Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 38, No. 10

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(1)O C T O B E R 1946.

(2) ■. f>F A U D t H R. PH O T. PLAN. a n s w e r. Q U E S T IO N S. a s. It is an axiom of the Chemical Industry to "make all your mistakes on a small scale and all your profits on large scale." Safe procedure calls for one more step, the pilot plant. Standard Pfaudler acid-resisting glass-lined steel pilot plant kettles are made exactly for this purpose. You transfer operations from glass flask and beaker to glass-lined steel. You simulate exact conditions for both the laboratory and the factory. You get the answers to questions like those in dicated above at small cost before transferring operations to full-scale production. These units also have proved invaluable where small quantities of rare or expensive products are involved. In such cases, they are used as produc tion units on a permanent basis . . . with safety and efficiency.. CAPACITY RANGE GIVES YOU WIDE SELECTION There are 24 Pfaudler Pilot Plant Kettle com binations. All units are resistant to all acids (except H.F.) at elevated temperatures and pressures. With capacities of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 gallons, any kettle is available with or without steam jacket, top-head, agitator and motor drive. You can select the right combination for your particular require ments. Such flexibility is basic with standard Pfaudler glass-lined process equipment. You get the benefit of reduced cost, at the same time securing almost a custom-built job. May we send you further information?. r f f f l'O « ® !. I I f ( I [ i ()'■[ THE. PFAUDLER. This standard Pfaudler Pilot Plant Assembly consists of a 50-gallon glass-lined Still, a glass-lined steel return bend condensor, a 30-gallon glass-lined stee connected with standard glass-lined pipe, fittings and valves.. CO .,. ROCHESTER. THE PFA U D LER C O ., R ochester 4, N . Y . B ra n c h Offices: 3 3 0 W est 4 2 n d St., New Y ork 18, N. Y.; 111 W . W a sh in g to n A v e ., C h ic a g o 2, 111.; 1325 H o w a rd St., S a n Francisco 3, C a lif.; 4 5 5 P a u l B row n B ld g ., St. Louis 1, M o.; 7 3 1 0 W o o d w a rd A v e., D etroit 2, M ic h .; 1318 1st N a t'l B ank B ldg., C in c in n a ti 2, O .; 1228 C o m m e rc ia l Trs. B ldg ., P h ila d e lp h ia 2 , Pa.; 751 Little B ldg ., B oston 16, Mass.; 1 03 4 W a sh in g to n B ld g ., W a s h in g to n 5, D . C .; Box 9 82 , C h a tta n o o g a 1, Tenn.; E n a m e lle d M e ta l P roducts C o rp ., Ltd., A rtille ry House, A rtille ry Row, L on do n, S. W . 1, E n g la n d .. 4,. NEW. YORK.

(3) IN D U S T R IA L. and. E N G IN E E R IN G. V O L U M E 38, N U M B E R 10. EDITOR: W A LT ER J. M U R P H Y Assistant to Editor: N . A . PARKINSON Executive Editor: JAMES M . CROWE Managing Editor: D. O . M y ATT Associate Editors Washington: ROBERT F. GOULD A l Le g g i n. I S S U E D O C T O B E R 12, 1946. San Francisco: FREDERICK G. SAWYER* M erritt L. Ka s t e n s. Assistant Editors Make-up: BERTHA REYNOLDS Manuscript Editing: HELEN K. NEWTON Manuscript Reviewing: STELLA ANDERSON. Editorial Assistant: C O R A GLASNER 1 In the armed services.. Contributing Editors CH ARLES O W E N. BROW N. RALPH H. M U N C H W ALTER V O N. PECHMANN. Advisory Board » . L. B A D G E R. C . S. M I N E R. H. E. B A R N A R D. H . R. M U R D O C K. ELMER K. B O L T O N. C . F. P R U T T O N. H.. DOW. A . S. R I C H A R D S O N. G A S T O N D U B O IS. W . A . S C H M ID T. G U S T A V U S J. E S S E L E N. R. N . S H R E V E. PER K. F R O L IC H. L. V . S T E C K. C. F. K E T T E R IN G. E. C . S U L L I V A N. 0 . E. M A Y. E. R. W E ID L E IN JO H N. M . W E IS S. the Am erican Chem ical S o cie ty assumes no responsibility for the statements and o p in io n s advanced b y contributors , to its publications. V ie w s expressed in the editorials snd re p o rtsa re those o f the editors and d o not necesMrily represent the official position o f the Am erican Chem ical Society. C o p y rig h t 1 9 4 6 by A m e rica n Chem ical Society 3 7 , 5 0 0 cop ies o f this issue printed. W t acknowledge with thanks the action of H . K. Porter Company, Inc., in releasing the front cover of this issue for editorial purposes. The cover photograph shows a night view of the solvent fjeovery distillation tower of Merck’s new full-scale wtptomycln plant at Elkton, Va. Photograph, courtesy Merck * Company, Inc.. C O N S E C U T IV E. editio n NUM BER. 19. Departments. * Indicates page number in the advertising section.. Technical Articles. Houston: WILL H. SHEARON, J r.. Ric h a rd L. Demmerle. industrial. E d it o r ia l s ................................................................................................9 7 9 H e a d l i n e s ............................................................................................ 1 0 8 7 ........................................................................... *5 I. & E. C. Reports . A s W e See I t ......................................................................................... *6 7 Equipm ent and Design. Charles O w e n B r o w n ......................................... *7 3 Instrumentation. Ralph H . M u n c h ............................................................. * 7 9 Plant Managem ent. W a lter von P e c h m a n n ................................................*8 5 From the Editor's D e s k ........................................................................... * 1 3 8. Chicaso: Ric h a rd L. KENYON. N ew York: HARRY STENERSON. C H E M IS T R Y •. Saccharification of G rain M a sh e s for A lc o h o lic F e r m e n t a t io n .................... L. A . Underkofler, G . M . Severson, and K. J. G o e rin g Phase Equilibria in H yd ro c a rb o n S y s t e m s ................................................... H . H . Reamer, B. H . Sage, and W . N . Lacey Condensation of A c e t y le n e b y M o lte n S a l t s ............................................ Philip C. Johnson and Sherlock Sw an n, Jr.. 980 986 990. Catalytic Isomerization of V e ge ta b le O ils: N ic k e l C a t a l y s t s .......................................................- ......................... S. B. Radlove, H . M . Teeter, W . H . Bond, J. C . C o w a n , and J. P. Kass 9 9 7 Evaluation of O il s in B o d y in g , Varnishes, and A l k y d R e s i n s ................. L, B. Falkenburg, A . W . Sc h w a b , J. C . C o w a n , and H . M . Teeter 1 0 0 2 Calculation of Solve nt Extraction Equilibria. V . A . K a lic h e v s k y ................. 1 0 0 9 C ontinuous Process for G R - S M a ste r Batches with N o n b la c k Pigm ents . . . . E. L. Borg, J. C . M a d ig a n , S. L. Provost, and R. E. M e e k e r 1 0 1 3 M e ltin g Points of W-Substituted P o l y a m i d e s ............................................ B. S. Biggs, C . J. Frosch, and R. H . Erickson 1 0 1 6 Impurities in Petroleum Butadiene from C o p p e r Salt P r o c e s s ........................ C . E. Starr, Jr., and W . F. Ratcliff 1 0 2 0 Evaluation of Blends of G u a y u le and G R - S R u b b e r s .................................. Frederick E. C la rk and W ilfre d F. L. Place 1 0 2 6 Catalytic Cracking of Pure H y d r o c a r b o n s ................................................ H . H . V o g e , G . M . G o o d , and B. S. G reensfelder 1 0 3 3 Catalytic D ehyd rogenatio n of P o ly c y c lic N a p h t h e n e s ............................... A ristid V . G rosse, Julian M . M avity, and W illiam J. M attox 1 0 41 Polytreating of Catalytically Cracked G a s o l i n e s ......................................... V lad im ir H aensel and V . N . Ipatieff 1 0 4 5 State of Cure of N e o p re n e V u lca n iia te s. D. B. Forman and R. R. Radcliff . . 1 0 4 8 R o le of Carbon in O x id a tio n of G R - S V u lc a n iz a t e s ..................................... H u g h W in n , J. Reid Shelton, and David Turnbull 1 0 5 2 Determ ination of the p H of Saturation of M a gn e siu m H y d r o x i d e ................. J. W . Ryznar, Jerome G re e n , and M . G . W interstein 1 0 5 7 V a p o r Pressure and V a p o r-L iq u id Equilibria in the System F u rfu ra l-2 -M e th ylfuran. R. F. H o ld re n and R. M . H i x o n ............................................ 1 0 6 1 O i l Rem oval b y A lk a lin e Cleaners. Samuel Sp rin g and Louise F. Peale . . . 1 0 6 3 Correlation of Tensile Strength with Brittle Points of V u lc a n iz e d D ie n e P o ly mers. A . M . Borders and R. D. J u v e ................................................ 1 0 6 6 R o le of Surface A r e a in D e h yd ro c yclizatio n C a t a l y s i s ............................... A lle n S. Russell and Jo h n J. Stokes, Jr. 1 0 7 1 D ehydrated E gg Powders: Factors in Palatability of Stored P o w d e r s ................................................ "M ild re d M . B o g g s and H . L. Fevold 1 0 7 5 Sources of O ff-Flavors D e v e lo p e d during Storage. H . L. Fevold, Beatrice G . Edw ards, A d e le L. Dimick, and M ild r e d M . B o g g s ...............................1 0 7 9 Relation of L ip id e 'a n d Salt-W ater Fluorescence V a lu e s to Palatability. M ild re d M . Boggs, H e rb e rt J. Dutton, Beatrice G . Edw ards, and H a rry L. F e v o l d ............................................................................................ 1 0 8 2 H y d ro g e n a tio n of Dinitriles in L iq u id M e t h y l a m i n e .................................. B. S. Biggs and W . S. Bishop 1 0 8 4. Published b y the Am erican C h e m io l S ocie ty at Easton, Pa. E d ito r ia l-H e a d quarters: 1 1 5 5 16th Street, N . W , W a shington 6 , D. C .; telephone. Re pub lic 5 3 0 1 ; cable, Jiechem (W ash ington). C h ic a g o Editorial Branch, 2 5 E. Jackson Blvd., L h ic a g o 4, III., telephone, W a b a sh 7 3 7 6 . H o u sto n Editorial Branch, 4 1 3 W e st c i 3V„H ? ü ston 2i. Texa.V telephone, C apital 6 5 1 6 . N e w Y o r k Editorial Branch, 6 0 cast 4 2n d Street, N e w Y o r k 17, N . V., telephone, M u r r a y H ill 2 -4 6 6 2 . Sa n Francisco editorial Branch, 2 4 C a lifornia Street, San Francisco, Calif. Business O ffice : A m erican V-so'w/ Street, N . W ., W a sh in gto n 6, D. C . A d v e rtisin g O ffice : 3 32 W e st 4 2 n d Street, N e w Y o r k 18, N . 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The Am erican Chem ical S o cie ty also publishes C h e m ica l a n d E n gin e e rin g N e w s* C hem ica l Abstracts, Jo u rn a l of the A m e rica n C h e m ica l Society. Rates on request..

