Widok Jeden bohater trzech opowiadań I.A. Bunina

ɈȾɂɇ ȽȿɊɈɃ ɌɊȿɏ ɊȺɋɋɄȺɁɈȼ ɂ.Ⱥ. ȻɍɇɂɇȺ ONE PROTAGONIST OF THREE SHORT STORIES BY IVAN BUNIN

ȿɅȿɇȺ ɄȺɉɂɇɈɋ

ABSTRACT. The paper of Yelena Kapinos One Protagonist of Three Short Stories by Ivan Bunin analyzes three short stories by Ivan Bunin (Grammar of Love, A Winter Dream and In a

Never-Never Land). The stories are connected through the same recurring protagonist, Ivlev, who functions as a “mediator” between the world of the characters and that of the author. The three texts are structured as a kaleidoscope of similar motifs, details and narrative techniques that reveal the key elements of Bunin's poetic universe.

ȿɥɟɧɚ Ʉɚɩɢɧɨɫ, ɋɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ, ɇɨɜɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ, „ɧɟɤɬɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ”, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶ-ɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɯ, ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ 1915, 1918, 1923 ɝɨɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚɦ ɛɵ ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ, ɩɨ-ɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɬɪɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɨɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɹɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɭɧɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɵɯ ɜɨɫɶ-ɦɢ ɥɟɬ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫ 1915 ɩɨ 1923 ɝɝ. ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɢɡ „ɢɜɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ” ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ – Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɜ ɧɟɦ „ɧɟɤɬɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ” – ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ. ȼ ɫɸ-ɠɟɬɧɨɦ ɮɨɤɭɫɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ – ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɚ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤ ɝɨɪɧɢɱɧɨɣ Ʌɭɲɤɟ: ɨɧ (ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɢɣ – ȿ. Ʉ.) ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɫɥɵɥ ɜ ɭɟɡɞɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɞɤɨɝɨ ɭɦɧɢɰɭ. ɂ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɫɜɚɥɢ-ɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɷɬɚ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɷɬɚ Ʌɭɲɤɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɟɟ, – ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɲɥɨ ɩɪɚ-ɯɨɦ, ɨɧ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɢɞɟɥ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɤɪɨɜɚɬɢ1 . ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɰ, Ʌɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ: ɨɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɭɦɟɪɥɢ ɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɧɚɞɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ – ɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɧɟɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ2 . Ʌɸɛɨɜɶ ________________ 1 _{ɂ.Ⱥ. Ȼ ɭ ɧ ɢ ɧ, ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ 9-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 4, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1965–} 1967, ɫ. 300. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɫɟ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɭɤɚ-ɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ ɬɨɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. 2_{Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ-ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɜ} ɛɭɧɢ-ɧɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ

ɬɜɨɪɱɟ-ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɝɨ ɭɠɟ ɧɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟ; ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɚɫɶ; ɥɸɛɨɜɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɚɫɶ, ɧɨ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɨɛɨɪɜɚɥɚɫɶ, – ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ. ɂɜɥɟɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɝɥɹ-ɞɟɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɭɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɢɡ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ Ʌɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɚ ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɮɪɚɡɟ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɦɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɟɦ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ: ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɜɡɹɜ-ɲɢɣɫɹ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɟɞɟɬ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɤɭɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɡɚɱɟɦ: „ɇɟɤɬɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɟɯɚɥ ɨɞ-ɧɚɠɞɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɢɸɧɹ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɟɡɞɚ” (4; 298). Ɉɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɛɡɚɰ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɛɪɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ, ɛɪɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɬɭ (ɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɦɵ ɭɜɢɞɢɦ, ɛɪɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟ-ɫɬɜɭ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ). ȼ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɟɞɟɬ ɂɜɥɟɜ, ɜɚɠɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɯ, „ɠɢɜɵɯ” ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɑɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɂɜɥɟɜ: ɨɬɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɜɵɪɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɰɟɥɚɹ ɨɪɚɜɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɚɤ, ɱɟɪɧɵɯ, ɲɨɤɨɥɚɞɧɵɯ, ɞɵɦɱɚ-ɬɵɯ, ɢ ɫ ɹɪɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɥɚɟɦ ɡɚɤɢɩɟɥɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɥɨɲɚɞɟɣ, ɜɡɜɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢɯ ɦɨɪɞɚɦ, ɧɚ ɥɟ-ɬɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɹɞɚɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɟɪɯ ɬɚɪɚɧɬɚɫɚ (4; 301). Ɍɨɱɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɵ ɫɢɥɶ-ɧɨ ɫɝɭɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɚɫɤɚɦɢ3 . ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɭɸ ɪɟɩɥɢɤɭ ɨ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɦ, ɩɪɨɡɜɭɱɚɜɲɭɸ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɨɜ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ: Ʌɭɲɤɢɧɨɦɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɥ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ: ɝɪɨɡɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ – ɷɬɨ Ʌɭɲɤɚ ɧɚɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɝɪɨɡɭ, ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ – ɬɚɤ Ʌɭɲɤɚ ɪɟɲɢɥɚ, ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɣ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɫɹ – ɧɟ ɭɝɨɞɢɥɢ ɦɭɠɢɤɢ Ʌɭɲɤɟ (4; 300). ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɩɥɢɤɟ, ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɦɟɲɥɢɜɨ ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɜɲɟɣ ɭɟɡɞɧɭɸ ɦɨɥɜɭ, Ʌɭɲ-ɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɜ ɡɟɦ-ɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɑɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɦɟɧɢɸ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɢ-ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɭɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ: ɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɚɯ ɩɨɝɨɞɵ ɜɫɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɟɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɥɭɲɤɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɟɟ „ɦɚ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ” ɫɢɥɵ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɥɭɲɤɢɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ. Ʌɭɲɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɞɭ „ɧɚɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɝɪɨɡɭ”: ɩɨɤɚ ɂɜ-ɥɟɜ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɭɱɢ, ɢɞɟɬ ɞɨɠɞɶ, ɢ ɝɪɟ-ɦɢɬ ɝɪɨɦ, ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɞɴɟɡɠɚɹ ɤ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɦɭ, ɂɜɥɟɜ ɫɥɵɲɢɬ, ɤɚɤ „ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɧɟɛɨ ɧɚɞ ɬɚɪɚɧɬɚɫɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɨɥɨɫɶ ɨɬ ɨɝɥɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɝɪɨɦɚ” (4; 31), ɧɨ, ________________ ɫɬɜɨɦ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ Ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥɜɟɪɢɧ – Ȼ.ȼ. Ⱥ ɜ ɟ ɪ ɢ ɧ, Ⱦɚɪ Ɇɧɟɦɨɡɢɧɵ: ɪɨɦɚɧɵ ɇɚɛɨɤɨɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪ-ɛɭɪɝ 2003, ɫ. 176–180. 3_{ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨ ɬɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɫɦ.: Ɉ.ȼ. ɋ ɥ ɢ ɜ ɢ ɰ ɤ ɚ ɹ,} „ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ”: ɦɢɪ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004, ɫ. 190–198.

ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɨɦ, ɝɪɨɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. Ʉɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ „ɦɨɪɨɤ” ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɂɜɥɟɜ – ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɨɱɢɸ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɛɟɡɭɦɧɵɟ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨ ɦɨɝɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ Ʌɭɲɤɢ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ4 . ɇɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɣɡɚɠɚ, ɜ ɫɢɹɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɚɬɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ („ȼ ɨɞɧɨ ɨɤɧɨ, ɧɚ ɡɨɥɨɬɟ ɪɚɫɱɢɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɡɚ ɬɭɱɚɦɢ ɡɚɪɢ, ɜɢɞɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɟɬ-ɧɹɹ, ɜɫɹ ɱɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɤɭɱɚɹ ɛɟɪɟɡɚ”) ɂɜɥɟɜ, ɚ ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬ-ɪɟɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɜɫɟ ɬɚɣɧɵ ɞɭɲɢ ɢ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɟɳɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ Ȼɭɧɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ „ɫɜɹɬɢɥɢɳɚ” Ʌɭɲɤɢ. ɇɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɩɨɦɧɹɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɟɜ, ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɨ ɝɟɪɨɹɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɂɜɥɟɜ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɂɜɥɟɜ – ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɣ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɥɜɵ ɨ Ʌɭɲɤɟ ɢ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɦ, ɧɨ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ. ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ – ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɢɦ. ɂɜɥɟɜ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɬɨ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɧ ɦɭɱɢɥɫɹ ɦɵɫɥɹɦɢ ɨ Ʌɭɲɤɟ, ɦɵɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ „ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɥɸɛɜɢ”. Ɉɧ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɥ Ʌɭɲɤɭ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɥɸ-ɛɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɯɚɦ ɨ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ: Ⱥɯ, ɷɬɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚɪɧɚɹ Ʌɭɲɤɚ! – ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɲɭɬɥɢɜɨ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɤɨɧɮɭɡɹɫɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ. – Ɉɬɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɱɭɞɚɤ ɨɛɨɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɥ ɟɟ, ɜɫɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɨɫɜɹɬɢɥ ɫɭɦɚɫɲɟɞ-ɲɢɦ ɦɟɱɬɚɦ ɨ ɧɟɣ, ɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧ ɜ ɧɟɟ, ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɥ, ɞɭɦɚɹ ɨ ɧɟɣ, Ȼɨɝ ɡɧɚɟɬ ɱɬɨ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɯɨɪɨɲɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ (4; 299). Ɉɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ, ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ Ʌɭɲɤɢ ɢ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɜ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɭɸ „ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ ɥɸɛɜɢ”. Ɍɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ Ʌɭɲɤɢ ɢ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ: ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ, ɢɡ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɫɬɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ-ɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɣ ɏɜɨɳɢɧ-ɫɤɨɝɨ. ________________ 4_{ɍ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɟɪɨɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ} ɨɞ-ɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɨɞ-ɧɢɹ, ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ-ɫɥɵɲɧɵɟ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɯ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɝɟɪɨɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ Ɍɟɦɢɪ-Ⱥɤɫɚɤ-ɏɚɧ ɨɬ ɥɢɰɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɪɟ: „ɂɡɞɚɥɟɤɚ, ɫɧɢɡɭ, ɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɲɭɦ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜɟɟɬ ɢɡ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɵ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɣ ɜɟɬɟɪ” (5; 34). ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɨɟ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɟ ɥɢɲɶ Ȼɭɧɢɧɭ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɯɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɟ: „…ɜ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɭɸ ɧɨɱɶ ɫ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɲɭɦɨɦ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɫ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɨɠɞɹ, ɫ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɦ, ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɞɭɲɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɟɬɪɨɦ” (5; 36). Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɫɨɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɤ ɝɟɪɨɹɦ, ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɨɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɝɞɟ ɞɭ-ɲɢ ɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɵ „ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟɦ” (5; 110 – ɤɭɪɫɢɜ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ).

