Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 38, No. 11

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(1)NOVEMBER 1946.

(2) FOR F I L T E R I N G A C ID S £N 1M AL O ILS. BEER BU TAD IEN E CA SEIN CA U STIC C ELLU LO SE LIQ U O R S CH EM ICA LS CIDER CITR IC ACID D R Y C L EA N IN G S O LV EN T D YESTU FFS EN AM ELS ESSEN TIA L O ILS EXTRA CTS FISH O ILS FRU IT JU IC E S G ELA T IN E G LU C O SE G LU E G L Y C E R IN G R A P E JU IC E. LA C Q U ER M ETA LLU R G IC A L S O LU T IO N S M ILK M IN E R A L O IL M O LA SSES O IL S - M A C H IN E T O O L IN D . P ECTIN. 16 YEARS OF FILTRATION EXPERIENCE. P EN IC ILLIN PH A R M A CEU TICA LS. , , ,. <z. ć&. z m fe. P LA T IN G S O LU T IO N S R A Y O N LIQ U O R S R ESIN S SERUM S SH ELLA C S H O R T EN IN G S SO A P S O LV EN TS STEAM CO N D EN SA TE SU G A R S S Y R U P S AN D SO R G H U M S T A LLO W V A R N IS H E S V EG ETA B LE O ILS V IN E G A R V IT A M IN S W A TER. You w ill find a great deal of useful data on fil tration condensed into the 12 pages of the new Dicalite Bulletin B - l l . It is the latest published inform ation on the use of diatom aceous filteraids. These m aterials are described, procedure is outlined for their use, and cures are given for some of the difficulties most often encountered. W e w ill be glad to send you as m any copies as needed for your k e y men —without charge or obligation. Please address the Dicalite office nearest you.. W A XES W H IS K E Y W IN E. THE DICALITE COMPANY 5 2 0 N O RTH M IC H IG A N A V E N U E , C H IC A G O I I ,. ,. < U id m a * ty. IL L .. 120 W A L L S T R E E T , N E W Y O R K 5 , N . Y . 7 5 6 SO U TH B R O A D W A Y , LO S A N G E L E S 1 4 , C A L IF ..

(3) INDUSTRIAL. and. EN GINEERING. V O LU M E 38, N U M B ER 11. CHEMISTRY •. IS S U E D N O V E M B E R 9, 1946. Executive Editor:. Editorials. Managing Editor: D. O .. H e a d lin e s ......................................................................................................................1205. M YATT. ROBERT F. GOULD A L L e g g in. Chicago:. R IC H A R D. Houston:. WILL H . SHEARON, JR.. Nev/ York:. L.. K EN YO N. H A R R Y STEN ER SO N Ri c h a r d L . D e m m e r l e. San Francisco:. M. e r r it t. ........................... *5. A s We See I t .............................................................................................................. *67. Equipment and Design. Instrumentation.. Charles O w en B r o w n ................................................. *73. Ralph H . M u n c h ........................................................................... *79. Plant Management.. Walter von P ech m a n n .......................................................... *89. From the Editor's D e s k ................................................................................................*158 *l ndicates page number In the advertising section.. Technical A rticles. L. Ka sten s. E L E C T R IC A L IN S U L A T IN G M A T E R IA L S .. A SYM P O SIU M. B E R T H A R EY N O LD S. Manuscript Editing:. H ELEN K. N EW TO N. Manuscript Reviewing:. Editorial Assistant:. STELLA A N D ERSO N. C O R A G LASN ER. * In the armed services.. Contributing Editors C H A R LE S O W E N B R O W N R A LPH H . M U N C H W A LTER V O N P E C H M A N N. Advisory Board W. L. BADG ER. C . S. M IN ER. H. E. B A RN ARD. H . R. M U R D O C K. ELMER K. B O L T O N. C . F. PRUTTO N. W. H . D O W. A . S. R IC H A R D SO N. G A ST O N DUBO IS. W . A . SCH M ID T-. G U STA V U S J . ESSELEN. R. N . S H R EV E. PER K. FR O LIC H. L. V . STECK. C. F. KETTERING. E. C . S U L L IV A N. O . E. M A Y. I. & E. C. R e p o rts....................................................................... FREDERICK G . SAWYER*. Assistant Editors Make-up:. ...................................................................................................................... 1089. CRO W E. Associate Editors Washington:. C O N S E C U T IV E N U M B E R 21. P A R K IN S O N. M.. JA M E S. edition. Departm ents. EDITOR: W A L T E R J. M U RPH Y. Assistant to Editor: N . A .. •. industrial. E. R. W EID LEIN J O H N M . W EISS. The American Chemical Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to its publications. V ie w s expressed in the editorials and reports are those of the editors and do not neces sarily represent the official position of the American Chemical Society. Copyrisht 1946 by American Chemical Society 37,5 0 0 copies of this issue printed. We acknowledge with thanks the action of H. K. Porte Company, Inc., in releasing the front cover of this Issue for editorial purposes. Shown on the cover is a view of a dehydrogenation unit of a styrene plant operated by Dow at Velasco. Texas. It calls attention to a symposium in this issue on electrical insulating materials, in which appears an article on the applicability of polystyrene as a dielectric. Photograph, courtesy Dow Chemical Company.. Plastic Compositions for Dielectric A p p lic a t io n s ....................................... •W. C . Goggin and R. F. Boyer 1090 High Dielectric Constant C e ra m ic s................................................................. A . von Hippel, R. G . Breckenridge, F. G . Chesley, and Laszlo Tisza 1097 Paper Capacitors Containing Chlorinated Im preg nan ts.............................. D. A . McLean, L. Egerton, and C . C . Houtz. 1110. Dielectric Constants of Dimethyl Siloxane P o ly m ers................................... E. B. Baker, A . J. Barry, and M. J. Hunter 1117 Polystyrene Plastics as High Frequency D ie le c t r ic s ................................... A . von Hippel and L. G . Wesson 1121 Desalting Sea Water.. H. L. Tiger, S. Sussman, M. Lane, and V . J. Calise. Polymerization of Drying O ils.. 1130. J. C . Cowan, W. C . Ault, and H. M. Teeter 1138. Mechanical Processing of Carbon Blacks.. R. E. Dobbin and R. P. Rossman. .. 1145. Azeotropic Purification of S ty re n e .......................................................................... Lloyd Berg, J. M. Harrison, and C . W. Montgomery 1149 Low Ester Pectin from A pp le Pomace.. H. H. Mottern and Claude H. Hills 1153. Alkylphenol Sulfides as Vulcanizing Agents .................................................... G . M. Wolf, T. E. Deger, H. I. Cramer, and C . C . DeHilster 1157 Structure of Alkylphenol Resin Tackifiers for G R - S ........................................... G . E. P. Smith, Jr., J. C . Ambelang, and G . W . Gottschalk 1166 Chemical Derivatives of Synthetic Isoprene R u b b e rs ........................................... J. D. DTanni, F. J. Naples, J. W . Marsh, and J. L. Zarney 1171 Extraction of Alumina from C l a y ......................Otto Redlich, C . C . Marsh, M. F. Adams, F. H. Sharp, E. K. Holt, and J. E. Taylor 1181 Primary Process in Pyrolysis of Pentenes . ......................................................... Everett Gorin, A . G . Oblad, and R. F. Schmuck 1187 Ethylbenzene....................................................A , W. Francis and E. Emmet Reid 1194 Correspondence. Moisture Adsorption of Textile Yarns at Low Temperatures J. C . Whitwell and R. K. Toner; R. C . Darling and H. S. Belding 1203. Published by the American Chemical Society at Easton, Pa. Editorial H ead quarters: 1155 16th Street, N . Ww Washington 6 , D. C ./ telephone, Republic 530 1 ; cable, Jiechem (Washington). Chicago Editorial Branch, 25 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, III./ telephone, Wabash 7376. Houston Editorial Branch, 413 West oldg., Houston 2, Texas; telephone, Capital 6 5 1 6 . N e w York Editorial Branch, 60 East 42nd Street, N e w York 1 7 , N . Y ./ telephone, Murray H ill 2-4662. San rrancisco Editorial Branch, 24 California Street, San Francisco, C a lif. Business O ffice : American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N . W ., Washington 6 , D. C . A d v e r tising O ffice : 332 West 42nd Street, N e w York 1 8 , N . Y .; telephone, Bryant 9-4430. Entered as second-class matter at the Post O ffice at Easton, Pa., under the A c t of March 3, 187 9 , as 24 times a year— Industrial Edition monthly on the 1st, Analytical . j ? n, monthly on the 15th. 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(4) BETTER DISPERSION. IMPROVED FLOWING PROPERTIES. '***•. ADDITIONAL TOUGHNESS. As a caking preven- V ^ tative, Celite Fillers \ improve the (low characteristics of many chemicals—particularly those of a deliquescent nature.. Insecticides are only one of many products in which Celite Fillers will im prove dispersion, aid grinding and give greater coverage.. Celite Fillers, used in many asphalt products, im part toughness, raise the melting point and low er the brittle point.. INCREASED BULK. MORE DURABLE FINISH. GREATER ABSORPTION. Manufacturers of such products as household cleansers find that Celite Fillers add desirable bulking proper ties, im prove absorption and color.. Producers of plastics use Celite Fillers to produce a m ore durable surface finish, reduce m oisture absorption and im prove electrical properties.. As an absorptive non-scratching pol ishing abrasive for metals and other surfaces, Celite Fillers are widely used in the manufacture of fine polishes.. PROPERTIES OF SOME STANDARD GRADES OF CELITE MINERAL FILLERS. Grade Designation. Fineness. Celite FC. Averago Particle Size (Oden Method). Free Moisture Content Approx. 4%. Maximum 3% on 150 mesh. 4-6 microns. Celite SSC. Light pink Maximum 5% on 150 mesh. 6-8 microns. Celite HSC. White. 7-9 microns. Snow Floss White. Maximum 7% on 150 mesh Maximum 0.5% on 325 mesh. 1-2 microns. Maximum 0.5% on 325 mesh. 2-4 microns. Absorption* Bulking Linseed V alue** Specific Oil Loose Wet G ravity. Water. Approx. 4%. Gardner-Coleman Method—lbs. of liquid per 100 lb*, of Celite.. lbs. per cubic ft.. M any a g o o d p ro d u c t can be m ade better —at low c o st—w ith Jo h n s-M an v ille Celite* Fillers. W hy n o t investigate th e ir applica tion to your p ro d u c t? C elite Fillers are p u re diatom aceous silica —in ert, p o ro u s and c ellu lar—p rocessed by Jo h n s-M anville in m any grad es fo r diverse in d u strial uses. L ight in w eight, they ab so rb up to 205% o f th e ir w eig h t o f liquid. T hey have large surface area and low re fractive index. A Celite E ngineer w ill gladly discuss your p ro d u c tio n p ro b lem s and suggest the m o st effective Celite Filler for y o u r n eed s. A d d re ss J o h n s M anville, Box 290, N ew Y o rk ¿ J i 1 I 16, N . Y . H IJ W t! *R ck. U. S. Pat. Off.. Jo hns-M anville.

