Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 39, No. 5

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(2) lÊttÊÊttÊKÊ im -. A. iiiiiiiiiiir s. ¡Il. i. W lx e n , ¿ a n - S v & tty / i n d i c a t i o n. T O P - E N T E R IN G M IX E R S — portable and flange-mounted types.. THE "REFINER" precision-built mixer for liquids of low viscosity.. DOUBLE-CONE B L E N D E R S for r a p i d m i x i n g of dry powders, crys tals, etc.. THE "G EN ER A L" a liquid mixer d e signed for general mixing operations.. PORTEREDUCER a sub stantially-built unit fo h e a v y -d u t y service Speeds as low as / r.p.m. in a completi size range from I h.p. up.. DOUBLE-RIBBON MIX ERS heavy-duty m a chines for speedy mix ing o f heavy materials. 'C H A N G E - C A N A N D PO N Y MIXERS for me chanical dispersion of liq u id s , p a s t e s , o r powders.. PAINT AN D PASTE MIXER! substantially constructed fo heavy duty mixing o f yiscou liquids..

(3) INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING 1 V O L U M E 39. N U M BER 5. ß. ISSUED M A Y 15, 1947. h. e. m. is. f r t j. M AY 1947. 4S,10S CO PIES O F THIS ISSUE PRINTED. EDITOR: WALTER J MURPHY Assistant to Editor: N, A. PARKtNStJN. Executive Ed ito r: J a m es M . 'Cro w e . ' y: M anaging Editor: D. .O .. I. MY ATT. Associate Editors. Washington: ROBERT.F. GOULD A L LEGGIN Chicago: RICHARD L. KENYON Houston: WILL H , She aron , Jr. New York; HARRY STENERSON Richard L. Demmepxe San Francisco: FREDERICK G . SAWYER M e r r it t L K a s t e n s. Assistant Editors Make-up: BERTHA REYNOLDS Manuscript Editing: HELEN K, NEWTON Manuscript Reviewing: STELLA ANDERSON Editorial Assistants: C O R A G . Ry e r s O N K ir a. v. . Ka l i c h e v s k y. Contributing Editors C H A R LES O W E Ń BRO VIN M ARS G . F O N T A N A RALPH H . M U N C H W ALTER V O N PE C H M A N N. A dvisory Board W. L. BADGER H . R. M URDOCK ELMER K. B O LT O N C . F. PRUTTON W. H . DO W . A . S.. RICH ARD SO N G A S T O N DUBOIS W. A . SCHM IDT G U STA V U S J . ESSELEN R. N . SHREVE PER K. FR O LICH L. V . STECK C. F. KETTERING E. C . S U L L IV A N O . E. M A Y E. R.' WEIDLEIN C. S. MINER J O H N M. WEISS FRANK C . W HITM ORE Industrial Edition, l&EC Consecutive Number 9 Copyright 1947 by American Chemical Society. Cover photo exemplifies magnitude oF some Industrial waste problems. Shown are aeration basins in the acti vated sludge plant used in treatment of phenolic wastes from Dow’s Mid land, Mich., plant. Photo courtesy Dow Chemical Company.. INDUSTRIAL WASTES Introduction Sheppard T. P o w e ll...........................................................................................559 Public Health Service and Industrial Pollution Thomas P a r r a n ....................................................................................................560 State Responsibility in Stream Pollution Abatem ent A b e l W o lm a n ....................................................................................................561 Creation and Correction of Industrial Wastes Sheppard T. P o w e l l .......................................................................................565 Atm ospheric Pollution W . C . L. Hemeon and T. F. H a t c h .............................................................568 Pollution Control at a Large Chemical Works I. F. H arlo w and T. J . P o w e r s ..................................................................... 572 Pharmaceutical and Biological Plants E. L. Knoedler and S. HH. Babcock, J r ............................................................ 578 Cornstarch Processes R. E, Greenfield, G . N . Corn ell, and W . D. H a t fie ld ................................. 583 Rubber Industry G eorge M . H ebbard, Sheppard T. Pow ell, and R. E. Rostenbach 589 Coke and Gas Industry H erbert A . G o l l m a r .............................. 59Ó Recovery of Fermentation Residues as Feeds C . S. B o r u ff........................................................................................... • . . . 602 Dairy Industry H . A . Trebler and H . G . H a r d i n g ...............................................................608 Waste Pickle Liquor Richard D. H o a k ............................................................................................... 614 Canning Industry E. F. E l d r id g e ....................................................................................................619 Citrus Canning Industry Robert R. M c N a r y ........................................................................................... 625 Tanning Industry Robert S u t h e r la n d ........................................................................................... 628 Brass and Copper Industry William S. W ise, Barnett F. Dodge, and Harding B l i s s .......................... 632 Packing House Industry F. W . M o h lm a n ............................................................................................... 637 A c id M ine Drainage J . Raymund Hoffert .......................................................................................642 Coal Washery Plants W . Julian Parton .............................................................................. 646 Textile Industr stry John C .. G eyer e y e r ................................................................................................653 Beet Sugar Industry Bruce M . M cD ill ...........................................................................................657 Pulp and Paper Industry L. F. W a r r i c k ....................................................................................................670 Bibliography on Chemical Wastes R. W . H e s s ................. ...................................................................................... 676. E D I T O R I AL ................. 557 H e a d lin e s ......................683 R e p o r t s ..........................5 A A s W e See It . . . . 6 9 A Sidelights and Trends . 128 A. u t i Ameri can Chemical Society at Easton, Pa. Editorial Headquarters: i, l N . W., Washington 6, D. C .j telephone, Republic 5301; cable, J ccnem (Washington). Chicago Editorial Branch, 25 East Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, III.; telephone, Wabash 7376. Houston Editorial Branch, 413 West Bldg., Houston 2, lex.; telephone, Capital 6516. New York Editorial Branch, 60 East 42nd St., New York 17, N. Y.; telephone, Murray Hill 2-4662. San Francisco Editorial Branch, 24 California St., San Francisco 11, Calif.; telephone, Exbrook 2895. Business Office: American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., N. W., Washington 6, b C oAÄ v^ lsins 0fficc: 332 West 42nd St-' N «w y ork 18, N. Y.; telephone Bryant 9-4430. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Easton, Pa., under the Act of •Waren 3, 1879, as 24 times a year— Industrial and Engineerng Chemistry monthly on the 1st, Analytical Chemistry monthly on the 15th. Acceptance for mailing at ipeclal rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, «uAorlzed July 13, 1918. The American Chemical Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and °P nlons advanced by contributors to its publications. Views expressed in the editorials and reports are those of the editors and do not necessarily represent the omcial position of the American Chemical Society.. Equipment and Design. Charles O . Brown 75 A Instrumentation. Ralph H . Munch . . . . 81 A Corrosion. Mars G . F o n ta n a ......................87 A Plant Management. W . von Pechmann . . 93 A. Remittances and orders for subscriptions and for single copies, notices of changes of address and new professional connections, and claims for missing numbers should be sent to the American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C . Changes of address for Industrial and Engineering Chemistry must be received on or before the 18th of the preceding month and for Analytical Chemistry not later than the 30th of the preceding month. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed (1) if received more than 60 days from date of issue (owing to delivery hazards, no claims can be honored from subscribers in Continental Europe, Asia, or the Pacific Islands other than Hawaii) (2) if loss was due to failure of notice of change of address to be received before the dates specified in the preceding sentence, or (3) if the reason for claim is “missing from files” . Annual subscriptions— Industrial and Engineering Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (Industrial and Analytical Editions of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry) sold only as a unit, members $3.00, nonmembers $4.00. Postage to countries not in the Pan-American Union $3.00. Canadian postage $1.00. Single copies— current issues, l&EC $0.75, Analytical Chemistry $0.50; back numbers, l&EC $0.80, Analytical Chemistry prices on request; special rates to members. The American Chemical Society also publishes Chemical and Engineering News, Chemical Abstracts, Journal of the American Chemical Society. Rates on request..

(4) I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E MI S T R Y. Vol. 39, No. 5. ... M ; î . J , 1 .. HOW CAN W E INCREASE THE OUTPUT OF TH ESE dfflfr F IL T E R S ?. JUST ADD MORE C€LITE, IT INCREASES RESERVE CAPACITY, HELPS HANDLE SURGES, ELIMINATES OVERTIME. SERS F IN D that Celite* often saves the cost of additional filters. T o increase filtering capacity for peak requirements, they merely increase the proportion of Celite to the fluid until the emergency has passed. In addition to flexibility, Celite provides the clearest filtrates at the fastest flow rates. Celite enables you to lengthen filtering runs—to filter m o re flu id —m ak es sh u td o w n s few er an d s h o rte r. C elite saves' filter cloth, reduces cleaning and repairing. W hen introduced into the fluid to. U. be filtered, Celite builds up on the filter cloth a cake consisting of bil lions of m icroscopicparticles.These particles interlace and overlap to form a mesh many times finer than the finest filter cloth. Thus, all traces of solid m atter are trapped and only the clear filtrate emerges. W hen its job is done, the Celite cake washes or scrapes off easily without rip ping the cloth. Celite is available in nine grades for every type of industrial filtration. W rite Johns-M anville, Box 290, N ew Y ork 16, N. Y., for further inform ation. Sf.M,!. • R o g .U . S . P a t. O ir.. Johns-Manville. THE CAKE not the doth DOES THE WORK. T hese tw o p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s show that a Celite filter cake (left) has o p en in g s sm aller than the finest filter cloth. It is the filter cake —not the cloth—that removes the suspended impurities..