(4) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. Is slops' filtration a 'bottleneck” in your production? Does lack of clarity handicap the sales appeal of your product? \ou can have both brilliantly clear filtrates and maxi mum flow rates by using Celite* Filter Aids! These modern filter aids are milled from nature’s largest and purest source of diatomaceous silica—the Johns-Manville deposit at Lompoc, California. They are furnished in nine grades of fineness, each designed for a specific type of filtration problem. I f the suspended im purities are small, one of the finer grades of Celite will provide the right combination of clarity and flow; if large, one of the coarser grades w ill do the job. All nine grades of Celite Filter Aids are available now to help you get the clearest filtrates at the fastest flow rates, for full information, write Johns-Manville, Box 290 New Y o rk 16, N . Y. *Rck. U.S. Put. Off.. Johns-Manville. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 10. Filter A i d s a s s u r e the c le a re st filtrates at f a ste st f lo w ra te s in the c la rific a tio n o f s u c h p ro d u c t s a s: A N IM A L OILS, FATS. GLUE. RESIN SOLUTIONS. BEER. G R A P E JUICE. SHELLAC. CHEMICALS. G UM S. S O A P , LIQUID. CIDER. H ON EY. S U G A R REFINING TALLOW. C O R N OIL. LARD. COTTONSEED OIL. LINSEED OIL. TUNG OIL. CUTTING FLUIDS. MAPLE SYRUP. V A R N ISH VEGETABLE OILS. DYESTUFFS. M IN ERAL OILS. FRUIT JUICES. MOLASSES. V IN E G A R. GELATINE. PECTIN. WATER. GLUCOSE. PHARM ACEUTICALS. WINE.

(5) INDUSTRIAL A N D iWGINEiBillG CHEMISTRY. in about eight hours. It is to lie noted that such sterilization is effective even at ordinary temperatures, since the bacilli causing souring are also destroyed. Complete sterilization is effective -for three days and will continue to some degree beyond that time. • Such a process, if the Italian claims are confirmed, deserves serious consideration for use in rural areas in this. country where pasteuri zation cannot be carried out, and in military op erations it may prove of con siderable value in making possi ble the supply of milk to troops in isolated areas. The simplicity of the method, con sisting merely of adding the per oxide to the raw milk and stirring, and the claim that the taste is better than that of pasteurized m ilk should arouse interest. No problem s arise in handling, except that containers must not be hermeti cally sealed and should be made of tinned iron, aluminum, glass or clay products, since the peroxide is reactive toward iron, copper, lead, alkalies, and alkaline earths. Even more appealing from the simplicity standpoint is a newer development giving favorable tests— that of adding the peroxide in powder or tablet form, through the formation of a solid urea-liydrogen peroxide addition product. Because of the antiseptic characteristics of urea, this is expected to be an even more effective method. W.H.S.. Perkin opened up the field of syn thetic dyestuffs in accidentally producing mauve while hunting for something entirely different. The same sort of thing happened, but in the reverse direction, when govern ment investigators, visiting Milan, Italy, to study dyestuffs de velopment during the recent war, stumbled unexpectedly upon a process far removed from their principal field of interest. Sterilization of milk by hydrogen per oxide has been studied for a number of years. There have always loomed large in the path of research workers three problems in peroxide production, if public health officials were to be satisfied: high stability, high concentra tion, and high purity. The Milan suburb of Linate reports that the Montecatini Società Generale has finally found the answers. All the milk consumed in the Milan area is being successfully steri lized with the Montecatini product, and easing of production and trans portation troubles is expected to spread general use of this product to the rest of Italy. Thirty-nine per cent hydrogen per oxide of extremely high purity (free from lead, arsenic, and other heavy metals injurious in food products) is produced by decomposition of potas sium persulfate with sulfuric acid and steam. This reaction is carried out in stoneware jugs, and the resulting peroxide is distilled under vacuum to give a 95% yield. The per sulfate used is produced by oxidizing ammonium sulfate electrolytically in sulfuric acid solution to ammonium per sulfate and precipitating potassium persulfate with potassium acid sulfate. Data gathered by the investigators show that reputable Italian research laboratories have experimented widely with this 39% product in milk sterilization and have found it practical. Addition of 2 cc. per liter, giving 130 volumes of active oxygen per volume of peroxide, results in sterilization Peroxided Potable.. / in. (Continued on page 8). £+UenfW etaUiMi *na*Ukl*f. d ù je it {¡o-n. c/te tn U U , cU e *n ica i i*t tk e c ite m ic a l p M ulu& U u} a n d 5. cxuvU m h I h q. and ¿w h tA tw A.

(6) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 10. HAPM AN L IS T. 9 6 0. Small Gate Valve. The Chapman List 960 Small Gate Valve. In sizes from }/±" to 2 "—in carbon steel. may be employed safely in exposed lo. for pressures to 800 pounds at 750°F.. cations, because it is fitted with a flanged. (Specify List 990 for higher pressures.). forged steel packing gland to protect the threads on the valve yoke from rust and corrosion. It opens and closes quickly—. T h e. will give no trouble by sticking or freezing.. CH APM AN. Seats and plugs can be super-hardened for. Valve Manufacturing Company. extra severe services.. INDIAN ORCHARD, MASSACHUSETTS.

(7) INDUSTRIAL. October, 1946. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Do You Move Material that is Free-Flowing: Crushed, Granular, Ground, ^ or Pulverized... • ELEVATOR. BULK-FLO. CONVEYOR FEEDER. May furnish the simple, low-cost, efficient ''transportation" for the job DUST TIGHT Dust-tight casing prevents leakage and protects material against exposure and contamination. H ighly successful with food and chemical products. The L-shaped elevator-conveyor unit illustrated, is one of many forms available for vertical, horizontal or inclined directions of flow.. SLOW SPEED Slow speed can be used for materials requiring special care, to minim ize breakage and degradation.. SPLIT DISCHARGE Split Discharge helps reduce degradation by “easing” into chute any material carried above chute floor by flights after normal discharge.. COMPACT DR I VC Compact drive consisting of motorized reducer and chain drive are safely enclosed. Speed changes readily made by changing one sprocket.. • A Link-Belt elevator a n d /o r conveyor and feeder. in s t a lla t io n. is th e. s im p le , se n sib le answ er to m a n y p la n t tr a n s p o r ta tio n p ro b le m s. in v o lv in g. m o st. loose m a te r ia ls in a w id e range of industries. F o r c l e a n li n e s s , s a fe c o n s e rv a tio n of economy an d smoothness of operation, as w ell as ab ility to take care of practically. a n y situation p u t u p to B elt engineers,. SAVES SPACC Saves space throughout, as BU LK -FLO casing is small and the moving material occupies almost the entire cross section of the casing.. has a superior record of suc cess. Y o u ’ll find B ooklet No.. LINK-BELT. COMPANY. Chicago 8, Indianapolis 6, Philadelphia 40, Atlanta, Dallas 1, Minneapolis 5, San Francisco 24, Los Angeles 33, Seattle 4, Toronto 8. Offices in Principal Cities..

