H , KOXOpbie OH npHOÖpeJI B nOJIbCKHX uiKOJiax, HO HOJiyHHJiH OX HCFO OXBCX, KoxopbiH cxaji HpoFpaMMOH pasBHXHa pyc-CKOH cxojiacxHKH Ha nepByio nojiOBHny X V I I I B . , H KoxopbiH naôjiFO C K O M -npoMCXHpoBaji B PyccKOH H,epKBH (fiHJioco(J)CKHe H ÖOFOCJIOBCKHC cxpyKxypbi BH3aHXHHCK0F0 MHCXHLiH3Ma^^. KjiiOHCBbiMH 3JieMeHxaMH oxBcxa Cxe4)aHa ÜBOpCKOFO ÖbUIO CXpCMJieHHe HHBCJIHpOBaXb paSJIHHHC MCXOAOJIOFHH (J)HJIOCO(i)HH, Mcxa(i)H3HKH H ÖOFOCJIOBHH; npcACxaBHXb Mexa(^H3HKy HacxHbiM cjiynacM (l)Hjioco4)HH, a caMy (J)Hnoco4)Hio HHxepnpexnpoBaxb KaK nayKy, UCJIH KOxopoH MOXyX ÖbIXb OÖOSHaHCHbl XOJlbKO ÖOFOCJIOBHCM. MHXp. Cxe(})aH HC COFJiaCHJICH C XOHKOH SpCHHH JlHXyÔB, HXO B OCHOBC 60FOCJIOBHH HaXO^HXCH OCOÖblH âp - AyXOBHOe BHACHHe. Ho ilBOpCKOMy CyXb 60F0CJI0BH5I - HC co3epaaHHH, a B oÖB^CHCHHH H HOHHMaHHH. MccxoÖJiiocxHxejib HaxpHapuiCFO Hpccxojia He coFJiacHJica xaK}Ke c aBxoHOMHOCxbio Mexa$H3HKH. B CFO HOHHMaHHH nacxb

2^ OöcToaxejibCTBa, co^ep^KaHHC H xapaicrep 3TOH nojicMHKH, HaHaBuieHCH B 1711 r., HOMTH xpH BCKa OCXaBaJIHCb HCHSBeCTHblMH H ÖblJIH OTKpblTbl HCCKOJIbKO JICT Ha3aA. CM. „OTBCT" CO(j)pOHH5I JlHXyaa. nOATOTOBKa XCKCXa, nCpCBOJI H KOMMCHXapHH B.B. Ap>KaHyxHHa - „McTopHKO-4)Hnoco4)CKHH c5KcroAHHK - 93". MocKBa 1994

" OTBCT CTe{})aHa ^BopcKoro. PyK. BAH. CoöpaHHe AjiCKCca HexpoBHHa. Jô 10. OTBCT MHxp. Cxe())aHa mnpoKO pacnpocxpanajiCH B cnncKax. Ojxim H3 HHX onyÖJiHKOBan. CM.: Cxe(t)aH, M. PHSaHCKHH H MypOMCKHH. OxBCX Ha HCKaJI HCXaSaHH» ÖOrOCJlOBCKaa. (HCHSAaHHblC COHHHCHHH Cxc(J)aHa, MHxponojiHxa PnsaHCKoro H MypOMCKoro). - HepHnroBCKHC enapxnajibHbie HSBCCXHÎ. 1861. Jô 10.

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riymu pyccKoü cxonacmuKu 191

MeTa(J)H3HHecKHx npoöJiCM öbijia OT^ana öorocnoBHio, Apyraa - {j)HJioco(J)HH. PasBHTHC pyccKOH UIKOJlbl uoKasajio, HacKOJibKO npopoHCCKHM OKasajiocb xaKoe noHHMaHue cxaryca MeTa(J)H3HHecKHx npoÖJiCM. MeTa(J)H3HKa Mcuee Bcero

npu^HJiacb B pyccKHX npaBOCJiaBUbix uiKOJiax X V I I I - X I X B B . . CpaBUHBaa

OxBCTbi CTe(})aHa .HBopcKoro c OTBCTOM Co(j)poHH^ Jluxy^a, M M M O ^ C M npusHaxb,