(5) INDUSTRIAL and ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY..... ' 's p o r t s ON THE C H E M I C A L W OR LD TODAY SOLIDS S EN DE R. with tank water is also experienced when biochemical oxidation methods are used; this fact is the cause of one of the major problems in getting cities to accept packing wastes in the municipal systems. One way out is to keep the wet tank effluent as concentrated as possible and add it to the dry rendering cookers. Scheduling of flow to allow addition of the tank effluent, which contains the bulk of the solid waste, to the water from the killing floor also makes possible a reduc tion in total volume of solids. In the event the effluent from the precipitation must be discharged into a stream where the mandatory degree of dilution is not reached, biochemical oxida tion is still practical without further treatment to modify the pH. Recommendations for research to render such treatment more economically feasible are the development of a means to separate the fat from the protein, preferably during the precipitation process, and development of simpler automatic controls than are now available. W.H.S.. The meat packers have long been hunting for an economical method of treating undiluted meat packing wastes before getting rid of them. In large urban areas the best answer is always joint treatment with community wastes; but since a good average figure for the amount of water used is from 1.5 to 3 gallons per pound of live animal processed, packing plants in isolated areas or near small cities with limited municipal sewage facilities may find waste disposal a prob lem of some import. Biochemical oxidation methods have received most attention, but M. D. Sanders of Swift and Company, Inc., who spoke last month before the Division of Water, Sewage, and Sanita tion Chemistry at the Atlantic City A.C.S. meeting, has been working on a chemical precipitation method which is basically a protein removal under mildly acid conditions. He does not pretend th at such a process is economically feasible at present but believes that it will provoke additional research. Water from the various sections of a packing plant contains different types of wastes. Partially digested forage or “paunch manure” may be screened and burned. A small amount of fat, perhaps a pound per 500 gallons of effluent, is recovered from wastes from individual departments, and eventually all the waste water is combined. The solids are largely nitrogenous and fatlike bodies in stable suspension. The Swift method employs sulfuric acid and ferric sulfate at a pH of 4.8, obtainable by using the two in fixed ratio. Ten to twenty parts per million of ferric ion are recommended and 150 to 250 p.p.m. of sulfuric acid, depending on the original alkalinity of the water, the buffering effect of the organic matter present, and the temperature of the water used. The coagulant treatment, carried on in an air-agitated mixing chamber, follows a sedimentation step and is itself followed by flocculation and settling by standard methods. A small quantity of fat is also recovered in the settling tank. This fat was in an emulsified state and could not have been recovered from the untreated waste. The final sludge, when concen trated, contains 35-40% protein and is suitable for use as a mixture with other materials when a low protein material is necessary in formulating mixed feeds. The nutritive value has been determined as equal, on a protein basis, to other commercial protein supplements. The process is applicable only to fresh waste and not to septic sewage or tank water; hence water from the wet render ing process must not be mixed with the other wastes. Trouble. GRE AS E FROM GARBAGE For many years in the United States, municipalities have profitably disposed of kitchen refuse by feeding it to swine. The procedure requires but little capital investment and pro vides a quick return of about 75 cents a ton. However, medical authorities are rapidly eliminating this practice because it tends to recycle the parasite Trichinella spiralis, and has been proved to increase the incidence of trichinosis in both swine and man. I t has been contended that, if the cost to the community and to individuals from this infection could be eliminated, the saving would in large measure defray the increased expense of more sanitary methods of disposal. A recent national survey of the amounts of commercially valuable materials which can be reclaimed from municipal garbage indicates that efficient processing could largely offset the cost of refuse collection; in periods of high grease prices it might make the entire operation self-supporting. Large samples of garbage from fourteen municipal areas throughout the country displayed a remarkable uniformity of composition. The moisture content of the refuse was found to lie between 68 and 82%. By dehydrating the material in conventional dryers and removing the entrained metal and glass by a series of mechanical steps, a residue was obtained which could be processed in expeller-type oil mill machinery. Institutional refuse, such as would come from hotel or hospital kitchens, produced a dehydrated material (Continued, on page S .4) r | 3| p I* *. An interpretative monthly digest for chemists, chemical engineers, and executives in the chemical producing and chemical consuming industries 5A.

(6) I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y. Vol. 39, No. 5. Positive results. . . no guesswork . . . when BUFLOVAK’S Research and Testing Laboratories test your product! In the development of new and better processes, BUFLOVAK can help you save time and money by processing your product in full semi-plant scale! Buflovak operates these testing laboratories to assist you in the solution of processing problems and development of new methods. The research is designed for drying, evaporating and processing chemicals and foods There’s a valuable “K N O W -H O W ” obtained through the completion of more than 5,000 processing tests. Is our experience helpful to yjsii? Write us your processing problem today!. THERE’S NO GUESSWORK A B O U T CONTEMPLATED P R O D U C T S . . . WHEN BUFLOVAK MAKES EA R L Y TESTS FOR YOU!. ■Vv'i. BUFLOVAK EQUIPM ENT D IV ISIO N OF B LA W -K N O X CO. 1 5 5 1 FILLMORE AVE.. B U F F A L O 1 1 , N . Y..

(7) May 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. RECOVERING VALUABLE GREASE. with LINK-BELT Screens and Collectors \AASH \AATER ETC FROM___ft — w ■"RlI± | ] ^ r f o g T f ~ M j l VIBRATING SCREEN S ,SQLIP$. •GREASE TROUGH. •W ATER LINE. IN.ELU.ENJ MAIN SEW ER .FLOW. PUMP -SLUDGE DRAWOFF PIPE LONGITUDINAL SECTION THRU C A T C H B A S IN AND S C R E E N S. liquid vibrating screens.. Solids go. / \ large mid-west packing plant recovers valuable grease and solids, and avoids stream pollution by the use of the system diagramed above and illustrated at the left. W ash water from killing and dressing floors passes through Link-Belt liquid vibrating screens, removing coarser solids which go to tankage. T he water is then pum ped to the catch basins equipped with Link-Belt Straightline Collectors, where fat coming to the surface is skimmed off by the slow moving Collectors as they move along on the surface. R eturning along the bot tom of the basin, the same collectors carry the settled sludge to a hopper at the other end of the basin. T he sludge is pum ped to the vibrat ing screens for further solids removal. B y this means, valuable grease which would otherwise be lost, is recovered at a low cost., waste disposal is simplified and the load on the m unicipal sewage treatm ent plant lessened. M odern operating conditions in the chemical process industries point to an extended use of waste treatm ent and recovery systems. L et our engineers advise you on this subject.. Nearby basin is em pty, note collec tors on floor for sludge collection, those on top skim grease— basin in background is full and operating. L ink-B elt products include a com plete lin e o f Chains of all typ es — Silen t, R oller, M a lleable Iron, Prom al, S teel and other alloys . . . E levators and Conveyors of all typ es, such as belt, bucket, screw, flight, B ulkF lo, Interno, drag chain, apron, Sidekar-Karrier, trol ley, Oscillating-Trough, etc. . . . V ibrating Screens . . . D ryers and C oolers . . . Skip H oists . . . Car D um pers . . Car Spotters and H aulage System s . . P ortable C onveyors and B ucket Loaders . . . Coal and A shes H and ling E quipm ent . . . A utom atic Pow er S h ovels . . . W ater, Sew age, Industrial L iquids and W aste T reatm en t P la n t E quipm ent . . . A utom atic Stokers . . . Sp eed R educers and Increasers . . . P .I.V . G ear V ariable Sp eed Transm issions . , . Electrofluid D rives . . . Sprockets . . . Gears . . . C lutches . . . C ouplings . . . B abbitted, B all and R oller B earings . . . B ase P la te s . . . T ake-U ps, etc.. LINK-BELT. COMPANY. C hicago 9 , Indianapolis 6, Philadelphia 4 0 , A tlanta, D allas 1, M inneapolis 5, San Francisco 24, Los A ngeles 3 3 , Seattle 4, Toronto 8. Offices in Principal Cities. 10 . 663 - a.