(8) I W e’re Shouting y « «. Ir. C. About Another Palmer First/. S E N S A T IO N A L. T H E R M O M E T E R W IT H Extruded Brass Case (Patented) Dust-Proof, Fume-Resistant Palmer— originators of famous "Red-Reading-Mercury" is first again with a sensa tional new Thermometer. This new Ther mometer features an Extruded Brass Case with V-shape design, patented by PAL MER. The case is fume-resistant, dustproof, and much more attractive— with pleasing contours and a durable nickel finish.. . . . in 4", V , 9', and 12" Models with. This Thermometer is ruggedly built and very adaptable, with a wide range of fittings. Send for detailed Bulletins #46-2 and jf46—3.. PALMER SUPERIOR RECORDING and DIAL THERMOMETERS R ECORDIN G THERMOMETERS. Extremely accurate and sensi tive, constructed for long service. Mercury Actuated. 12 in. diecast a lu m in u m c a se . Flex ible armoured tubing and bulb of stainless-steel. All ranges up to 1000F or 550C.. DIAL THERMOMETERS. Mer cury Actuated. 8 in. case. Very sensitive. Permanent accuracy. Guaranteed. Built for long life. Flexible armoured tubing and bulb of stainless-steel. All ranges up to 1000F. or 550C.. PALMER T H E R M O M E T E R S . I NC . 2512 Norwood A ve. C in c in n a t i 12, O h io C a n a d ia n P la n t: K in g a n d George Sts., Toronto 2 M frs.. I n d u s tr ia l,. L a b o r a to r y ,. R e c o r d in g. and. D ia l. Ä I Ä Today. Millionths for All. The fact that gages or instruments are worn, even .though believed to be accurate, cannot be used as an excuse for failure to meet tolerance requirements in ma chined materials. This is being assured by the U. S. Army Ordnance Department and by cooperating educational insti tutions, which have set up precision gage laboratories through out the country for training and inspection. Troubles occasioned in World War I with faulty precisionmachined materials produced by the use of inaccurate or worn gages led to the establishment of these laboratories. At that time the idea was conceived of maintaining permanent laboratories with regular training facilities under the admin istration of colleges and universities. The first of these laboratories was set up at Stanford University in 1930 from excess stocks gathered from arsenals. The success of the project led to expansion of the program, with a second Ordnance educational unit established at the University of Michigan in 1936. By 1940 there were nine laboratories in operation. During the war these were expanded and used entirely by the Ordnance Department. W ith the end of the war the expanded scale was no longer needed, and the labora tories are once again operating in conjunction with the uni versities. In addition to the two mentioned, these major laboratories are located at New York University, Georgia School of Technology, University of Cincinnati, Washington University, Illinois Institute of Technology, Carnegie Insti tute of Technology, and Case School of Applied Science. Operations are now in progress to convert laboratories set up in the other four Ordnance districts during the war to similar ordnance-educational units, as well as to establish additional organizations in the districts where use of the laboratories is especially heavy. The precision gage laboratories are set up with the insti tution providing space, light, heat, furniture, and security for the equipment. The schools furnish study courses on pre cision measurement and inspection, and they can use the equipment in research and consultation and in standard refer ence laboratories for the inspection and checking of precision equipment for industry. Provision is made for cooperation in industrial research projects. As nonprofit organizations the precision gage laboratories can act as referees in disagree ment over the precision of tolerances in gages or even in parts purchased from manufacturers. I 11 turn, the Ordnance De partment has the use of the laboratories for training of O.R.C. and R.O.T.C. students, with each institution expected to or ganize an R.O.T.C. Ordnance unit. In case of war the use of the laboratory reverts exclusively to Ordnance. One of these laboratories is administered by the Armour Research Foundation of the Illinois Institute of T e c h n o lo g y , under the direction of N. C. Penfold, head of the Mechanical Engineering Division of the foundation. The laboratory is housed in the engineering building in a room air-conditioned to 6S° —10 F. and a relative humidity of 45%. The extensive complement of precision measuring equipment is valued at about S100,000. Among major items of equipment are gage blocks, calibrated by the National Bureau of Standards, with an accuracy of four millionths of an inch. These blocks are used only as reference standards, (Continued on page 10). N EW. Equally important, the V-shape design offers a m uch large r scale for easiei read ing plus greater protection to the tube. Other important features of this new Thermometer are: double-strength, nonrattling glass shield; "snap-on" cap for easy removal of shield; and "Red-ReadingMercury" for quick, accurate reading.. H. T h e rm o m e te rs. 8.

(9) October, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. b y the n a tio n ’s m ost e x p e rie n c e d d e sig n e rs, e n g in e ers a n d b u ild e rs of G irb o to i p la nts AT Lerch, Arkansas, this GirbojHL to l p la n t econ om ically proc esses the sourest gas ever purified for commercial use. I t was designed, engineered, and p u t in operation by men of G i r d l e r ’ s Gas Processes Division, originators of the G irbotoi Process. They have done the complete job on more plants of, this type for re moval and recovery of the acidic gases th an any other organization. And their work on plants of this. ■ '. -V.-, V. type is typical of G i r d l e r ’s followthrough in furnishing facilities for all gas processes. F ull responsibility is accepted for every step from the start to the very finish of the jo b — not just u n til the plan t is installed b u t un til the customer knows all about it and how to use it.. ment. This includes processes for gas m anufacture, purification, sepa ration, and dehydration processes involving hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, inert and controlled atmospheres, natural gas, refinery gases, liquid hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitrogen.. Several h u n d re d GiRDLER-planned an d GiRDLER-built gas processing plan ts are now successfully serving m o st o f the big nam es in in d u stry , as well as the U n ite d States govern. For specific data showing what this wealthy of experience means to you, write today giving an outline of your gas processing problem.. ' •' ■'. G E T G I R D L E R O N THE J O B A N D G E T IT D O N E R I G H T. I h e G 1R D L E R C O R P O R A T I O N G. a s. P. r o c e sse s. D. iv is io n. ,. Louisville 1, Kentucky. District Offices: 150 Broadway, N ew York /, N . J . 2612 Russ Bldg., San Francisco 4, Calif. 311 Tuloma Bldg., Tulsa 3, Okla..

(10) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. dering a built-to-blueprint Stainless Steel vessel.. "H o w have you equipped your men and your plant to cope with the difficulties that arise in Stainless Steel fabrication?". Make no mistake about it. Difficulties do arise in the welding, forming, cutting of stainless steel. And the life, the corrosion resistance, the efficiency of your processing equipment depend on how well prepared your fabricator is to solve these produc tion problems.’ S. Blickman, Inc, has worked w ith stainless steel since its appearance as an alloy. We have trained our men, and de signed our plant to safeguard the qualities of the metal at every stage in fabrication. To be sure of getting maximum corrosion resistance when you specify stainless steel for a processing vessel — consult with us. S. Blickman, Inc., 1 2 1 0 Gregory Ave., Weehawken, N.J.,. never in actual production, and are themselves checked regularly against the Chicago laboratory’s master set, used for that purpose only and accurate to two millionths of an inch. Both internal and external comparators witli accuracies of ten and twenty millionths of an inch are in cluded. Two optical contour projectors, for shadowgraph observations of profiles at magnifications of 10 to 100 can be used in measurement of radii, angles and leads on screw threads, or any contours that can be laid out. Other instruments include a length-measurement machine for determining directly diameters or lengths up to 48 inches to an accuracy of ten millionths of an inch, optical flats, supermicrometers, hardness testers, toolmakers’ microscopes, height gages, sine bars for measuring angles such as those of taper gage plugs, and a variety of calipers, levels, and cali bration instruments. With such standards and facilities available throughout the country, manufacturers wi th limited resources should be able to maintain their precision equipment in a condition that will eliminate the problem of inaccuracy in measurement stand ards and instruments. R.L.K. Selective Bug Killers. To the average man whose ideas on chemical research reach him across the drugstore counters, D D T is the Joe Louis of the insecticides. Come to think of it, the average man is not so badly misinformed. The U. S. Tariff Commission has just issued data for 1945 which show that, of the 42,963,000 pounds of synthetic insecticides pro duced during 1945, more than 75% consisted of that material known chemically as 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl-l,l,l-trichloroethane. Organic insecticides are becoming an important branch of the chemical manufacturing industry. The 42,963,000 pounds were sold with a value of 821,903,000, or a unit value of 54 cents per pound. These figures might be said to represent the nucleus of a new industry in this country, yet they do not indicate entirely the work that is under way in bringing out other, more effective insecticides. For ex ample, a government entomologist informs us that research is proceeding on a large and active scale on such things as benzene hexachloride, hexaethyl tetraphosphate, azobenzene (the methoxy analog of DD T), TGE (the fluorine analog of DDT), hydroxypentamethylflavan, and ethylene dibromide. Before research is completed in these compounds, undoubt edly it will be found that not one of them will qualify as a general insecticide against all bugs. In their application our newer insecticides, like chemotherapeutics, are tending toward a high degree of selectivity. This is wbere chemistry has a real job to perform. D D T is powerless against the cotton boll weevil, and it does not supply the desired knockdown in fly sprays as efficiently as pyrethrum does. The gamma isomer of benzene hexachloride, a British invention, is one of the deadliest of weevil poisons, but it is destroyed by lime which finds its way into agricultural dusts and sprays. We have also found that it wTorks best in the fall and winter months. Methods and equipment are needed to determine the per centages of its various isomers and to isolate them. F. C. Bishopp, of the TJ* S. Bureau of (Continued on page IS).

