Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 38, No. 4

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(2) This lost Pfaudler stuffing box assembly duplicates those used for high pressure work. All combinations of chem ical conditions are simulated to ascertain most satisfac tory packings and lubricants for a given service.. T he. SER V IC E u n d e r w h ic h y o u r P fa u d le r. o r c h lo rin e in c o m b in a tio n w ith p re s s u re or. g la ss-lin e d ste e l re a c to rs o p e ra te , d e te rm in e s. v a c u u m a n d h ig h a g ita to r sp e e d s, for exam ple. th e ty p e of stuffing b o x th a t is su p p lie d fo r th e. . . . y o u n e e d P fa u d le r h i g h - d u t y stuffing boxes.. a g ita to r. T h e m o re y ou c a n tell u s a b o u t y o u r. P a c k in g , lu b ric a n t, a n d th e m e th o d of lu b ric a tin g. se rv ic e co n d itio n s, th e b e tte r w e c a n h e lp you.. th e s e b o x e s s h o u ld b e r e la te d to th e v a p o r con. P fa u d le r lo w - d u t y stuffing b o x e s a r e w o rk in g. d itio n s a b o v e th e liq u id , th e te m p e ra tu re , p re s. satisfacto rily in th o u s a n d s of re a c to rs. T his is. s u re a n d le n g th of th e re a c tio n s.. e sp e c ia lly tru e w h e re n o n -v o latile a c id s a r e. This is too b ig a su b je c t to c o v e r h e re , b u t we. p re s e n t a n d w h e re p re s s u re s d o n o t e x c e e d 10. w a n t you to k n o w th a t P fa u d le r h a s w o rk ed out. P .S .I.. p ra c tic a l so lu tio n s to s u c h p ro b le m s w h ic h we. W h e n it c o m es to th e re a lly to u g h re a c tio n s. w ill b e g la d to s e n d o n re q u e s t. U se th e co upon. . . . v o la tile a c id s . . . h ot, w et h y d ro c h lo ric a c id. AUTOMATIC LUBRICATION SYSTEMS CAN HAVE LUBRICANT CHAMBERS LOCATED COMPLETELY CLEAR OF REACTOR IF LUBRICANT IS A FREE FLOWING LIQUID. b elo w .. THREE METHODS OF AUTOMATIC— ■■QVER-BAlANCED"--LUBRICATION t»vi* IvtjfôAii I i,,p i |. Protection of lubricont from Corrosive V c p o n . Scavenging g o t f e e d protect* lubricant—-keep» piping fre e from corrosion— gives constont “o v e rb a la n c e " pressure -n lubricont. Used successfully with w ot chlorine ond a ll most difficult services.. INTERCHANGEABLE STUFFING BOX FOR AUTOMATIC EQUALIZED PRESSURE LUBRICATORS, WITH LUBRICANT COLLECTING ANNULAR TRAY. gos supply under higher. THIS DISTANCE SETS THE "OVER PRESSURETO SEAL STUFFJNG BOX FROM THE VAPOR. ,— BUBBLES SH O W RATE OF SCAVENGING GAS FEED Connect In Any Verticol. ONLY POSSIBLE LEAKAGE IS THE LUBRICANT. to Avoid High \T e m p ero tv rei.. WATER JACKET ! SHOW N. * p ,. V iry rcg f. i < ‘Vr . y ,j t \ Z . W j \ V. lubwcanT T P^D ^. FLUSH OUT CONNECTION. t--------------. ----- 1. SHUT OFF. Use this when shut down, Of for em ergency lubrication, • vtn r-. EMERGENCY PRESSURE GUN LUBRICATION. '**•“ DRAIN FOR EXCESS LUBRICANT. AUTOMATIC LUBRICATORS EXCLUDE ALL VAPORS FROM STUFFING BOX AND PACKING LEAVING ONLY CONTACT BETWEEN VAPOR AND LUBRICANT AT THIS POINT. SUPPORT '■*ONLY No connection from bubble chom ber lo lubriconl chomber.. BUBBLER REFILI. LUBRICANT CHAMBERS ARE CHEMICALLY RESISTANT ABOVE LUBRICANT P roper selection of lubricant, piping, a nd liquid for b ubble c ham ber n v il b e m a d e for chemical, pressure, a n d te m peroture condltioni involved. Scavenging g a i could be air, nitrogen, c a rb o n d ioxide or go* o f re* action of h y drogen ocetylene, e tc. ^he’vt. Three typos of fully aulomal* Ic Pfaudler stuffing box oilers, something yourengineersand maintenance men should know about. Details available on request. Use coupon below..

(3) ] INDUSTRIAL. and. EN G IN EERIN G IS S U E D. VO LUM E 38, N U M B E R 4. CH EM ISTRY •. A P R I L 16, 1946. in d u strial. •. ed ition. C O N S E C U T IV E N U M B E R. 7. ^b ep xiA Ù n e^tii. EDITOR: WALTER J. MURPHY. E d it o r ia ls ............................................................................................................. ................................................... 3 5 9. Assistant to Editor: N . A . PARKINSON. H e a d lin e s. ................................................................................ .......................................................................... 45 9. I Executive Editor: JAMES M . CROWE. I. & E . C . R e p o r t s ........................................................................................................................................... I Managing Editor: D. O . MYATT. A s W e See It.. F. J . A n tw e rp e n. *6 3. C h a rle s'O w e n B r o w n ...................................................................... *6 9. Ralph H . M u n c h ................................................................................................... *75. .H a ro ld R. M u r d o c k ........................................................................................ *81. Associate Editors. Equipm ent and Design.. Washington: ROBERT F. GOULD. Instrumentation.. A l Legg in. W aste U tilizatio n .. New York: HARRY STENERSON. *5. ................................................................................................... Plant M anagem ent.. W alte r von Pechm ann.............................. .......................................... *87. RICHARD L, DEMMERLE From the Editor's D e s k ...............................................................................................................................1 44. Chicago: RICHARD L. KENYON. * Indicates page number in the advertising section.. Assistant Editors Make-up: BERTHA REYNOLDS. *7e c lu tic a i /Ifiicci& i. Manuscript'Editing: HELEN K. NEWTON Manuscript Reviewing: STELLA ANDERSON Contributing Editors C H A R L ES O W E N B R O W N R A LPH H . M U N C H. '. H A R O L D R. M U R D O C K W A LTER V O N P E C H M A N N. Advisory Board. Averaging Liq u id L e v e l Control.. J . G . Z i e g l e r ....................... ..... ..................................36Q. Temperature-Density Relation for Gasoline-Range H y d ro c a rb o n s ............................. Jo hn G ris w o ld and Ju-N am C h e w Chromate Corrosion Inhibitors in Chloride Systems.. M arc Darrin. 364. ....................... 3 68. Reactions of A lip h a tic H ydrocarbons with S u l f u r ............................. H . E. Rasmussen, R. C . Hansford, and A . N . Sachanen Use of H yd ro tro p ic Solutions in Industry.. 376. Ralph H . M c K e e ............................3 8 2. W. L. BA D G ER '. H . R. M U RD O C K. Defecation of Refinery Sirups.. .. 385. H. E. BARNARD. C . F. PRUTTO N. W, H. DOW. A . S. R IC H A R D S O N. V a p o r-L iq u id Equilibria in Three Hydrogen-Paraffin Systems M . R. Dean and J . W . Tooke. 389. GASTON DUBO IS. W . A . SCH M ID T. N. A lq u ist .. 39 4. GUSTAVUS J . ESSELEN. R. N . S H R EV E. PER K. FRO LICH. L. V . STECK. C. F. KETTERING. C . M . A . STEIN. 0 . E. M A Y. E. C . S U L L IV A N. C. S. MINER. E: R. W EID LEIN J O H N M . W EISS. G ordon G . Halvorsen and A . R. B o llaert .. Chem ical Removal of Calcium Sulfate Scale. M ulticom ponent Tray Calculations.. Copyright 1946 by American Chemical Society 37,600 copies of this issue printed. We acknowledge with thanks the action oí H . K. Porter Company, Inc., in releasing the front cover of this issue for editorial purposes. Jiie front cover shows o liquid-fevel controller used ^ butadiene plant. It calls attention to our lead article this month on AveVaglng Liquid Level Control bV J. G. Ziegler of the Taylor Instrument Companies.. Edw ard G . Scheibel. :. ...........................397. Ethylation of Benzene in Presence of S o lid Phosphoric A c i d ................................... V . N . Ipatieff and Louis Schmerling. 40 0. Correlating V a p o r Pressure and Latent H e at Data.. Leonard S e g lin ...............4 02. Composition of Gum Turpentine of Coulter Pin e.. N . T. M i r o v ...................... 405. Correlating Equilibrium Constants. ihe American Chemical Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to Its publications. V ie w s expressed in the editorials and reports are those of the editors and do not neces sarily represent the official position of the American Chemical Society.. J . L . W asco and F.. Cotton W a x .. Donald F. Othm er and A rth u r H . Luley. .. 4 08. W . H . Tonn, J r ., and E. P. S c h o c h ................................................................4 13. Effects of M o le cu lar Structure on Physical Properties of B u tyl Rubber . . Paul J . Flo ry. 4 17. Com m ercially Dehydrated V e g e t a b le s ............................................................................................ M . F. M a lle tte, C . R. Dawson, W . L . N elso n , and W . A . G o rtn e r. 437. M o lecu lar W eight-Physical Property Corrélation for Petroleum Fractions . . . I. W . M ills , A . E. H irsch le r, and S . S . Kurtz, J r .. 442. Chemistry of W estern Pines.. A rth u r B. A n d e r s o n ................................................................4 5 0. Dissociation Pressure of Am m onium C a rb a m a te ..................................................................... E. P. Egan, J r ., J . E. Potts, J r . , and G eorgette D. Potts. 4 54. Effect of Storage on Carotene of Plant E x t r a c t s ...................................................................... A . R. Kemmerer and G . S. Fraps. 457. 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(4) 4. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 4. The NEWEST Filtering Techniques use one of nature’s OLDEST materials P la n ts w h ic h w e re aliv e fro m 2 to 5 m illio n years a g o a re th e b asis o f th e m o st m o d e rn filtra tio n p ro c e s s e s in in d u stry !. e q u ip m e n t, th is c o a tin g tr a p s o u t s u s p e n d e d im p u ritie s , a llo w s o n ly c le a r liq u id to flow th r o u g h .. T h e s e p la n ts la te r fo rm e d d e p o s its o f d ia to m a c e o u s silica , th e r a w m a te ria l fro m w h ic h C elite* is p r o d u c e d . A c u b ic in c h o f C e lite c o n ta in s o v e r 3 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 d ia to m s, g re a tly v a rie d in s h a p e a n d size. T h e y in te rla c e to fo rm a fine filter c o a tin g , w ith o p e n in g s fin er th a n th e finest filte r c lo th . T e a m e d up w ith m o d e r n filte rin g. J o h n s -M a n v ille p ro d u c e s 9 C e lite F ilte r A id s o f v a ry in g d e g re e s o f fin en ess to p r o v id e every d e sire d c o m b in a tio n o f c la rity a n d flow in th e filte r in g o f su g a rs, sy ru p s, fru it ju ic es, fats a n d oils, v ita m in s , d ru g s , lu b ric a n ts , a n d m an y JO H X S -M A W V ltU o th e r liq u id s. W r ite Jo h n s -M a n v ille , B o x 2 9 0 , N e w Y o r k 1 6 , N . Y ., f o r fu rth e r in fo rm a tio n .. *Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.. Johns-Manvi lie.