(5) INDUSTRIAL. and. ENGINEERING C H E M IS T R Y. A n illw. o t io l A considerable am ount of work has been directed toward evaluating various constituents in the medium and establish ing the optimum concentration for the various ingredients. The effect of metals and the pH is im portant. A satisfactory synthetic medium for Q176 consists of lactose, acetate, lactate, glucose, ammonium ion, and inorganic salts. Modern research has advanced the usual biological testing procedures until methods have been developed to determine the quantity of the various penicillins in a culture medium or the finished product. N otable advances have also been made in the determ ination of penicillin by other means. These procedures actually treat penicillin as a fine chemical and employ usual physical and chemical methods of assay. More recent discoveries from this line of research, revealed by Lyman C. Craig of the Rockefeller Institu te for Medical Research, remove the investigator’s dependence on boiling points and melting points in isolating and earmarking new and known types of penicillin. They promise to speed up our knowledge of the antibiotic considerably. Craig’s method of “ countercurrent distribution” takes advantage of a reliable partition coefficient or the ratio in which a dissolved sub stance distributes itself between two immiscible solvents. This factor is a constant at uniform tem perature.. H eroic M old. The emphasis in present penicillin re search is placed on methods for increasing yields, production of a higher quality finished product, also a crystalline m ate rial, and the separation of various penicillin fractions. In 1940 British workers obtained 2 units of the antibiotic from each cubic centim eter of broth culture. Development of more selective, high yielding spores and the use of better nutrient media have led to the production of more than 1000 units of penicillin from the same am ount of culture. Geneticists who deal with fundamentals are making con tributions of considerable value to the penicillin produc tion problem by providing better molds. A t the Carnegie Institution, Cold Spring H arbor, N. Y., the x-ray has been turned on mold spores, and as a result of this technique new "generations” of high yielding molds are in the hands of peni cillin producers. Work of a similar nature employing ultra violet light has been successfully conducted by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. At Wisconsin, as well as at other research organizations, additives such as phenylacetic acid are being utilized to step up the proportional yields of desired penicillin types, a pro cedure which was described a t the recent Chicago meeting of the A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l S o c ie t y . These precursors gen erally contain the side chains or variable R-groups of the different penicillins. Investigation has shown th a t certain of these R-groups are arom atic types whereas others are open carbon chains. In these experiments the side chains of peni cillin types G, K, and X are strengthened for the desired re sults. Phenylacetic acid contains the ring structure of peni cillin G, and, when added to the ferm entation medium, the yield of this particular antibiotic is increased. I t has also been found th at p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid contains the characteristic grouping in penicillin X, and th a t when it is added to the medium, an appreciable gain is shown in the recovery of th a t type. In typical tank ferm entation experi ments employing the mold culture Pénicillium chrysogenum Ql76, a corn steep and lactose medium gave 764 units per ml., consisting of 70% K and 30% G penicillin. The latter was increased to 77% when 0.05% phenylacetic acid was added to the medium, whereas the K penicillin dropped to 23%. The total recovery at the same time was increased from 764 to 1074 units per ml.. M ultiple transfers of the substance, in this instance con taining undetermined penicillins, are made through a series of separatory funnels or a machine designed especially for this purpose, and the results are then interpreted with the aid of the binomial theorem. W ith this procedure the Rockefeller Institute workers have been able to determine clearly seven penicillin types and learn less specifically of the existence of many others. H.S. (Continued, on page S). /I n ¿ntesiypA&tatioe. tftosttUbf. cU yeit j/v i cU em ilti., c h em ica l en fin e& iir a*td executive^. i*t ¿Ue ch em ica l pA&duci+tf a n d cUe-micai a u tiu n ù n f ¿ticLclbU el. 5.

(6) Vol. 38, No. 11. Long the leader in development of inorganic fluorides and fluoborates, General Chemical Fluorine Research now enters the field of organic chemistry as it presents the Genetrons . . . an important series of aliphatic organic fluorine compounds. First of the group is Genetron 100, a product significant not only as a new industrial chemical, but also as the parent compound for this family of commercially valuable organic fluorine derivatives. Its physical properties point to various applications . . . as a refrigerant; intermediate in the preparation of aerosol dispersants, dielectrics, high pressure lubricants, selective solvents, and mixed olefmic halide monomers. Some of these uses are already being confirmed by manufacturers who recognize the unusual industrial potentialities of this low-boiling organic liquid. Genetron 100 may merit your thorough inves tigation, too. For experimental samples write General Chemical Company, Fluorine Division, 40 Rector Street, New York 6, N. Y.. genetron* 100 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Formula Molecular Weight Color. 40 RECTOR STREET, N EW YORK 6, N . Y.. Boiling Point. -2 4 .7 ° C. Density Latent heat of. ♦T rade M ark. General Chemical Company. 1.004 al - 2 5 ° C 137 B.t.u./lb.. vapor pressure (p.s.i. ab») -3 0 ° C. 12.0. u o o. In C an ad a : T he N ichols C hem ical C om pany, L im ite d M ontreal • T oronto » V ancouver. Colorless -1 1 7 .0 ° C. T. S,e'V<" Albany ' • Baltimore PhS™ , *?' 1 . ' n M " » « • Buffalo . Charlotte Chicago . Cleveland . Denver . D etro it . H ouiton . K ansas City Los Angeles . M inneapolis . New York . Philadelphia . P ittsb u rg h Providence . San Francisco . Seattle . St. Louis . W enatchw , , Yakima (W ash.) In \ \ isconsln: General Chemical W isconsin Corporation. Milwaukee. W Is.. 66.05. Melting Point. vaporization. GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY. CH3CHF2. 25.9. 10° c. 53.8. 30° C. 10S.0.