(11) October, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 11. Better starch paste at far less cost Continuous, closed Votator equipment expedites another processing job time it’s in the textile industry, at Rock H ill Printing and Finishing Company, Rock Hill, South Carolina. Each 24-hour day, the com pany processes thousands of gallons of starch paste, vehicle for dyestuffs used in tex tile printing. This formidable cooking and cooling job required five men per shift with open kettle methods. B ut since converting to continuous, closed V o t a t o r equipment, only two men are required, and half the floor space. The. T. h is. paste is produced with 10% less starch. And because of positive control over temperatures and mixing, plus positive exclusion of grit, the paste is of uni form consistency. The various V o t a t o r advantages add up to savings in processing cost which will amortize Rock H ill’s V o t a t o r in stallation in little more than a year. Starch paste, lard, photo emulsions, margarine, shortening, printing ink, polishes, paraffin wax, lubricating grease . . . V o t a t o r equipment is a cost saver for many products which are processed in a viscous state and require heat. transfer. I f you manufacture a prod u c t in th is category w rite to T he Girdler Corporation, Votator Division, Louisville 1, Kentucky. D istrict O ffice s:. 150 Broadway, New York City 7 2612 Russ Building, San Francisco 4 617 Johnston Building, Charlotte 2 North Carolina. T. M . Reg. U. S. Pat. Off..

(12) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. Entomology and Plant Quarantine, finds that azobenzene is an effective greenhouse fumigant against red spider eggs and that hydroxypentamethylfkv-an offers a new, excellent means of controlling chiggers in the ground, heretofore a problem. But just the word “insecticide” on a label will not guarantee results on all insect problems. Investigations conducted thus far in the field of insecti cidal synergists indicate that there is still much to learn in connection with oils and chemicals in this group which step up the efficiency of bug killers. The value of one of the newest, Sesamin, was discovered somewhat accidentally when salad oil was used as an extender in an insecticide com pound. This new product is related chemically to sesame oil, one of the synergists for pyrethrum. Substituted piperonyl cyclohexanones also have synergistic effect when used with pyrethrum and recently were found to have an insecticidal effect of their own. The synergists also have a highly selec tive job. H , S.. barrels an d tank cars. 1ND0P0L Polybutenes B u lle tin. 12. /. INDONEX. R u b b e r P la stic iz e rs B u lle tin s 13 a n d 1 3 A. INDOIL Hydrocarbons B u lle tin 10. INDOIL. Horse Cleaning. I t is an old story about leading a horse to water, but when the Union Pacific Railroad leads its iron steeds to a shower bath, this makes a new story of chemical interest. This chemical locomotive bath is a spray-nozzle chamber of sheet iron large enough to house the biggest Union Pacific engine. Eight hundred sixty nozzles, spraying a caustic soda solution into every greasefilled corner of an engine’s structure, completely degrease it and remove the paint in about 80 minutes. Involved in the operation are 4000 gallons of solution, basically 10 ounces of a caustic soda washing powder per gallon of water. The spray operates at 50 pounds pres sure and ‘2400 gallons per minute, and is recirculated; the suspended grease and paint are held back by stationary and rotary screen baffles. A half-hour water rinse completes an operation formerly requiring 192 man-hou-rs of dismantling the engine into major parts, hand-cleaning with a caustic and oil distillate spray, two rinses, and a lye bath. Union Pacific guessti mates are that the total washing and stripping costs per locomotive by the shower method are about 75 dollars, less than a third of the cost under the old rack system. And the horse is led away much cleaner. W.H.S.. P e tro le u m S u lfo n a te s. Stretching Rubber Knowledge. In more than one respect the rubber industry is like the venerable lady who solved a housing problem by moving into a shoe. Chil dren were the problem in both cases. The trouble brood of the rubber manufacturers are the new synthetics, which must be understood if they are to be treated suit ably in rubber processing, compounding, and reclaiming. Until the synthetics appeared on the scene, scrap tires from natural rubber were converted into reclaim through the universally employed Marks process, brought out in 1899. Reclaim rubber was, and still is, a product with many established outlets. In one prewar year we used as much as 300,000 tons. I t imparts hydrocarbon in volume to tires, is unsurpassed for heels and soles, and goes into many automobile accessories. (Continued, on page 14). A d d re ss inquiries to. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (INDIANA) CHEMI CAL. PRODUCTS. 910 South M ich ig an A v en u e. n 4KedZa^aZcaft. DEPARTMENT Chicago 80, Illinois. 12.

(13) October, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. QUIMBY FLOATING LINK Perm its H igher Pressures — H igher Speeds— Lower Viscosities. A revolu tionary new feature that will vastly in crease the efficiency, temperature range, and flexibility of the screw pump. The F L O A T IN G L IN K is an exclusive fea ture of Q U IM B Y Gear-in-Head Pumps, and is available for the conversion of present pumps. W rite for complete information.. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 13. W hen you buy a Q U IM BY SC R EW PUMP you get something more than just a pump. You get the benefit of more than fifty years experience in pump designing. Quimby originated the screw pump in 1894. For more than half a century, the Q U IM B Y Screw Pump has been progressively improved until today, with the introduction of the revolutionary FLOATING LINK*, it is without an equal. W hen you buy a screw pump, be sure it's a Q U IM B Y — there is no substitute. Quimby has a completely adaptable line of screw pumps in a wide range of sizes and types, as well as a complete line of ROTEX and Centrifugal Pumps. If you have a pumping problem, ask Q U IM BY about if.. The K N O W H O W o f P u m p in g since 18 9 4. ★ Patent Pending. H. K. PORTER COMPANY, Inc PITTSBURGH. 22,. PENN SYLVAN IA. Q uim by Pum p Division District. NEW ARK 5, N.J. O f f i c e s in P r i n c i p a l. Cities. ,.

(14) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical^ World. n il K u b o e si. ID-PROOF. Sectional. T o we r. H a s M a n y Us es ! Because it is entirely corrosion proof and flexible in design, a versa tile low cost Knight-Ware Tower can be adapted to a wide range of chemical processes.. such as floor mats, hard rubber battery casings, and noisedampening window channels. This was the industry that was shocked right down to bedrock technologically when we began mixing natural and synthetic rubber in wartime tires and other products. An attempt was made at sorting and physically separating GR-S and natural rubbers prior to reclaiming. Costs were prohibitive, however, and for many rubbers the pro cedure was also impracticable. Neoprene crumbled under reclaiming into hard, sandlike granules if it was combined with natural. In working the scrap of GR-S passenger car tires, the conventional process evidently did very well after some modifications. Tires of that kind had little natural rubber, and that mostly in the adhesive. B ut tires now are neither all natural nor all synthetic. M any a reclaimer must have dreamed at night of equip ment which would receive scrap at one end and deliver three or four types of reclaim at the other. If he did, it is still a dream. Nevertheless, research must be moving for ward among reclaimers, despite contentions to the con trary, judging from the variety and quality of our new reclaims. Undaunted by huge scrap piles of tires with GR-S (Buna) treads, and side walls and carcasses of nat ural rubber, the reclaimer is marketing reclaim for tires, tubes, shoes, and numerous mechanical rubber goods. The latter materials have been subjected to much laboratory testing and are favorably received by consumers. In fact, synthetic-natural blends bid fair to assume the lion’s sha,re of reclaim production and sale in the future, if we may indulge in a little prophesying. The trend íd rubber scrap favors such a development strongly, and it is likely, that tires will continue (Continued on page 16). Filled with Berl Saddles, Knight-Ware Towers are in use as absorbers, scrubbers and distillation columns. The five foot sections shown in the illustration above are 24" inside diameter and make up a tower 15' high. Actually Knight can make these' towers up to 60" inside diam eter and as high as desired by add ing on extra sections. Being Knight-W are, they are completely acid proof. Standard and special designs are made to serve individual needs. Note the flange connections on this one. In writing for information and prices, please give us complete data on your needs.. MAURICE A. KNIGHT 310 Kelly Ave., Akron 9, Ohio. 14.