(8) Dust ALWAYS Costs DRACCO DUST CONTROL. which yielded between 1 1 and 18% grease and 73 to 85% oil cake meal. To obtain data on municipal garbage, samples totaling 140,000 kg. and representing each of the collect ing districts in Los Angeles were processed over a period of 31 days. This material, because of its more advanced state of decomposition, produced yields inferior to those from freshly dried institutional refuse. The grease content averaged only S.64%, and 84.70% of meal was produced. A typical grease analysis is:. A L W A Y S Saves Money. Color (F .A .C . scale) M oisture and volatile, Insoluble in kerosene, U nsaponifiable m atter, Saponification N o, Iodine N o. (W ijs) F ree fa tty acid, % T iter, 0 C.. equipment, that results in higher maintenance cost. In many ways dust slows production and reduces Even in small. quantities dust is a hazard that should be eliminated. D R A C C O Dust Control A L W A Y S saves money, and where recovery of valuables is a factor, there are E X T R A S A V I N G S .. W h y not discuss your. dust problems with D R A C C O. Engineers?. Their. recommendations, based on over thirty years of experience in dust and fume control, may lead to considerable savings in your plant. F o r F u r t h e r In f o r m a t io n W rite. DRACCO C O R P O R A T I O N 4055 E. 116th 5»., Cleveland 5, O hio. I. New York Office: 130 W. 42nd St.. DU ST C O N T R O L EQ U IP M E N T. M unicipal. •15 0.19 0.01 1 .9 0 198.0 61.0 3.7 37.8. D arker than 45 0 .3 7 Trace 2.3 7.7 32.9. Treatment with dilute sulfuric acid and acid-treated montmorillonite reduces the color of the grease obtained from institutional refuse to 3-9 F.A.C. and greatly reduces the odor; however, the municipal-derived product was more difficult to bleach, probably because of early putrefactive changes. The meal produced from institutional garbage was of mixed attributes. According to conventional feedstuff analysis it gave: protein (N X 6.25), 23%; extractable crude carbo hydrates, 37%; fat, 6%. This compared with 44% pro tein, 29% carbohydrates, and 5% fat for soybean meal. The garbage meal contained almost no vitamins. However, it had a high calcium phosphate content and contained all of the inorganic trace elements that are considered essential in the feedstuffs industry and are frequently added to other feeds as mineral supplements. Spectrographic analysis shows these elements to be, in decreasing concentrations, calcium, oxy gen, phosphorus, sodium, silicon, chlorine, potassium, iron, sulfur, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese, and iodine. The protein quality index was low, a typical figure being 32.9 as compared to 88.5 for good sardine meal and 64 for typical meat scraps. The meal produced from municipal garbage was not suit able for livestock feed because of its high acidity. However, considered from a fertilizer standpoint, the oil-cake meal had a nitrogen content of 3.24% ammonia equivalent, a P 2O 5 content of 2.50%, and a water-soluble potash content of 0.50% K 20. This compares with cottonseed oil-cake meal at 5.81% ammonia equivalent, 1.73% P 20 ; , and 2 .77% watersoluble potash. The trace elements found in the institutional garbage are also present and, with the possible exception of boron, cobalt, and magnesium, would supply those some times added to commercially mixed fertilizers. Iii a large city like Los Angeles where garbage collections run about 650 tons a day, it is estimated that $5000 could be realized from the sale of oil and meal recovered from the ref use. This figure is based upon an estimated 169 dry tons of material to be processed to give 154 tons of fertilizer worth S3080 on the current market and 13.45 tons of crude grease selling for $1900 at present prices. Estimates of the cost of processing the waste have ranged from SI.50 to $6.50 per dry ton, but the most probable figure is around $3.00. Collection costs average about $4.90 a wet ton. If the $3.00 processing cost could be realized, the cost of reducing a day’s collection would total about $3730. with a (Continued cm page 10 A). Dust will always cause wear on machinery and. the overall efficiency of any plant.. Institutional. |. 8A.

(9) May '1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. The Girbotol Process using aqueous amine solution has been PROVED to be more effective for the removal of HoS from sour natural gas than solutions containing an organic diluent. THE GIRDLER CORPORATION, GAS PROCESSES DIVISION, LOUISVILLE 1, KY. DESIGNERS, ENGINEERS AND CONSTRUCTORS OF GAS PROCESSES PUNTS D I S T R I C T O F F I C E S : 150 B ROA DWA Y , NEW Y O R K C I T Y 7 • 2 6 1 2 R U S S B L D G . , S A N F R A N C I S C O 4 - 3 1 1 T U L O M A B L D G . , T U L S A 3. The Girbotol Process, originated and pat ented by G ird le r, typifies the progressive ness with which the G ir d l e r organization approaches all gas processing problems. Gas processes plants have been designed, engineered, and built by G ir d l e r for most of the big names in industry. G ir d l e r offers processes for gas m a n u factu re, purification, sep aratio n an d d e h y d ratio n . Consult G ir d l e r about your problems. concerning hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, inert and con trolled atmospheres, natural gas, synthe sis gas, refinery gases, liquid hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitrogen..

(10) E K re p o rts net profit for the operation of $1250. This margin of profit would admittedly, disappear when grease prices returned to what is commonly thought of as normal (about half pres ent prices).' However, any garbage disposal system which breaks even without creating a health menace or public eye sore would be a great improvement in most communities and is a vital necessity in some. Science has not yet succeeded in being able to "make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear”, but may be well on 'the way to making soap out of her swill. M.L.K,. W ITH FA BRIC A TED J A C K E T S. C H E M I S T R Y OF THE UNDER GROU ND. KEEP YOUR VISCOUS MATERIALS FLUID Reed Jacketed Steel Valves are designed for handling materials which are either very viscous or which tend to harden or congeal at ordinary temperatures. Expansion and contraction due to changes ¡^temperature do not affect the action of the Reed Valve discs, and the valve will operate easily over wide temperature changes. Reed Steel Valves are standard A .S.A ; face to face dimensions for steel flanged wedge gate valves and can be furnished in Standard Series 150 or 300. It will pay you to w rite now for full in formation on Reed Jacketed Steel or Reed Jacketed Cast iron Valves.. ‘ ¡ m of. the. V A L V. E D I V I S I O N REED. P. O . DRAW ER 2119. ROLLER. BIT. COMPANY. H O U STO N 1, TEXA S. Plants as well as men are dependent upon a long list of elements to sustain the complexities of life. Nitrogen, potash, and phosphate are essential plant nutrients, but agronomists recently have shown th at the lack of some other soil elements explains certain diseases which attack fruit and vegetable crops. Some fruit tree ailments caused' by mineral deficiencies have been relieved by inserting nutrient tablets into holes bored into the trunk, according to C. R. Thompson in the November 30,1946, issue of Chemistry and Industry. By this means iron and manganese deficiencies have been readily corrected, a single treatm ent lasting four or five years. Re sults from potassium, nitrogen, and magnesium dosages were less dramatic but did bring about some improvement. Among other research carried out in this country, boron deficiency in terms of tree and plant disease has been the ob ject of special attention by agronomists and chemists em ployed by the boron chemicals industry. The problem has also been studied by state and federal agricultural authorities. Early experience showed th at serious losses to apple growers in Canada and the Northwest through diseases known as in ternal cork, drought spot, rosette, and dieback, were due to boron deficiency. Attempts to overcome this deficiency in cluded direct injections of boric acid into the trunks and ' branches of the tree, but this was not the answer. The inves tigators had more success with soil applications; for example, in the apple orchards of Virginia and West Virginia each tree was given one third to one full pound according to age. Varying degrees of boron deficiency have been discovered in apricots, cherries, olives, pears, peaches, pecans, as well as in a number of root, forage, field, vegetable, and miscellaneous crops. The scourge of the foreign sugar beet grower, known as heart rot or dry rot, made its unwelcome presence here in 1932, and the disease was soon traced to boron deficiency. The addition of borax to fertilizers not only eliminated heart rot but increased sugar yields markedly. The results of this work have been summarized by the Pacific Coast Borax Com pany. Yellowing of alfalfa, one of our im portant forage crops, in many states east of the Mississippi River was controlled, starting in 1937, by applications of 5 to 10 pounds of borax per acre. Lack of boron also has a definite bearing on the life of the alfalfa fields. In some sections borax-fertilized second-crop alfalfa, which had been allowed to go to seed, produced thirty-five times as much seed as unborated areas. Special alfalfa mixes made by (Continued on page 14 .4) 10 A.