(7) November, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 7. Do You Have a Drying Problem? Why not Look for the answer inside this cylinder?. If It Isn't There We Can Find It.... Many Leading Processors Have Found Relief from Their Special Difficulties with the LINK-BELT R0T0-L0UVRE DRYER B ecause it is skillfully, y e t sim ply designed to av o id sev eral basic fau lts in tra d itio n a l d ryers, an d to do a su p erb jo b in h a n d lin g chem ical a n d food products, yo u should c e rta in ly give th e R o to -L ouvre a chance to d e m o n stra te its m erits. 1. DRIES U N I F O R M L Y — e v e ry p a r ticle of m a te ria l g ets th e sa m e tre a tm e n t. 2. H A N D L E S G E N T L Y — t h e R o to L o u v res e lim in a te c a sc a d in g a n d av alan ch in g . 3. M fN/M /ZES “ D U S T I N G ” — re ta in s m a te ria l in a c o m p a c t b ed , y e t ex poses e v e ry p a rtic le to th e tr a n s fer m ed iu m . 4. SIMPLE — n o m o v in g p a r ts w ith in th e d ry e r sh e ll— n o th in g to g e t o u t of o rd e r a n d p ra c tic a lly no w ear fro m th e a b ra s iv e a c tio n of m a te ria l.. 5 . NO O V E R H E A T I N G — h ig h ly h e a tse n sitiv e m a te ria ls a re sa fe w ith a u to m a tic th e rm a l in p u t re d u c tio n . 6 . H I G H E F F I C I E N C Y — m a x im u m v a p o riz a tio n a n d p ro m p t re m o v a l of m o is tu re -la d e n gases. 7 . SMALL S P A C E — o fte n less th a n 5 0 % of th a t n e e d e d fo r c o n v e n tio n a l ty p es. 8. BUILT F OR S E R V I C E — e v e ry d e ta il of d esig n th ro u g h o u t— b o th s tr u c tu r a lly a n d m e c h a n ic a lly — co n fo rm s s tr ic tly w ith fin est e n g in e e rin g p ra c tic e . F r o m d riv e to d isc h a rg e th e R o to -L o u v re D ry e r is b u ilt for tro u b le -fre e o p e ra tio n .. L1NK-BELT ^. f Send for this Catalog. L e t L in k -B elt engineers give some stu d y to yo u r drying or cooling re quirem en ts, m ake large or sm all scale te sts w here necessary, draw on th e ir experience w ith others. T h ey can help you get th e b est drying m ethods fo r your p a rtic u la r products. F o r m aterials calling for a sh o rt r e ten tio n period, th e L in k -B e lt M u ltiL ouvre D ryer offers un u su al adv an tages for c ertain m aterials. Send for F o ld er No. 2009.. MULTI-LOUVRE DRYER. COMPANY. C h icago 9, In d ia n a p o lis 6, P h ila d e lp h ia 4 0 , A tla n ta , D a lla s 1, M in n ea p o lis 5 , S a n F ran c isco 24 , L os A ngeles 3 3 , S e a ttle 4 , T o ro n to 8. Offices in P rin c ip a l C ities.. D e s c rib e s R o to -L o u v re principle, construction and operation. D a ta sh eet in c lu d e d o n w h ic h to lis t your req u irem en ts.. DRYERS AND COOLERS. DRYING PROCESS ENGINEERING.

(8) I. & E. C. R ep o rts on th e Chemical World Today. - S 5 ÏÏS S S ? fa. t /. III d e. SERVICE. to b x w to r * -. A Look a t Lithium . Inform ation ab o u t the preparation of m etallic lithium by m ethods other th a n the present commercial electrolytic process was obtained in investiga tions carried out by the N ational Research Corporation. R esults of these efforts to supply the Arm y Signal Corps with lithium for the production of lithium hydride have been recently m ade available with the lifting of censorship bans. The search was lim ited to nonelectrolytic m ethods, raw m aterials available on the m arket, and low cost reducing agents. A ctual experim ents were confined principally to reducing various lithium com pounds to the m etal in vacu um, with ferrosilicon as a reducing agent. Prelim inary tests showed th a t, of the three com pounds of lithium readily available on the m arket— the chloride, carbonate, and hydroxide— only the hydroxide could be reduced. The m ost common lithium -containing m ineral is spodumene, a m ixture of alum inum and lithium silicates, and it is the basic m aterial for all m ethods found practical. D irect vacuum therm al reduction of spodum ene with ferrosilicon in the presence of lime gave su b stan tially pure lithium upon redistillation of the product. H owever, the low concentration of lithium in the charge of 65% lime, 5% ferrosilicon, and 30% spodum ene p u t this process a t a disadvantage. To increase the concentration of lithium , a lime-spodumene m ixture was calcined and leached to yield an im pure lithium hydroxide solution. E vaporation of the solution provided anhydrous lithium hydroxide for direct reduction in vacuum a t 1100° C. as a briquetted m ixture of 20% lithium hydroxide, 15% ferrosilicon, and 65% lime. The product distilled from the reaction was n o t less than 90% lithium . A pum ping problem was involved in the rem oval of hydrogen evolved during the reaction; since lithium hydroxide is a very active skin irrita n t, it had to be handled with great care. A lternately, the lithium hydroxide solution from the leaching step was trea ted with sulfur dioxide and evapo rated, and solid lithium sulfite resulted. L ithium was obtained by calcination of this sulfite with lime, followed by the usual vacuum therm al reduction step. The investigators prepared a com plete set of cost esti m ates, including overhead and am ortization, for produc tion of 2000 pounds of lithium per 24 hours. W ith raw m aterials consisting of spodum ene carrying 6.5% or more of lithium oxide a t 6 dollars per contained unit (20 pounds) of lithium oxide (price of lum p ore a t m ine in N o rth D akota), high calcium burned lime a t 6 dollars per ton (it has since risen to 12 dollars), and ferrosilicon of 75% silicon content a t 150 dollars per ton, production cost per pound of pure lithium (w ithout allowance for profit) was estim ated as follows:. 5 « f ly / w IN S T A N C E. •s« «« C0$T. S. BLICKMAN,. A/Till^ M e Z a U u ^ jy. It takes a specialist to transform sta in le ss steel sheet into proc e ssin g equipm ent th at g ive s you the best out of the alloy. W e work with stain less steel alloys ex clusively. That means w e're e q u ip p e d to p ro tect yo u r invest ment in stainless steel processing equipment —know all the fabri ca tin g sa fe g u a rd s th a t g iv e yo u the maximum benefits of the original alloy in your finished vessel. C o n su lt with us on your requirem ents. INC. *1211 GREG O RY A V E. • W EEHAW KEN, N. J.. "M ethod D ire c t re d u c tio n of sp o d u m en e L iO H re d u c tio n process L ijO -C aO clin k er re d u c tio n process. C o st $ 4 .2 0 2 .8 0 2 .5 0. The therm al reduction costs and the capital investm ent accounted for the m ajor portion (Continued on page 10) 8.

(9) INDUSTRIAL. November, 1946. ÄND. ENGINEERING. 9. CHEMISTRY. to your Gas Processing problem For example . . . the Girbotol Process for removal and recovery of the acidic gases . . . G i r d l e r originated it in principle. And, following through with outstand ing engineering achievements in the field, G i r d l e r has built more actual plants of this type than any other organization. G i r d l e r ’s com plete followthrough applies to all industrial gas processes.. If you need a gas processing plant, your worries are over when you give the job to G i r d l e r . From principle to practice— from laboratory work until the plant is in operation and you know all about how to use it—this qual ified, responsible organization handles every step of the job. There are no missing links. The entire job is done right, in the right time, a t a fair price. .... •'. v . - . -V ;. •* ■ ■. G E T G I R D L E R O N THE J O B A N D G E T IT D O N E R I G H T. -. « ;. G i r d l e r -planned and G i r d l e r built gas processing plants serve most of the big names in industry. This includes processes for gas m anufacture, purification, sep aration, and dehydration—proc esses involving hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, inert and controlled atmospheres, natural gas, refinery gases, liquid hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and nitrogen.. GIRD1ÆR C O R P O R A T I O N G. as. P. ro cesses. D. iv is io n. ,. Louisville 1, K entucky. D istrict Offices: 150 Broadway, N e w York 7, N . Y . 2612 R uss Bldg., San Francisco 4, C alif. 311 Tulom a Bldg., T u lsa 3, Okla..

(10) I. & E. C. R ep o rts on th e Chemical World Today. Keep those viscous fluids MOVING with. n. of the difference in costs. O ther cost item s in the processes approxim ately offset one another. All of these costs are considerably below the present m arket price of lithium m etal, which is approxim ately 15 dollars^ per pound. ■ One im p o rta n t reason for th e differ ential is the production basis. In contrast to th e ton-ad ay basis of th e ferrosilicon reduction process, present com mercial orders for lithium seldom exceed 50-pound lots. The direct reduction m ethod and the preparation of the hydroxide in the second m ethod have been investigated on a pilot p la n t scale. T he therm al reduction of th e hydrox ide was investigated in the lab o ratory only, whereas the clinker m ethod did n o t progress bejrond the beaker stage before the work was halted. All, however, were con sidered by the investigators to be feasible. W .H.S. Pyro-Ful P eb b les. The principle involved in using a heated brick or bag of h o t stones to m ake a chilly bed kinder to its occupant on a w intry night appears in places other th an historical novels. In fact, for nearly as long a tim e as stone bed warmers have been used, brick checkerwork regenerative or recuperative stoves have been a fam iliar feature of blast fui'nace installations, and more iecently stoves containing a bed of refractory pebbles have been considered for sim ilar tasks. The pebbles have now go tten out of bed in the m ost recent developm ent de scribed in a paper by C. L. N orton, Jr., of th e Babcock & Wilcox Com pany, delivered before a recent m eeting of the Am erican Ceram ic Society. In the new role pebbles play, their u tility as a m edium for heat transfer operations m ay be significantly enlarged. A novel h eat transfer ap p ara tu s was described in which con tinuous cycling of re fractory pebbles is used to take calories from a hot cham ber and p u t them into a chamber containing a gas to be heated. In essence the u n it consists of two large, brick-lined cyl inders, one on top of the other and connected only by a constricted th ro a t. The pebbles introduced into the top section form a perm e able bed which becomes thoroughly heated by the en try of h o t gases from side combustion cham bers. Then, as in an hourglass or egg tim er, the h o t pebbles trickle through the th ro a t and form an o th er porous bed in th e lower cylinder, which serves as a heating tow er for an o th er gas. This gas passes through only the (Continued on page 14). JACKET INLET. JACKET. JACKET CHAMBER JACKET DRAIN. Reed Jacketed Steel or Jacketed Semi-Steel valves will keep your viscous materials mov ing at all times. They require no lubrication and maintenance costs are negligible. The jacketing design provides correct oper ating temperature over the entire valve body, keeping the material fluid from flange to flange. Reed Valves are interchangeable with wedge steel valves and are supplied with A. S. A. standard for O . S. & Y. wedge gate valves.. 6H-I. R O L L E R P. O.. BOX. B IT. C O M P A N Y. 21 19 — H O U S T O N ,. TEXAS 10.