(15) October, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 15. gagH BHja. WHEN VALUABLE M ATERIALS ARE KEEPING BAD COMPANY RESCUE THEM. L.F you are throwing away the good with the bad in your waste products because you cannot make a separation you should see if Furfural can help you. The selective solvent properties of this versatile aldehyde are being profitably utilized on a large scale in many different fields. In the refining of lubricating oils, purification of wood rosin, and of tall oil and sulfate turpentine, Furfural has already been put to use for removing “bad” constituents from the “good.” Another method of Furfural rescue is the separation of two potentially useful materials from each other, such as is done in the Furfural processes for extrac tion of C4 hydrocarbons in making butadiene, and in glyceride oil refining. Result: two fractions are obtained, each with enhanced use value. In these processes virtually all the Furfural is recovered for repeated use, making extraction costs very low. The above are only a few of the possible selective solvent uses for Furfural. This economical aldehyde is readily available and we believe its service to industry is still in its infancy. Furfural is available for your investigation; please make a request on your company letterhead. More complete information on f [Furfural, its chemistry, physical characteristics and uses are contained in the Series of Bulletins we are publishing. These now available are feted below. Write for those which are of interest to you.. SET. PROPERTIES OF Molecular W eight.............. 96.08 Freezing Point, °C..............—37 Boiling Range (99%) °C............ ................................. 157 to 167 Specific Gravity (2 0 /2 0 °C .).. .. .......................................... 1.161 Flash Point (open cup), °C.. .56 Refractive Index (20/D ). 1.5261 S u rfa c e T e n s io n a t 2 0 °C . (dynes/cm.).......................... 49 Viscosity at 38 °C. (centipoises) ............................................ 1.35 Solubility: Completely miscible w ith ethyl alcohol, ether, ace. Bulletin 201: General Information about Fur fural. Bulletins 202, 203: In troduction to the Chem istry of the Furans, and Physical Data on Fur fural, of interest pri marily to the research worker.. FURFURAL. .. FURFURYL A L C O H O L. .. F U R O IC A C ID. tone, benzol, butyl acetate, china wood oil and most organic sol vents except paraffin hydro carbons and glycerol; 8.13% by wt. in water at 20 °C. Analysis: Furfural, m inim um % ....... *99.5 Water, m axim um % .............. 0.2 Organic Acidity, M axim um equiv. 1............................ 0.023 Ash, m axim um % .............. 0.006 Mineral A c id ity ..................None Sulfates................................ None * As determined by A.O.A.C. method.. Standard Containers: 9, 45, 90, and 520 lb. Drums fCarload of Drum s 80 to 88....................... .............................. 41,600 to 45,760 lbs. Tank car 8,000 gal..................... 78,000 lbs. T ank car 10,000 gal................... 98,000 lbs. fO D T requires m axim um loading. Drum s non-returnable.. • T ET R A H Y D R O FU R FU R Y L A L C O H O L.

(16) Up quality, down cost with IL LCO-WAY. la &. E- O i. Reports on the ChenucaM/Vorld. De-ionized Water. rt. I f. K tu w & i. (the m o d e rn lo w - c o s t e q u iv a le n t o f d istille d w a te r). ,. A N O T H E R IL L C O - W A Y IN S T A L L A T IO N : Pure w ate r is produced by this com p act IL LC O -W A Y De-Ionizer (flo w rate: 180 g p h ) in a n Eastern ex p e rim e n tal. la b o ra to ry .. N o f u e l, n o c o o lin g w a te r is r e q u ir e d , n o d is m a n tlin g for c le an in g .. p e r io d ic. I n hundreds of efficient plants today, modern compact I l l c o - W a y equipm ent such as pic tured above is producing pure water- the eq u iv ale n t o f d istille d w ater, b u t costing. 90% to 99% less than h eat-distilled water! T h a t’s exactly the saving you m ake with De-ionizing equipm ent. W ater produced is u n ifo rm at all times . . . is daily meeting exacting standards in pharm aceuti cal, chemical, cosmetic and industrial plants. Illc o - W a y. to be manufactured for a long time from chemical rubber and Hevea crude. Synthetic reclaim, meanwhile, is ob taining a premium (S.5 cents per pound against 7.5 cents for the natural). Production costs explain the higher price, but the extra penny has not hurt the demand, which is strong. Synthetic reclaims have excellent processing prop erties— for example, extruded synthetic reclaim is smoother than natural reclaim. The new chemistry in modern reclaiming of synthetic rubber has not been fully set forth, and much of it is ob scured by a satin shroud of secrecy. A number of papers read during the Chicago rubber group’s contest brought out part of the story early this year, including experi mental work on the swelling effect of various hydrocarbon, aromatic, and ketone types of oils on synthetics. Swelling is a plasticizing operation carried out in reconverting a vulcanized product to a thermoplastic. Previously such commonplace products as pine tar and pine tar pitch wrere used as swelling compounds, but these materials do not suffice for reclaiming all types of rubber. K. S. Rostler and R. M . White of the University of Delaware pointed out that a more uniform reclaim can be had from mixed scrap through the use of an oil which exerts equal swelling power on both GR-S and natural rubber. Another possi bility is a reclaiming oil which shows a preference for one of the scrap components, acting as a sorting medium within the process. In that case, the GR-S would first be reclaimed by a selective softener, whereas the other types would be recovered in a second run through the reclaim process. A series of laboratory experiments reported by J. M. Ball and R. L. Randall in the June, 1946, issue of Canadian Chemistry and Process Industries, show's how' well some of these synthetic reclaims behave. Tests were run on re claims made from natural rubber, GR-S, and 50-50 mix tures of the two. The synthetic reclaims were softer and “stretchier” and had a lowered tear resistance. However, when thejr wrere compounded with equal amounts of nat ural rubber or GR-S, the synthesis revealed properties that compared favorably with those of natural rubber, es pecially after an aging test (24 hours at 250° P.). Some significant typical values are presented here:. Tensile strength Immediate After aging Tear resistance Immediate After aging % elongation Immediate After aging. U nits are designed to meet your needs; flow rates from 12 gph (portable u n it) up to 500,000 gph . . . In v e s tig a te th is process today — write for latest literature.. E N G IN E E R IN G. N-NR«. SNR-SN5. S-SR“. 2750 720. 2620 1020. 2090 1960. 610 200. 360 140. 270 190. 410 200. 440 120. 620 240. “ Natural-natural reclaim blend. 4 Synthetic-natural reclaim blended.with synthetic-natural.. \. c Synthetic-synthetic reclaim blend.. In some respects the new materials are superior, and in others they do not measure up to the previous natural rubber compositions. The net effect is that the needs of the application will determine what material to use— but each child will have its rightful place in the family. U.S.. Illin o is W ater T reatm e nt Co. 8 5 2 - 1 0 C e d a r Street R o ck fo rd , Illin o is 7 3 1 0 - J 1 0 E m p ire S ta te B u ild in g N e w Y o r k C ity. 16..

(17) October, 1946. The thermocouple-gage attachment (left) for high pressures and the discharge gage (above) for lo w pressures connect directly to the vacuum system to be measured. Readings are made at the suitcase-type control unit.. NEW-A Vacuum Gage that Won’t Burn Out! O U W IL L find this new R C A vacuum gage a handy, extremely accurate instrument for measuring pressures from atmos pheric to less than 10-4 mm H g — just right for the wide variety of apparatus now using kinetic vacuum systems.. Y. A unique feature of this instrument is that it can be operated continuously, without fear of damage, at any pressure from 760 mm to the lowest attainable by your vacuum system.. • M e a s u r e s both h ig h a n d lo w p re ss u re s w it h g r e a t p re c isio n • R a p id ly r e s p o n d s to p re ss u re c h a n g e s • R e p e titiv e a c c u ra c y re d u c e s tim e u s u a lly lost in g u e s s w ork • D ire ct r e a d in g • S im p le , s tu rd y d e s ig n a s s u r e s lo n g, re lia b le se rv ic e • Id e a l fo r d e m o u n t a b le sy ste m s. The three major parts that make up this vacuum gage are shown above. The control u n it contains the meters, switches, and other circuit components. The thermocouple gage attachment is used to make relatively high-pressure measurements such as those needed to determine the exact time in the pum ping cycle when "rough pumping should stop and mechanical and diffusion pum ping should start. The discharge gage gives adequate current indication for all low-pressure measurements. These gages, connected to a vacuum system, actuate the meters in the control unit; readings are easily translated into accurate terms of pressure by calibration against a McLeod gage. This instrument is a of excellent service as famous RCA electron complete information.. time-tested device—backed by four years part of the vacuum system of the worldmicroscope. W e’ll be glad to send you W rite Dept. 39-J.. Note that pressure ranges covered by these gages are ideal for measuring most vacuums; the curves for each overlap through a very convenient range.. SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. R A D IO. C O R P O R A T iO N o f A M E R IC A. E N G IN E E R IN G P R O D U C T S D E P A R TM E N T. C A M D E N ,N .J ..