(5) INDUSTRIAL. a n ii. ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY. L WORLD I. in. C om pany’s present successful and fam iliar brom ine and m agnesium processes. The saline survey also is expected to be valuable in ’ studies of m arine life on th e shelf. U pon receiving Congressional approval, the Geological Survey expects to s ta rt its first work in th e Gulf of Mexico. T his area is p articularly suitable because of its location, th e su b stan tial w idth of th e shelf, and the inform ation already available a b o u t it. The first year is expected to be fully occupied w ith perfecting survey in stru m en ts and m ethods. In th e te n ta tiv e program , actual collection of records for th e next nine years is expected to yield a reason ably accurate over-all conception of th e resources. T he work planned includes stu d y of sam ples already collected over a period of years by th e Scripps In s titu te on the W est Coast, by the W oods Hole, M ass., O ceanographic In stitu tio n , and by the U nited States C oast and Geodetic Survey. B oth the N a v y .a n d th e Geological Survey are anxious to have N avy craft used in th e work. T hus, th e expense of th e survey, in one sense, is merely th e salaries of th e scientists involved and the costs of the special equipm ent. E xploration techniques will be largely th e sam e as those used before the war—nam ely, the m agnetom eter (used in locating m inerals with m agnetic properties), th e seismo graph (based on characteristics of shock waves from a sm all explosion), and th e gravim eter (functioning in re sponse to the density p a tte rn of the ea rth ). Although these basic m ethods are n o t new, w artim e ad ap tatio n s, particularly for use in airplanes, have increased th e speed of th e m ethods over one hundred fold and have m ade th em m uch more accurate. An electronic developm ent of the w ar also appears to have use in th e exploratory work. All of the Geological Survey’s work stops a t th e location and identification of mineral deposits. W hether or not th ey are subsequently utilized has trad itio n ally been largely up to private industry, w ith the governm ent’s investm ent being repaid through lease paym ents, deple tion royalties, or taxes. W ithout d o u b t this system will be used also in utilizing any discovered riches of th e con tin en tal shelf, unless the physical problem s th a t m ust be overcome to utilize them are beyond the resources of p ri vate interests. D .O .M .. Marine R eal E sta te . T he Geological Survey, D ep art ment of the In terio r, has proposed th a t Congress soon a p propriate th e w herew ithal for exploring w hat m ay be th e last major m ineral acquisition of th e co ntinental U nited States. W hen on Septem ber 28, 1945, P resident T rum an asserted federal .sovereignty over those portions of th e continental shelf and overlying seas th a t border th e U nited States and Alaska, he laid claim to a b o u t 900,000 square miles, com parable to th e area we obtained in th e Louisiana Purchase. N early tw o th ird s of th e shelf is in th e shallow seas adjacent to -A lask a. T he rem ainder is divided as follows-: A tlantic C oast, 155,000 square miles; Gulf of Mexico, 137,000 squ are m iles; and Pacific Coast, 26,000 square miles. T here is no question th a t th is new est acqui sition is of great economic value. In fact, rig h ts to the shelf off th e California coast already have become the prize in a heated dispute betw een federal and sta te govern ments and p riv a te oil interests. A continental shelf surrounds every m ajor land m ass of the world. I t is characterized by a terrain w ith a rela tively gentle slope th a t extends to a d ep th of approxi mately 600 feet (100 fathom s). Beyond th e edge of th e shelf, the slope of th e sea b o tto m becom es distinctly steeper. C ontinental shelves are n o t form ed prim arily by sedimentation, an d geologists are p re tty m uch a t sea to explain their occurrence b u t th in k it m ay be a plastic slum p ing of the contin en tal m ass to equalize pressures. From scanty evidence now a t hand, m ineral s tr a ta ap pear to extend beyond th e shore line and in to th e con tinental shelf w ith a c o n tin u ity sim ilar to th a t found on land. M ost of th e lim ited explorations made th u s far have been in th e G ulf of Mexico by oil com panies; and Most of our knowledge of und erw ater deposits pertain s to Petroleum, sulfur, and salt. T he Geological S urvey is closemouthed ab o u t a n y oth er m inerals believed to occur ® the ocean bed, b u t is fran k in sta tin g th a t location of additional oil deposits is a m ajor objective of th e exploration. The saline co n ten t of ocean w ater itself also will he comprehensively m easured, since it varies significantly from one location to an o th er as a resu lt of th e seasons, evaporation, and discharge of fresh w ater stream s. This ©formation m ay reveal locations favorable for other chem'cal-from-sea w ater m ethods sim ilar to Dow- Chemical / ¡ h ¿M i& ipbeiaiU te m o n tU h f cLufSit.. (Continued on page 8 ). ». cJte4tud*U, aU o w u ca l. and. moGculiiml ¿h ¿Ae chem ical pw dnd*t^ a*ul chem ical e t M u L t 4 A i > M &.

(6) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. C H E M I S T R Y __________. Vol. 38, No. 4. H e r e ’s a V a l v e Y o u C a n T r u s t in Exp o sed Locations. CHAPMAN LIST 9 6 0 T h e C hapm an List 9 6 0 Sm all G ate Valve is fitted w ith a flanged fo r g e d steel p ack in g gland, w h ic h safeguards the th read in g o n the valve yoke again st ru stin g and c o r r o sio n w h en the valves are u sed in ex p o se d lo c a tio n s. Q u ick -actin g threads o p e n and c lo s e easily — w ill n o t stick or freeze, and p lu g s can be su p erhardened for extra severe services. C hapm an List 9 6 0 V alves in sizes from ^ to2" — carb on steel fo r p ressu res to 8 0 0 pounds at 7 5 0 ° F. For h ig h er pressures, specify L ist 9 9 0 .. PATEN T. NO.. The Chapman Valve Mfg. Company ORCHARD,. MASS..