(11) STRIÄL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. CHEM ICAL COMM ENTS Dichloro (Phenyl Ether) Stops Attacks of Ambrosia Beetle in Green Lumber. Chemical control of Ambrosia (pin hole) Beetles is offered by Dichloro (Phenyl Ether). Attacks by the beetles, which bore into green timber and freshly sawed lumber of many hard woods, are stopped by the chemical, and prolonged protection is given. An oil solution or a water emulsion may be applied to the freshly cut lumber with any type of hand or mechanically oper ated pressure sprayer. Since Dichloro (Phenyl Ether) mixes readily with in expensive light oils of the kerosene range, and presents no handling diffi culties,. treating solutions arc easily prepared locally. Improved Ink Gloss Follows Sizing of Paper Surface with Methocel. Penetration of printing ink is mini mized by a light coating of Methocel, the gloss and brightness of inks or varnishes subsequently applied is notice ably improved. Applied as a surface sizing at the water boxes of the calender stack, Methocel deposits a film possess ing a high degree of adherence to paper or paperboard. And, on waxing stock, a light prime coat of Methocel greatly reduces the penetration of paraffin, and maintains the opacity and white ness of the original stock. Coating Fabrics for Chemical Resistance. Dowtherm controlled heat! In processing operations where temperature control is a vital problem—in the manufacture of plastic materials or the processing of certain food products for example—Dowtherm has more than proved its ability to provide the uniform, precisely controlled lieat required. This is one of the many reasons which account for enthusiastic approval of Dowtherm installations by more than 600 users.. Saran F-122 Latex, a new Dow matex'ial for the textile industry, is used as a coating, impregnating and laminating agent in the treatment of fabrics. Coated with Saran Latex, fabrics are particu larly well-suited for industrial use where chemical and abrasion resistance and durability are important. They are made resistant to water, oils, greases, gasoline, and acids in the making of protective clothing, tarpaulins and other products. Yarn and thread can also be coated with Saran Latex, making them waterproof and resistant to picking and linting. S O t/i . J l n „ i i t e M a r t j. This dependable heat transfer medium, in addition to its outstanding advan tage of accurate temperature control, incorporates other important features.' Dowtherm operates at lower pressures resulting in saving of both man hours and material—temperatures ranging as high as 700° F. involve a correspond ing pressure of only 88 Ib./sq. in. And Dowtherm heating systems make possible greater operating efficiency and reduced maintenance costs. For precise, low pressure heating in the 300°-725° F. range, investigate Dowtherm. Write to Dow for complete information. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY. .. MIDLAND, MICHIGAN. New York * Boston • Philadelphia • Washington • Cleveland Chicago • St. Louis * Houston • San Francisco • Los Angeles Dow Chemical o f Canada, Limited, Toronto, Ontario. • •. Detroit Seattle. C H E M IC A L S IN D IS P E N S A B L E TO IN D U S T R Y A N D A G R IC U L T U R E.

(12) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 5. ZT*HG. I/Ae. u s ’F va PO R. STO R A G E. Process Swenson Evaporator for Trisodium Phosphate. Engineering recovers chemical values and disposes of chemical wastes Sw enson p ro cess E n g in e e r in g ^ based o n p ractical equipm ent design, backed by m o re th a n sixty years o f experience and research. Its success is confirm ed by scores o f ap p licatio n s w here processes have been sim plified, p roducts im proved, a n d o p e ra tin g costs low ered.. LEVEL tH TU17 7, H O R M ä U i ¿OH. A process p la n n e d by the Sw enson e n g in e e rin g staff is sur veyed from every a n g le . . . h e a t a n d p o w e r usage, recovery and d is p o s a l m e th o d s , c h e m ic a l tr e a tm e n ts a n d p r o c e d u r e s . T h u s Sw enson E ngineers a ré a b le to offer reco m m en d atio n s fo r a process engineered to function to th e best ad v a n ta g e in conform ity w ith o th er o p e ra tio n s in the p lan t.. TO f t AVE STORA AVAILA0LE k/U> OßATOtS UAV&. DOWN FOR CL£.. REPAIR*. Sw enson Process E ngineering: is assistin g m an y branches o f the process in d u stries to p ro v id e b e tte r p ro d u cts a t lo w e r cost. H ow can it h elp you? LE G E N P - t * 3 - V A L V E NORM ,. ->«#- VALUE eon. * -++-VALVt' NO** »TMorntCRH.. EVAPORATORS -w -. .. tU -B C K 1« A V £. 1 V(f/fiL£ OVEKFlOVi C> <•!> s t - ( S s r e t L. p / p¿. ¿ \n a ¿. ptps.. '. •. FILTERS. SPRAY DRYERS. OV£RHOM «Tí oven. •. th c f ia n t. SLu o a e ro e e. our occasion. CRYSTALLIZERS.

(13) May 1947. SnKM-WiaifCeilict« CfTJUIEitr. tcoSs| titer. tr î i m » Vicwb CqttriEw. Cone bottoms and agitators on Swenson Vacuum Crystallizers.. Disodium and Trisodium Phosphate T h e p ro d u ctio n o f D isodium and T riso d iu m P h o sp h a te s is a n o th e r ty p i cal illu stra tio n o f h o w Sw ensoniP rocess E n g in e e r in g is a id i n g c h e m ic a l m anufacture. I n p ro ce ssin g these d e te r g e n t m ate ria ls, con cen tratio n o f the m o th e r liq u o r a n d crystallizing o ut the desired p ro d u ct offer unique problem s. Sw enson E ngineers developed a suc cessful m ultiple effect system o f n a t u r a l c ir c u la tio n e v a p o r a to r s f o r efficient con cen tratio n o f th e liq u o r, w hich b ro u g h t im p o rta n t econom ies in h e a t a n d fuel. I n e a r l ie r i n s t a ll a ti o n s , S w e n so n W a lk e r m ultip le-d eck equipm ent w as SWENSON. Flow sheet of Trisodium Phosphate plant.. used to crystallize th e p ro d u ct from the m o th e r liq u o r. In sta lla tio n s o f this type a re still in use a n d g iv in g sa tis factory service. M o re recen tly batch type vacuum crystallizers have been recom m ended fo r th is service, g iving b etter co n tro l o f crystal size as w ell as im p o rta n t savings in floor space. A b o u t 90% o f th e D S P a n d T S P n ow pro d u ced in th e U n ite d States is processed w ith S w en so n -en g in eered equipm ent.. EVAPORATOR. COMPANY. 15671 Lathrop Ave. Division of Whiting Corporation Export Department: 30 Church Street, New York 7, N. Y.. A. A nalysis o f R equirem ents. L /n Z i/ S W E N S O N. D e sig n and Layout. M anufacture o f Equipment. T est O peration. PROVIDES THIS FIVE-WAY. Harvey, Illinois. P eriodic C heck -U p s. SERV ICE. SWENSON EVAPORATOR CO H A R V E Y , IL L ., U . S . A .. Title- f lO W S t f£ £ r. MAT£R/AL B/UAHCE Capacity. For TOSUM?. n-ijs®.

(14) De-ionized Water ESS re p o rts ...a ll the advantages of distilled water at a fraction of distilled water’s cost!. fertilizer manufacturers contain 60 to 200 pounds, of borax per ton for application at time of seeding. Among the field crops, barley, corn, cotton, flax, potatoes, and tobacco were intensively studied for possible boron de ficiency. I t has been found that cotton lacking this element may shed most of its buds and bolls. In New Brunswick borax increased potato yields when it was used in conjunction with fertilizer, and the North Carolina Agricultural Experi ment Station discovered th at borax applications stopped cracking in sweet potatoes. The U. S. Department of Agri culture attributed dieback conditions of tobacco to insuf ficient boron. In this disease the leaves and stalk of the plant become distorted, and the terminal bud dies. Vegetables have many ills arising from boron deficiency. Crack stem in celery has caused the loss of as much as 50% of the crop. The plant becomes brown or mottled, and the stalk tissue cracks. “Browning” has affected as much as 30% of the cauliflower crop in New York, and radishes in need of boron have developed pale chlorotic leaves. Leaves of spinach deficient in this respect became small and deformed, and many turned yellow and died before harvest. H.S.. CON S TRUCTION S K E T C H E S War shortages have created a widespread program of substitution and experiment in materials of construction. Some have yet to demonstrate significant advantages over more conventional materials; others show considerable promise for continued postwar usage. Norman R. Jaffray, the author of the- composition following, reveals the inherent humor in some of these innovations. How little he has exaggerated the actual facts is known to the many chemists and engineers who have been active in the development of prefabricated housing materials: «■ilMffi. ANO THER ILLC O -W A Y IN STA LLA TIO N :P ure w ater is produced by this compact ILLC O -W A Y De-ionizer (flow rate: 900 gph) at A m erican C e n tra l D ivisio n — A vco M fg ., C o rp o ra tio n , Connersville, In d iana. No fuel, no cooling w ater required.. I f your m anufacturing process could be im proved by pure water, b u t the cost of distilled water is prohibitive— modern i l l c o - w a y De ionizers are the solution! You can obtain pure w ater— in volumes up to 500,000 gallons an hour— at 1% to 10% of the cost of distillation! Hundreds of pharmaceutical, ceramic, cosmetic and other industries are obtaining pure water from compact i l l c o - w a y equipment such as illustrated above. Units are specially engineered to meet your needs. Write for latest literature. IL L IN O IS W A TER TR EA TM EN T C O . 852-5 C e d a r Street, Rockford, Illinois 73 1 0 -J5 Em pire State Bldg., New York City. Io n -e x c h a n g e Engineering Treatm ent o f S u g a r, Liq u id S u g a rs , etc., P u rifica tio n of Industrial W astes; Treatment of Boiler Feed-W ater; Purification o f P ro ce ss W a te r; R e cla m a tio n o f V a lu a b le Co n stitu en ts. H ome, Sw eet S ponge-R ubber H ome. At breakfast in their bright new house Sat John Q. Moddern and his spouse, And while he munched a bowl of cereal Of coarse but vitamined material, She poured herself a generous sluice Of imitation carrot juice And breathed with deep content the clear And air-conditioned atmosphere. “Oil, John’’, she said, “I love this home, All Duroplex and Fibrofoam! The walls and ceiling look so bright In that transparent Chromocite; And don’t you like this table, John? I think it’s made of Plexitron To match the chairs, so nice and black In artificial Cellulac. Oh, darling, you’ve fulfilled my dreams; . How nice, how natural it seems!” Her husband took a final gulp Of coffee ground from soybean pulp, Got up and gave a friendly pat To Rover on the plastic mat, Embraced the partner of his bliss And, slipping her an ersatz kiss, Went out the Ferralumin door To catch the 7:54. (R E P R IN T E D B Y S P E C IA L P ER M ISSIO N OF T H E S A T U R D A Y E V E N IN G POST.. Of great interest to the Southwest has been the opening of the plant of Macrolyn, Inc., first in the region to fabricate low pressure laminates. (Continued on page 16 A).