(18) INDUSTRIAL. ........... * ü. B h fc L :. 1. R. 1. ■■. I 1. Axial section of De Laval clogless pump. - q „arts in a. Oe Vovat Clog ftU V«otingl>. OTnWi line ot >h. r_sl„a is SP1'* the pump «*" be " "P T. ^ ^. W O RM GEAR SPEED REDUCERS CENTRIFUGAL PUMRS • CEN. g ,he. n«weW ' esWre. .¡5 0e Lav«'. ,,er a„d in * = cas1" 9. u e auicMV ° n and te-n.acV.mina. * - - ,he: n ! u - - *• weH: r. rep\acan»ent, macluntng. !e°’Uie „a -would be uecessa« o( tVre casing ^ Clogless. TURBINES • HELICAL-GEARS. access .. „¡gindl dear. ^. aré buW, for Jo e(tWe « y .'N "’e ’. ^. .. „ sin g - W *. g a in e d g P-1«0. ____ - -. SALES O FFICES: ATLANTA • BOSTON • CHAR LOTTE • CH ICAG O * CLEVELAND * DENVER DETROIT * HELENA • HONOLULU • HOUSTON KAN SAS C ITY • LOS ANGELES • M ANILA MONTREAL • NEW HAVEN • NEW ORLEANS NEW YO RK • PHILADELPHIA * PITTSBURGH. TRIFUGAL BLOWERSand.COM. ROCHESTER - ST. PAUL • SALT LAKE C ITY • SAN FRANCISCO • SEATTLE ■ TORONTO • TULSA. P R ESSO R S=-IiyiO piLSU M PS. VANCO U VER • W ASHINGTON; D ;C . • W INNIPEG A nd Citie* in Centre! ond South Am erica.

(19) A D V E R T IS E M E N T — T h is en tire page is a paid a d vertise aient. P repared M o n th ly by U . S . In d u s tr ia l Chem icals, Inc.. U.5.1.CHEMICAL NEWS. October. ★. A Monthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the Solvents and Chemical Consuming Industries. Wider M ethionine Use Seen As Result Of Low-Cost Synthesis. Air Speed Record Set With Alcohol-Water-Injection The Labor Day Thompson Trophy race—America’s annual speed classic of the air—was won this year by Major “Tex” Johnston with a record speed of 373.908 miles per hour. Johnston, flying a Bell P-39 Airacobra for Skylines Unlim ited, flashed his plane around the 300mile Cleveland course, winning easily in a field of twelve starters. The Thompson Trophy winner used alcohol-water-injection in his Allison en gine, “souping up” his racer to maximum performance. Essential ingredient of the alcohol-water-injection used by Johnston is U.S.I.-manufactured “Vitol,” a product employed during the war as a source of tremendous emergency power for fighter planes. Wide peacetime use in fuel-injection systems and application in other unique aviation power-plants is forecast for this specially-developed extra-power compound.. N ew U .S .I. Process Increases. Availability of Vital Amino Acid. Says “ M oon B lin dn ess” Is C ontrolled by R iboflavin Periodic ophthalmia, which causes tem porary and frequently permanent blindness in horses has been found to be due to a deI ficiency of riboflavin in the diet, according to an American scientist. The disease, known as “moon blindness,” can be avoided, he as serted, by adding riboflavin to the diet at the rate of 80 grams per ton of feed. This eye trouble is said to cost American horsemen more than $17,000,000 each year. Two new natural riboflavin concentrates, which also contain other members of the vitamin B com plex, are now being offered by U.S.I.. To Make Sweeter Sugar A plant is now being built to manufacture a sugar claimed to be one and one-half times sweeter than either cane sugar or beet sugar, it was announced recently. This super-sweet sugar is reported to come from the carbohy drates of the Jerusalem Artichoke, a plant native to the state of Washington.. Victim s o f starv ation w h o se can no longe r h a n d le a sp ee ded on their w a y to th erap eu tic uses o f a m in o. d ig estiv e systems sq uare m e a l are recovery by n e w acids. M e th io n in e. is one o f these a m in o acids.. THE M O N T H IN CO SM ETICS E xperim ents sh ow th a t cold p erm a n e nt w a v e solutions m a y be a p p lie d sa fely to unb rok en h u m a n skin for as lo ng as 2 4 hours . . . A n e w sunray protective a g e n t is d e v e lo p e d in Ita ly . . . A British scientist invents a substitute for h a rd v e g e ta b le w ax es such as c a r n a u b a a n d c a n d e lilla . . . Lipstick w h ich w ill not b le e d , sw e a t or crum ble even under sub-zero or h u m id tro p ical co nd itio ns is a n n o u n c e d . . . A re port on the co m p ara tiv e efficiency o f com m ercial w e ttin g ag en ts is m a d e . . Myosin in e is identified as the a g re e a b le odor of cigar sm oke . . . N e w glycerin substi tutes, called a lroh ydrines, are n o w offered by a n Eastern co m p a n y . . . A n e w m e ch a n ic a l, dustless, a n d screenless p u lv er izer is p laced on the m arket . . . A British scientist invents a m e th o d for the produc tion of p e rm a n e n t lettering on so ap.. U.S.I. Is Forty Years Old H ^T s U BURBAN L IF E THE FIRST U.S.I. AD—In 1908, when this ad was published, U. S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc., then known as U. S. Industrial Alcohol This Handsome Co., was two years old. At that time, Embossed the company was concerned primar ily with the production of ethyl al cohol for industrial purposes. Since B R A S S L A M P llien, U.S.I. has expanded its activi and a month’s supply of ties into the manufacture of a wide range of other chemicals. Today, as PYRO DENATURED U.S.I. celebrates its fortieth anni ALG0H0L versary, it is producing solvents, resins, plasticizing agents, feed con centrates, and other basic chemicals .**•<!t. which have become vital in the pro- [ tective coatings, automotive, petro leum, drug, cosmetic, food, tobacco, U. S. INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL CO., 29 Platt Street, New York City and other industries, as well as in , TWt */»mWi AlrtkolUtiirt»«. i«il 51« •hospital and scientific institutions.. An Unusual Offer. For $5.Z5. Increased availability of methionine, made possible by a new U.S.I. manufacturing proc ess which slashes costs about 97 per cent, has spurred investigations into the development of new uses for this compound. Although sup plies of methionine are still limited, much work is being performed in laboratories and clinics to extend the already wide applications of this vital amino acid. At the present lime, major uses of methionine include the treat ment of liver damage and toxic poisoning, and the fortification of oral and intravenous protein hydrolysates. Active interest in this compound as a means of enriching foodstuffs has also been shown. Essential A m in o Acid Methionine is one of the ten amino acids considered essential for the growth and repair of animal tissue. In addition, it has proved successful in the therapy of liver- damage, and promises great things, in combination with other amino acids, in the treatment of burns, shock, exposure, imd poisoning. It has also been employed to enrich protein hy drolysates — those “ predigested proteins” which have had dramatic success in the treat ment of peptic ulcers and in the cure of nearfatal starvation cases. W as Once R are Chem ical Although some of the therapeutic applica tions of this compound have been known for some time, physicians could take little advan tage of them, because up to the present, (Continued on next page ). New Reagent Simplifies Vitamin A Determinations The accurate estimation of Vitamin A in blood serum, fish oils, and pharmaceutical products may now become a simple routine procedure because of the availability of a new colorimetrjc reagent, it was announced recently. This new reagent, a derivative of glycerol dichlorhydrin; is said to develop a color with Vitamin A which is stable for at least eight minutes, permitting its absorption to be determined with extreme accuracy. In contrast, previous methods, using antimony trichloride, produce a color so transient that its absorption must-be read in four seconds. This new reagent is claimed to he stable, non-toxic, and non-corrosive.. Chemistry As a P ro fessio n What the chemist or would-be chemist may expect from his profession is the subject of a 20-page booklet published recently. The types of employment available and the training re quired are among the many topics discussed..