(11) November, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 11. TO A N Y OF T H E S E ?. t. Acid Sludge • Blood • Caustic Soda • Chicle Citrus Juices • Cooking Fat • Essential Oils Fire Extinguisher Fluid • Fish Oil • Formaldehyde i Glue Liquor • Gluten • Irish Moss • Lacquer ^ Latex • Liver Oil • Olive Oil • Paint & Varnish Penicillin • Pharmaceuticals • Printing Ink Proteins ® Serum • Starch • Streptomycin Tomato Juice • Vegetable Oil • Wool Grease • Yeast ,,. I ,^R O M D e L a v a l’s la rg e line of h ig h ly sp ecialized c e n trifu g a l m ach in es, w h ic h in c lu d e s m o re th a n a dozen d is tin c t ty p e s a n d sizes, ev ery p ro b le m of a p p ly in g c e n trifu g a l fo rce can u su a lly be m e t in th e m o st efficient, eco n o m ical m a n n e r.. T h e ty p e s an d. v a rie tie s of p ro b le m s so lv ed by D e L a v a l e n g in ee rs are fa r m o re c o m p re h en siv e th a n th e e x am p les liste d above b u t th e b en efits in all cases a re fu n d a m e n ta lly th e sam e. I n a d d itio n to sp ee d in g up o p e ra tio n s b y co n v e rtin g a p ro cess to a c o n tin u o u s basis, D e L a v a l c e n trifu g a ls h av e tw o a d d itio n a l a d v a n ta g e s w o rth n o tin g : (1 ) th e y effect m a te ria l sa v in g s a n d (2 ) g e n erally, if n o t in v a ria b ly , th e y im p ro v e th e p ro d u c t.. th e D E L A V A L S E P A R A T O R C O M P A N Y 165 Broadway, New York 6. DEL A V A L. 427 Randolph St.,Chicago 6. P A C IFIC C O ., 61 Beale St., San Francisco 19. W h e n w r i t ” ? ’. * p e d t y V' iuf * y o u a re m o s t in te re s te d in se p a ra tio n , clarificatio n o r c o n c e n tra tio n .. THE D E L A V A L C O M P A N Y , Limited M o n tre a l. P e te rb o ro u g h. W in n ip e g. vanco uver. De Laval Centrifugal Machines (fe.

(12) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. II. OR. i. Let Swenson. IIVEL tu juts 7.. s o 4Ma u v i o m. TO f t A V E STORA A V A IU O L E H/U, U AY& POIUN F O R C LE. ORATORS repa/R.. W hen y our p ro b lem s involve P rocess E ngineering, the skill an d experience o f Sw enson engineers offer the sh o rtest cut to a satisfactory answ er. T h ese m en are no t o n ly fam iliar w ith sim ilar process problem s, but they have access to the facilities an d re p o rts o f a continuous p ro g ra m o f in d ep en d en t research w hich provides a scientific basis o n w hich to m eet new and unusual situations. Sw enson P rocess E ngineering has been ap p lied to th e recov ery o f chem ical values from m inerals an d brines, sim plification o f chem ical processes, d isp o sal o f chem ical w astes, a n d effect ing econom ies in the use o f heat, pow er, a n d m aterials. H ow can we help you?. LEGE N P • X I - VALVE NORM, ■X~ v a l v e ? o rx f -+ * ~ V A IV £ N O * * A TM O. f. c. c J o A G IT A T O R .. EVAPORATORS. I. V lf i n i e. OVEK.FU>*t. i. <■!> s t - i S s r e s i p i p e. <5 tu * ' L'*uKCl u m. FILTERS. •. SPRAY DRYERS. -M- OtCtK 1/41VE Y F u n ne l eg.. •. O V E R F lO W « T T OVEH THE P I A N 7. CRYSTALLIZERS ^. 1.

(13) November, 1946. S w en so n C ast Lead Evapo r a to rs u se d to recover sulfuric acid fro m p arch ment paper w astes.. S w en so n L o n g T u b e V e rtic a l E v a p o ra to rs r e cover a cid s fro m a pe tro leu m re fin in g p ro cess.. The Reclamation of Sulfuric Acid from Industrial Wastes Sw enson has pioneered acid evapora tion in all its phases. The’ Process Engi neering in volved in concentrating sul furic acid from the w aste products of , rayon, cellophane, and parchment paper manufacture and certain petroleum proc esses illustrates h o w recovery o f com m ercially valuable chem icals m ay also elim inate w aste d isp osal problem s. T w o types o f evaporators are generally recom m ended for acids. T he -Cast Lead Evaporator is a Sw enson developm ent w hich is used w h en acid solution s must rise above critical temperatures (1 8 0 °).. In other cases, it is p ossib le to em ploy the L ong Tube Vertical type Evaporator w ith rubber lin in g and outside heating elem ents. Sw enson is the first and only concern that has ever d esigned and built successful double effect evaporators for strong acid solutions! In the instances indicated above, ap pli cation o f Sw enson Process Engineering has not o n ly recovered valuable quanti ties o f sulfuric acid and other chem ical constituents, but it has elim inated the p o l lution w hich form erly resulted from d is p osal o f these w astes in near-by streams.. SW ENSON EVAPORATOR COMPANY Division of Whiting Corporation H a rv ey , Illin o is. 15671 L a th ro p Ave.. SW ENSON. EVAPORATOR CO. H ARVEY, ILL., U .S .A .. ouy COHO£HSAT£ tavoo*/ h k .. Title - F L O W S H £ £ T M 47 IR /Â L B A U M C E. 4 0 SPM, 2 <.7 ’F. Capacity. TO SU A i r.

(14) I. & E. C. R ep o rts on th e n Chemical World Today. I. lower cham ber. I t is introduced a t the bottom of the cham ber, gathers h eat as it passes betw een the hot spheres, and leaves the cham ber through an o u tlet a t the top. T he pressures in both working cham bers are about the sam e during operation, and th e free passage in the th ro a t section is small enough to m ake a flow of gases betw een th e two negligible. Cycling of the pebbles through the u n it is regulated by a m echanical feeder at the bottom of the lower heating section; the feeder controls the ra te a t which the pebbles are delivered to an elevator m echanism for réintroduction a t the top of the ap p aratu s. An average cycle is ab o u t 40 m inutes. The lim iting factor of capacity of the a p p a ra tu s is the gas velocity which will cause pebble lifting or stoppage. T he m axim um tem p eratu re to which a gas can be heated is lim ited only by the tem p eratu re obtainable from the com bustion products, the therm al resistance of the refractory lining, and the pebbles them selves. Needless to say, the la tte r m u st be abrasion resistan t and capable of with standing the therm al shock of continuous heating and cooling. T he pebbles, usually • ' / to l/2inch in diameter, are m ade of kaolin, m ullite, or an 85% alum ina material, and suffer only a small am ount of destruction during long periods of operation. U ntil now the pebble h eat exchanger has found its main use in preheating air for com bustion. One set of d a ta of this type of operation showed th a t an oil-fired furnace was capable of reaching the m elting point of alum ina (3722° F.) by use of preheated air a t a tem p eratu re of only 1800° F. T he following table presents some typical operating data for a pebble heater:. f l. sure-. G as being h e a te d E x it gas te m p ., ° F. In le t gas te m p ., ° F . W t. of gas h e a te d , lb ./h r B .t.u ./h r . in fuel W t. of flue gas, lb ./h r . P e b b le c irc u la tio n , lb ./h r F lu e gas e x it te m p ., ° F. Low er bed d ia m ., inches. dlcator.. A ir. 2,180 100 1.800 1, 760,000 2,240 2,150 750 19. S team. 1,800 230 4,400 5 , 550,000 8,000 9,500 805 27. TSS° ftlCtlaCcuracy. >. $. *. %. tu k V. ». ». *. O ther possible com puted applications of the pebble heater to chemical in d u stry are indicated. One pilot p lan t operation is cited in which steam is heated to a nonfluctuating value of 1800° F . This type of installation is especially useful where rapid heating is desired. Another pilot p la n t assem bly reports successful use in the heating of reducing gases, such as hydrogen and n a tu ra l gas, for the reduction of metallic oxides. A lthough a rolling stone gathers no moss, the develop; m ent of the cycling pebble h e a t exchanger proves th a t the rolling stone is a real hot-shot when given the job of transporting heat. p> ^ j ). ,m . w. kHO C O W « *. S tinkless Inks. Printing inks are generally classified into four major physical-chemical groups according to the manner in which they dry and become attached to paper. The so-called penetrating inks, for example, dry by absorption into the fibers of the paper and find their greatest use in stencil and newsprint work. (Continued on page 16). American District S team Co. No rth M A K ER S O F U P-TO -DATE STEA M IIN E EQ U IP M EN T FO R O V E R 6 5 Y EA R S. 14.