(15) May 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. D E L A V A L Centrifugal Separator or ClariX her provides a means for effecting cleaner taster continuous separation of tw o liquids (w ith rem oval of ° imPuri.ties> or the continuous of the De Laval ‘^ io zzle-M atiV ’ Senar the CaSe r th ? b eo t ,eshCe T inUOUSly diSChargCd thrOUSh n. o. ~. d vSa t e :. it operates as part of° a c o n S n l^ e m t V / w a i trifugal saves m oney by avoiding w aste of the pVoduct itself.. B eca. S i. °°ff o ? c“ n c e m r a & n y 0 U " * m ° S‘ “ *m ,t e d ”. îïï» 165. !. . / AL. sepa ra tor. New York 6. com pany. 42 7 Randolph St., C M c jo 6. L A V A L P A C IF IC C O ., « Bealc St., San Francisco 19 T H E D E L A V A L C O M P A N V , Limited n iic D c r EBEC. se P ^ ° n . c la r if ic a t io n. PETER BO R O U G H M O N TREAL W IN N IP E G. FOR. i f Ask for Bulletin No. 225. VANCO UVER. PROCESSING. SYSTEMS.

(16) M. K ,/ s t m. ËSC re p o rts. t ! G tT 'E M !. -iiJj'J j'J_â Y w r VACUUM P U M P S I A S T FO R EV ER !. Using contact-pressure polyester resins, and impregnating a base of cotton, sulfite pulp paper, or glass fiber, the plant manufactures laminated plastic sheeting in many colors and patterns which are resistant to nearly all household stains. As an indoor construction material, particularly in kitchen and bathroom paneling and table tops, this material is attract ing a great deal of attention. Low pressure molding came into being with the advent of the polyesters, which cure with out the “blistering” caused by water formation. Techniques used in such molding have made possible the removal of size limitations imposed by high pressure methods. The applicability of plywood for use in exterior work had already begun before the war with the development of waterinsoluble phenol resins as ply adhesives in place of casein glue. Increasing use of the waterproof material in the con struction field is a logical prospect. Fire-resistant plywood for interior use is now being made by a chemical impregnation process (I.&E.C., March 1947, page 22 A). Water solu bility of the chemicals makes the product unsuited for out door construction. The use of chemically impregnated, laminated, single-face corrugated cardboard in interior con struction has also been discussed (February 1947, page 5 A). Concrete and cinder blocks by no means exhaust the possi bilities for variation ill the building block industry. A Georgia block plant is reported to be making tests of a new formula using sawdust in place of gravel for the aggregate. Prelimi nary tests showed a smoother and lighter cast which would withstand cracking even when a twenty-penny nail was driven into it. In Texas the Ricement Company manu factures standard size building blocks composed of rice hulls, rice hull ash, and portland cement, and cured with artificial heat. More ash gives a greater breaking strength; higher whole-hull content results in greater insulating qualities. Ricement withstands pressures of more than 1000 pounds per square inch, is impervious to water for all practical building purposes, can be sawed with ease, and holds a nail like pine lumber. It also withstands the flame of an acetylene blow torch. The developers of this material believe that it will also prove effective for fence posts and will make an excellent, soil pipe. In the prefabricated housing field, the problems of the Lustron Corporation’s own housing efforts have attracted nationwide attention. Lustron hopes to produce several thousand porcelain enamel steel houses during 1947. One step beyond the ceramics-on-steel is an all-ceramic housing construction program. Hollow tiling is the basic element. From it, even such members as floors, ceilings, and reinforced flush-type tile beams can be constructed on the site by pour ing concrete into an appropriate tile assembly. The tile provides natural insulation and can also be filled with con ventional insulating materials. Absolutely fireproof, and weather-, mold-, and rodentproof, its particular characteristics will give it advantages over other construction methods for some applications and localities. Aluminum and Celotex fiberboard is the basis of another little-publicized préfabrication development of General Homes, Inc., of Columbus, Ohio. This company now' has a wall-panel assembly line operating in a building of the Columbus, Ohio, plant occupied by Curtiss-Wright during the war. “Skeleton” of the panel (Continued on page 22 ¿1). Few junkmen or second hand dealers have ever laid hands on a K IN N E Y High Vacuum Pump. Thousands of these pumps are maintaining low absolute pressures year after year with virtually no replacements neces sary. The astonishingly long life and trouble-free per formance of K IN N E Y Pumps is due in part to two factors: K IN N E Y design reduces wear. The rotating plungers in the K IN N E Y Pump have no mechanical contact with the cylinder surfaces, all clearances being perfectly sealed and lubricated by oil under pressure. The pump has no in te rn a l p a c k in g s , piston r in g s or v a lv e g e a r . Low absolute pres sures are produced indefinitely — down to 10 microns with the Single Stage Pump and 0.5 m icron with the C o m p o u n d } Pump. KIN N EY Single Stage Vacuum Pump. Durabla Valve Units as installed in KIN N EY Vacuum Pump. High quality materials and accessories assure trouble-free operation. The installation of Durabla discharge valves .of Monel m etal. . . the leakproof valves that are famous for their high efficiency . . . is typical of the careful engineering to pro vide years of service and easy repair. The cast parts of these valves, as well as the castings for the pumps themselves, are of an alloy which is exception ally dense and strong.. The e x tre m e ly d e p e n d a b le p e r f o r m a n c e of K IN N E Y High Vacuum Pum ps, com bined w ith th eir f a it pum ping speed and low ultim ate pressures, m ake them id eal not only fo r e x h a u st ing lam ps and tubes, but fo r sin terin g a llo y m etals, coating tenses, producing penicillin and a id in g in scores of process operations. W rite for Bulletin V45.. KINNEY MANUFACTURING COMPANY 3 5 4 9 W A S H IN G T O N ST., B O S T O N 3 0 , M A SS. NEW YORK. CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA. LOS ANGELES. SAN FRANCISCO. F O R E IG N REPRESEN TATIVES General Engineering Co. (Radcliffe) Ltd., Station Works, Bury Road, Radcliffe, Lancashire, England Horrocks, Roxburgh Pty, Ltd., Melbourne, C . I. Australia W . S. Thomas & Taylor Pty, Ltd., Johannesburg, Union of South Africa. WE ALSO MANUFACTURE LIQUID POMPS, CLUTCHES AND BITUMINOUS DISTRIBUTORS. 16 A.

(17) May 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Dist. (1 m m )°F. 5% . . . . 30% . . . . Evap. Loss m g /l0 g . (1 hr. oven 100°C.). V IN YLS - I n compounding vinyl resins IN D O N EX V G is a sat isfactory msdium-colored partial replacement for dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, etc. Because of its low volatility, reten tion of flexibility and physical properties on aging are excellent. (Circular 101.) .. RUBBER—The utility and low cost of the dark-colored IN D O N EX grades 633Vi, 634Vi, 638'/2 in compounding of GR-S, Natural Rubber, Neoprene, Butyl, and Acrylonitrile Copolymers has been. STANDARD. OIL. COMPANY. fully demonstrated. (Bulletin 13.). OTHER APPLICATIONS —All grades of IN D O N EX are com patible with a wide range of resins including various phenolics, modified phenolics, alkyds, acrylates, polyamides, cellulose derivatives, coal tar and petroleum resins, polystyrenes, rosin derivatives, and waxes. Many diverse applications as plasticizers, modifiers, or extenders are indicated. (Circular 105.). (INDIANA). CHEM ICAL PRODUCTS DEPARTMENT 910 SOUTH M ICH IG A N AVENUE CH ICAG O 80, ILLIN O IS.

(18) -■—^. issatisfied w ith the slow,. wasteful, large-space settling-tank method o f recovering silver nitrate from process effluent, this manufacturer sought a more efficient method,. the answ er is CENTRIFUGING This case study is one of a grow ing number of applications th at prove AT&M centrifuging saves time, space and money in chemical processing. If you haven’t compared the cost advan tages of centrifuging w ith your present m ethods, let AT&M 's experienced engineering service give you a free, confidential analysis and recommendation. It does not obligate you in any w ay. The coupon below w ill bring you up to date on AT&M Centrifugals and their cost-lowering features. AMERICAN TOOL & M ACHINE COMPANY, 1421 Hyde Park Avenue, Boston 36, M ass., 30C. Church Street, New Y ork 7 , N. Y. AN AT&M PLUS. i M il ^ M y ' j-j; **•' SAVE. ®ne t ^ e most: im portant advancements in centrifugal design is AT& M ’s Tw o-M otor Free-Wheeling Drive in w hich an extra small m otor provides constant, low unloading speed w ith constant torque and spares the main m otor during discharge.. TIME,. SPACE. AND. COSTS. AT&M installed a centrifugal having an imperforate basket with baffles to handle the job as a continuous process without tank space.. WITH. An added chemical precipitates more o f the silver nitrate which builds up on the baffles while the liquid is decanted over the top.. Write here any other process Name Company Address .. The silver nitrate cake, plowed out, drops through the bottom of the basket onto a conveyor belt..

(19) SHARPLiS-CONTININTAL CORP.. @1 f l ® 2 0 ® S E R IE S (N O N Y L N A P H T H A L E N E S ). The first commercial scale production oí NEOLENES has been initiated re cently by Sharples-Continental in their plant located a t W agner’s Point, Balti more, Md. Sales of these new products are handled exclusively by SHARPLES CHEM ICALS Inc. NEOLENES of the 200 series are of particular value as intermediates from which surface active agents can be made by sulfonation. This applies especially to N EO LEN E 210 ( M onononylnaphthalene) and certain blends of that product with N EO LEN E 220 (D inonylnaphthalene). The following representative properties may suggest other uses: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS* C o lo r Specific G ra vity @ 2 0 ° / 2 0 ° C. N E O LE N E 2 1 0. N E O LE N E 2 2 0. Straw. D ark Straw. 0 .9 3 -0 .9 4. Specific G ra vity @ 3 0 ° / 2 0 ° C. 0 .9 1 -0 .9 3. Distillation: 9 5 % between. 3 2 0 ° -3 5 0 ° C. 2 0 0 ° -2 7 0 ° C @ 20 mm.. * Definite specification! not available of this time.. For further information and samples, please address «ff A R P l F ł TR A D E. CHEM ICÄlS. SHARPLES P H I L A D E L P H I A. CHEMICALS. I.

(20) SHARPLES SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS PENTASOL* (AMYL ALCOHOLS) BURAMINE* (BUTYL UREA, Tech.) ORTHOPHEN* (o-AMYLPHENOL) PENT-ACETATE* (AMYL ACETATE) PENTAPHEN* (p-tert-AM YLPHENOL) PENTALARM* (AMYL MERCAPTAN) VULTACS* (ALKYL PHENOL SULFIDES) PENTALENES* (AMYL NAPHTHALENES) AMYLAMINE ETHYLAMINE BUT YL A MINE DIAMYLAMINE DIETHYLAMINE DIBUTYLAMINE TRIAMYLAMINE TRIETHYLAMINE TRIBUT YLAMINE DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL TETRAETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE ETHYLETHANOLAMINES 161 TETRAETHYLTHIURAM MONOSULFIDE DI-sec-AMYLPHENOL TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE ZINC DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE ZINC DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE ZINC DIBUTYLDITHIOCARBAMATE SELENIUM DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE AMYL CHLORIDES o-tert-AMYLPHENOL o-sec-AMYLPHENOL DICHLORO PENTANES DI-tert-AMYLPHENOL AMYL SULFIDE DIAMYLPHENOXYETHANOL * Trademark Registered. SlüRPLES. CHEMICALS. Inc.. EXECU TIV E OFFICES! P H IL A D E L P H IA , P A . P L A N T : W Y A N D O TTE , M ICH,. Sales O ffices NEW Y O R K C H IC A G O West Coast: M A R TIN , H O Y T & M ILN E , IN C., Los Angeles . . San Francisco . . Seattle Mining Representative: A N D R EW C LA U SE N , 1826 Herbert Ave., Salt Lake City 5, Utah Canada: SH A W 1N IG A N C H E M IC A LS LTD., Montreal, Quebec Export: A IR C O EXPO RT CO RP., New York City.

(21) - ..— .." i |. tod ay. than. T H E M A S T E R E L E C T R IC C O M P A N Y • D A Y T O N 1, O H I.

(22) Automatic pH CONTROL with Constant Main Line Rate of Flow A V T Q U A T ic. i»H ¡CONTR O L 'W IT H. CONSTAN T. MAIM y t N t IR A TE Of. j»H CORRECTING CHEMICAL ADDITION. Milton Roy Pumps are controlled volume metering units, designed to meter and’ pump practically any liquid in volumes as low as 1 pint per hour to as high as 23 gallons per minute per pump side and against pressures as high as 20,000 lbs. per square inch. Because of the high degree of accuracy of volumetric measure made possible by the Milton Roy step valve design, these pumps have found many applications as components of automatic chemical feed systems. Automatic pH control systems use Milton Roy con trolled volume pumps both to measure the quantity of material required to maintain a desired pH value, and to transfer the chemical, injecting against pressure where desired. On these systems, the pH meter and controller may function to either change motor speed, or to automati cally change the length of the stroke of the pump. Control of stroke length is normally preferred for this type of system. Proper design of such a system is essen tial. Milton Roy chemical engineers are fully qualified to assist and recommend designs for such installations and to furnish the complete pH control system including pH meter, controller, and controlled volume pump. For further information . . . on automatic pH control with varying main line rate of flow . . . on automatic proportioning and ratio con trol systems . . . and on pumps and other equipment for other automatic chemical feed sys tems ask for new Bulletin 468, also Technical Paper No. 54 "An Application of Elec, tronics in Automatic Chemical Feed Systems.”. IHILTOni^oy C O M Y 1365 E. ME RMAI D A V E . , C H E S T N U T H I L L , P H I L A. 18, PA.. is a corrugated sheet of structural aluminum alloy similar to that used in wartime aircraft. Aluminum straps riveted to the outer edges of the shaped sheet provide rigidity. Half inch fiberboard panels are screwed to the aluminum with cadmium-plated screws. Outer skin on both sides of the panel is a flat 0.018-gage sheet of 3S‘/ 2H aluminum alloy, bonded to the fiberboard with an adhesive composed principally of reclaimed rubber.. The assembled panel (shown above) is 5 inches thick, and the heat insulating value is reported superior to a conven tional external house wall of brick, studding, laths, and plaster. The open channels formed in the interior of the panel are well adapted for' warm-air heating flues in architectural design. In the construction and design, particular attention was paid to the problem of aluminum corrosion, which is extremely rapid where a protective thin oxide coating is not formed. Intermetallic corrosion is minimized with fiber “insulators” between iron and aluminum members, which are likewise used between the aluminum and the concrete foundation. Cadmium-plated iron parts, such as those in the panel as sembly, are used to reduce the intermetallic potential. Elec trical conduit sheathed in rubber instead of the familiar inter locking iron spiral of BX cable is a further precautionary step. Federal Housing Administration has approved the General Homes design, and General Homes has orders for over a thousand one-story houses. Houses will be prefabricated in wall sections at the factory, shipped to the site, and erected on a previously prepared concrete slab. A crew of four men can erect the house in three days. Three more days are re quired for installation of piping, wiring, and other services, and the structure is ready for occupancy. Total weight of the house is about 8 tons as compared withi 50 for cinder block construction of the same design. Iron tie rods from roof to floor anchor the house to its foundation. They are some of the many materials th at the builder with a bright idea and an adventurous soul can consider in con structing his dream castle. , W.H.S. 22 A •.

(23) May 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. » p l t l i '^lON in chlorinating hydrocarbons and recovering HCI... with “KARBATE” BRAND. • IMPERVIOUS GRAPHITE! Karbate Reflux Condenser. Porous Carbon Six-Arm Diffuser. Karbate Series 70 Heat Exchanger. ‘Karbate’' Cascade Cooler Absorber. Equipment of “ Karbate” Impervious Graphite Defies Corrosion. “ Karbate” Mixer. ‘Karbate” Centrifugal Pump. HEREVER in your chlorinating process you want to avoid replacing costly equipment (including pipe lines and connec tions)—use “Karbate” impervious graphite. In fact, practically the entire system can be safeguarded by this material. H ere’s why: Equipment made of impervious graphite resists corrosion, stays’ on the job indefinitely —saving substantial replacement costs over the years. Moreover, such equipment is light in weight, yet strong, It is resistant to thermal and mechanical shock. It has a very high heat-transfer rate. Yes, as chemical engineers are finding out, “Karbate” impervious graphite is an ONCe THEY economical material for chlorination and m s £ UP TO HCI recovery equipment. For more de tails, write Dept. IE. IMPERVIOUS GRAPHITE, t i l The w ord "Karbate" Is a registered trade-m ark o/. NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, INC. 30 East 42nd Street, N ew York 17, N . Y . U n it of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation. HUH “ Karbate” Globe Valve?. D ivision Sales Offices: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, N ew York, Pittsburgh, San. Francisco. HAVE 10 KISS THIS PROCESS goodbye! V - - .... I------------------------mill,..

(24) □. ATION Phosphorus Production to Be Increased 5 0 % Monsanto, Tennessee, will mark the site o f additional Monsanto elemental phosphorus production, involving an investment o f more than two million dollars. Plans including electrically controlled ’a n d o p e ra te d furnace facilities are scheduled fo r comple tion in 1948. This new cap a city will result in an increase o f over 5 0 % in Monsanto phosphorus production.. Expanded research develops new Monsanto plasticizers The man-power and dollar-pow er devoted by Monsanto to research. Fungicides for Fruit Trees, Vegetables Monsanto products that show con siderable promise in the treatment of fungus diseases on fruit trees and vegetables are — 8-Quinolinol . . . Zinc 8-Quinolinolate ; ; . Copper8-Quinolinolate.. In the field o f new plasticizers have both been expanded consider ab ly during the past five years. As a result, new plasticizers now in development are fa r more versatile in their many applications — setting new standards of flexibility, volatility, burning rates, heat and light stability, permanence, electrical properties, abrasion resist ance, elasticity. For the time being these new plasticizers are not commercially avail. When Sm elling A id s Selling. able. However, field tests are being continued so that the performance. W hen sales respond to a fragrance that lingers as long as the product lasts, Monsanto becomes a favorite supplier o f synthetic aromatics.. characteristics and fields for use of these coming Monsanto prod ucts will be known by the time adequate production can be expected. M O N S A N T O CH EM ICAL C O M P A N Y , O rg a n ic Chem icals Division, 1700 South Second Street, St. Louis 4, Missouri.. Present Monsanto Plasticizers Arodors* • Dibutyl Phthalate • Diethyl Phthalate • Dimethyl Phthalate HB-40. • Ortho-Nitrobiphenyl. Santicizer B-16* Santicizer 140*. • •. •. Santicizer 8*. Santicizer E-15* Triphenyl Phosphate. * •. •. Santicizer 9*. Santicizer M-17* Tricresyl Phosphate. M onsanto syn th etics — Ethavan,* Methyl Salicylate, Monsanto U.S.P. (Synthetic), Benzyl Benzoate, and Coumarin Monsanto — possess true aroma, a re alw ays uniform, of un v a r y in g stre n gth , a n d e x h ib it a "staying11 power that preserves the individuality o f cosmetics and many industrial products. They are widely used to im part flavor, a d d intriguing odors, accent aromas, or as fixa tives. Sam ples will be furnished with out obligation..

(25) # w m # 1 AM* n s m n f ® 7 C h # in I « m Î * « n é f ft f f fc# P r s i é i s I n d w i f n e s .............I f i f H. P. I a *# i # *. Monsanto Pharmaceuticals. Santomerse No. 1* answers the need for a synthetic detergent and wetting agent in a broad range o f w idely varied uses. It functions effectively in hot or cold, alkali or acid solutions — combines in one product efficient cleaning action with excellent wetting, foam ing, emul sifying and dispersing properties.. Benzyl Benzoate Saccharin, U.S.P. Glycerophosphates , Sodium Benzoałe, U.SJ*. Sodium Phosphate, Di Methyl Salicylate, U.S.P. (Synthetic) Ferric Phosphates Chloral Hydrate, U.S.P. Caffeine, U.S.P. Phenol, U.S.P. Benzoic A cid, U.S.P. Magnesium Phosphates Salicylic Acid, U.S.P. Phenolphthalein, U.S.P. Chloramine-T, U.S.P. Phosphoric Acid Calcium Phosphate, Di Acetyl Salicylic A cid (Aspirin) Acetophenetidin, U.S.P. Potassium Ammonium Phosphate Sodium Salicylate, U.S.P. Sulfanilamide, U.S.P. Acetanilid, U.S.P. Salol (Phenyl Salicylate) Rog. U. S. Pal. Off.. Santomerse No. 1 has been applied successfully to such industrial and commercial uses as textile processing, d airy cleaning, metals cleaning, bottle washing, leather and p ap e r processing — as well as to many different types of household and institutional cleaning. For your further information, there is a new Santomerse No. 1 booklet which gives technical details and describes typ ical uses o f this ver satile, all-purpose, synthetic detergent and wetting agent. Send for your copy. Address M O N SA N TO CHEM ICAL C O M P A N Y , Phosphate. SERYING INDUSTRY . . . WHICH SERVES MANKIND. Division, 1700 South Second Street, St. Louis 4 , Missouri.. MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY, 1700 South Second Street, St. Louis 4, Missouri. . . District Cleveland, Cincinnati, Charlotte, Birmingham, Loi Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle. In Canadas Monsanto (Canada) Limited, Montreal..

(26) 26 A. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 5. Alloy is Readily Fabricated High-strength H a s t e l l o y alloy is widely used throughout the chemical industry because of its outstanding resistance to severely corrosive media. It is available in standard mill forms that can be fabricated by most usual methods. For information on properties, forms, and applications, write to any district office.. 4 i OXY-ACETYLENE WELDING a s t e l l o y a ll o y p r o c e s s in g e q u ip m en t can be readily fab ri cated by o x y -a c e ty le n e w e ld in g . Here a flange is being w elded on a H a s t e l l o y alloy ta n k o u tlet.. H. ELECTRIC ARC WELDING L a rg e e q u ip m e n t m a d e o f a s t e l l o y alloy is assem bled by m e ta llic arc, a to m ic hydro g e n , or H e l i a r c w e ld in g . Show n here is a 1,000-lb. w ater jacketed cooler in le t sleeve for h a n d lin g s u lp h u r d io x id e solu tions. H. MACHINING T he m a ch in a b ility of H a s t e l l o y alloys A, B. and G fa cilita tes th e m a n u f a c t u r e o f a w id e variety of parts su ch as th e alloy G p u m p back show n here.. H a s t e l l o y alloy D can b est be f i n is h e d by g r in d in g . T h e se sm a ll alloy D p in s are being finished to very close tolerances o n a c e n t e r le s s g r in d in g m ach in e.. ffiSTELLO' TRADE-M ARK. Haynes Stellite Company Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation. ŒH3 General Offices and W orks, Kokomo, Indiana C hicago— Cleveland — D etroit— Houston — Los A ngeles — N ew York — San Francisco— Tulsa • “ H a s t e l l o y ” a n d “ H e l ia r e ” a r e r eg is ter ed t ra d e -m a rk s of U n i t s o f U n i o n C a r b i d e a n d C a r b o n C o r p o r at io n.

(27) May 1947. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. STA N LEY The Stanley W orks—a well known name in hardw are—m anufactures fine hinges and other cabinet fittings. For m any years, these hinges have been cleaned with Pennsalt Cleaners prior to bright nickel plating. Recently, Stanley installed a power spray washer . . . which involved a change in cleaning technique, because brass and steel had to be cleaned in the same cycle. The Pennsalt tech nician offered a compound suitable to meet the exacting requirements. Result: satisfactory cleaning of fully assembled parts, both brass a n d s te e l p r io r to b r i g h t n ic k e l a n d chromium plate. '. PENNSYLVANIA. SALT. S P E C IA L C H E M IC A L S D IV IS IO N NEW YORK. -. CHICAGO. .. ST. LOUIS. .. SEND FO R COMPLETE D ETAILS ON THIS CA SE. I f you’d be interested in complete details on this case, write to our Special Chemicals Division and ask for Case Report No. 68-4. And while you’re at it, why not jo t down your current problems in cleaning, plating or enameling. We can p ut a highly trained repre sentative in touch with you in a m atter of hours . . . with no obligation.. \PEM H w. SA LT /. C H E M IC A L S 07. YEARS. OF. SliltVICE. M ANUFACTURING. TO. INMJSTRY. COMPANY. • 1 0 0 0 W ID E N E R B U IL D IN G , P H IL A D E L P H IA 7 , PA.. PITTSBURGH. .. CINCINNATI. •. WYANDOTTE. •. TACOMA. .. PORTLAND, ORE..

(28) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39, No. 5. These Wissco Belts are of galva nized steel; 30 inches wide, 4853-17 Wissco patented balanced spiral weave construction, operate by friction drive on 12 f t. centers.. Photographs courtesy o f H a n k y & Hoops, N e w Y o rk, N . Y .. These W issco Belts Carry C a n d y Through a "Turkish Bath" During operation, the doors o f this steaming ma chine are dosed and live steam removes the starch coating from molded, gum-arabic-base candies as they ride back and forth over 9 Wissco Conveyor Belts. Several features o f Wissco Belts commend their use in this steaming machine. Their open mesh allows free circulation o f steam, while the extreme flexibility o f these belts permits operation over small pulleys and insures economy o f design.. Wissco Belts are widely used in the canning and packing industry and are the accepted standard for heat treatment o f metals, glass and ceramic ware, and for the processing o f chemicals and other ma terials. Each belt is custom-engineered for the specific task it must perform, thus assuring long, depend able service. Send for illustrated catalog showing types and advantages o f numerous conveyor belt construc tions. Address our nearest sales office.. WISSCO METAL CONVEYOR BELTS ARE BEING USED IN Annealing Ovens Baking Ovens Brazing Furnaces. Chemical Processing Decorating Glass Ceramic Products. Canning Dehydrating Food Degreasing. Frozen Foods Hardening Furnaces Infra-Red Drying. WISSCO A P R O D U C T O F W ICKW IRE SP E N C E R ST EEL D IV IS IO N O F THE C O L O R A D O '1FU EL A N D IR O N C O R P O R A T IO N B*lf S o lti Office and Plant— 56 Sterling St., Clinton, M a li. • Genera/ Office— 500 Fifth A v e ., New York 18, N. Y. Se)»I Roilon, Chattanooga, Chicago, Denver, New York . Pacific Coarf—The California Wire Cloth Corp., Oakland 6, Calif..

(29) SIMPLIFIED. .. ■. I. ftlVCC DEDATIIDC ((700°) it GIVES WS1U HIGH TEM TEMPERATURE. 1. AT LOW PRESSURE (88 lbs.). I. /. '. Evaluate in terms of your present processing method what uniform temperature, high* rate of heat transfer, and close control of tem perature mean. Add to this the factors of simplified design, per mitting you to heat and cool in the same cycle; safety and simplicity in operation; and low maintenance of equipment. A Foster Wheeler Dowtherm heat ing system will give you all these advantages, and in addition im prove the quality of your product. If you are looking for greater op erating economy, find out what this modern high-temperature lowpressure method can do for you. Address FOSTER WHEELER CORPORATION 165 BRO AD W AY, NEW Y O R K 6, N. Y.. TEM PERATURE-PRESSURE CO M PARISO N Dowtherm c = i Steam m i This chart gives a direct comparison between pressure's in FW Dowtherm heating systems and those encountered in steam systems for the same working temperatures,,.

(30) Vol. 39, No. 5. Without. These fast, highly efficient crushers are designed to crush or granulate soft and moderately hard substances to fine even sizes without large amount of dust. They effectively handle materials up to and in cluding the hardness of the softer limestone or cement clinker. The fineness of product is regulated by a hand-wheel. They pro duce a dependable quality of output from one inch to a quarter inch. Capacity ranges are available from one to 30 tons per hour depending on size of machine. Open door accessibility allows entire crushing area to be exposed for quick, easy cleaning. Write for information.. STURTEVANT MILL C O M P A N Y 1 0 5 C la y to n S tre e t, B o ston 2 2 , M ass. Designers and M an u fa ctu rers of CRU SH ERS • G RIN DERS • SEPARA TO RS • C O N V E Y O R S • ELEVATORS • LA BO RATO RY EQ UIPM ENT • M E C H A N IC A L D EN S A N D E X C A V A T O R S • MIXERS.

(31) May 1947. supported catalysts grew on trees— with the perfect one yours for the picking—how simple it would be. But they don't! Almost alw ays there are hurdles to clea r—problems to sw eat out. As w e see it (and prac tice it, too) such factors as helpful technical information from our men, purity and efficiency of our carrier, sp ecial facilities at our plant — all, are vital aids to you in arriving, finally, at th e rig h t catalyst. In helping to solve preliminary problems,, our research staff often can give invaluable a id —can assist in the tough task of developing a catalyst to do y o u r s p e c if ic jo b . carrier, too, h as much to do with the efficient operation of any catalyst. Our carrier is named Porocel—a family of activated bauxites. Consider some of the advantages: HIGH A D S O R P T IV E A C T IV IT Y . Porocel accepts and holds large quantities. • of m any active catalysts. Porocel's porosity a verages 55^ of its total volume, with astonishingly large contact areas.. EV EN D IS P E R S A L C A P A C IT Y .. RU G G ED N ESS. Porocel stands up under wide ranges of temperature,. pressure and flow condition. PU R ITY A N D IN ERTNESS. Low-iron, low-silica Porocel is inert to almost. all reactions. M A N Y S T A N D A R D M ESHES. The range is from 2 /4 to 2 0 /6 0 —or special. when required. Special plants—designed and equipped to make supported catalysts— and ad equate bauxite ore sources, insure rigid control of each produc tion step as w ell a s prompt, sufficient deliveries. Finally, add to a ll this an im p o rta n t p lu s —Porocel-supported catalysts generally cost less, for there are no expensive synthetic carrier materials and costly forming methods involved. to help you exam ine our products and experience in the and problems. Attapulgus C lay Co. (Exclusive Dept. C, 2 6 0 So. Broad St., Philadelphia 1, Pa.. ACTIVATED. BAUXITES. • SUPPORTED. CATALYSTS. • CATALYST. CARRIERS. • ADSORBENTS. AND. DESICCANTS.

(32) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 39 No 5. DO YOU NEED. A BETTER REFRACTORY? • Corhart Electrocast Refractories are high-duty products which have proved considerably more effective than conventional refractories in certain severe services. If your processes contain spots where a better refractory is needed to provide a balanced unit and to reduce frequent repairs, Corhart Electrocast Refrac tories may possibly be the answer. The brief outline below gives some of the basic facts about our products. Further infor mation will be gladly sent you on request. Corhart Refractories Company, Incorporated, Sixteenth and Lee Streets, Louisville 10, Kentucky. ' •"Corhart” is a trade-mark, registered U . S. Patent Office.. PRODUCTS T h e Corhart Refractories Company manufactures Electrocast refractory products exclusively. Cor hart fclectrocast Refractories are made by m eltinc selected and controlled refractory batches in electric furnaces and casting the m olten material into m olds of any desired reasonable shape and size, . careful annealing, the castings are ready for shipment and use. Three Electrocast refractory com positions are commercially available : CORHART ST A N D A R D ELECTROCAST — a high-duty corundum -m ullite refractory, with density of approximately 183 lbs. per cu. ft. CORH A R T ZED ELECTROCAST— a high-duty 2irconia-bearing alum inous refractory, with density o f approximately 205 lbs. per cu. ft. CORHART ZAC ELECTROCAST— a high-duty zirconia-bearing refractory, w ith density o f ap proximately 220 lbs. per cu. ft.. Other Corhart products are: CORHART S T A N D A R D M ORTAR— a hightemperature, high-quality, hot-setting cement for laying up Electrocast, or any alum inous refractory. CORHART A C ID-PROOF M ORTARS — rapid cold-setting, vitrifiable mortars o f minimum porosities. CORHART ELECTROPLAST— a high-temperature, hot-setting plastic refractory, designed for ramming and made from crushed Standard Electrocast.. CORHART ELECTROCAST G RAINS— Stand ard Electrocast crushed to desired screen size for use in many commercial applications.. PROPERTIES D u e to the unique m ethod of manufacture, the Electrocast refractory line possesses a com bina tion o f characteristics found in no other type of refractory. Data on properties w ill be sent on • request. P O R O SIT Y : Apparent porosity of Corhart Elec trocast refractories is practically nil— therefore virtually n o absorption. H A R D N E S S : 8-9 on M ineralogist’s scale. THERMAL E X P A N S IO N : Less than that of conventional fire clay bodies. THERMAL C O N D U C T IV IT Y : Approximately one and one-half times that of conventional fire clay bodies. REFRA C TOR IN ESS: Many industrial furnaces continuously operated up to approximately 30000 F. are built o f Corhart Electrocast. C O R R O SIO N : Because of exceedingly low por osity and inherent chemical com positions, Cor hart Electrocast refractories are resistant to corrosive action o f slag, ashes, glasses, and most non-ferrous metals as w ell as to disinte grating effects o f m olten electrolyte salt mixtures.. APPLICATIONS M ost heat and m etallurgical processes present spots where better refractory materials are. ENDURANCE. m. w. m. c. m. m. needed, in order to provide a balanced unit and reduce the expense of repeated repairs. It is for such places of severe service that w e invite inquiries regarding Corhart Products as the fortifying agents to provide the balance desired. A partial list of applications in w hich Corhart Electrocast products have proved economical f o llo w s : GLASS T A N K S— entire installation of sidew alb and bottom s, breastwalls, ports, tuckstones, throats, forehearths, bushings, bow ls, recuper ators, etc., for lim e, lead, opal and borosilicate glasses. ELECTROLYTIC CELLS— for production magnesium and other light metals.. of. SO D IU M SILICATE FURNACES — sidewalls, bottom s, and breastwalls. PIG M E N T FRIT FURNACES— com plete tank furnaces for melting m etallic oxides and salts for pigm ent manufacture. ALKALI A N D B O R A X M ELTIN G FURNACES — fast-eroding portions. BOILERS— clinker line. RECUPERATORS— tile, headers, separators, etc. ENAMEL FRIT FURNACES— flux w alls and bottoms. BRASS FURNACES— metal contact linings. ELECTRIC FURNACES— linings for rocking type and rammed linings of Electroplast for this and other types. N O N -FER R O U S SMELTERS— com plete hearths, sidew alls, and tapping hole portions..