HTO TeopexHHecKH pe(J)epax ^BopcKoro ycxynaex paöoxe JIuxyAa. B OxBCxe Muxp. Cxe(i)aHa uex rjiyÖHHbi H xoro BHUMauHa K uioaucaM, KOxopoe oneBuziHO y ero onnoHCHxa. Ka3ajiocb, HXO B 3XOM saonuoM cnope no6eAa 6biJia na cxopone Jlnxy;^OB n Mnxp. HoBa. Oj^naKO 3XOH no6e;^e „rpeKO(i)njiOB" B xeopnn HHHXO HC

cooxBcxcxBOBajio Ha npaKXHKe. HaoGopox, xa GorocjiOBCKaa xpa^ini^n^, Koxopyio

npeztcxaBJiHJiH Jlnxy^^bi n Mnxp. H O B , öbicxpo yB^AaJia nepe^ JIHUOM HOBOPO

GorocjioBHH MOCKOBCKOH aKa/iCMnn. HcxopuHCCKH n Kyjibxypno onpaB/iannaH no6e/ta „jiaxnncxByiouzHx", xoxa n Gbuia oj[iep^aHa npn noztziep^KC BJiacxn, XCM HC MCHCC nojio^HJia nanajio pyccKOH ^yxoBHOH IUKOJIC. TaKUM o6pa30M ona

BOcnojiHHJia xox npoöcji B pcjinrnosnoH 5KH3HH, 3a KOxopbiH PyccKa« U,epKOBb

B cepeAune X V I I B. sanjiaxnjia pacKOJiOM.

HcKJuoHHXcjibnyK) pojib B pacnpocxpanenHH «BXopoH» cxojiacxHKu B POCCHH

cbirpaji yxBep)KAeHHbiH HexpoM I B 1721 r. „/JyxoeHbiü PeejiaMeHm" -SaKOHO^axeJIbHMH aKX, B C O O X B C X C X B H H C KOXOpbIM B PyccKOH uepKBH

jiHKBHAnpoBajiocb naxpnapiuecxBO, n BMCCXO HCXO ynpeÂajicî CBHxeHiuHH npaBHXcjibcxByiomuH CHHOJ^. FjiaBHon n^êen noAOÖnoro aAMnnncxpnpoBaHH« HBJuiJiocb JinKBHâuHH aepKOBHoro caMoynpaBJiCHH^ n nojinoe noOTHHcnne BCCX

pejinrHH na xeppnxopnn POCCHH rocy^apcxBy. Co3;];axejib J],yxoBHoro perjiaMcnxa,

- enncKon Oeo(t)aH HpoKonoBun (1681-1736),- Hcnojib30Baji B KanecxBC oöpasaa

HOBoro oprana ynpaBJienna qepKOBbio neMeuKHe npoxecxanxcKHC o6ep-KOHCHCxopuH. O H J I O C O ^ C K H C H öoxocjiOBCKHC B3rJIH7^bI caMoro Oeo(})aHa

c(})opMHpoBajiHCb B KHCBCKOH aKa^CMHH H B P H M C B KOJiJiernyMC CB. A4)aHacHa.

B P H M C Oeo(})aH OCBOHJI JiaxnncKyio cxojiacxHKy, cxaji nacxoamuM ynenbiM. Hesynxbi oöpaxnjin BUHManne na CHOCOGHOCXH HpOKonoBnna. O H H npe^arajin

CMy ocxaxbCH B BaxuKane n npncocAnnnxbCH K opjieny. Ho B 1702 r. Oeo(})aH Bepnyjica B K H C B . B 1707 r. OH y^KC HBJIHJICH npc(})eKX0M KncBo-MornjijiHCKOH

aKa^CMHH. C 1718 r. Oeo(})aH HpoKonoBHH - CHHCKOH HCKOBCKHH H HapBCKun,

a c 1725 r. - 06ep-npoKypop Cnno^a. B öorocjiOBCKon CHCXCMC HpoKonoBuna oxHexjiHBo npocxynaiox 3JieMeHXbi X O M H C X C K O H cxoJiacxHKH ( P o ö e p x a BejiJiapMHHa, B nacxnocxn). H o ee ^OMnnanxoH HBJIHIOXCH npHHunnbi npoxecxanxcKHX HHxepnpexan,HH «BxopoH» cxojiacxHKH - öorocjiOBCKue H (^HJioco(J)CKHe nopHAKH B xpy;i;ax Oeo(J)aHa (j)opMajibHO pasBC/tenbi. O n paccMaxpHBaji O X K P O B C H H C , pasyM n Mopajibubie I ^ C H H O C X H KaK

B3aHM03aBHCHMbie HBJICHHH. KaK H GOXOCJIOBHC «BXOpOH» CXOJiaCXHKH, CHCXCMa HpoKonoBHHa noAHcpKHBaex ecxecxBennocxb snannH o Bore n KpnxHKyex CBcpxpauHonajibHyio Mcxo/^ojiornio nosHanna B o r a . Tpy;^bi Oeo(})aHa HpoKonoBHHa onpcAejiHJin öorocjioBCKoe pa3BHXHe pyccKoro npaBOCJiaBna BO

