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Managing the Competitiveness of Regions

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MANAGING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF

REGIONS

Karolina Olejniczak*1 Abstract:

Competitiveness of regions depends on the establishment of public DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DQG WKH IRUPV RI JRYHUQDQFH 2I JUHDW LPSRUWDQFH LV WKH tendency to cooperation and social responsibility of both the public authorities and entrepreneurs. To implement tasks facing public administration in modern economies, it becomes necessary to combine the administration within the meaning of traditional active management, which is a professional directing oriented at adapting to changes in the environment, but also distribution and HIILFLHQW XVH RI UHVRXUFHV 2QO\ VXFK PDQDJHPHQW LV VWUDWHJLF DQG HQDEOHV optimal management of resources affecting local and regional economic GHYHORSPHQW 0HPEHU FRXQWULHV RI WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ LQFOXGLQJ 3RODQG should implement new methods of management in their administrations. Although many Polish government at various levels are already implementing both traditional and modern forms of governance, the current activities in this field are still unsatisfactory and do not lead to a substantial improvement in the public sector in Poland.

Keywords: management, region, competitiveness, public, authorities. 1.Introduction

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References

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