(15) o m p L i e S i eruLce. D E S IG N. a n td. ( C o m p le te l ^ oeôôpp oo nn âô i bf ii u l it ty .. • E N G I N E E R I N G • C O N S T R U C T IO N. T h is g ra in a lco h o l a n d feed e x tra c tio n p la n t ty p ifie s th e th o ro u g h n e ss an d ad v a n ce d th in k in g w h ich a re so e v id e n t in th e p ro c e ss p ro je c ts h a n d led b y th e C h em ical D iv isio n of J . F . P ritc h a rd an d Co. In s p e c t a few P ritc h a rd -b u ilt p ro je c ts in a n y p h ase of th e c h em ical p ro c e ssin g fields to u n d e rs ta n d th e full m e a n in g of " P r itc h a rd P la n ts P ro d u c e P ro fits .” T h e y ’re P L A N N E D so, in ev ery d etail. F ro m d ra ftin g ro o m to co m p letio n , seaso ned s ta ffs a re a le rt to th e o w n e r’s o b jectiv es. W e ll v ersed in s ta n d a rd p ra ctice s, fam ilia r w ith new tre n d s a n d h a v in g so u n d in g e n u ity o f th e ir ow n, th e se m e n are ex p erien ced in p ro d u c tio n of o rg an ic chem icals, in p ro d u c tio n an d p ro c e ssin g of g ases, in d ry in g a n d ev a p o ra tio n , in liquid d e h y d ra tio n a n d p u rifica tion, in fe rm e n ta tio n and d istillatio n p ro c esses an d in rela ted ch em ical o p e ra tio n s. T h is b ro ad ex p erien ce is a u g m e n te d b y th a t of th e o th e r P ritc h a rd div isio n s serv in g th e P e tro le u m , N a tu ra l G as, P o w er an d R e frig e ra tio n In d u s trie s. S e e S w e e t’s I n d u stria l Files, C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r i n g Catalog, R e f i n e r y Catalog, A S H & V E G uid e, A S I{E O a la b o o k , or lerile f o r s p e c ific in f o r m a ti o n .. CHEMICAL DIVISION •. FIDELITY BLDG. •. KANSAS CITY 6, MO.. ENGINEERS • CONSTRUCTORS • MANUFACTURERS for the CHEMICAL, PETROLEUM, GAS & POWER industries HOUSTON, TULSA, PITTSBURGH, CH ICAG O , NEW YO RK, DETROIT, ATLANTA, DENVER, SALT LAKE C IT Y ,EL PASO .O M AH A.LO S AN GELES,M EXICO CITY.ST.IO UIS,M IN N EAPO LIS.

(16) I. & E. C. R ep o rts on th e Chemical World Today. D o n ’t ta k e c h a n c e s w ith p ro d u c t co n tam in atio n . Use barrels an d d ru m s o f E n d u ro —th e lu stro u s m etal th a t is in e rt to m ost chem ical a n d fo o d p ro d u c ts—th a t is sa n itary an d easy to clea n —th a t is resistan t to c o rro sio n —th a t is to u g h a n d s tro n g —th a t is eco nom ical to use because it lasts so lo n g . T h e R e p u b lic S T E V E N S Line offers a type a n d size fo r every chem ical a n d fo o d p la n t need. W rite us fo r lite ra tu re . * * * T h e solid head d r u m a t th e l e f t and th e patented, R in g lo x drum sh o w n above are b u t tw o o f th e m a n y s t y l e s i n t h e c o m p le te R ep u b lic S T E V E N S Line.. NILES STEEL PRODUCTS DIVISION REPUBLIC STEEL CORPORATION K i11 c c. n u in. n , Jw z i. On the other hand, metallic compounds of cobalt, lead, and chromium are incorporated in oxidizing or polymerizing inks, to catalyze the oxidation or polymerization reaction th a t results in the formation of the desired hard, solid film. Evaporation of a volatile solvent from a solution of a resin is another means of making the solid material “sit down” on the material a t the proper time and place. Unfortunately the solvents necessary in this method are usually toxic and flammable and m ust be used with the greatest care. Cold setting is the last of the quartet of printing ink types; as the name implies, the method depends upon the relatively cold tem perature of the paper to solidify the molten ink deposited by the rolls. Although each of these “schools of inking” has served well in its particular field, there are several kinks in the inks that users would be glad to see ironed out. M ost of these disadvantages, however, are inseparable from the good points of the process and therefore m ust be accepted on a bittersweet basis. The very fact, for instance, th a t a pene trating ink depends upon its absorption into the paper for drying makes its use on hard-surfaced paper impossible. The same dilemma is m et in oxidizing and polymerizing inks. If the catalyst is too effective, hard insoluble films will form in uncovered ink containers as well as in idle presses and, literally gum up the works. Conversely, if the reaction is too slow, the printed m atter cannot be stacked or rewound immediately. A newcomer to the field of inks within the past few years has aroused considerable interest as a possible solution for many of these ills. Its manufacturers, Sun Chemical Corporation, claim th a t it differs mainly from other inks' in its manner of deposition on the m aterial to be printed. I t consists essenti ally of a pigment dispersed in a vehicle made of synthetic resin dissolved in an odorless solvent. The latter, usually a high boiling m aterial such as dipropylene or diethylene glycol, con tains a limited am ount of water. W ien the w ater content of the water-glycol mixture is increased, the solvent can no longer hold the solute resin in solution, and a thin hard film is de posited upon the paper. I t follows th a t the rate of drying of this ink can be controlled by the rate of addition of the excess water, and when instantaneous drying is required, steam jets are used. Slower drying can be effected by relying upon the normal moisture content of the air to do the job in 10 to 20 minutes. The resms used in the compounding of these inks are a modified maleic type of synthetic. The actual choice, of course, depends on the type of work to be done. Perhaps it was only natural th a t the new inks made their debut in the field of printing food packages. Because they are odorless and are able to strengthen the stock instead of weaken it, they have found eager acceptance in candy and tobacco packaging as well. Somewhat of a thorn on the rose of steam-set inks is to be found, however, in the selection of the pigment. M any of the desirable pigments tend to react with the glycols, whereas still others are harmfully affected by the acid nature of the resins. Pigment manufacturers are investigating the proper ties of their materials and are generally able to inform the user of the stability of the products in steam-set inks. R.L.D. (Continued on page 22).

(17) November, 1946. " :. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING 'CHEMISTRY. 17. SOME SOLVENTS HAVE HIGH BOILING POINT "v ‘. . s <-'. „. -'%-v ■. :-y.. OTHER SOLVENTS HAVE COMPLETE WATER MISCIBILITY. HAS BOTH H ig h boiling point ( 1 7 0 ° C to l8 0 ° C ) of tetra. chemical characteristics and other suggested. hy d ro fu rfu ry l alcohol combined w ith its com . uses is available. Samples of this chemical will. plete miscibility w ith w ater gives a means of. be furnished for y o u r tests w hen requested on. carrying on reactions w ith w ater soluble ma. com pany letterhead. L iterature references and. terials at tem peratures n o t otherwise practical.. the help of our Staff in its application to your. These unique characteristics of tetrahydro-. particular problem s are yours fo r the asking.. furfuryl alcohol m ay be reason enough for Q . O . BRAND. y o u r consideration of this prim ary alcohol, but. TETR A H YD R O FU R FU R YL A LC O H O L. in addition, it is an excellent solvent in its ow n. (Technical). right. M any complex organic substances that. H,C-. ■CH,. are not soluble in common solvents, go into so lution readily in tetrah y d ro fu rfu ry l alcohol.. H,C. CH-CH,0H. A n economical w ay of using tctrahydrofu rfu ry l alcohol for these materials is to make a concentrated solution in the alcohol and then diluting to the desired concentration w ith. Storage stable liquid of permanent w ater white color with a mild odor. Molecular W e ig h t......................................................... 102.13 Boiling Range, ° C ................................ ............... 170 to 180. com m on diluent.. Specific G ravity (2 5 / 2 5 °C )..........................................1.052. Q. O. Brand tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is. available in standard commercial quantities and shipments are being made prom ptly.. Flash Point (open cup) ° C .................................................... 7 5 Refractive Index ( 2 5 / D ) ..............................................1.4502 Surface Tension (Dynes/cm )............................................36.5. D ata Sheet N o. 87 giving physical and. Viscosity at 2 5 °C (Centipoises)....................................... 5.49. The Quaker Qate (om pa 1910 B O A R D O F T R A D E B LD G . 141 W . JA C K S O N B L V D ., C H IC A G O 4 , ILLIN O IS. FU RFU RAL. •. FU RFU RYL A LC O H O L. •. F U R O IC A C ID. .. TETRAH YDRO FU RFU RYL A LCO H O L.

(18) \. The Eye Thai Never Clos4s Y o u arc looking at a therm istor — a speck of m etallic oxide im bedded in a glass bead hardly larger th an a p in head and m ounted in a vacuum . T h e therm istor was developed by Bell T e le phone Laboratories to keep an eye on th e am plification in long-distance tele phone circuits. W h e n a therm istor is heated, its resistance to electric cu rren t chanocs o rapidly. T h a t is its secret. C onnected in the o u tp u t of repeater amplifiers, it heats up as pow er increases, cools as pow er decreases. T h is change in tem perature alters the resistance, in tu rn alters the am plification, an d so m aintains the desired pow er level. C u rre n t through th e w ire at the left provides a little heat to com pensate for local tem perature changes. W artim e need brought a new use for this device w hich can detect tem perature changes of one-m illionth of a degree. Bell Laboratories scientists produced a therm istor w hich could “see” the w arm th of a m an’s body a q u arter of a m ile away. T herm istors are m ade by W estern E le c tric C o m p a n y , m a n u f a c tu r in g branch of the Bel] System. F u n d a m ental work on this tiny device still continues as part of the Laboratories program to keep giving America the finest telephone service in the world.. BE L L. TELEPHONE. LABORATORIES. EXPLORING AN D IN V EN TIN G , D EV ISIN G AN D PERFECTING FOR C O N TINUED. IMPROVEMENTS. AN D. ECO N O M IES. IN. TELEPHONE. SERVICE.

(19) A ü V -k K lla ii.MiCNT. T his en t,re page is a paid advertisement. ,. Prepared M onthly by ü . S . Industrial Chemicals, M e.. ILB.L CHEMICAL NEWS November. *. A Monthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the Solvents and Chemical Consuming Industries. ★. 1946. Imported Natural Resins Are Again Available for Protective Coatings Reopened Prim ary M arkets in the F ar East Ship Damar, Batu, And East India Resins---- M anilla Gum Expected Soon I he reopening of p rim ary m arkets in the F a r East have once again m ade m any n atu ral resins available as an additional source of raw m aterials for the. The method of procuring natural resins in the Far East has remained unaltered for hundreds of years. Here, a native workman is tapping and collecting gum.. Protein Hydrolysates A id Liver Necrosis Treatm ent Protein hydrolysates containing methionin. are successful in the treatm ent of acute necro sis of the liver according to a report publishei recently in a medical journal. One patient described as having been in a coma for 97 hours, is said to have shown no evidence o! liver damage as early as three months aftei recovery. M ethionine, one of the ten amim acids considered essentially for the growth and repair of animal tissue, is now synthesized by a U.S.I. process which cuts costs abou! 97 per cent.. First Post-W ar A .S.I. Show To B e H eld in D ecem ber Newest developments in the automo tive industry will be featured in the first post-war Automotive Service Industries Show to be held in the A tlantic City Auditorium from December 9th to 14th. Products of U.S.I. applicable to the auto motive industry will be exhibited in booths 193 and 194. The Show is held under the auspices of the Motor and Equipment M anufacturers Association, the National Standard Parts Association, and the Motor and Equipm ent W hole salers Association.. East. T o bring readers o f UJS.I. Chem ical begun to arrive in this country, and quantities of M anilla Gum (alcohol-soluble) are ex N ew s up-to-date on this im portant d evelop pected in the first part of 1947. m ent in the coatings industry, toe are pre Other natural resins, which were available senting this exclusive article. ->*■ during the war, continue to enjoy wide popu larity. Congo Gum, for example, has found new uses in many industries, where it is re THE MONTH IN COATINGS placing other imported and m anufactured raw An asphalt-base paint, said to dry in an materials. K auri Gum consumption is ex hour and to be an excellent heat-insulator, pected to increase particularly since China is marketed . . . A method is proposed for Wood Oil has returned to the market. Red standardizing industrial finishes . . . Gov Gum (Accroides or Yacca) continues in good ernment sources announce expected Im demand. ports of 2 5 ,0 0 0 tons of tung oil from China Ih ls year . . . The development of a new silicone paint that w ill afford life time finishes for automobiles, refrigerators, electric ranges and hospital equipment nears completion . . . A temporary pro tective coating for metal parts is an nounced . . . A surface an alyzer is made a v a ila b le which checks surface fin ish es' down to less than 1 microinch, according to the manufacturer . . . A non-drying film that Is said to prevent overspray from sticking to dry w a lls of spray booths is announced . . . U.S. scientists discover an accelerated anti-leaching method for testing the basic quality of paints . . . A new -type coating composition for automo bile reflnishing is reported to prevent “ bleed through” of maroons and reds . . . The spraying of metal powder or plas tics through an oxy-propane flame is found useful in plating tank linings . . . Plans are under w a y to install the first full-scale process for the continuous manufacture of precipitated pigment colors.. P rices U p in P rim ary M arkets W orld demand for natural resins, particu larly from countries which have neither the raw materials nor the facilities for the pro duction of synthetic resins, and the general tendency toward inflation abroad have com bined to boost the costs of natural resins in the primary markets. Under the stress of great need and competitive bidding, some prewar resin prices have almost doubled. However, because of the increased production of syn thetic resins in this country and the great variety of types now available, natural resins will have to find their level here based on the highly competitive synthetic resin market. R efin ed R esin s A vailable Assuming that costs will level off to meet the competition of synthetics in the United States, users will still be faced with the fun damental disadvantage of processing or re fining the im ported raw resins. To overcome this handicap, which is unnecessary with syn(Continued on next page). New Analgesic D iscovered , A possible rival for aspirin may exist in :ts »ear-relative, salicylamide, according to lnvestigations made recently by a New York research laboratory. The m aterial, also known j*s o-hvdroxybenzamide, is described as a '><adess, yellowish-white crystalline powder J'nich has a quicker and deeper and more ■asting effect than aspirin.. Batavian Damar sorted by Javan ese workers. Imports of natural resins from Ja v a and other Far East markets are beginning to enter the U.S.A..

(20) U.S.I. CHEMICAL NEWS Substitutes fo r Egg W hite W hipped Cream A re Found. Natural Resins. ( C on tin u ed from preceding page ). TECH N ICA L D EVELO PM EN TS. thetic resins, U.S.I. has instituted a Ne.w synthetic products, designed to re nensxve program to supply the consuming place egg white and heavy cream, have re trade with refined gums. These gums retain cently been announced from foreign sources. all the desirable properties of ihe natural products, hul are completely free from foreign The egg white replacement, said to have been used successfully for food and technical pur m atter and insolubles. Such refining, which produces standardized poses, is described as having excellent food resins meeting rigid specifications, reqnires value. The whipped cream substitute, which specialized equipm ent for large scale opera is manufactured by means of a patented process, is reported to contain an edible vege tion of the same m agnitude as synthetics. U.S.I. took a tremendous step forward in this table flour, and a fatty base. direction years ago with the introduction of fused and esterified grades of Congo Gum. W ell-directed research along sim ilar lines has continued on other naluràl resins so that, The “Resin Index of 1946” has ju st been given ample supplies, it will be possible to released. The booklet lists the name, pro open up a completely new line of interesting ducer, and basic properties of approximately and economical raw materials complementing 800 resins, broken down into 23 categories. U.S.I.’s wide variety of synthetic resins. A n other field for natural resins lies in their use as raw m aterials for the m anufacture of syn thetic resins. Feed M anufacturers Turn. New “ Resin Index”. T o Increased Vitam in B-G U se in Meat Shortage. Data on Synthetic Fuels. W ith shortage of animal protein be coming serious because of decreased op erations of the meal packing industry, feed m anufacturers are faced with the substitution of greater quantities of vege table protein to replace scarce animal protein. N utritionists are recommending increased use of Vitamin B-G products to bring feeds carrying large quantities of vegetable protein to a high level of per formance. The added riboflavin and other members of the vitamin B-G complex improve feed efficiency. U.S.I. is now offering a varied line of feed supplements and fortifiers, containing riboflavin and members of the vitamin B-G complex.. More than 200 reels of microfilms covering hitherto secret information on synthetic fuels and lubricants are now obtainable. Until re cently, this data was restricted to members of the Petroleum Industry W ar Council.. '■3*. Specially Denatured—ail regular and anhydrous formulas Completely Denatured—ail regular and anhydrous formulas Pure-1 VO proof, C.P. 96% Absolute "Super Pyro Anti-freeze ‘ Soj ° x pro p rie ta ry S o ! v e n ^ i ; *A N SO LS. Ansol M Ansol PR •Registered Trade Mark. To w a s h n y lo n , silk , ra y o n , a n d c e la n e s e w itho u t s h r in k a g e o r d isto rtio n is the p u rp o s e of a n e w s o a p le s s c le a n e r . It is c la im e d to refinish a s it w a s h e s , d e p o s itin g a p ro te c tiv e film that re m a in s o n th e fa b ric . (No. 132). . ' USI. ^. f ; 1. 1. USI. "There are times, Peabody, w hen I think you’d do better in some other field!". 6 0 EAST 4 2 NO ST., NEW YO R K 17, N. Y.. E th a n o l (E th y l A lc o h o l). USI A n e w le a k d e te c to r, b a s e d o n a n e le c tro n ic p rin cip le , is u s e d to te st h e rm e tic a lly -s e a le d instrum e n ts. (No> ]29) USI A n e w p la s tic ls e r, c la im e d to b e s u p e rio r to m a n y of th e co m m o n ly u s e d p la s tic iz e rs in p e r m a n e n c e , o il-re s is ta n c e , fle x ib ility a n d stab ility , is o ffe re d for u s e w ith p o ly v in y l c h lo rid e , ethyl c e llu lo se , n itro c e llu lo s e , p o ly v in y l b u ty ra l and o th e r re s in s . (No. 130) USI A n e w -ty p o p la s tic p a c k a g in g , w h ic h is s a id to # w ith s ta n d p r e s s u r e s u p to 600 p s i a n d tem pera* tu re s r a n g in g from — 120 to 4~ 160 d e g re e s F. is I re p o rte d to b e e a s ily a p p lie d a n d to b e rem oved J m e re ly b y s littin g th e c o v e rin g w ith the finger n a il{No. 131) USI. To re m o v e fin g e rp rin ts , a n e w p o lis h h a s been 7 d e v e lo p e d , w h ic h is d e s c rib e d a s a non-flam m a b le , n o n -g r e a s y h e a v y liq u id . (No. 135). C o u rte sy D rug a n d C o sm e tic In d u s try. U.S.I N D U S T R I A L ALCOHOLS Amyl Alcohol Butanol (Normal Butyl Alcohol) Fusel Oil-Refined. To p re s e r v e to o d from d e c a y , (a) a n e w process h a s b e e n d e v e lo p e d w h ic h is a lle g e d lo p re v e n t c h a n g e s of c o lo r a n d fla v o r p ro d u c e d b y other m e th o d s , a n d (b) a n e w s e r ie s of pet’roleum d e rtv e d p ro d u c ts a r e n o w a v a i la b le . (No. 128). A n e w co lo r d e v e lo p in g a g e n t, d e s ig n e d for color-Vj film s a n d co lo r p a p e r , is c la im e d to elim in ate a th e d a n g e r of s k in irr ita tio n s a n d d e rm ititis s a id . f to b e p r o d u c e d b y o th e r a g e n t s of th is ty p e. (No. 133) ! USI A n e w o d o r-co n iro l p ro d u c t is c la im e d to over- I c o m e o b n o x io u s re s tro o m o d o rs w ith o u t ex ch an g - J in g th e m fo r a n n o y in g c h e m ic a l o d o rs . (No. 134) f. /Veto Testosterone Process A new commercial process for the préparation of testosterone from sarsaparilla root is under way, according to a recent announcement from Mexico. The process is not secret, and production costs are said to be favorable in comparison with other methods. Testo sterone is one of the male hormones.. Further information on these items may be obtained by writing to U.S.I.. ACETIC ESTERS Amyl Acetate Butyl Acetote Ethyl Acetate OXALIC ESTERS Dibutyl Oxalate Diethyl Oxalate PHTHALIC ESTERS Diamyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalafe OTHER ESTERS *DiotoI Diethyl Carbonate Ethyl Chloroformate Ethyl Formate. USI A n e w m ild e w -p ro o fin g c o m p o u n d h a s been fo u n d e ffe c tiv e in th e tre a tm e n t of a th le te 's foot a s w e ll a s in g e n e r a l m ild e w p ro o fln g , th e mctnnfa c tu re r s ta te s . (No. 136) USI A n e w -ty p e p la s tic iz e r to r s y n th e tic ru b b e r is s ta te d to b e c o m p le te ly s o lu b le in B u n a N and • N e o p re n e . (No. 137) USI N e w lu m in o u s m a te ria ls h a v e b e e n d e v elo p ed ■ w h o s e "glow - r a t ę " in te n s ity c a n b e controlled w ith o u t u s e of e ith e r la m p s o r p o w e r s u p p ly , a c c o rd in g to th e m a n u fa c tu re r. (No. 138). CHEMICALS, BRAN CH ES. INTERMEDIATES Acetoacetanilide AcetoaceNortho-anisidide Acetoacef-orlho-chforqnflide Acetoacet-ortho-toluidide Acetoacet-para-chloranilide Alpha-acetylbutyrolactone 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 5>Diethylamino-2'pentanone Ethyl Acetoacetale Ethyl Benzoylacetate Ethyl Alpha-Oxalpropionate Ethyl Sodium Oxalacetate Methyl Cyclopropyl Ketone ETHERS Ethyl Ether Ethyl Ether Absolute-A.CS.. IN ALL P R IN C IP A L. INC. C IT IE S. FEED CONCENTRATES Riboflavin Concentrates •Vacatone 40 •Curbay B-G *Curoay Special Liquid ACETONE Chemically Pure RESINS Ester Gums—all types Congo Gums—raw, fused & esterified "Aroplaz—alkyds and allied materials •Arofene—pure phenolics •Arochem—modified types Natural Resins—all-standard grades OTHER PRODUCTS Collodions Ethylene Ethylene Glycol Urethan Nitrocellulose Solutions d/-Mefhionme Printed in U.S.A..

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(22) WATER-SOLUBLE, YET CAN BE MADE INSOLUBLE. . . . Its Chemistry, History, and Development Hercules* CM C is the sodium salt of carboxym ethylcellu lo se, form ed by the reaction of monochloroacetic acid with alkali cellulose. In application, it is a water-soluble cellulose gum. Although this cellulose gum has been known to European chemists for many years as sodium cellulose glycolate, little of it has been made in the United States until recently. Hercules began extensive tests and pilot-plant manufacture of CM C in 1944, and now has built a large, fullscale plant in Hopewell, Virginia, for its com mercial manufacture. CM C possesses many properties of water soluble starches, gelatins, and gums, as well as the ad ditional qualities found in processed or synthe sized hydrophillic colloids. Unlike many chem icals whose uses are circumscribed by specific property limitations, the applications of cellulose gum continue to multiply as chemists study its unique combination of properties and discover new uses for them. Hercules believes CM C to be an exciting chal lenge to the ingenuity and imagination of chem ists and technicians in many industries. W e invite you to study the interesting properties of CM C, described at right. Perhaps you will find some new application of this versatile cellulose gum that will effect an improvement in your product, or a short-cut in your processing.. •REG.U.S.f*T. Off. 9YHERCULESPCWOERCOMi»*hY COPYRIGHT194«BYHERCULESPOWDERCOupHny. CM C dissolves instantly in hot or co ld water. However, if it is treated with a salt solution of aluminum, iron, tin, or similar amphoteric mul tivalent metals, the so dium in C M C is d is placed. and a new in soluble film is produced.. A D H E S I V E - B U T NOT STICK Y Although CM C in solu tion is an excellent ad hesive or binder, it can be used — in it's dry state — as an anti-stick com pound. Even when used a s an a d h e s iv e , it is speedily "unstuck" upon b e in g sp ra y e d with water.. IN SO LU BLE IN ORGANIC SOLVEN TS Films of CM C will remain intact, while immersed in such common solvents as corn oil, peanut oil, min eral oil, acetone, turpen tine, g a so lin e , ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, ca rb o n te trach lo rid e, and benzene..

(23) November, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. DO YOU NEED. A BETTER REFRACTORY? Corhart Electrocast Refractories are high-duty products which have proved considerably more effective than conventional refractories in certain severe services. If your processes contain spots where a better refractory is needed to provide a balanced unit and to reduce frequent repairs, Corhart Electrocast Refrac tories may possibly be the answer. The brief outline below gives some of the basic facts about our products. Further infor mation will be gladly sent you on request. Corhart Refractories Company, Incorporated, Sixteenth and Lee Streets, Louisville 10, Kentucky. " C o r h a r t" is a trad e-m ark, registered U . S. P a te n t O ffice. 21.

(24) I. & E. C. R ep o rts on th e Chemical World Today. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS • G reatly in creased fire-k illin g capacity. • Sim plified o p e ra tio n . 9 E xpert p erfo rm a n c e by in e x p erie n ce d o p e ra to rs. • Q uick, easier o n -th e-sp o t re c h a rg e after use. 9 M ore fire s to p p in g p o w e r p o u n d for p o u n d , d o lla r fo r d o llar. • G reater h eat-sh ie ld in g p ro te c tio n for o p e ra to r. • In creased fire-fighting capacity w ith o u t in creased w eig h t. • E n g in eered to resist c o rro s io n . In stall th e N E W A nsul-D ugas E x tin g u ish ers at all hazard sp o ts fo r g re a te r p ro te c tio n a g a in st all fires involving flam m able liq u id s, gases an d ele c tric a l eq u ip m en t.. R e a d y . . . in a Flash I. S im p ly re m o v e r i n g p i n an d p u sh lever d o w n .. 53%. O p en nozzle and d irec t chem ical stream at base o f flames.. More Fire Stopping P o w er. wit h the N E W AN SUL-D UGAS. FASTER ACTING. FIRE E X T IN G U IS H E R S. W rite to d ay for n e w catalog a n d a u th o rita tiv e data sh o w in g ch arac te ristic s o f all tv p e so f a p pro v ed h a n d (iree x tin g u ish e rs.. A p p ro v ed by L a b o ro ro rF a c to r y M u tu a l. /X,/' ’ o-ltf*nenA>. V ulcanized Plastics. A technique directly comparable to the rubber vulcanization process has recently been de veloped in G erm any whereby certain plastic m aterials which are normally subject to cold flow are m ade dimensionally stable and given increased hardness. Like th e rubber process, this technique creates a la ttic e fram ew ork of an added m aterial w ithin the stru ctu re of the plastic which gives stren g th and stab ility to the entire mass. T he process was developed specifically to render insu lating m aterials, such as Oppanol (Vistanex) and soft poly m ers of the acrylic and m etacrylic acid esters, suitable for use as coating for power cables. B y adding a m ixture of m onostyrene and p-divinylbenzene or divinylacetylene m onom er to the plastic m onom er and polym erizing the entire m ixture, a plastic is produced which is structurally supported by a three-dim ensional lattice framework, m uch as reinforced concrete is supported by steel rods. The degree of rigidity im parted to th e plastic depends on the am ount of additive used. However, when more than 50% of th e fram ew ork-producing m aterial is added, the product becomes too hard and inelastic for the m ajority of plastic uses. The typically therm oplas tic n atu re of the polymers is n o t destroyed by this process. Oppanols of higher m olecular weight, such as Oppanol B 100 and 200, produce a m aterial which is as tough as leath er at ordinary tem peratures but which can be applied with spraying m achines a t tem peratures above 80° C. T he m aterial can be chilled to give it even greater hardness. Powerful me chanical working of the reinforced plastic softens it to norm al consistency by physical destruction of the supporting latticew ork, b u t sub sequent heating and chilling restore its stru c tu ra l rigidity. T he dielectric p ro p e rtie s. of th e plastic m aterial are greatly im proved by the procedure even if the additive used is dielectrically inferior to the basic m aterial. Rein forced Oppanols have dielectric properties com parable to those of polystyrene. Since th ere is no real chemical com bination of the basic plastic and th e fram ew ork m aterial, the tw o s u b s t a n c e s retain th e ir characteristic solubilities independently. For plating on th e reinforced plastic or applying m etal foil to the surface, a bonding p rep aratio n should be used which contains a solvent th a t will dissolve the basic m aterial a n d cause th e fram ew ork to swell. T he ad dition of waxy hydro carbons to the reinforced m aterial greatly im proves its w orkability a t high tem p eratu res w ithout an y sacrifice of stab ility in the range of tem peratures below the melting point of the hydrocarbon used. M.L.K..