(20) ADVERTISEM ENT — This entire page is a paid advertisement.. USX CHEMICAL NEWS Water-Soluble Cellulose Neiv Chemical Process Derivative Has Many Uses Speeds Lum ber Drying A new water-soluble cellulose derivative, said to be used as a film-forming material, sizing agent, binder, thickening agent, pre servative colloid in aqueous solutions, and as an adhesive for paper and textiles, is now on tin; market. It is described as white or slightly yellow flakes, which are odorless, tasteless, and non-toxic. This compound keeps for an unlimited time in clean, stainless con tainers, and is resistant, to frost, beat, fats, oils, and alkalis, according to the manufac turer. It is reported to be manufactured by treating high alpha wood pulp with a mixture of etherifying agents.. U .S.I. B ooklets Available Products of U.S.I.—a. new descriptive folder listing U.S.I. products and their more common uses may now be obtained without charge by writing to the nearest district office of U.S.I.. A process which dries lumber four limes faster than kiln drying is claimed by a West ern lumber company. Wood dried by this process is reported to be free of pitch, and to have a lighter and more natural color with minimum warping. Acetone is the principal chemical used in extracting water from the wood, according to the inventors. Solvent re covery is said to be as high as 99.5 per cent.. TSetv R ubber Preservatives New chemicals, said to be effective in con centrations as low as one part in 100,000 by weight, are claimed to inhibit the deteriora tion of rubber, according to a patent issued recently. The chemicals are described as metallic complexes of phthalocyanines.. M ethionine ( Continued from preceding page). methionine has been considered one of the rare organic chemicals. It was available only in minute quantities and at costs of several hundred dollars a pound. The new U.S.I. lowcost synthesis now makes possible the use of this essential amino acid for much-needed clinical applications as well as for experi mental purposes.. To eliminate windshield fogging and icing, a new development has been announced, de scribed as a permanent, transparent coating ap plicable on plate glass, lam inated safety glass, and multiple-glazed units. (No. 116) USI A new synthetic dispersing agent, said to be use ful in producing pitch and other types of dis persions, is claimed to increase the fluidity of clay in'concentrations of less than one in 100. USI (No. 117) New equipment which, when added to an Two new rust inhibitors are reported to prevent ordinary light microscope, extends the range rust even when metal materials are in constant (No. 118) of human vision far beyond present limits has contact w ith brine solutions. USI been announced recently. The converted in strument, called a phase microscope, permits A new absorbent is claimed to absorb from 120 to 140 per cent of its own weight of oil, grease, the observation and study of many living cells, and water. (No. 119) USI tissues, microorganisms and industrial mate rials so transparent that heretofore little or To waterproof w alls or floors, a new preparation has been developed which can be applied like no detail could be seen in them. paint, the manufacturer states. It is claimed to provide a smooth, hard, w ashable, and grimeresistant finish. (No. 120) USI A new insulating m aterial, claimed to be as good The latest edition of Beilstein’s “Handbuch as cork board, is reported to w eigh only 1/10 as der Organischen Chemie,” for many years the much as cork board and to be less expensive. USI (No. 121) leading reference book in its field, has ar rived in this country recently. It is available To remove a ll types of stains is the purpose of a new line of chemicals, claimed to clean fabrics in a micro-film edition. of rust, paint, glue, shoe polish, lipstick, nail polish, oils, an d other hard-to-remove substances. USI (No. 122) Two new-type hum idity indicators are now on the market. One is described as sensitive labels, smaller than postage stamps, which change color reversibly with the humidity. The other is an ink which may be painted or sprayed on all types of material and which is said to behave in the same way. (No. 123) USI To solve algebraic problems quickly, a new desk calculator is now being marketed which can provide the answer to as m any as twelve linear simultaneous equations autom atically, the manu facturer claims. (No. 12<£) USI A new-type maximum-minimum thermometer is stated to show high or low points during a given period by means of a single pointer instead of the usual complicated apparatus. (No. 125) USI To clean incrusted cement an d concrete from tools, equipment, an d forms is the purpose of a new substance, described as a clear, almost odorless, non-flammable liquid, harmless to metal and wood. * (No. 126) USI To dye thermoplastics, a new solution has been “ Heyr Jo e , I'Ve d o n e it! A non- m etallic m e ta l!'' developed which can be used at room tempera tures according to the manufacturer. (No. 127) Courtesy M aterials a n d M ethods. Extends Visual Lim its. U S l NDUSTRIAL ALCOHOLS Amyl Alcohol Butanol (Normal Butyl Alcohol) Fusel Oil —Refined. ACETIC ESTERS Amyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Ethyl Acetate. Ethanol (Ethyl A lcohol) Specially Denotured—all regular and anhydrous formulas Completely Denatured—all regular and anhydrous formulas Pure—190 proof, C.P. 96% Absolute ’ Super Pyro Anti.freeze --‘ Soiojrproprietary Solvent ...... OXALIC ESTERS Dibutyl Oxalate Diethyl Oxalate. •Registered Trade Mark. C h e m ic a ls ,. In c. N.. *. 6 0 E A S T 4 2 N D ST., N E,W Y O R K 1 7, N . Y.. ♦ANSOLS Ansol M .Ansol PR. Further information on these items may be obtained by writing to U.S.I.. New Beilstein Available. U.S.I. in The World of Chemistry—a 48-page booklet describing the use of U.S.I. chemicals in modern industry. Requests for copies should be sent to the New York Office of U.S.I.. *. TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS. PHTHALIC ESTERS Diomyl Phtholote Dibutyl Phtholote Diethyl Phtholote OTHER ESTERS ’ Diofol Diethyl Corbonote Ethyl Chloroformate Ethyl Formate. f | J. S |. | J. B R A N C H E S.IN. INTERMEDIATES Acetoacetanilide * •Acetoacet-ortho-anisidide Acetoacet-ortho-chloranilide Acetoacef-ortho-toluidide Acefoacet-para-chloranilide Alpha-acetylbutyrolactone 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 5-DiethyIamino-2-pentanone Ethyl Acetoacetate Ethyl Benzoylacetate Ethyl Alpha-Oxalpropionate Ethyl Sodium Oxalacetate Methyl Cyclopropy! Ketone ETHERS Ethyl Ether E%yl Ether Absolute—A.C.S.. ALL* P R I N C I P A L. C IT IE S. FEED CONCENTRATES ; "Curbay B-G : *Curbay Special Liquid •Vacatone 4 0 * Riboflavin Concentrates ACETONE Chemically Pure RESINS Ester Gums—all types Congo Gums—raw, fused & esterlfied •Aroplaz—alkyds and allied materials *Arofene—pure phenolics •Arochem—modified types Natural Resins—all standard grades OTHER PRODUCTS Collodions Ethylene Ethylene Glycol Urethan Nitrocellulose Solutions d/*Methionine PflnfAfl in U .S .A ..

(21) October, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. 21. CHEMISTRY. ADJUSTABLE You can co m p e n sa te ' your Pom ona pum p for w e a r— restore proper running clearance w hen at last it’s necessary — b y one sim ple "to p sid e ” adjustment. N o need to pull the pum p to elim inate recirculation; no high adjustm ent costs— an d va lu a b le pu m pin g time is saved!. For pumping water from wells, pits, sumps, lakes, rivers, etc., here’s the w a y to cut costs per gallon to the barest minimum— not only in the first year, but for many, many years to come! Pomona vertical turbine pumps have the combination you’re after— high, maintained efficiency for continued low power cost, plus lowest yearly maintenance expense!. ' *. NO HIDDEN LEAKAGE! Pom ona, another product of Fairbanks-M orse,. WHAT DO YO U N EED? The. protects you r pocketbook. o lv a b lc w atef^nted Pom ona revolvable,. a g a in st pow er losse s and. ing'.with double lubricated rubber bearing. w asted w ater with a. out) surfaces m eans quiet _____ a ___ (inside and^o __#l bearing. readily accessible shaft. vibratjon-freo shaft support urfder all conditions.. seal, or "p a c k in g box.”. Fairb an ks-M orse vertical turbine pu m ps are. Quick visu a l inspection and. built in sizes^from 4 " to 3 6 "— »with oil or water-. • a sy m aintenance are assured!. lubrication-^-sem i-open or enclosed impellers. C a ll your-lnearest F airbapKs-M orse office or youjr.PSm ona dealer,fo'r/inform aiion on the pum p “it fitted to yovr'fob.. Fa. ir b a n k s. -M o r s e. A nam e worf/t rem em bering DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES • DIESEL ENGINES • MAGNETOS • GENERATORS - MOTORS • PUMPS SCALES. .. STOKERS. •. RAILROAD MOTOR CARS and STANDPIPES. •. FARM EQUIPMENT.