Ʉɭɞɚ ɠɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɤɨ-ɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɠɢɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɥɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ? ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ ɜ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɟ, ɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɞɚɧɚ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ? ɍɫɚɞɶɛɚ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧ-ɧɚɹ ɥɭɱɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɟɟ ɧɟɧɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɨɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ (ɑɭɞɟɫɧɨɟ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɥɲɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ – ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ). ɉɨɥ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ „ɭɫɬɥɚɧ ɫɭɯɢɦɢ ɩɱɟɥɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɟ ɳɟɥɤɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɝɚɦɢ” (4; 304), ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɧɱɚɥɶ-ɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɱɢ: ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɜɟɫɶ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɧɹɬ ɛɨɠɧɢɰɟɣ ɛɟɡ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ, ɭɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɜɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ; ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɹɧɨɣ ɪɢɡɟ, ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ, ɠɟɥɬɵɦ ɜɨɫɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ, ɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɜɟɧɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɱɢ ɜ ɛɥɟɞɧɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɬɚɯ. – ɉɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, – ɧɚɱɚɥ ɛɵɥɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ, ɩɪɟɜɨɡɦɨɝɚɹ ɫɬɵɞ, – ɪɚɡɜɟ ȼɚɲ ɛɚɬɸɲɤɚ… – ɇɟɬ, ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤ, – ɩɪɨɛɨɪɦɨɬɚɥ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɜ ɟɝɨ. – Ɉɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɫɜɟɱɢ… ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɛɪɭɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ… (4; 303–304). ɂɡ ɫɥɨɜ ɫɵɧɚ, ɢɡ ɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟ-ɳɚɦ (ɦɟɪɬɜɵɟ ɜɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɟɱɢ ɫ ɛɥɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɧɬɚɦɢ) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɩɟ-ɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɟɡ ɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɫɬɪɚɲ-ɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɣ, ɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɤɨɦ, ɫɨ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ Ȼɭɧɢɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ „ɜɨɫɤ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨ-ɛɚɬɸɲɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɜɨɡɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ (ɫɪ.: „Ȼɥɟɞɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɥɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɥɚɡɭɪɢ ɜɚɫɢɥɶɤɨɜ, / Ʉɚɤ ɜɨɫɤɨɜɨɟ ɢɡɜɚɹɧɶɟ...”5 ), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɨɫɤɨɜɚɹ, ɦɟɪɬɜɚɹ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɚ, ɫɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɜ „ɧɟɱɚɹɧɧɨɦ” ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɢ ɨ ɫɜɟɱɚɯ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɰɜɟɬɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɥɟ-ɝɢɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɦɢ ɩɱɟɥɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɥɟɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɫɤɚ, ɬɟɦɭ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ. ɉɟɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚ ɡɚɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɶɹ (ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɫɸ-ɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɶɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟɧ ɭ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ) ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɢɬ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɢ-ɡɢɨɧɟɪ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɢɣ ɜɢɡɢɨɧɟɪ. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɶɸ, ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɭ ɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɢɧɚ, ɛɟɫɰɟɪɟɦɨɧ-ɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɵɧɚ ɨ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɛɟɫɰɟɪɟɦɨɧ-ɧɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ ɢ, ɭɡɧɚɜ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛ-ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɭɩɢɜ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ, ɜɵɦɚɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɭ ɸɧɨɲɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɭɸ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚ-ɬɢɤɭ ɥɸɛɜɢ. ɑɭɞɟɫɧɨɟ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɭɫɚɞɶɛɭ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɜɲɟɦɭ Ʌɭɲɤɭ ɂɜ-ɥɟɜɭ (ɚ ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ) ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɷɫɤɢɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ. Ʌɭɲɤɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɧɟɬ, ɪɚɫ-________________ 5_{Ʉ.ɇ. Ȼ ɚ ɬ ɸ ɲ ɤ ɨ ɜ, Ɉɩɵɬɵ ɜ ɫɬɢɯɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1977, ɫ. 352.}

ɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ Ɉɥɟ Ɇɟɳɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɜ Ʌɟɝɤɨɦ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ. ȼ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɭɝɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɨɠɟɪɟɥɶɟ ɂ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜ ɲɤɚɬɭɥɤɭ, ɂɜɥɟɜ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɡɚɧɨɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɧɭɪɨɤ, ɫɧɢɡɤɭ ɞɟɲɟɜɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɝɨ-ɥɭɛɵɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɟ. ɂ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɲɚɪɢɤɢ, ɧɟɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɟɟ ɬɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɥɸɛɢ-ɦɨɣ ɢ ɱɟɣ ɫɦɭɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɧɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɪɹɛɢɥɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɛɢɟɧɢɹ (4; 305), ɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɪɹɛɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɟɟ ɫɵɧɚ …ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɫɟɪɨɣ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɥɭɡɟ, ɩɨɞɩɨɹɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɪɟɦɧɟɦ, ɱɟɪɧɵɣ, ɫ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɢɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɯɨɬɹ ɥɢɰɨ ɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɥɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɫɧɭɲɟɤ ɩɟɫɬɪɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɬɢɱɶɟ ɹɣɰɨ (4; 302). Ɋɹɛɶ („ɡɚɪɹɛɢɥɨ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ”, „ɨɬ ɜɟɫɧɭɲɟɤ ɩɟɫɬɪɨ”) ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɦɟɲɚɟɬ ɥɢɰɭ Ʌɭɲɤɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶɫɹ, ɟɟ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɦɚɧɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɥɶɡɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ. ɂɜɥɟɜ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɶɸ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɜɶɸ, ɡɚɛɪɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɡɚɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɶɹ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɚɯ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɧɟɭɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɹɡɚɟɦɚ, ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨ-ɧɟɨɬɫɬɭɩɧɚ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɤɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɷɬɨɬ „ɧɟɤɬɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ”, ɧɟ ɱɭɠɞɵɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɯɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɭɸ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ „ɂɜɥɟɜ” ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɟ-ɱɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ „ɂɜɚɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤ-ɫɟɟɜɢɱɚ” – ɚɧɚɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ. „ɂɜɥɟɜɵɦ” ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪɧɨ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɦ, ɧɨ Ȼɭɧɢɧ ɩɪɢɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɟɝɨ, ɜɜɟɥ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɝɟɪɨɹ-ɜɢɡɢɨɧɟɪɚ – ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ-ɂɜɥɟɜ-ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɜɟɧɶɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ, ɨɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɚ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɟɧɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ, ɂɜɥɟɜ ɛɟɡɠɚɥɨɫɬɧɨ „ɜɵɦɚɧɢɜɚɟɬ”, „ɩɨɤɭɩɚɟɬ” ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɨ-ɪɢɸ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ Ʌɭɲɤɭ ɏɜɨɳɢɧ-ɫɤɢɣ, ɛɟɫɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɨ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɥɭɲɤɢɧɵɯ ɱɚɪ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨ-ɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ, ɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɜ ɟɟ ɞɨɦɟ, ɜ ɟɟ ɜɟɳɚɯ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɂɜɥɟɜ, – Ɂɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɨɧ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɧɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɵɣ, ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɨɧ – ɜɢɡɢɨɧɟɪ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɧ, ɢ ɜɫɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɧɨɜɢɞɟɧɶɟɦ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ. ȼ Ɂɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɧɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɥɸɛɜɢ. ɉɪɨ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ-ɫɹ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɜɢɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɥɶɰɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɭ, ɞɨɦɚ ɜ ɤɚ-ɛɢɧɟɬɟ ɥɨɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɯɬɭ, ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨ ɥɸɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɣɡɚɠɟɦ ɡɚ ɨɤɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ

ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɟɬ. ɇɨ ɩɭɬɶ ɞɨɦɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɣɡɚɠ ɡɚ ɨɤɧɨɦ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɜɨɫɶɦɭɸ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ – ɫɨɧ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ. ȼ ɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɨɧɟɣɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɧɨɜɢ-ɞɟɰ – ɷɬɨ ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɜɢɡɢɨɧɟɪ. ȼɨ ɫɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ, ɧɟɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ, ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-ɤɭ, ɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɫɧɚ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɭɩ-ɤɚɦɢ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɬɪɚ-ɯɚɦɢ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɧ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ „ɨɳɭɩɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ” ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ, ɨɬ ɫɧɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢɦ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɥɟ. ɇɚɹɜɭ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɪɵɥɶɰɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɭ. Ɇɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ-ɟɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɡɧɚ-ɟɦ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵ ɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɧɨ ɜɨ ɫɧɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ, ɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ. ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɧ ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɩɹɳɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɦɢ-ɬɨ ɫɢ-ɥɚɦɢ ɢɡɜɧɟ, ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɧ ɧɚɫɵɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɞɟ-ɦɢɭɪɝɨɦ-ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɰɚ ɫɤɪɵɬɵ, ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɜɢ-ɞɢɬ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɥɶɰɟ, ɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɠɢɜɨ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɦ: „ɇɚ ɤɪɵɥɶɰɟ ɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ” (5; 19). Ɉɬ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɫɨɧ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɟɝɨ, ɂɜɥɟɜɚ, ɬɚɣ-ɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ. ȼɨ ɫɧɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ: „– ɇɟ ɛɨɣɫɹ! – ɫ ɛɟɫɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɲɟɩɧɭɥɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ…” (5; 21), ɦɚɧɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɬɨ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɹ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɹ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɩɪɢɠɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɦɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɸ. ȼ Ɂɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɧɟ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɛɚɥ-ɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɨɜɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɀɭɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɥ Ȼɭɧɢɧ, ɢ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ ɢ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɵ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɡɚɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ Ȼɚɥɥɚɞɵ ɢɡ Ɍɟɦɧɵɯ ɚɥɥɟɣ. ɉɨɟɡɞɤɚ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɢɡɛɭ ɦɟɪɬɜɟɰɚ-ȼɭɤɭɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜ Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɸ ɜɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɭɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɜɟɞɨɦɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɣ-ɧɨɣ, ɪɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɪɚɠɞɨɣ, ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ. ɇɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ, ɛɚɥɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɲɟɜɚɧɵ. ɍɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ, ɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɬ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɧɵɦ ɫɧɨɦ. ɇɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɭɤɢ, ɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɢ ɭɩɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɛɵɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ Ɂɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɫɧɚ. ɋ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɜ Ɂɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭ-ɬɵɟ Ȼɭɧɢɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɷɥɟɝɢɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ. ɋɤɪɵɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭ-ɬɵɟ ɢ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɢɡ Ɂɢɦ-ɧɟɝɨ ɭɬɪɚ, ɢɡ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɮ Ɉɫɟɧɢ ɢ ȿɜɝɟɧɢɹ Ɉɧɟɝɢɧɚ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨ-ɜɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɛɭɧɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ. Ⱥ ɜ Ɂɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɧɟ ɩɭɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ

ɜ ɫɤɚɡɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɧɨɜɢɞɱɟɫɤɭɸ Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɸ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɵ. „Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɹ” ɜ ɫɧɟ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɯɪɚ-ɧɹɳɟɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ ɨ ɩɨɷɡɢɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ. Ɋɚɞɨɫɬɶ ɡɢɦɧɢɯ ɡɚɛɚɜ, ɫɜɟɬɥɵɟ ɷɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɧɚ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɷɥɟɝɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɛɚɥɥɚɞɧɵɦ „ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ” ɞɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɧ-ɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ (ɂɜɥɟɜ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɟɬ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɫɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɛɢɬ ɥɢ ȼɭɤɭɥ, ɢɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɧɢɬɫɹ ɂɜɥɟɜɭ), ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɧɚɦɟɱɟɧɚ. Ⱦɜɚɠɞɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ: ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡ, ɜɨ ɫɧɟ, ɨɧɚ ɨɞɟɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɟ ɜɢɞɟɥ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɥɶɰɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɩɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ ɞɨɦɨɣ: „ɫɢɧɹɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɛɚɪɚɲɤɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɜɤɚ, ɩɨɞɩɨɹɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ ɤɭɲɚɤɨɦ, ɢ ɛɟɥɚɹ ɩɚɩɚɯɚ” (5; 19, 20–21). Ɉɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɬɟɤ-ɫɬɟ, ɢ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɧɟ ɬɚɜɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɱɢ-ɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɧɚ: ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɭ ɧɚɹɜɭ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡ – ɨɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɤ, ɥɢɲɶ ɫɨɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɟɡɚ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ, ɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɨɜɩɚ-ɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɦɱɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɸ, ɡɚɤɥɸ-ɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ: ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɷɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ, ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ („Ƚɞɟ ɠɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶɫɹ?” [5; 19]) – ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ; ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ – ɷɬɨ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨ ɱɶɟɣ-ɬɨ ɧɟɜɟɞɨɦɨɣ ɜɨɥɟ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɦɢɪ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ. ɇɚɞɨ ɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɨɛɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜ ɨɤɨ-ɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɥɶɞɚɦɢ Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɸ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɯ (ɫɧɚ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ) ɭɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɚ ɦɧɟɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɷɬɢɤɚ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ. ɋɦɟɪɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɛɜɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɫɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɵ, ɚɤɬɭ-ɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ, ɡɚɛɜɟɧɧɨɟ, ɧɟɛɵɜɲɟɟ, ɦɟɪɬɜɨɟ. ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ ɫɧɚ. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɞɪɵ, ɫɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɡɢɹ-ɸɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɵ6 , ɚ ɫɨɧ ɜɫɟ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɭɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɂɜ-ɥɟɜɵɦ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɵ: ɢɡɛɵ, ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɚ: ɂ ɩɨɥɨɡɶɹ ɫɚɧɨɤ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɶɤɢ, ɡɚɫɜɢɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɢɡɜɨɥɨɤ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɦɭ ɫɧɟɝɭ. ȿɳɟ ɬɥɟ-ɥɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɫɭɦɪɚɱɧɨ-ɚɬɥɟ-ɥɚɹ ɡɚɪɹ, ɚ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɭɠɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɚɥ ɩɨɥɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɧɹɜ-ɲɢɣɫɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ (5; 21). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɧɚ, ɨɬɨɞɜɢɧɭ-ɬɨ ɨɬ ɝɟɪɨɹ. ɂ, ɤɚɤ ɢ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ, Ɂɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɨɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɜɢɧɬɷɫɫɟɧ-________________ 6_{ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ Ɂɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɫɧɚ ɫɦ.: Ɇ.ɋ. ɒ ɬ ɟ ɪ ɧ, ȼ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ} ɭɬɪɚ-ɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɢ (ɩɪɨɡɚ ɂ.Ⱥ. Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ 30–40-ɯ ɝɝ.), Ɉɦɫɤ 1997, ɫ. 163.

ɰɢɟɣ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ, ɫɧɚ, ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɚ ɫɧɨɜɢɞɟɰ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫ ɚɧɧɚɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ – ɂɜɥɟɜ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɠɟ ɢ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɚ. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ – ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟ – ɜɟɧɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɢɜɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɫɨɧ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɫɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɚɛɡɚɰɚ) – ɫɛɢɜɱɢɜɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɫɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɫɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɝɟɪɨɸ ɟɳɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ Ɂɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɧɟ, ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ, ɥɸɛɨɜɶɸ ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɞɟɪɠɢɦ ɂɜɥɟɜ, ɢ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɷɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɫɛɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɫɧɟ. ɍ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɧɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɟɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ „ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɚ”, ɚ „ɤɪɟɩɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɪɭɯɚ”, ɫ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɨɣ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɚ ɧɚɤɚɧɭɧɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɞɶɛɵ ɢ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɞɨɪɨ-ɝɟ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɨɣ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɟɣ ɬɟɬɤɨɣ. Ɍɟɬɤɚ ɫɩɟɲɢɬ ɩɨɫɤɨ-ɪɟɟ ɜɵɞɚɬɶ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɭ ɡɚɦɭɠ, ɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɜɚɞɶɛɵ ɝɪɹɞɭɬ ɩɨɯɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɠɟɣ, „ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɩɚɯɭɱɢɯ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɲɭɛ” (5; 109), ɫɬɚɪɭɯɚ „ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢ ɫɥɚɞɤɨ ɜɫɤɪɢɤɢɜɚɟɬ” (5; 109) ɢ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɪɬɜɨ. Ɇɟɪɬɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɪɭɯɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɣ ȼɭɤɭɥ ɜ Ɂɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɧɟ, ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɭɸ, ɷɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɥɢ-ɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ. „ɋɥɚɛɵɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɞɤɢɣ” ɩɪɟɞɫɦɟɪɬɧɵɣ ɜɫɤɪɢɤ ɫɬɚɪɭɯɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸ-ɳɟɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɫ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɟɣ: …ɟɫɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɢɜɧɵɣ ɛɥɟɫɤ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɡ, ɜɞɪɭɝ ɜɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɟɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɚɹ ɠɭɬɤɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɫɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɥɚɪɟ ɛɨɬɢɧɨɤ, ɢ ɬɨɬɱɚɫ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢ ɫɥɚɞɤɨ ɜɫɤɪɢɤɧɭɥɚ ɬɟɬɤɚ, ɨɩɭɫɤɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞ-ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɦɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥ… (5; 110). ɗɬɨɬ ɨɬɪɵɜɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɱɭɞɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯ-ɧɢɤɢ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɜ Ɂɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɧɟ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ-ɧɢɰɚ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɜ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɛɡɚɰɚɯ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɤɪɢɤ ɫɬɚɪɭ-ɯɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɢɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɚ, ɫɢɞɹ ɧɚ ɥɚɪɟ, ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɛɨɬɢɧɨɤ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ Ɂɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɧɟ ɞɜɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ (ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ) ɨɬɧɨ-ɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ: ɨɞɢɧ – ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɹɜɢ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɧɚ, ɬɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɫ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɨ ɫɧɟ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɛɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɵɩɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɵɩɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɳɭɳɚɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɫɧɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɫɧɚ, ɜɧɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɫɧɨɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɩɪɨɫɵɩɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɹɜɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɧɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ (ɜɫɟ ɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ) ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ. ɋ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɝɟɪɨɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɬɵɤɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ-ɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ: ɂɜɥɟɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɧɨɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɡɚɢ-ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɚ ɧɟɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ „ɨɫɤɨɥɤɢ” ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɧɟɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɯɨɠ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ, ɭɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɫɧɚ, ɮɪɚɡɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ: Ȼɭɦɚɠɧɚɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɫ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɨɡɥɟ ɦɟɪɡɥɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦ-ɧɚɬɵ – ɢ ɛɭɤɜɚ ɡɚ ɛɭɤɜɨɣ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɱɭɞɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ: – ɂɜɚɧ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ ɠɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɋɜɹɬɤɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɟ ɥɨɲɚɞɢ ɜɵɫɥɚɧɵ… (5; 108). Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɛɟɡ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ ɢɜɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, „ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ” ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɢɡ Ɂɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɫɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɞɥɟ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ „ɞɢɜɧɨɦ ɛɥɟɫɤɟ ɱɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɡ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɵ”, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɤ ɂɜ-ɥɟɜɭ. ɂ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ – ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɂɜɥɟɜɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ? ȼɚɠɧɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɧ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɜɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɫɛɵɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: Ɍɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɢɫɬ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɟɱɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ ɤɪɢɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɚɹ ɬɚɣɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɶ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɯɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɝɥɭ-ɛɨɤɨɣ ɡɢɦɨɣ. Ɉɧ ɜɢɞɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɱɟɪɟɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ɦɨɪɨɡɢɬ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɵ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ Ƚɨɞɭɧɨɜɚ. ɂ Ƚɨɞɭɧɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɢɦɧɟɦɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɭ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɢɤɨɟ ɢ ɫɭɦɪɚɱɧɨɟ, ɭɝɪɨɠɚɸɳɟɟ (5; 108). Ɍɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨ ɫɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ XIX ɜɟɤ (ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ „ɩɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ” ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɨɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɭ-ɛɢɧɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ), ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɨɬ ɧɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɹ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɞɪɚɦɵ Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ƚɨɞɭɧɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ – ɤ ɋɦɭɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ: ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɉɭɲɤɢɧɚ, Ƚɨɞɭɧɨɜ… ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɭɧɢɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡ ɧɚ Ʌɚɡɭɪɧɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ, ɢ ɡɚɬɟɤɫɬɨ-ɜɵɣ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ „ɉɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ Ⱥɥɶɩɵ”, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɱɚɹɧɧɨɟ, „ɫɨɧɧɨɟ” ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɫ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɭɬɵ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1917 ɝ. ɂɜɥɟɜ, ɫɩɹɳɢɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ, ɨɩɹɬɶ-ɬɚɤɢ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɟ, ɜɢɞɹɳɟɦ ɫɨɧ ɨ „ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟ” – ɨ ɡɚɫɧɟɠɟɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɋɚɦɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ „ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ”, ɜ ɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɤɚɡɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ7_ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɚɞ-ɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɥɸɛɢɦɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɱɭɸɬ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɦɢɪ ɨɧɟɣɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɱɭɞɟɫ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɹɫɧɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɥɟ-ɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢ ɫɜɚɞɶɛɚ. Ʉɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɣ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɢɦɟ-ɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɠɟɢɦɟ-ɧɢɯ – „ɂɜɚɧ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ”, ɜ ɢɦɟɢɦɟ-ɧɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɩɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɹ Ɍɭɪɝɟɧɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ „ɂɜɥɟɜɚ” ɢ „ɂɜɚɧɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜɢɱɚ”? ɋɨɫɬɨ-________________ 7 Ɂɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɨɧ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ ɂɫɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ „ɫɜɟɬɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɱɢ” (5; 18, ɤɭɪ-ɫɢɜ ɦɨɣ – ȿ.Ʉ.), ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ „ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ” ɢ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɟ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɭ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ „ɱɭɞɟɫɧɵɣ”.