(7) L IN K -B E L T. ‘B u lk - T b. is "TOPS" for M aterial-Handling Efficiency in Modern Food and Chemical Plants. Loop ty p e B u lk -F lo re c e iv in g sa lt moved from dryer by screw conveyor.. Top (discharge) end of Bulk-Flo unit. M aterial is discharged through chute onto a vibrating screen.. Loading end of L-path Bulk-Flo receiving m a terial discharged from drum type dryer.. --------------- y. H orizontal B u lk -F lo running across roof, car rying m aterial from a bucket e le v a to r in to two se p a ra te sto rag e ■'hoppers.. Discharge end of Bulk-Flo, which dis charges into storage hopper, which in turn discharges into dryer.. T„„ p h o to g rap h s on th is page show how L in k -B elt B ulk-F lo is being em p lo y ed to m ove free-flow ing b ulk m a teria ls from one processing o p era tio n to an o th er, an d from one floor to an o th er, in a g reat m id w estern p la n t m an u factu rin g food grade inorganic salts. T h is in stalla tio n is ty p ical of B u lk -F lo ’s flexibility an d a d a p ta b ility to a v ast ran g e of m aterial-h an d lin g p ro b lem s — w h eth e r large o r-sm all, sim ple or co m p licated — in th e chem ical an d food industries. B ulk-F lo pro v id es a safe, efficient, low -cost m e th o d of m oving p ractically an y flow able g ranular, crushed, ground or p u lv erized m a teria l of n onabrasive, n oncorrosive nature. It conveys m ateria l in co m p artm en ts, h o rizo n tally , v ertically , on an y slant, aro u n d corners — w h erev e r it is necessary to m ove them , ev en across th e roof (se e p h o to a t b o tto m le ft) if desired! B u lk -F lo ’s g en tle h an d lin g k eep s d eg rad atio n , b reak ag e a n d d u stin g a t a m inim um . Ask a L in k -B elt M a teria ls H an d lin g E n g in eer for sug gestions on B ulk-F lo a n d /o r o th e r ty p e s of han d lin g eq u ip m en t for y o u r p lan t. M eanw hile, sen d for catalog No. 2075 today.. LIN K -B ELT. A Few Bulk-Flo Features I- Suitable fo r w id e ra n g e of c a p a c ities. 2. Slow-speed o p e ra tio n ; u s u a lly 3 0 to 60 fe e t p er m inute. A utom atic lo a d in g (w ith o u t fe e d e rs ) a t o n e or several p o in ts. A utom atic d is c h a rg e a t o n e o r m o re p o in ts on h o riz o n ta l ru n s. O perates w ith p a r tia l o r fu ll load. 0- D ust-tight casin g ; n o a n n o y in g u p d ra ft.. COM PANY. C hicago 8, In d ia n a p o lis 6, P h ila d e lp h ia 4 0 , A tla n ta , D a lla s 1, M inneapolis 5, S an F rancisco 24, Los A ngeles 3 3 , S e a ttle 4 , T o ro n to 8. Offices in P rin c ip a l C ities. 'O'235.

(8) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. M a y b e our imagination is flying a little high, But to get out of the sky and come down to earth, it's a fact that the "RedReading-Mercury" column on a Palmer Thermometer makes it possible to read tem peratures more clearly, easily, at a far greater distance — even through smoke and steam! This clear, sharp "readability" . . . plus pre cision manufacture, and longer life . . . make Palmer Thermometers the choice of engineers the world over. In your plant, too, dependable, easier reading Palmer Thermometers will b e s t meet every requirement. Write For Catalog. P A LM E R SUPERIOR RECORDING and D IAL TH ERM O M ETERS R e c o r d i n g Thermometer. Mercury Actuated. 12 in. d i e - c a s t aluminum case. Flexible arm oured tubing and bulb of stainless-steel. All ranges up to 1000F or 550C.. Dial Thermometer. Mercury Actuated. 8 in. case. Flexible armoured tubing and bulb of stainless-steel. All ranges up to 1000F or 550C.. THE PALMER CO. O' . -. M FRS- INDUSTRIAL, LABORATORY. RECORDING S DIAL THERMOMETERS. 2512 NORWOOD ÄVE.. CINCINNATI/NORWOOD. O. CANADIAN BRANCH: KING AND GEORGE STS.. TORONTO. “Lost W ax” W anes, W axes. Perhaps only a schizo phrenic would a t first glance associate a m odern jet-pro pelled P-80, winging its way across our continent in four hours, w ith th e fam iliar A m erican d e n tist’s office. But if th is be m adness, le t us have m ore of it: For, by fairing the d e n tist's m ethod of m aking well-fitted inlays for teeth, the H aynes Stellite C om pany was able to produce on a mass scale th e m uch-needed cast buckets for aircraft superchargers. T his “lost wax process” or the “precision casting process” , as it is called by H aynes Stellite, makes possible the casting of alloys which have been considered difficult to forge or m achine, to tolerances of —0.003 to —0.005. In addition to nickel-base H astelloy and cobalt base Stellite, two tough abrasion- and corrosion-resisting products, it is now possible to precision cast Types 316, 310, 347, and 410 stainless steels. T he finished product re quires only a few grinding operations and usually no m achining operations before it can be used. To date the largest precision casting made, by this process on .a mass scale is a coupling for a P r a tt and W hitney engine, fabri cated of ty p e 347 stainless steel and weighing Approxi m ately l 1/ 3 pounds. H ow ever, this figure is n o t the maxi m um w eight th a t can be produced. A lready parts weigh ing up to 5 pounds have been cast on an individual basis, and as far as m inim um lim its are concerned, suffice it to say th a t item s weighing only 0.002 pound have been suc cessfully cast. E ssentially the precision of the whole process is based on th e fa c t th a t, for each piece produced, a wax pattern is necessary. These p a tte rn s are m ade by injecting a suit able wax into a soft m etal die which, in turn-, had been cast from the m aster p a tte rn deliberately oversized to allow for wax and m etal shrinkage. A m ultipattern as sem bly is th en m ade by welding several of these patterns to a series of risers and gates also m ade of wax. When th e mold is form ed, these become the channels through which th e m olten m etal flows during th e casting operation. T his assem bly is dipped into a suspension of finely divided silica and dehum idified, w ith the resu lta n t formation of a tight-fitting film which becomes the sm ooth in n er surface of th e mold during the firing. A sim ple Hastelloy con tain er is th e n b u ilt around this assem bly, and chemically hardening in vestm ent m a te ria l'o f a siliceous nature is poured in to form the actu al mold. T he wax is then “lost" or burned o u t of these molds by passing them through a continuous furnace heated from 1300° to 1900° F. The actu al casting is done by clam ping the mold upside down over the pouring sp o u t of a sm all, indirect arc heated furnace which contains the charge m etal. T he furnace is th en inverted and air pressure is applied, forcing the m etal into th e mold quickly and com pactly. After cool ing, th e risers and gates are cut aw ay from the castings which are th e n shot-blasted prior to th e grinding operations wherein th e gate areas are sm oothed. Sandblasting then finishes th e castings, and th ey are ready for final examina tion. A fter dimension checking, th e y are subjected to Zyglo fluorescent te sts to reveal surface imperfections and x-raying to uncover internal faults. (Continued on page tO).

(9) "P ro o f of the pudding . . T?or your m oney’s worth in gas -*• processes, deal with the organi zation that offers tangible evi dence of wide, practical experi ence in the field. This Girtxptol plant is one of many engineered and constructed by Girdler since originating the G i r b o t o l P r o c e s s for the effec tive, economical removal of h y . drogen sulphide from natural gas. And the G i r b o t o l P r o c e s s is one of m any gas processes which Girdler designs and builds—proc esses for gas manufacture, purifi cation, separation, and dehydra tion—processes involving hydro gen sulphide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, inert and con trolled atmospheres, natural gas,. refinery gases, liquid hydrocar bons, hydrogen, nitrogen. F o r f u rth e r proof, a n d for d ire c t ev i dence o f w h a t th is w ealth of experience m eans to you, w rite to d a y giving an o u tlin e of y o u r specific p ro b lem in gas processing. G et G irdler en g in eers— specialists in gas p rocessing—on th e jo b a n d b e sure you are g e ttin g m en b e st qualified for th e work.. th e G IR D LER C O R P O R A T IO N WE. DON'T. GUESS. ABOUT. GAS. Gas Processes Division, Dept. IE-4, Louisville I, Ky. N e w Y ork O ffice. . . 150 Broadw ay, N e w Y ork 7, N . Y ..

(10) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. <-* / / /echn& U Kft. ST A IN L E SS STEEL A lthough the “ lost wax” process had been known for years, it was n o t u n til th e w artim e dem and for super charger buckets arose th a t th e mass production possi bilities were investigated. Over 25,000,000 pieces of this item alone have been m ade in addition to hundreds of thousands of other types of industrial and m ilitary parts. Precision casting has opened m any new avenues to the design engineer. Now it is possible for him to plan shapes and contours, never before considered practical, from the desirable abrasion- and corrosion-resistant alloys. “ Lost w ax” has found itself. R.L.D. B ad N ew s for B u g s. In th e food industry, sterilization of equipm ent is a highly essential function. A recent developm ent is th e introduction of q u a tern ary ammonium com pounds as cationic germicides, and experim ental work indicates th a t an im p o rta n t job is m arked out for those in th e processing and canning of foodstuffs. Thus far this in d u stry has k ep t its m anufacturing equipm ent free of bacteria w ith th e use of steam , h o t w ater, and chlorine, but there is now a possibility that, industrial sterilization is entering a new phase. A t th e New Y ork S ta te A gricultural Experim ent Sta tion chem ists and bacteriologists are investigating quater nary am m onium com pounds for sterilization in the food in d u stry since th ey are odorless, th e y en ter readily into solu tion, and th eir use does n o t involve corrosive action. On th e other hand, th ey v ary considerably in specific action according to ty p es; y et th e least efficient in the group pro vided a bacterial kill of 90 to 95% . This made it neces sary for th e experim enters to reso rt to a wide description of te s t cultures, including Escherichia coli (a heat-resistant strain ), Aerobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus cremoria (a cheese sta rte r organism ), Bacillus subtilis M-23 (a mesophilic flat sour organism isolated fro m beets), an d others. W hen the num ber of q u a te rn a ry am m onium germicides used in th e te st is considered, th e m agnitude of the task can be appreciated. A t a recent m eeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, a dozen of these germicides were described, and th e results of the tests outlined. They are n o t easily com m itted to m em ory. T he compound m arketed under th e trad e nam e “ Nopeo QCL” is lauryldim ethyibenzylam m onium chloride. H yam m e 1G22 is diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyldim ethylbenzylam nionium chloride, CTAB is cetyltrim ethylam m onium bromide, and an o th er called “ O nyxide" or “ Q uartol” is oleydimethylethylam m onium brom ide. Sim ilar to th e la tte r chemically are B T C and T etrosan. T he sta te ag ricultural chem ists rep o rt th a t Aerobacter aerogenes was more sensitive to cationic germicides than Escherichia coli, a capsulated slim y strain found in paper mills. If the form er was used as th e te s t organism, com plete killing was noted in m uch lower 'concentrations of the germ icide th a n when Escherichia coli was employed in th e sta n d a rd te st. T he cationic germ icide Isothan Q 15 com pletely killed both Escherichia coli and Aerobacter aerogenes in a b o u t the sam e concentration, 1 to 8000, after some 10 m inutes of exposure. (Continued on page w. . . . i s ONLY AS GOOD AS ITS FA B R IC A T O R From the minute you decide on a made-toorder stainless steel vessel, you're in the hands o f a fabricator. In fact the selection o f your fabricator is gen erally one of your big problems. It's more than a question of following blueprints. Stainless steel is a difficult alloy to work. It "acts up" during fabrication. In cutting, forming, welding and even in finish ing, your fab ricator must know how to guard the corrosion resistance and strength of the alloy. His plant must be specially equipped for working with stainless steel.The longer his experience, the more help he'll give you in building vessels that m eetyour requirements.. We work exclusively with stainless steel and alloys. Our plant is specially tooled to fabricate this metal. Our engineers and mechanics are particularly trained for the work. W hy not consult us when you plan>your next stainless steel vessel? S. BUCK MAN, INC., 1204 GREGORY AVE., WEEHAWKEN, N .I.. in.

(11) Continuous, closed method revolutionizes another processing job AT C ontinental O il C o m p a n y ’s P o n ca ■ii City p la n t, th e se four spic an d span V o t a t o r * u n its process m ore th a n “10,000 pounds of paraffin w ax p e r eighthour day—dou ble th e volum e form erly achieved w ith ro ll-ty p e e q u ip m e n t occu pying ab o u t th e sam e floor space. This a c c o m p lis h m e n t is e s p e c ia lly significant because of th e n arro w te m perature ran g e betw een liquid a n d cry s tallized p a ra ffin . L iq u id e n te r s th e Votator a t 138° F a n d in 41 seconds wax is discharged in to b arrels a t th e critical te m p e ra tu re of 116° F . P recise control assures uniform cry stallizatio n and prevents m o to r overload th a t w ould result from p re m a tu re solidification.. W ith th e ir a u to m a tic o p eratio n , th e sim plify w ax p ro d u ctio n a n d p ackaging, a n d do th e jo b w ith h a lf th e m anpow er form erly used. O ne m an serves tw o V o t a t o r un its. C apable of extrem ely effective h ea t tran sfe r, [T he overall coefficient w ith wax, for exam ple, is 535 B tu /(h r ) (ft2) (°F)] continuous, closed V o t a t o r eq u ip m e n t is achieving o u tsta n d in g success in th e processing of lard , ph o to g rap h ic em ulsions, m argarin e, sh av in g cream , p rin tin g ink, textile p rin tin g gum s, fru it puree, polishes, as well as wax. I f your processing problem falls in to one of th ese categories, p lan s are read y for a p la n t-te ste d V o t a t o r in stallatio n cer V otators. ta in to p u t p ro d u ctio n on a m o re p ro fit able basis. T h e G ird le r C o r p o r a tio n , V o ta to r D ivision, D e p t. IE -4 , L ouisville 1, K en tu c k y ; 150 B ro ad w ay , N ew Y ork 7, N . Y.; 617 Jo h n sto n B u ild in g , C h a r lo tte 2, N o rth C aro lin a..

(12) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today R a th er thorough te sts were carried o u t in order to deter mine th e effects of various q u a tern ary am m onium chemicals upon m etals. Some of those em ployed were nickel, M onel, tin, alum inum alloy, red brass, 30% cupronickel! phosphorus-deoxidized copper, tin n ed copper, and stain less steel. All are em ployed to some extent in food proc essing industries. P ractically no corrosive effects were shown by test m etal strips placed in co n tact w ith H yam ine 1622 or T etrosan for 21 days. T here were some m inor exceptions. In the instance of hot-dipped tin some rusting was noted a t th e edges of the strips, where breaks and abrasions oc cur in the tin coating. Sm all p itte d spots also appeared on tinned copper after 21-day exposure to the germicides and to th e effects of w ater control. H ere again breaks in th e protective tin coating a p p a ren tly were responsible. The highly selective character of th e cationic germicides has already been m entioned. G. J . H ucker of the experi m ent sta tio n finds th a t th e y are highly specific against spore form ers as well as ag ainst th e organisms normally encountered in food processing and other industries. H.S.. N O . 11 F O R P A C K IN G 5 T 0 15 LB S .. N O . 21 F O R P A C K IN G 25 T O 7 5 LBS.. N O . 41 F O R P A C K IN G 1 0 0 T O 7 5 0 LBS.. U ' le S lA . ri& p & U. £ i< f,. P la stic Sandw iches. T he idea of incorporating other m aterials with plastics to increase th eir strength and make them more adaptable for wider uses is n o t new. Only a few m onths a fte r the first phenol-form aldehyde resin was produced by Leo B aekeland in 1909, a phenolic laminate was m ade. H ow ever, prior to 1940 "plastic sandwiches" of resin and paper or other reinforcing materials were m ade under pressures of 1000—2500 pounds per square inch. T his necessitated heavy, well engineered, and con sequently expensive equipm ent for the lam ination mold ing operations. These high working pressures also had the effect of lim iting th e area of the molded product that could be produced. Low-pressure molding and lam ination practice has been directly dependent upon the development of resins that pos sessed a high degree of flow and were curable a t low pressures b u t still m aintained good mechanical and electrical qualities. A t present two kinds of therm osetting resins are used in lowpressure molding, phenol-formaldehyde and ester type3. The bulk or density of this filler determines to some extent the lowest pressure th a t can be used; this, in turn, often governs the type and q u antity of resin. I t has been found th a t high-density papers and tight-woven fabrics mold at lower pressures than do the waterleaf type papers and loosely woven fabrics. W hen materials such as fabrics or papers are being treated for lamination, the resin is usually applied by immersing the m aterial in a bath or' by passing it through squeeze rolls. After impregnation, the sheet is passed through a heating tunnel where the volatile solvents are removed at a prescribed critical tem perature for th a t particular resin. One of the means to apply the necessary molding pressure to the resin-treated m aterial is the toggle-operated hot press. The mold consists of a fixed m etal part, heated by steam or strip heaters, and an opposing section consisting of an in flatable rubber bag incorporated (Continued on page U). S a o i+ U fA , w i t h. VIBROX PACKERS Containers ranging from as little as 5 pounds to as big iS \ /iD D A v n i ° an b e .Pa,ciced q u ickly and efficiently with Its smooth, fast, continuous, vibrating-rocking motion packs down and settles materials so effectively that smaller sized containers can usually be used. V ib ro x Packers offer big savings in labor, containers, shipping space, and shipping costs for packing d ry , powdered, granular, and certain flaked materials. Send us a sample of your product W e ’ll gladly V IB R O X - te s t it and report results with facts and figures. a V id K U a .. B .F .G u m p C o . Engineers and Manufacturers Since 1 8 7 2 415 S O U T H C L I N T O N S T R E E T , C H I C A G O 7, I L L I N O I S. 12.

(13) Devine Vacuum C ham b er Dryers a re designed. are designed for easy access and quick placing. to dry pharm aceuticals, chemicals, foods, and. and removal of shelves. Heated pans and con. other m aterials with the utmost rapid ity con. nections are so designed and installed as to. sistent with satisfactory results.. Devine “ Better-. withstand indefinitely the strains of expansion. Built” construction provides positive control over. and contraction. Devine Dryers— Drum, Rotary,. heat within. and. vacuum,. assuring. predeterm ined. limits.. uniform. drying. Full-width doors. and Shelf typ es— are m ade in a w ide ran g e of sizes. Descriptive bulletin sent on request.. PORTER. \ 'StUtrSui/t'y/' Equipment. E « u fc]i« h » d 1 8 6 3. ,. H. K. PORTER COMPANY, Inc.

(14) £his dilution basin, made o f Permanite,. is to be used for handling waste liquids containing hydrofluoric acid -which could not be han dled by acid-proof stoneware.. I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. ip s iB a a a s f a 'iP new c o r r o s io n - p r o o f m ateria!, offers many advantages C H E M IC A L L Y , P e r m a n i t e r e s is ts a ll alkalies, w e a k o r stro n g . I t resists c h lo rin e , h y d ro c h lo ric acid, h y d ro flu o ric acid, p h o s p h o ric acid, acetic acid ' an d u p to 50% s u lp h u ric acid. P e rm a n ite resists solvents such as g aso lin e, alcohols, k eto n es, p h e n o l an d g ly cerin e. P H Y S IC A L L Y , P e rm a n ite is to u g h , h a rd and n o n -ab so rb en t. I t resists th e rm a l shock an d te m p e ra tu re s u p to 360° F. P e rm a n ite m a y b e b o n d e d s t r o n g l y to m a n y o t h e r m aterials. I t can b e cu t, saw ed, d rille d and m ach in ed . F A B R IC A T E D FO R M S. L am in ates o f P e r m a n i t e a n d w o v e n g la s s f a b r ic h a v e e x c ep tio n a l to u g h n ess an d stre n g th . Som e types o f P e rm a n ite e q u ip m e n t p u t in service d u r in g th e p a s t tw o years are: S pecial tan k s, trays, sinks, filte r press p lates, to w e r covers, liq u id d is trib u to rs, g rid s, fu m e w ashers and flanges fo r nozzle an d p ip e co nnections. P E R M A N IT E C E M E N T used w ith th e p ro p e r b ric k p ro v id es a clean, d u ra b le , n o n slip floor re sista n t to fats, oils, a lk a li cleaners, steam an d m o st acids.. MAURICE 304. Kelly. Ave.,. A.. KNIGHT. A KR O N. 9,. O H IO. in the press head. The pressure, which may vary from 50 to 250 pounds per square inch, is applied on the material by bleeding w ater into the rubber bag through the press head. The hydraulic press is valuable in the production of flat sheet lam inates by low molding pressures which produce less strain and distortion in the filler m aterial and, hence, tougher finished sheets which are less suceptibie to warpage. The ability to mold large sheets of. lam inate by this method has made possible'the use of decorative panels for construction work. A recent survey by Architectural Forum indicates that this tnarket will probably reach 8750,000,000 a year. These m aterials will soon be marketed under such names as Weldwood, Duramold, Lap-Ply, M etal-Ply, etc.; in addition to offering service as flat laminates, they can be contour-molded into rounded shapes. The latter property has been utilized in the fabrication of four molded boats, shown a t the exhibit of the Society of Plastics Industry in Chicago. The largest, a continuous skin hull in one solid piece, was 17 feet long and moistureproof, wormproof, leakproof, and rotproof. These resistant qualities will make low-pressure reinforced plastics excellent substitutes for metals where climatic conditions are severe. I t is not probable th a t high-pressure laminating will be replaced by low-pressure molding, b u t it is expected that the latter process, born from the urgency of war, will greatly extend the use of reinforced plastics in our daily life. ■ R. L. D. S h a rp sh o o tin g w ith D D T . TVA’s success in controlling m alaria in the Tennessee Valley lias been so resounding that discoveries of malaria-positive blood smears have become events in recent annual surveys- averaging hardly more than one per thousand among those most likely to have malaria. The principal control methods used by TVA have been a combination of lake level fluctuation and airplane dusting of large shallow-water areas with larvicide (usually Paris green). In addition, shore-line wee^ls th a t favor mosquito growth are controlled by mowing or cattle grazing, and the shore-line contour is shaped to eliminate pockets of stagnant water. W hen D D T was added to our list of chemical “miracle” workers, its possible use for m alaria control was not over looked. A t the suggestion of the Orlando (Fla.) Laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and P lant Quarantine, TVA conducted preliminary airplane dusting tests in 1943 and much more extensive tests in 1944 and 1945, with the assistance of the former group and others from universities and the Government. Results were highly successful. DDT, dissolved in a therm al aerosol th a t was evaporated by the heat of the engine exhaust, was effectively distributed as a visible cloud by the propeller blast. Application of 0.12 pound of D D T per acre was more effective in killing mos quito larvae th an the standard Paris green treatment of 1 pound per acre, and estim ated comparative costs were 35 cents per acre for D D T compared to 85~for Paris green. Two bays were isolated from a TVA lake and given this standard D D T treatm ent. Exam ination of the fish at the end of the season showed th a t no harm had been done. The damage to insect life was confined to mosquitoes. D.O.M. (Continued on page 18).

(15) INDUSTRIAL. April, 1946. F. AND. ENGINEERING. 15. CHEMISTRY. urfural ,. the cheapest pure aldehyde available today, does duty for the chemist on tw o counts—its physical properties and its chemical properties.. PHYSICALLY... Because o f its selective so lv en t p ro p erties, its p re fe r ential so lu b ility f o r u n sa tu ra te d co m p o u n d s, F u rfu ra l is widely used to refin e o rg a n ic cru d es w ith c o m p o nents o f v a ry in g deg rees o f u n satu ratio n . In th e refin ing of lu b ric atin g oil, in th e sep aratio n an d p u rificatio n of butadiene, in th e m a n u fa c tu re o f pale rosins fro m crude dark c o lo re d rosin, in th e sep aratio n o f fractio n s of high-iodine n u m b e r fro m anim al an d v egetable glyceride oils, F u rfu ra l is especially effective and economical. Other uses f o r F u rfu ra l, c o n tin u a lly gaining in im portance,' a re as a d isp ersan t in resin o id -b o n d e d ab ra sive wheels, dyes, lacquers, and varnish rem overs.. CHEMICALLY... Its versatility as an a ld e h y d e in cond en satio n , oxida tion and re d u c tio n m akes it a u seful ra w m aterial in. org an ic syntheses.. PHYSICO-CHEMI CALLY. . . In th e m an u fa ctu re o f phenolic resins, F u rfu ra l is b ein g used because o f its high boiling p o int, its h ig h m o lec u lar w e ig h t, and th e unique pro p erties o f its h e te ro c y clic rin g stru c tu re . V aluable in this co n n e c tio n to o are its solvent properties. A b ility to dissolve phenolic bodies and resinous condensation p ro d u c ts m akes it possible to m aintain substantially h o m o geneous m ix tu res th ro u g h o u t th e reactio n process.. g f i u b f a u U SUPPLY IS P L E N T I F U L . . . T h e su p p ly o f F u rfu ra l is'a m p le to m eet all p rese n t and an ticipated needs and a p ro g ra m to keep p ro d u c tio n facilities ahead o f increasing dem ands is alre ad y in operation.. LI TERATURE A V A I L A B L E ON PROPERTIES T hree Bulletins in a series on die ■-----Furans being published by die Quaker Oats Co. Chemicals Dept, are now available to those interested. T hey are: Bulletin 201—General Information About. Furfural. Bulletin 202-Introduction to the Chemistry of the Furavs.Bulletin 203—Physical Data on Furfural. A ny one of these or all will be sent free of charge .when re quested on your letterhead. Samples will be gladly fur nished to those who would like to w ork with Furfural and the Quaker Oats Techni cal Staff is ready to help in the application of Furfural to your problems.. OF Q U A K E R. FURFURAL. ( F u r f u r a l d e h y d e / C 4 H 3 O -C H O ) A m b e r - c o l o r e d liq u id o f h i g h l i a b i l i t y a n d u n u s u a l p u r i f y. M olecular W e ig h t..........................9 6 .0 8 F reezing Point, ° C ............ .. —37 Boiling R a n g e ( 9 9 % ] ° C .. 1 5 7 to 1 6 7. leum. S pecific G ra v ity (2 0 /2 0 ° C ). . . . 1.161. Furfural, minimum % ....................... * 9 9 .5 W a t e r , m axim um % .............................0 .2 O r g a n ic A cidity, M axim um. Flash Point (o p e n cu p )°C ................... 5 6 R efractiv e Index (2 0 /D )........... 1 .5 2 6 1 S urfaceT ension a t 2 0 ° C (dynes/cm ) 4 9 Viscosity a t 3 8 °C (c entipoises). .1 .3 5 S o lu b ilit y : C o m p le te ly m iscible with. ethyl alcohol, e th e r, a c e to n e , b en z o l, butyl a c e t a t e , china w o o d oil a n d m ost o rg a n ic solvents e x c e p t p e tro . h y d ro c a rb o n s. a n d g ly c e ro l;. 8 .1 3 % b y w t. in w a te r a t 2 0 ° C . A n a ly s is :. e q u i v / 1 ............................................ 0 .0 2 3 Ash, m axim um .........................0 .0 0 6 M in era l A c id ity .................................. N o n e S u lf a te s .......................................... .... .N o n e K e to n e s............. .................................... N o n e *As d e te rm in e d b y A .O .A .C . m eth o d .. S t a n d a r d C o n t a i n e r s : 9 , 4 5 , 9 0 , a n d 5 2 0 lb . Drums. { C arlo a d o f Drums 8 0 to 8 8 . . 4 1 , 6 0 0 to 4 5 ,7 6 0 lb s. Tank c a r 8 ,0 0 0 g o l..........................................7 8 ,0 0 0 lbs. Tank c a r 1 0 ,0 0 0 g a l....................................... 9 8 ,0 0 0 lbs. fO D T re q u ire s m axim um lo a d in g D rum s n o n - r e t u r n a b le. The Quaker Qate (pmpaiY 1910 BOARD OF TRADE BtDG. 141 W. JACKSON BLVD., CHICAGO 4, ILLINOIS. FURFURAL. .. FU R FU R YL A LC O H O L. FU R O IC A C ID. •. TETR A H YD R O FU R FU R YL A LC O H O L.

(16) 16. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No, i. Birmingham Continuous Clay “Reactivating” Filter in contacting plant at Wellsville Refinery of Sinclair Refining Company.. repeatedly to high efficiency with simple solvents, a sim ilar—“ reactivating” —filter is used in series with the ‘deoiling” filter to recover and naphtha wash the solvent reactivated clay. This BIRM INGHAM filter type provides a high w ashing efficiency, is regularly fitted with the (patented) D RICA K E discharge and com partm ent flushing device fo r separation of filtrate and wash. T his filter is available in standard sizes from 50 to 500 square feet of filter area. ^Manufactured by The Magnesol Corporation.. BIRMINGHAM MANUFACTURING CO., II BIRMINGHAM ALABAMA 350 MADISON AVE NEW YORK CHI CAGO. SAN F R A N C I S C O. NEW O R L E A N S. S E ATT.

(17) / t œ. t &. t e. t s t ÿ. Research Chemicals ALKANE SULFONIC ACIDS ♦ o. R-S-OH *ö A new Series — Interesting in both the Organic and inorganic Fields A v a ila b le only in research quantities — potentially a v a ila b le com m ercially.. THE ALKANE SULFONIC ACIDS A re strong, stable acid s, non-reactive with paraffinic and arom atic hydrocarbons. A re effective but milder catalysts than sulfuric acid in typical reactions. Form m any interesting organic derivatives. Form metal salts ch aracterized by high w ater solubility, including those of lead and. barium.. Í CAL P R O P E R T I E S. Available in Vi an d 1 pound p ackag es, prices on request. M ethane and ethane sulfonic acids are in limited supply mixed acids a v a ila b le in larger quantities. F o r f u r t h e r in fo r m a t io n s e n d f o r B u lle t in N o . TI a n d f o r p r ic e l i s t . a v a il a b l e. c o m m e r c ia l l y. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons High Boiling Arom atics Petroleum Sulfonates Rubber Plasticizers Polybutenes. STANDARD. OIL. CHEMICAL 910. S O. M I C H I G A N. COMPANY. PRODUCTS AVENUE,. (IN D IA N A ). DEPARTMENT CHICAGO. 80 , I L L I N O I S.

(18) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. .... No. 631. W ar B aby’s Epitaph. If old-fashioned, lengthy epitaphs were still in style, an impressive one could be inscribed for a war baby th a t barely lived to be four and a half years old. I t was born December 9, 1940, when the first Engineering Defense Training (ED T) courses got underway to help relieve the shortage of engineers in specialized fields essential to national defense. L ater the program was broadened to in clude courses for chemists, physicists, and production super visors. On June 30, 1945 (end of the governmental fiscal year), the European war was over, the Japanese military machine was ready to crumble, and ESM W T (ET plus science, management, and war) breathed its last on the date usually provided for demise of federal agencies th a t are mortal. In the period intervening, a total federal expenditure of S59,967,040 had been made, and separate enrollments aggregating 1,795,716 were recorded. The principal burden was carried by the colleges and universities'that did the on-the-spot job of administering the courses. A small central staff in the United States Office of Education coordinated the policy j through its control of the purse strings. Teachers were drawn from school staffs and from industrial organizations. ’ Enrollm ent in courses classed as chemistry and chemical engineering totaled 39,000 and 52,000, respectively. Numer ous additional workers in the chemical field undoubtedly participated in other courses with such general names as basic science for engineers (100,000), general engineering (208,000), industrial engineering (185,000), and production supervision (387,000). A high-school. education or it's equivalent was a minimum prerequisite for any course, b u t many specialized subjects were for college graduates. T otal enrollments ranged from 151,000 a t the U niversity of California and 142,000 at Penn State, to 11 a t Fisk, a negro college in Tennessee, and 24 in the E a st Texas S tate Teachers College. Courses were given in every state and in Alaska, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. Women comprised nearly one sixth of the total enrollments. As the inroads of Selective Service on the originally limited number of technically trained persons became deeper, indus: trial organizations were forced to make drastic readjustments. Jobs previously performed by, professional employees were broken a p a rt and carried on by technicians with narrower qualifications of experience and ability. ESMWT supplied the only specialized training received by' many of these tech- | nicians before they took such jobs. . M any others were up graded into more responsible technical work after additional training in the courses. The ESM W T program has been in its grave nearly a year, but some of the by-products of its operation remain as per m anent benefits in the N ation’s educational structure. Many schools first undertook extension services under the ESMWT program, and m any others greatly expanded existing services. A substantial number continued the services when the ESM W T program ended. The United States Office of Education-plans a clearing house of information for and about the engineering schools th a t were the core of the program. Should this venture bear good fruit, similar efforts for other types of schools may follow. The American people will receive dividends from this sixty-million-dollar investm ent for years to come. D.O.i j. c h ie f re a s o n w h y th e 1 T h r e e - W a y V a lv e s. h av e m e t w id e s p r e a d a p p ro v a l a n d a c c e p tan c e . D e s ig n e d f o r m ix in g a n d q u ic k in te rc h a n g e serv ice, th e s e valves a re a d a p te d to p re s s u re s fro m 15 to 9 0 0 p s i a n d f o r e le v a te d o r su b -zero te m p e ra tu re s . I n m a n u a l o p e r a tio n , fo u r to six re v o lu tio n s o f th e h a n d w h e e l fully o p e n o r clo se th e valve vane. A d ju s ta b le lin k a g e is u su a lly p r o v id e d s o th a t th e m ix tu re c a n b e c h a n g e d a t w ill. W ith a p r e s s u r e d r o p a c ro s s th e valve, th e v an e te n d s to c lo s e itse lf. T h e to r q u e o n th e c lo se d r ig h t- h a n d v a n e (see illu s tr a tio n s ) is o p p o s ite to th a t o n th e o p e n le ft-h a n d v an e so th a t th e to r q u e is e q u a liz e d a n d n o e x cessiv e lo a d is p la c e d o n th e p r im e m over, w h e th e r th e o p e ra tio n is m a n u a l o r a u to m a tic . A v a ila b le in siz e s fro m fo u r to six ty in c h e s. W rite f o r d e ta ils a n d C a ta lo g N o . 14-B. VALVE D IV IS IO N. R-S PRODUCTS CORPORATION G erm antow n A ve. & B erkley St.. •. P h ila. 4 4 . Pa.. i.

(19) | ,i I [. 1. .liiji 7/-1! >1! 'i j l j m P P f ■ ii i III-........... ' '. i. B. E le c tric m o to r, ri a n g le w o rm g e a r d u c tio n a n d e le c. \rr^ 5 r \. -v-i. T h e r ‘g fat h o rs e p o w e r. th e rig h t s h a f t s p e e d f H 1 ■ a n d rig h t w h e re y o u |® w o n t to u s e it. y j - j. M otor, e le c tric b r n d d o u b le re d u c e a r , a ll m o n e u.

(20) Vol. 38, No. 4. H /. ere is th e m ain crankshaft of a Gardner-Denver. Class Cia “ H A ” H orizontal-Air Compressor. N otice those Tim ken roller m ain bearings— an exclusive GardnerD enver feature. T he shaft is a steel forging, heat treated and finished all over. T he crank discs are steel castings and counterw eights are cast integral. T h at crankshaft tells you a lo t about an “HA” Compressor — because it is typical of the kind of construction used throughout. T h a t’s why the “ H A ” is a heavy-duty compressor in every sense of the word. T h a t’s why it gives year after year of continuous service — 24 hours a day if you like— with a bare m inim um of m aintenance.. -ou can learn a lot about a compressor . from its crankshaftI. If yo u ’re looking for a compressor th a t’s a standout for service— and a m iser on costs— let us tell you more about the “ H A ” . For com plete information, write G ardner-Denver C om pany, Q uincy, Illinois. O TH ER " H A ” FEATU RES. • A ir cy lin d e rs designed for h ig h e st v o lu m etric efficiency a n d low est ho rsep o w er req u irem en ts. •. • L arg e w a te r ja c k e t a re a s fo r co oler-running . . . low er disch arg e te m p e ra tu re s a n d lu b ric a tin g econom y. • D u o -p la te “ cu sh io n ed ” valv es fo r h ig h delivery c a p a c ity , h ig h com pression efficiency a n d low est pow er co n su m p tio n . • F iv e -ste p c a p a c ity c o n tro l re g u la te s a ir o u tp u t in five ste p s to s u it y o u r a ir needs. What is the only extra thing needed to make this installation 100% perfect? Answer: A Gardner-Denver After-Cooler. S in c e 1859. Gardner-Denver Class “H A ” Two-stage Horizontal Compressor. Available in capacities from 816 to 2012 cubic feet displacement per minute..

(21) advancements modern electroplating lie ahead with the broadening use of G eneral Chemical Metal Fiuoborate Solutions. Today—fluoborate baths are proving outstanding for many lead, tin, lead-tin alloy, copper, zinc and other applications.'Tomorrow—Metal Fluoborates hold still greater promise since their superiority to ordinary baths is indicated both by the unusual charac teristics of the fiuoborate electrolyte and by the type of deposits obtained. To the electroplater, the Metal Fluoborates, generally, offer such advantages as: 1. Concentrated so lution form; no mixing or dissolv-. Progress ana im portant. general. ing necessary. 2. Sim plicity of bath preparation and ease of control, i. Sta bility of composition, high conductivity, and good covering power. 4. Fine-grained deposits'of good color. 5. High-speed op eration, with practically 100% anode and cathode efficiency. These advantages can mean real econ omy, efficiency, and convenience in your plant. So investigate the Metal Fluobor ates now by writing for technical data and trial samples of the products that interest you. As always. General Chemi cal’s skilled Engineering and Technical Servicemen are available to assist you in preparing for test or full-scale runs.. chemical. company. 40 R EC TO R STREET. N E W Y O R K 6, N . Y . S a le , and Technical Service O fflc a : A tlan t* . B altim ore . Boston • B rld ™ ° " C h arlo tte <N. C .) . Chicago - Cleveland . Denver . .D e tro it . Houston ; K a n » , C1W - Los Angetes M inneapolis . New Y ork - P h ila d e lp h ia . P itts b u rg h ..P r o v id e n c e <K. .U • San F ran cisco S e a tu o S t. Louis . U tica CK Y .) • W enatchee . Y akim a W a s h .) I n W isconsin: G eneral C hem ical W isconsin C orporation. M ilw aukee, W is. I d C an ad a: The N ichols Chem ical Company. L im ited . M ontreal • Toronto • V aatouver. Special Technical Manuals Available now . . . extensive op erating data on the Metal Fluo borates in the technical manuals - , outlined here. For copies, write °r phone the nearest General Chemical Sales and Technical Service Office listed above.. Lead-Tin Alloy Plating manual lt-i F u ll d escrip tio n o f th e practical, econom ical fluobora te m ethod fo r p la tin g lead-tin alloys^ in any desired ra tio (p a rticu la rly low -tin ranges) w ith high degree o f un ifo rm ity and m inim um o f control m easures. Zinc Fiuoborate. manual zf - i Covers high-speed p la tin g w ith Z inc Fiuoborate elec tro ly te from w hich zinc is deposited a t higher rate th a n fro m o th e r acid b ath s. Also explains ta n k and barrel p la tin g o n cast o r m alleable iron.. Copper Fiuoborate. manual c m R eady soon. Com prehensive details on C opper F iuo b o rate electrolyte w h ic h 'd e p o sits copper a t higher ra te th a n any o th e r know n a d d b aths . . . w ithout additionâgents . - .-w ith unu su al sim plicity of control.. Metal Fluoborates. bulletin iois-'a G eneral inform ation o n M etal Fluoborates p lu s spe cific op eratin g d a ta on p la tin g w ith Lead» T in , and C adm ium F iuoborate..

(22) 24. w1. INDUSTRIAL. 1. 1. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 4. ICKWI RE SP E NC E R W I RE CLOTH A I D S NO RT ON COMPANY MAI NT AI N UNIFORM QUALITY Because offsize grains either fail to do their share of work or scratch and m ar the finish, sieving accuracy is essential in the produc tion of abrasives. To m aintain the high quality of their abrasives, the N orton Company uses accurate mechanical sizing machines and rigidly checks all screens with m aster standard grain samples against master standard sieves. The use of Wickwire Spencer Wire Cloth by the N orton Company is an example of our service to over 100 industries whom we supply with precision fabricated wire cloth in a dozen different weaves. W hether FR EE. you use wire cloth for screening, filtering, separating, grading, cleaning or processing, you'll find th a t Wickwire Spencer Wire Cloth will give long, dependable service under chemical action, corrosion, abrasion, moisture or high temperature. Our engineers will be happy to serve you in the solution of your wire cloth E>roblems. Just write Mechanical Special ties Division, Wickwire Spencer Steel, Sterling St., Clinton, Mass.. B O O K S ON W IR E C L O T H. . . . PERFO RA TED. M ETA LS. These profusely illustrated reference guides are filled with valuable technical information regarding proper selection and usage of wire cloth and perforated metals. For your copy of either one or both books, address Mechanical Specialties Division, Wickwire Spencer Steel, Sterling St., Clinton, Mass.. WICKWIRE. A DIVISION OF THE COLORADO FUEL AND EXEC U TIV E O FFIC ES— 500 FIFTH A V E N U E , Abilene (Tex.) • Boston • Buffalo * Chattanooga Detroit • Houston • Los Angeles • Philadelphia • San. SPENCE. IRON CORPORATION NEW Y O R K 18, N. Y . ■ Chicago • Clinton (Mass.) Francisco • Tulsa • Worcester.

(23) INDUSTRIA-L. April, 1946. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. f A d e liv e r ie s a r e n o t c o m in g th r o u g h as fa s t as y o u w o u ld l ik e to h a v e th e m , w e w o u ld l i k e to b o r r o w 't h e a r t is t ’s id e a a n d s a y " D o n ’t s h o o t, w e ’r e d o in g th e b est w e c a n " W e a re t r y in g o u r b e st to f u r n is h th e sa m e p r o m p t d e liv e r y s e r v ic e that' h a s b e e n a v a ila b le to S O L V A Y c u sto m e rs f o r y e a r s , b u t i n s p it e o f a ll o u r e ffo rts , c u r r e n t d e m a n d s h a v e k e p t a h e a d o f p r o d u c t io n , .W e a p p r e c ia t e .t h e f r ie n d ly c o o p e r a tio n o f lo y a l S O L V A Y c u s to m e rs a n d w e h o p e t h a t It w i l l n o t b e lo n g b e fo re a p o lo g ie s f o r ’t a r d y d e liv e rie s, w i l l o o lo n g e r 'b e , n e c e ssa ry ,. SOLVAY SALES. C O R P O R A T I O N Alkali» Md Chimkd P-odvCt*'AbotufitetareJ tsy The Solvay Praan Company 40 R e c t o r S t r e e t - N e w Y o r k ft, N , Y,. SO LVA Y Hftsti. ,. Caustic Soda. -. Specially Cleansers. *. Chlorine Products. • Ammonium & Potassium Product«. Caidum fh.onrfe.

(24) Vol. 38, No. 4. DD SILIC O N E R E S IN S F o r paint that protects at. 500. f.. H e at-re sista n t silicone p a in t, p igm ented w ith alum inum , h a s p ro te c te d this D iesel e x h au st m uffler from rust for 18 m onths a t 5 1 0 ° F. in a hum id a tm osphere la d e n w ith c h e m ic a l fumes. P a in te d on th e sam e d a y w ith c o n v en tio n al alum inum p a in t, a n d exposed to id e n tic a l conditions, this m uffler h a s suffered m a rk e d d isco lo ratio n due to rusting of the m e ta l su rfaces.. SILICONES - • • P r o o f A g a in s t M o is tu r e , W e a th e r in g , a n d C h e m ica l Fum es Now— with these unique silicone resins—you can readily formulate heat:resistant paints that fill the gap between organic paints and ceramic coatings. A vailable today, DC 801, 802, and 803 can be blended for practically every degree of hardness and flexibility. Though markedly different from all previous paint vehicles, these silicone resins can be formulated and mixed— like other paint resins— with inorganic pigments. DC 801, 802, and 803 are largely inorganic. That's why they resist heat, oxidation, ultra violet rays, and chem ical fumes. In addition, they are waterproof, water-repellent and non yellowing. For further information, call on Dow Corning.. DOW. CORNING MIDLAND,. CORPORATION MICHIGAN. Chicago Office: Builders' Building • Cleveland Office: Terminal Tower New York Office: Empire State Building In Canada: Dow Corning Products Distributed by Fiberglas Canada, Lid. ,Toronto.

(25) INDUSTRIAL. April, 1946. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. B. y employing a unique method of condensing water utilization, the SK HydroSteam Vacuum Unit requires but a small amount of make-up water to main tain vacua in ranges up to 1 mm absolute. The unit illustrated consists of two-stage steam jets and a one-stage water jet exhauster. The steam jet exhausters operate in series and discharge into a water jet exhauster which serves both as a condenser for the actuating steam and as the low vacuum stage jet. This exhauster discharges into a specially designed chamber where the non-condensable gases are liberated. The water is re-circulated through the water jet exhauster b y m eans of a small centrifugal pump which is an integral part of the unit. To maintain the required vacuum a small amount of make-up water is continuously added. These units are available as a water jet vac pump or with 1, 2 or 3 stages of steam jet boosters. Auxiliary equipment such as separators, strainers, pressure regulating valves and superheaters may be included if required. No barometric leg is necessary. Readily installed, easily operated and requiring practically no maintenance, the compact SK Hydro-Steam Vacuum Unit produces a high vacuum quickly and economically. It is made in six sizes to handle various quantities of gases. Write today for new, illustrated Bulletin 5-AA4 which contains full details.. ^ S C H U T T E & K O E R T I N G C O . Tftcutufcictwuw? 1160 Thompson St., Philadelphia 2 2 , Pa;. fr. n e w .... compact. . . economical. JETAPPARATUS • HEATTRANSFEREQUIPMENT • STRAINERS CONDENSERSANDVACUUMPUMPS • OILBURNINGEQUIPMENT ROTAMETERS AND FLOWINDICATORS • RADIAFIN TUBES VALVES • SPRAYNOZZIES ANDATOMIZERS • GEARPUMPS. Make-up Water Overflow. Suction Steam Supply Steam Jet Exhauster (First Stage). Steam Jet Exhauster (Second Stage). Water Jet Exhauster (Third Stage). Recirculating Pump Chamber. •v%3.

(26) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 4. MERCURY SWITCH CONTROL M E R C U R Y S W IT C H E S •Glass enclosed — non-chattering Contact cap acity: 1 1 5 volts A . C .. 30 amps, of. O p e n contacts and need for external relays elim inated. Trouble-free operation even in corrosive atmospheres.. The Brown ElectroniK Po ten tio m eter.. .unsurpassed for outstanding performance . . . h a s been made more versatile with Con-Tac-Tor M ercury Switches for the control of electric and fuel-fired furnaces.. Continuous Balance makes possible Continuous Correction— recording— signalling. Lon-1ac-l or (glass enclosed) mercury switches are worthwhile features that eliminate corrosion problems and the need for extra relays— and are available in fourteen different switching actions. For applications where thermocouples or Radiamatics are used as the measuring element the scope of the Brown ElectroniK Potentiometer plus Con-Tac-Tor mercury switch control is unlimited. features of this new ElectroniK Co ntro ller are: " r n K l T iW M o n c ^ 9 BA LA N C E". P rov'des quick and easy setting of control point. P R IN C IP L E O F M E A S U R E M E N T A N D C O R R E C . TSV U Y , A C C U R A C Y , ^ N D 0 R U G G E D N 0E s ! ° nVen’ '0nal 3alva" ° meter- S U P E R S E N S I’ A U X I L I A R Y M E R C U R Y S W IT C H E S are available on both circular chart and strip chart tle c tr o m lK s for signalling alarms, safety d e vice s, etc. W rite for catalog T H E B R O W N IN S T R U M E N T C O M P A N Y , a division of MinneapolisH o n e y w e ll Regulator C om pany, 4 4 8 0 W ayn e A v e ., Philad elp hia 4 4 , Pa. O ffic e s in all principal citie s. Io ro n to , C anada; Lo n d o n , En g land; Sto ckho lm , Sw ed en ; A m sterd am , H o lla n d ..

(27) Troub le-Free Perform ance R e d u c e s O p e r a t in g Costs ». ». In chem ical plants all over the country,. WILFLEY A cid Pumps have established nota b le record s for cost-saving handling of acids, hot liquids, corrosives and m ild abrasives. This is the pump that delivers dependable 24-hour a-day. production in both intermittent and con tin u ou s op eration s. In d ivid u al e n g in e e r in g assures proper application on every job. 10- to 2 ,0 0 0 -G .P .M . capacities; 15- to 150-ft. heads and h igh er. It's th e pum p to b u y w h en y o u want low costs. Write or wire for further details. A. R. W ILFLEY & SONS, INC. Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. NEW YORK OFFICE: 1775 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY, N. Y..

(28) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 4. catalyst carrier desiccant adsorbent? The activated. b auxite. products o f the Porocel. C o r p o r a tio n , to g e th e r with A tta p u lg u s Fu llers. M any research men, working with these specially p rep a re d , low-price products, a re finding them. Earth, offer refiners and chemists a w ide ran ge of. useful in improving product quality and cutting. adsorbent, catalytic and drying agen ts. They have. costs. It is possible similar tests in your own labo. been used with outstanding success in such proc. ratory will point the w a y to savings and more. esses as catalytic desulfurization, the drying of. efficient methods. W e shall be g la d to send a gen. g a se s and isom erization feed stocks, the filtering. erous fre e sam ple fo r testing. There is no obligation. W rite for yours to d ay.. and decolorization o f lubricating oils and w ax es.. POROCEL. D R IO CEL. FU LLER S EARTH. A rugged, ac tiv a te d bauxite. Used widely as an adsorbent, ca ta ly st and ca ta ly st carrier. Efficient as a v ap o r phase desulfurization c a t alyst. As a carrier, it sup p o rts large q u an titie s of m an y inorganic salts an d other com pounds. F a vored as percolating m edium for lu b ricating oils an d waxes. S u p plied in various sta n d a rd meshes, m oisture contents and in special low-iron, low-silica grades.. Specially selected an d activ ated b auxite w ith high m oisture ad sorption specifications. A pplicable to m ost gas an d liquid h y d ro car bon a n d oth er chem ical drying processes. U sed successfully in drying n atu ra l gases, p ure h y d ro carbon gases, hydrogen, flue gases, feed stocks to isom erization, syn th e tic rubber, alkylation u n its and o th e r processes. S u p p lied in a v arie ty of sta n d ard meshes.. N a tu ra lly ac tiv e and extrusion im proved qualities. S tandard for m an y refining an d processing op erations, including lubricating oil, wax an d p etro latu m decoloriza tion, G ray Process treatin g of cracked n ap h th as, vapor phase desulfurization of n atu ra l and straig h t ru n gasolines and gen eral oil purification work. Sup plied in a v arie ty of mesh and w ater c o n ten t specifications.. ATTAPULGUS 260. SOUTH. BROAD. EXCLUSI VE. STREET. SALES. CLAY •. COMPANY. PHILADELPHIA. AGENT:. POROCEL. 1,. PENNSYLVANI A. C O R P O R A T I O N.

(29) April, 1946. WeldELLS done com* bine these featu res: *. More tons of "knowASA Standards cover welding flanges only in sizes through 24") hut when a flange becomes part of a pressure vessel, big ones like this are often required, And^ when you see one of these big ones you can be pretty sure it was made by Taylor Forge because we have been the leading suppliers of such flanges J o r the manufacturers of pressure vessels for more than 25 years. . Of course the problems attending the design and fabrication of boilers and other pressure vessels merge with and overlap those in the piping field. So the knowledge gained in working with boiler manufacturers has made a vital contribution to our knowledge of what constitutes good piping design.. T. HE knowledge of piping design and related forging technique accumu lated through years of solving all kinds of unusual problems has been drawn upon fully in the design and manufacture of our standard line ot WeldELLS and other Taylor Forge fittings for pipe welding. It has resulted in fittings of advanced engineering design with features which add ^ their strength, service life and convenience—others that speed up t e jo a lower the cost of pipe installation. . Check the features of WeldELLS listed opposite. Here are features that are not combined in any other welding fittings. Surely you a n t ■ of these features in your welding fittings. You get them on y in and other Taylor Forge fittings, for in the opinion of those best qualified to know, WeldELLS alone "have everything”!. Ife ld E L H TAYLOR FORGE & PIPE WORKS, N ew Y o rk Office: 50 C h u rc b S tree t. •. everything. G e n e ra lO ffic e s & W o rU s :. C h ic ag o ,P .O .B o x 4 8 5. P h ila d e lp h ia Office: B road Street S tau o n B id«.. # S eam less — g re a te r s tre n g th a nd un ifo rm ity . ft T angents — k e e p w e ld aw ay from zone o f h ig h e st stress— s im plify lin in g up. • Precision q u a rte r-m a rk e d ends — sim plify lay o u t an d h e lp in su re accuracy.. 4» S ele c tiv e re in fo rc e m e n t— p r o vides u n ifo rm s tre n g th . » P e rm a n e n t and c o m p le te Iden tificatio n m arking— saves tim e and e lim inates e rro rs in s h o p a n d field. 0» W all thickness n e v e r less th a n sp ecificatio n minimum —- assures full stre n g th an d lo n g life.. «• M achine to o l b e v e le d en d s — p rovides b est w e ld in g su rface an d a c c u ra te bevel a n d lan d . t» T h e m o s t c o m p l e t e lin e o f W e ld in g F i t t i n g s a n d F o r g e d S te e l Flanges In th e W o rld — i n sures co m p le te service a n d un d iv ! A*»A r « n n n < i h i l i f v.

(30) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMIS. Vol. 38, No. 4. How to keep pH continuously OK When you know pH is always right, regardless of variables affecting process liquid, you save your self worry and can safely eliminate constant or periodic attention.. jco*mHSus NTBOULEB V A lf c S U P P t f. 8b. )W£R5UI’P'-''. VALVE- • sTREATED olution TAN*. In the Bristol method of controlling pH auto matically, the liquid is examined by an electrode of either enclosed-flow type (for liquids under pressure) or immersion type (for liquids in tanks or. vats). A temperature bulb mounted in the electrode assembly compensates for variations due to temperature changes of the solution. The pH value is reported to the pH controller — a Bristol Pyromaster which operates a Bristol Synchro-valve — to vary input of the solution for adjusting pH value. Meanwhile, the value is recorded continuously on the round chart. Bulletin pH 1302 gives further information on the complete system. Address The Bristol Com pany, 110 Bristol Road, Waterbury 91, Conn.. "t a N*. BRISTOL ’/fteers process cor,fro/ for ¿e/ferprot/i/cfs W '” ''1 f£:;: «. — 8 I. H a. ■. ----------9 10 I'; I . -------J. AUTOMATIC. CONTROLLING. RECORDING ". AND. Air-operated Continuous pH Controller. INSTRUMENTS. __________ / j j SSi Sbar ^. T. m. a. t. profits. i. has exclusive Free-Vane, the most accurate of all air-operated designs. Rugged, vibration-proof construction • ■• precision potentiometer measuring syst em . . . throttling range and autoc reset adjustment. (Available as recorder and as an indicator). Center: Beckm an A m p lifie r u n it; right: Beckman Electrode Assembly..