(18)

192 Bjiaducjiae ApotcanyxuH

BTopoH nojiOBHHC X V I I I - HaHajic X I X B.. BjiaroAapa AeaTCJibHocTH cI>eo(J)aHa ripoKonoBHHa, B XVIII B. «BTopaa» cxojiacTHKa cxajia OCHOBOH 4)HJioco(|)CKoro

H öorocjiOBCKoro (|)opMHpoBaHH3i pyccKoro npaBOCJiaBHoro ^yxoBCHCXBa. YyKe K cepcAHHC BCKa pyccKHC npaBOCJiaBHbie ayxoBHbie ceMHHapnn, pyKOBOACTByncb

jiosynroM «OHCBHAHOCTB j^oji^na y ö e ^ a x b paayM», MODIH yBCpenno oxcxanßaxb

CBOH HHxepnpexauHH OxKpoBcnna n uepKOBHon z^OKxpnnbi.

PyccKaa cxojiacxHKa snannxejibHo nsMCHHJia B3aHMOCBH3b Me^^y nayKOH H ^H3Hbio. EcjiH öbijio 6bi B03M0ÄH0 (J)Hjioco(]^CKH onpcj^ejiHXb pcsyjibxaxbi HHxeHCHBHoro HHxenjiCKxyajibHoro pasBHxna B P O C C H H B X V I I - X V I I I B B . , HCKaBUiero CBOC o6ocHOBaHHe B JiaxHHCKOH cxojiacxHKc, xo xaKHx pe3yjTbxaxoB 6bijio 6bi jiBSL - Koneq (J)HJIOCO(^HH H ÖOFOCJIOBH^ KaK o6pa3a ^ H 3 H H H poyKjiQune

pyccKoro pauH0HajiH3Ma. BbicxpbiH pacuBCx cxoJiacxHKH B POCCHH nocxaBHJi noji

Bonpoc

xpaAnanoHHbiH OHXOJIOFHHCCKHH cxaxyc (j)HJioco(t)HH n

6orocJiOBHa.

Jlo cepe^HHbi X V I I B. B co3HaHHH pyccKOFO o6mecxBa ^OMnnnpoBajio y ö e ^ e n n e , HXO H (})HJI0C0(^H5I, H GOFOCJIOBHC - 3X0 HC XCOpHH, a o6pa3 ^H3HH. K HHM MCHCe

BCCFO ÖBIJIO npHJio^HMO onpe/iejiCHHC nayKH. OHJIOCOC^HM H ÖOFOCJIOBHC,

OpHCHXnpOBaHHbie na HOZIBH^HHKOB, H3ÖpaHHHK0B JXyxa B XaKOH ^OpUQ ÖBIJIH 3JIHXapHbI. MHpOB033peHHeCKHH HepCBOpOX, COBepmCHHblH CXpCMHXeJIbHblM HO^BCMOM pyCCKOH CXOJiaCXHKH, HpCO^OJlCJI 3XH OFpaHHHCHH^. B pyCCKHX UIKOJiaX BXOpOH nOJIOBHHbl X V I I - HCpBOH HOJIOBHHbl XVIII B. HaHJIH (})OpMHpOBaXBCH (J)HJIOCO(|)Ha H ÖOFOCJIOBHC, HOHHMaCMBie KaK XCOpeXHHCCKaH no3HaBaxcjibHa5i ACHTCJibHOCxb, coBcpiuacMaH no cxporo onpe/iejiCHRbiM oömesnaHHMbiM

H oöiucAocxynnbiM npaBnnaM. B 3xox nepejiOMHbiH

jxji^

ncxopnn pyccKon MWCJIH

ncpHo;i; MHCXHKO-acKCXHHCCKaa xpaOTUna, n^^ymaa H3 FjiyÖHHbi BCKOB, OKa3ajiacb

B cxopone. B X V I I - X V I I I B B . cxojiacxHKa öbuia B POCCHH e^nncxBenHBiM

HHxejiJieKxyajibHbiM ;xBH^eHHeM, cymnocxb KOxopoFO cocxaBJiHJi Kyjibx pasyMa.

Hapyuienne xeopcxHHCCKOH n ^nztaKXHHecKon aejiocxnocxn cxojiacxHKH

B POCCHH cxajio OHCBH/^HbiM BO BxopoH HOJIOBHHC X V I I I B., KOF^a H3 uiKOJibHbix npoFpaMM ee cxajio Bbixecn^ixb BOJib(})HaHCXBO.