(25) November, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 23. HAVE YOU A HEAT TRANSFER OPERATION TOO TOUGH FOR A STANDARD EXCHANGER. SHELL a n d BARE TUBE Healers, Coolers, Condensers, Heat Exchangers. G-FiN longitudinal-finned elements foi greater heat conductivity. K-FIN Helical-finned elements for vapors and gases. Here is a heater . . . cooler . . . exchanger . . . steam generator . . . which h as PROVEN that it m aintains rated capacity w hen handling tarry or dirty fluids, positively prevents interleakage b etw een fluids, and stands up under the highest pressures and temperatures encoun tered in refining operations. Many thousands of G-R Tubeflo Sections have b een in operation for periods up to fifteen years with sensational success. In m any instances these units are m aintaining rated capacity indefinitely on services w hich had previously necessitated shut dow n and clean in g of shelland-tube units before the end of a run. In other instances they have permitted recovery of h eat w hich formerly had to b e w asted b ecau se no other d esign of heat exchanger could withstand the severe oper ating conditions. Bulletin 1621 d e scrib e s these units in d eta il . . . ex p la in s their d esig n a n d construction . . . ou tlin es their e x c lu s iv e a d va n ta g es . . . g iv e s exa m p les of a ctu a l p erform ance reco rd s. W rite for y o u r co p y tod a y.. THE 8ENTUBE EV A P O R A T O R Scale-shedding Elements. TUBEFLO SECTIO N S Non-dogging design for residuum and other dirty fluids. GRISCOM-RUSSELL. CO. 285 M adison Ave., N ew York 17, N. Y.. GRISCOM-RUSSELL P tfw ie &. iA , ¿4%. cM. q g. Î. A. p ^ u itu itu Â. ,.

(26) 24. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 11. ------K l . m §m -Ä : :WPi !W “. s l l ls l SsSlfs. CONTROL. does it ägs&Sfiäw.

(27) November, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. ^ Jnd er a single, centralized authority, action is synchronized; no motion is wasted. Without unified control, results can easily become chaotic. In refinery or petro-chemical plant construction especially, unified control helps mightily in getting the right things done in the right w ay at the right time. Consider: Analysis of m a n u fa c tu rin g require m e n ts an d m eth o d s. Process design. M echanical engineering. M aterials p ro cu rem en t. Expediting an d delivery scheduling. D isbursem ent an d cost accounting. Labor relations an d p lan n in g . Erection an d in stallatio n . In itial p la n t operation.. B O S T O N 14. •. N ew. P R O C E S S E N G IN E E R S AN D CO N STRU CTO RS PETRO LEUM , P ETR O -C H EM IC A L AND C H EM IC A L. FO R THE IN D U STRIES. CHEMISTRY. No matter how ably these individual functions may be performed, confusion, delays, mixups and mistakes are almost inevitable . . . unless there is careful co-ordination by a responsible central organization which is experienced in all the phases of the project. The Badger organization’s ability to take charge of plant construction is founded on a w ealth of experience in both detail and supervisory capacities. Thoroughly experienced Badger specialists perform each function— under a central technical and business management that has virtually “ lived” with the petroleum refining, petro-chemical and chemical developments of this generation of progress..

(28) 26. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 11. ■ow to speed up dehydration of a macerated material without expanding his drying facilities was a problem that perplexed a food processor.. A G A IN .. . the. answer is centrifuging. T h is case stu d y is just one o f th e m any ap p lications in w h ic h centrifu g al force as developed by A T & M C entrifugals has saved tim e , space and costs in th e process industries. N o w — w h ile y o u ’re ex p lo rin g new w ays to lo w er u n it p ro d u ctio n costs — in v e stig a te w h a t cen trifu g in g can do for you. A confidential stu d y and recom m endation by A T & M ’s experienced engineer in g service costs you n o th in g and does n o t o b lig a te you in any w ay . T h e coupon w ill b rin g y ou evidence th a t A T & M Cen trifu g a ls can im prove p roducts a t lo w e r cost. A M E R IC A N T O O L & M A C H IN E C O M PA N Y , 1421 H y d e P a rk A ve., B oston 36, M ass., 30C C hurch St:, N ew Y ork 7, N . Y. AT&M specified a centrifugal with an imperforate basket and a built-in skimmer.. SAVE. TI ME,. SPACE. AND. COSTS. WITH. A.T. C E N T R I F U G I N G Centrifugal force, developed by high-speed rotation, builds up the solids on the baffled sides of the basket while the liquor is decanted over the top by the skimmer.. A M E R IC A N T O O L & M A C H IN E C O M P A N Y , 1 4 2 1 H y d e P a rk Ave., B o sto n 36, M ass. P lease se n d in fo rm a tio n o n c e n trifu g in g a p p lie d to th e fo llo w in g p ro c e s se s: □ E x tra c tio n □ P re c ip ita tio n. □ F iltra tio n. □ D e h y d ra tio n. Q S e d im en tatio n. □ C o atin g. □ Im p re g n a tio n. W rite h e re any o th e r p ro c e s s ...................................................................... N a m e ..................................................................................................................... C o m pany ..............................................................................;.............................. A d d ress................................................................................ Then the cake, with most of its liquid removed, is plowed out and conveyed to the drier where drying time is greatly reduced..

(29) November, 1946. Tangents. W e l d E L L S a l o n e c o m b in e th e se f e a tu r e s :. If they did not have tangents, WeldELLS would not have everything. These straight segments on each end of every WeldELL achieve three things that only tangents can accomplish: 1. They make lin in g up easier 2 . They keep the weld out of the zone of greatest stress 3 . They facilitate the use of slip-on flanges Providing tangents entails extra manufacturing operations, but this is simply typical of the extra value you get in WeldELLS and other Taylor Forge Fittings for pipe welding. A number of these extra-value features are listed here. N ote that they are combined only in WeldELLS! T A-Y L O R. JB S. FORGE. &. P I P E. WORKS. G e n e r a l O ffices & W o rk s: P. O . Box 485, C h ic a g o N e w Y ork O ffice: 50 C h u rc h S tre e t P h ila d e lp h ia O ffice: B ro a d S tre e t S ta tio n B ldg. Los A n g e le s O ffice: O v ia tt B ldg.. •. S e a m le ss — g re a te r s tre n g th an d u n ifo rm ity .. • T a n g e n ts — k e ep w eld aw ay fro m h ig h e st stress— s im p lify lin in g up.. zo n e of. • P re c isio n q u a rte r-m a r k e d e n d s — sim plify la y o u t a n d h e lp in s u re accuracy. • S e le c tiv e re in fo rc e m e n t — p ro v id e s u n ifo rm s tre n g th . • P e rm a n e n t a n d c o m p le te id e n tif ic a tio n m a rk in g saves tim e a n d e lim in a te s e rro rs in s h o p a n d field. • W a ll th ic k n e ss n e v e r le s s th a n s p e c ific a tio n m in im u m — assures fu ll s tre n g th a n 4 lo n g life. • M a c h in e tool b e v e le d e n d s — p ro v id e s best w e ld in g su rfa c e a n d a c c u ra te b ev el and lan d . • The m o st c o m p le te lin e of W e ld in g F ittin g s a n d F o rg e d S te e l F la n g e s in th e W o rld — in s u r e s c o m p l e t e s e r v i c e a n d u n d i v i d e d r e sp o n sib ility ..