(22) 22. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 10. PRECISION FABRICATION AND CONTROLLED WELDING ASSURES. Up Goes Another PanelI Accuracy, speed and economy are combined in the patented Stacey Brothers AH Welded Panel construction.. That’s the kind of workmanship you get with Stacey Brothers All-Welded Panel construction! This wet seal holder, one of our most recent installations— at Long Beach, California— has a capacity of 5,000,000 cubic feet. Five lifts bring it to a height of 211 feet— yet each lift nests true in a space less than one-half of one per cent of the 100 ft. radius. That’s close tolerance! The secret lies in the cup and grip assembly — all-welded préfabrication— an important and exclusive Stacey Brothers feature. But safe cupping and freedom from binding. is not the only advantage. You’ll get longer holder life, quicker installation, lighter weight, lower material costs— and freedom from unsightly bulges. For full details, write for Bulletin W-45. THE STACEY BROS. GAS CONSTRUCTION CO. One of the Dresser Industries 5535 V IN E STREET. • .. C IN C IN N A T I 16, OHIO. ALL-WELDED GÂS HOLDERS.

(23) ENGINEERING. PRODUCTION. 2 0 % Cladding of solid Stainless Steel provides 1 0 0 % protection on contact side. Permanently bonded backing of mild steel makes it easier to fabricate than solid stainless.. Costs much less than solid stainless. Backed by 14 years o f continuous service in the process industries. INGERSOLL. Steel Division. B ORG -W A RN ER C O R PO R A T IO N. 31 0 South M ic h ig a n A ve . • C h ic a g o 4, Illinois Plants: C h icag o , Illinois; N ew C astle, In d ia n a ; K a la m a z o o , M ichigan. jj.

(24) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 10. "A feller named Fluor says we need a FIN* FAN* cooler ... whatever that is.”. * There’s no "moonshine” in the performance record of the F l u o r F i n • F a n Cooling Unit. Engineering data is yours for the asking.. THE. Ä l. C O R P O R A T IO N , NEW. E N G I N E E R S. .. YORK. .. LTD.,. P IT T SB U R G H. 2500 .. South. KANSAS. C IT Y. A tla n tic .. H OU STON. M A N U F A C T U R E R S. B o u le v a r d , .. TULSA. .. .. Los. A n g e le s. 2 2,. Calif«. B O STO N. C O N S T R U C T O R S.

(25) INDUSTRIAL. October, 1946. AND. ENGINEERING. 25. CHEMISTRY. p s w w m. alp. 1. 8 R O w n : bilt. 1 i®. ALL O r A n y Step. In four years, 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 tons, half a billion pounds. esign,. .w-v. of steel, were fabricated in one of the plate and ansle shops under management of Brown & Root,. Engineering, ®. rabrication *i>•. -y f. Inc. >.. O r Erection of. z iv. ‘ , '»&;oldest. Engineered fabrication is a specialty of this firm of all-around builders in the Southwest.. The shops are superbly equipped and are ready to tackle any of your fabrication problems.. N o fabri. cation job is too big, none too small.. Process. «SI. '■>Tr-V Vs'.V-/4KJ *. ko'•*£r >,'. [11èC. '•'»*« < ’ ‘ '^-:y-iry. ~vV-"-V-r-A>.. i. !. ¡S4**i-i- ,•*•••. Fabrication is an integrated part of the designengineering-fabrication- erection service, all in one. and Chemicals Äu^Bwa ËæâSfflSral H .. Industries. good organization, offered by Brown & Root, Inc., or we can fabricate to your specifications.. W e can load directly from our docks to seagoing P. O . B O X 2 6 3 4 H O USTO N. 1, T E X A S. ship or barge, or rail or highway transportation is .:.--w. available.. mSM.

(26) 26. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 10. With Ace Rubber Protection it’s a mighty sound investment Ace R ubber Protection adds years to the life of plant equipm ent handling corrosives. In so doing it helps prevent costly breakdowns as it protects not only equipment but the finished product as well. Ace Rubber Protection has proven itself on the job in many installations which we have provided in over 75 years of service to Am erican industry!. A partial view a f an installation of over 12 Hard Rubber Pipe and Fittings, in sizes from l'A" to 8".. American H ard R ubber Company General Sales Office: 11 Mercer St., New Y o rk 13, N . Y . Branch Sales Offices: 111 W . Washington St., Chicago 2, 111. —''"V » A kron 9, Ohio. PLANT EXECUTIVES: W rite for free copy of 64 page handbook containing in v a lu a b le inform ation b o u t a n ti -c o rro s io n. __ i Ace-Saran Anti-Corrosion Equipment Hard and Soft Rubber Lined Tanks, Pipe and Fittings A 11-Hard Rubber Pipe, Fittings and Utensils Hard Rubber Pumps in a Wide Range of Sizes and Capacities Made-to-Speciftcation Equipment— Hard Rubber and H ard Rubber Lined.

(27) October, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. Ig u. « r. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. 27. THIS C A R B O N T A N K L I N I N G. IS STILL IN GOOD OPERATING C O N D IT IO N !. T ///S K //V 0. '. O F 7 H /M & < m. ? V E R H E A R of a material standing up. *—1 to the corrosive attack of strong nitric-. V WHATEVER YOUR PROBLEM —CONSIDER CARBON OR t GRAPHITE j. hydrofluoric solutions for 13 years? T hat is the record of this “N ational” carbon brick tank lining. Yes, carbon has proved itself unmatched for lining acid-bearing tanks and towers. Equally useful for building these tanks and towers, with or without supporting walls, is “Karbate” impervious graphite. These two lightweight, inert materials. /?o fv s M. l. are unaffected by hydrochloric, sulphuric, lactic, acetic, hydrofluoric acids; by mixed acids; and by special caustic vapors and oth er corrosive liq u id s a n d gases. B o th also withstand heat shock. “Karbate” im pervious graphite resists seepage under pressure and is mechanically strong. Both materials are available in brick and blocks, in standard and special shapes. For more details on how these materials can be useful in your plant, write Dept. IE.. Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation. 30 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y.. The words "National” and "Karbate" are registered trade-marks of National Carbon Company, Inc.. D ivision Sales Offices: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, New Yorlt, Pittsburgh, San Francisco.

(28) 28. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 10. CONTINUOUS CONVEYOR SYSTEM. Combining a Proctor "pre-forming” feed with a con tinuous conveyor dryer has been the answer to large scale production, without sacrifice in the quality of finished pigments. By pre-forming the pigment, in its wet-solid state, into small shapes that permit the cir culation of heated air through the bed of material on a constantly moving conveyor, production is materially increased. Drying the pigment in the form of small shapes permits the heated air to penetrate all the way fhrough to the center of each of the particles on the conveyor. On top of this, the speed of the con veyor, temperatures within the drying enclosure and humidity in the dryer are all accurately controlled. These factors all add up to your assurance that case-hardening or surface baking is absolutely pre vented. The systems recom mended vary in some de tails with the particular pigment to be handled. Small extrusions, about in diameter are formed by the rolling extruder feed of the system illustrated. Heated air quickly pene trates bed of extrusions on conveyor, promot ing rapid, thorough drying.. The continuous system illus trated dries pigment from. a moisture content of 9 4 .5 % (bone dry weight basis) to a moisture content of 0 .2 5 % (bone dry weight basis) at the rate of 1,820 pounds per hour. If you have a pigment drying problem, don’t hesitate, write today, giving as much information as possible about your problem. ®. 1 . Material comes from filter with moisture content of 9 4 .5 % (B.D.W.B.*) and is distributed into hopper of rolling extruder feed by means of an oscillating screw conveyor.. ® 2 . W e t material is formed into extrusions b y auto matic rolling extruder feed and loaded to depth 2 “-2 V x " on moving conveyor. 3 . Conveyed through an 8 unit single conveyor dryer, air circulation penetrates through bed of material to assure speedy, thorough, uniform drying. Drying temperatures average 300°F. • 4 . Material is dried to moisture content of 0 .2 5 % (B.D.W.B.) at the rate of 1,820 lbs. (C.D.W.f) per hour. *Bone Dry Weight Basis.. tCommercial Dry Weight..

(29) October, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. EN G I N E E R I N G. CHEMISTRY. Baffle plates permit maximum length of travel . . . greatest transfer of heat. • Continual circulation reduces sediment. • Liquid strikes tubes at right angles , , , wipes tubes . . . keeps them clean. Efficient use of surface . . . rugged and simple design. Available in special alloys for hard-tohandle corrosive fluids. • Economical saving of mediums.. nr akes the difference • Successful, economical, and efficient operation of heat exchange equip ment involves several factors. Thermos* important of all, however, is design . . . and SK has it.. 4. •'. ' -■ • *. a. Utilizing an efficient arrangement of baffles inside the cylindrical shell, SK Heat Exchangers obtain the m axim um length o f liquid travel and the. greatest transfer of heat. W ith 50 years of experience, Sehutte & Koerting is in a position to produce heat exchangers of every type to meet the needs of the chemical and process industries. Our engineers will be pleased to cooperate an finding the solution to your heat exchange problems.. SCHUTTE & KOERTING COMPANY 1160. T H O M P S O N. STREET. •. P H I L A D E L P H I A. 21,. P'A*..