ɹɥɚɫɶ ɥɢ ɫɜɚɞɶɛɚ? ɂɥɢ ɂɜɚɧ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɥɭɱɟɧ ɫ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ ɟɟ ɬɟɬɤɢ, ɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ „ɫɦɭɬɨɣ” ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ-ɫɬɶɸ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ɇɟɬɟɥɢ? Ⱥ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɂɜɚɧ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ ɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɂɜ-ɥɟɜ, ɦɱɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɟ, ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɥɚ ɪɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɪɤɢ? Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ. Ʉɨɦɭ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɢ ɤɬɨ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ – ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɤɢ, ɢ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɫɧɟ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɟɥɥɵ, „ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ” ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɸɠɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɤɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɛɭɧɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪ ɋɬɚɧɢɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɱ (1916 ɝ.), ɝɞɟ ɝɟɪɨɣ, ɩɨ-ɥɭɱɢɜ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɫɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɟɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɨɟ ɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪɟ ɋɬɚɧɢɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɱɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟ, ɫɸɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɧɟ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɜɟɥɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɬɭɦɚ-ɧɟɧ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧ8 . ɇɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɧɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɨɜɟɥɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ: ɦɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɧɱɚɧɚ ɫɜɚɞɶɛɨɣ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɢɜɥɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫ-ɫɤɚɡɚ ɩɪɹɱɭɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟɫɛɵɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɟ (Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ, ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟ) ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɛɵɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ (Ɂɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɨɧ) ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɩɪɢ-ɱɟɦ ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɢ Ɂɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɨɧ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɹɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ ɫ ɧɟ-ɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɲɢɦ ɱɭɞɨɦ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɥɟ. ɇɟɫɛɵɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɧɚɹɜɭ ɫɛɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɧɚɯ, ɦɟɱɬɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ, ɢɜɥɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɪɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɫɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ (ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɟɱɢ, ɦɟɪɬ-ɜɵɟ ɩɱɟɥɵ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɸɠɟɬɧɵɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɡɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɫɬɚɪɭɯɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɟ ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɟ-ɫɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɣ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɵ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ: ɨɛɟ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɚ, ɫɢɞɹ ɧɚ ɥɚɪɟ, ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɫ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɬɢɧɨɤ). ɇɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ: „ɧɟɤɬɨ ɂɜɥɟɜ”. ________________ 8_{ɋɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚ, Ɉ.ȼ. ɋɥɢɜɢɰɤɚɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ} ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɝɥɭɲɟɧɚ Ȼɭɧɢɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɥɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. ɋɦ.: Ɉ.ȼ. ɋ ɥ ɢ ɜ ɢ ɰ ɤ ɚ ɹ, „ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ”…, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 138–141. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɜ Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪɟ ɋɬɚɧɢɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɱɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɢɱɤɚ ɫ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɜɟɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɟɪɬɜɨɣ – ɫɨɧ ɏɜɨɳɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɜ Ʉɚɡɢɦɢɪɟ ɋɬɚɧɢ-ɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɱɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɥɟɞɧɵɣ, ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɨɧɱɢɬɶ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɝɟɪɨɣ, ɬɚɣɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɥɹɞɵɜɚɹ ɡɚ ɱɭɠɨɣ ɫɜɚɞɶɛɨɣ, ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɭɸ, ɨɤɭɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɤɨɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜ ɪɭɤɟ „ɝɨɪɹɳɭɸ ɫɜɟɱɭ, ɩɟɪɟɜɢɬɭɸ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ ɫ ɛɚɧɬɨɦ” (4; 347).

ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɨɜ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɤɚɥɟɣɞɨɫɤɨɩ ɦɨ-ɬɢɜɨɜ, ɬɟɦ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡ „ɛɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ” ɩɟɪɫɨ-ɧɚɠɚ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɞ ɦɚɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɟɞɜɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ (Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ), ɂɜɥɟɜ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ alter ego ɚɜ-ɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɥɹɟɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɦ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɂɜɥɟɜɚ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɭɦɱɢɜɨɣ ɦɟɱɬɵ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨ-ɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɞɭɲɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ, ɚ ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭ Ȼɭɧɢɧɚ „ɦɱɢɬɫɹ ɜɢɯɪɟɦ ɧɟɫɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɝɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɡ”, ɫɤɥɚɞɵ-ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡ-ɥɢɱɢɦɵɯ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ.