Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 38, No. 9

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(2) O N E OF. ’S BEST-EQUIPPED FABRICATING PLANTS. A nnealing Capacity for the Largest Vessels.. Extensive Boiler and Machine Shop Facilities. For more than 37 years Devine engineers have been accumulating a rich and extensive background of experience in the design and construction of proceso equipment. Today that experience provides an endless source of valuable information and data on which Devine engineers are constantly drawing for the design of today's modem equipment for the chemical and oil-refining industries. Devine towers, pressure vessels, dryers, heat exchangers, impregnators and similar. .. Modern Equipment and Welders Qualified to Meet Various Code Requirements.. equipment are built by expert fabricators in one of America's most up-to-date plants. Housed in spacious, well-lighted buildings, the plant includes completely-equipped ma chine shop, boiler shop, annealing ovens, and a modern X-ray testing laboratory for the application of ASME and API-ASME codes. Devine facilities are at your service whether for the designing of equipment to fit special needs, or the fabricating of units from your own blueprints. A letter or telegram will bring a Devine representative..

(3) INDUSTRIAL. and. ENGINEERING. V O LU M E 38, N U M B E R 9. CHEMISTRY •. IS S U E D S E P T E M B E R. 12, 1946. N . A . P A R K IN S O N. JA M ES. Managing Editor:. M.. D. O . M y ATT. Chicago:. New. H.. W IL L. York:. GO ULD. L e g g in. R IC H A R D. Houston:. F.. RO BERT. Al. L.. KENYO N. H A R R Y STENERSO N. San Francisco:. ............................................................................................................. *5. A s W e See I t ...................................................................................................................... *83. Equipment and Design.. *89. Plant Management.. ................................................................................ ..... BERTHA REYN O LDS. * Indicates page number in the advertising section.. Technical Articles Polytetrafluoroethylene.. H eat Resistant, Chem ically Inert Plastic. H E L E N K. N E W T O N STELLA A N D E R S O N. Projection of Laboratory Reaction V e lo c ity Data into Commercial Design.. Contributing Editors RALPH H. M U N C H WALTER V O N PECH M ANN. Elw in E. Harris and Edward Beglinger .. C. S. MINER. H. E. BARNARD. H. R. MURDOCK. aMER K. BOLTON. C. F. PRUTTON. W. H. D O W. A . S. RICHARDSON. GASTON DUBOIS. W . A . SCHMIDT. GUSTAVUS J. ESSELEN. R. N. SHREVE. PER K. FROLICH. L. V . STECK. C. F. KETTERING. E. C. SULLIVAN. O . E. M A Y. E. R. WEIDLEIN. Elw in E. Harris, G eorge J. Hajny, Martha Hannan, and Sedgwick C . Rogers Apparent Specific Gravity of Refined Sugar.. G eorge P. M eade. Preparation of Technical D D T .. 37,300 copies of this issue printed. 896. Murray Senkus. . .. 906. . .. 913. . H . S. Mosher, M . R. Cannon, E. A . Conroy, R. E. Van Strien, and D. P. Spalding. Change of Latent H eat of Vaporization with Temperature.. G ouq-Jen Su . .. 916 923. Color Stability of O liv e Drab Infrared-Reflecting Camouflage Finishes . . . . E.E. Jukkola and Roy Cohen. 927. A ction of Antifouling P a in ts.............................................................................................. Bostwick H . Ketchum, John D. Ferry, and Arthur E. Burns, Jr.. 931. G e l Lacquer .Technique for Protective Coating................................. ....................... Carl J . Malm and Harold L. Smith, Jr. Processing Penicillin.. Copyright 1946 by American Chemical.Society. 885 890. ...................904. Scott W . W alker .. Recovery of 2,3-Butanediol Produced by Fermentation.. J O H N M. WEISS. The American Chemical Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to its publications. V ie w s expressed in the editorials and reports are those of the editors and do not neces sarily represent the official position of the American Chemical Society.. . .. Fermentation of Douglas Fir H ydrolyzate by S . c e r e v i s i a e .................................... Hydrogen Sulfide from Sulfur Dioxide and M ethane.. Advisory Board. . ,. Jo el H . H irsch, C . L. Craw ford, and Clark H o llo w ay, Jr. Madison W ood Sugar Process.. CHARLES O W E N BROWN. 870. V alve Characteristics in Autom atic Control.S. D. R o s s ...........................................878. C O R A G LASN ER. W. L. BADGER. . . . . .. M . M . Renfrew and E. E. Lew is. Manuscript Reviewing: Editorial Assistant:. *146. D e m m e rle. FREDERICK G . S A W Y E R. Manuscript Editing:. *95. ........................................................................... W alter von P e c h m a n n .............................................................*107. From the Editor's Desk. Assistant Editors. Make-up:. Charles O w e n B r o w n ....................................................... Ralph H . Munch. • '. L.. 17. . ..........................................................................................................................977. I. & E. C. Reports. Instrumentation.. S H E A R O N , J r.. R ic h a r d. N U M BER. CROW E. Associate Editors. Washington:. C O N S E C U T IV E. E d ito ria ls ...................................................................... ............................................................ 359 Headlines. Executive Editor:. edition. Departments. EDITOR: W A L T E R J. M U R PH Y Assistant to Editor:. •. industrial. 937. F. C . Whitmore and C o llab o rato rs..................................... 942. Effect of Polymolecularity on Deformation of Butyl Polym ers............................... R. L. Zapp and F. P. Baldwin. 948. Styrene-Diene Resins in Rubber C o m p o u n d in g ........................................................ A.. M . Borders, R. D.. Relation between Specific Refractivity of Polymers and A tom ic Structure of Polymer Unit. Richard H . W ile y 959 Properties of Lactoprene E V .............................................................................................. T. J. Dietz, W . C . Mast, R. L. Dean, and C . H . Fisher. We «knowledge with (funks the «ction of Patterson Foundry and Machine Company In releasing (he front cover of (his Issue for editorial purposes. Shown on (he cover Is a view of a large cast bronze dy namite stirrer being completed in (he Wilmington shops of Du Pont'« engineering department. Photo, courtesy the Du Pont Company.. 960. Humidity Measurements in Presence of Water-Soluble Salts............................... G . C . Williams and R. O . Schmitt. 967. G R -S Emulsified with Rosin S o a p ..................................................................................... Pdblished by the American Chemical Society at Easton, Pa. Editorial Head quarters: 1155 16th Street, N. W ., Washington 6, D. C ., telephone. Republic 5301, cable, Jiechem (Washington). Chicago Editorial Branch, 25 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 4, III., telephone, Wabash 7376. Houston Editorial Branch, 413 West Bldg., Houston 2, Texas, telephone, Capital 6516. New York Editorial Branch, 60 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N. Y.j telephone, Murray Hill 2-4662. San Francisco editorial Branch, 24 California Street, San Francisco, Calif. Business Office: American Society, 1155 16th Street, N. W ., Washington 6, D. C. Advertising Office: 332 West 42nd Street, N ew York 18, N. V., telephone, Bryant 9-4430. , Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at Easton, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879, as 24 times a year— Industrial Edition monthly on the 1st, Analytical edition monthly on the 15th. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage pro vided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3,1917, authorized July 13, 1918. i j j Pittances and orders for subscriptions and for single copies, notices of changes of address and new professional connections, and claims for missing numbers should be sent to the American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N. W ., Washington 6, D. C.. G . R. Cuthbertson, W . S. C o e , and J. L-. Brady. 975. Changes of address: or the Industrial Edition must be received on or before the 18th of the preceding month and for the Analytical Edition not later than the 30th of the preceding month. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed (1) if received more than 60 days from date of issue (owing to delivery hazards, no claims can be honored from subscribers in Continental Europe, Asia, or the Pacific Islands other than Hawaii), (2) if loss was due to failure of notice of change of address to be received before the dates specified in the preceding sentence, or (3) if the reason for claim is "missing from files". Annual subscriptions— Industrial Edition and Analytical Edition sold only as a unit, members $3.00, nonmembers $4.00. Postage to countries not in the Pan-Ameri can Union $2.25. Canadian postage $0.75. 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(4) BETTER DISPERSION. IMPROVED FLOWING PROPERTIES V. ADDITION AL TOUGHNESS. As a caking preven- \ ** tative, Celite Fillers \ improve the flow characteristics of many chemicals—particularly those of a deliquescent nature.. Insecticides are only one of many products in which Celite Fillers will improve dispersion, aid grinding and give greater coverage.. Celite Fillers, used in many asphalt products, impart toughness, raise the melting po/nt and lower the brittle point.. INCREASED BULK. MORE DURABLE FINISH. G REATER ABSORPTION. Manufacturers of such products as household cleansers find that Celite Fillers add desirable bulking proper ties, improve absorption and color.. Producers of plastics use Celite Fillers to produce a more durable surface finish, reduce moisture absorption and improve electrical properties.. As an absorptive non-scratching pol ishing abrasive for metals and other surfaces, Celite Fillers are widely used in the manufacture of fine polishes.. PROPERTIES O F SO M E STAN D ARD G RA D ES O F CELITE M IN ER AL FILLERS. G ra d e D esignation. Fineness. C elite FC. A v e ra g e Particle Size (O den M ethod). M axim u m 3% on 150 mesh. 4-6 microns. C elite SSC. Light p ink M axim um 5 % on 150 mesh. 6-8 microns. C elite HSC. W hite. 7-9 m icrons. Snow Floss W hite. M axim u m 7 % on 150 mesh M axim u m 0 .5 % on 3 2 5 mesh. 1-2 microns. M axim u m 0 .5 % on 3 2 5 mesh. 2-4 m icrons. Free M oisture Content. A bsorp tio n* ' Bulking Linseed V a lu e * * ' Specific W a te r O il Loose W et G ra v ity. A p p ro x. 4 %. G ard n er-C olem an M e th o d -lb s. o f liq u id per 1 0 0 lb s. o f C elite.. Johns-M anville. lbs. p er cubic ft.. Filter A id s a n d Fillers.

(5) INDUSTRIAL. and. ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY. Our American Vodka. That newsreel sliot of a steamroller mowing down acres of good white potatoes is not a thiilleidiller portrayal of crop destruction. The potato this year is a surplus, but it is put to good use. I t is being converted into pure beverage alcohol, and the steamroller technique flattens the potato piles as a preliminary step to solar dehydra tion. The resulting alcohol is utilized by the whisky dis tillers as pure neutral spirits for blending; hence the term “potato whisky”. Bradley Dewey some time ago said that all too many scientists in the past smiled or made wry remarks when chemurgic chemistry was mentioned. Today they are being forced to eat their words and tomorrow, he warned, they may be eating the works of the chemurgist. He might have added “drinking” as well, because potato alcohol has become a big business in postwar America, with some eight plants, mostly in Idaho and Maine, manufacturing beverage spirits in volume. The humble spud has attained this new industrial eminence be cause corn, wheat, and other grains are rejected for the distillation of either beverage or industrial alcohol. Oar normal requirements for white potatoes average between40,000,000 and 45,000,000 bushels annually, and this year the crop is around 75,000,000 bushels. W ien you con sider that some 175 gallons of 95% alcohol are obtained on an averagefrom an acre of Irish potatoes (a higher yield than that ofsweetpotatoes, corn, wheat, or rye), the potentialities of potato alcohol are great. It is interesting to compare the alcohol yields from various crops; this table prepared some time ago by Paul IColachov, one of our better-informed chemurgists, is enlightening: Crop Sugar beets Jerusalem artichokes Irish potatoes Sweet potatoes C o rn. Wheat Rye. A*. Average Yield per Acre. 95% Alcohol, Gallons per Acre. 13 tons 10 tons 250 bu. 150 bu. 52 bu. 22 bu. 16 bu.. 299 250 175 142 130 53 35. In view of the high acreage and gallonage yields from white potatoes, it might be asked if more emphasis should not be placed on the production of potatoes as raw material for industrial alcohol. We probably will not allocate more land to potatoes, however, because here we run into the familiar stumbling block of costs and prices. Industrial alcohol dis tillers cannot switch over to tubers at their present costs, and manufacture and market industrial ethyl alcohol at prevailing ceiling prices. Even the government-supported prices for Idaho potatoes run up to §1.65 per bushel; trans lated into alcohol yield, this means a price much above cur rent quotations for industrial alcohol. There is an added expense in dehydration. Potato alcohol, therefore, will probably continue to go to the beverage industry which can utilize it in whisky blends selling at $2.50 to S4.00 for a “fifth” while industrial alcohol plants are being allotted enough blackstrap molasses to oper ate at 35% capacity. Those de pendent upon grain are shut down entirely. Industrial alcohol, at least, can be manufactured from molasses at what distillers call practical costs. One acre of sugar can well yield, in addition to 4.5 tons of pure sugar and 8 tons of bagasse, 240 gallons of molasses or 100 gallons of alcohol. In normal times potatoes cannot compete with molasses or grain as raw materials in this business—but who can accurately fore see the cost trends in agriculture even a year hence! H.S. Subsurface Hardshells. Stimulated by observations of underwater oxyacetylene welding on ships’ hulls, Russian scientists are reported to have developed and put into widespread use a new development in the heat treating of steel— that of high frequency surface tempering, with immersion of both the steel to be treated and the inductoi in water. The technique is reported briefly by M . Lozinsky and B. Kholmsky in a recent issue of the USSR Inform a tion Bulletin. This method has apparently eliminated two serious problems in previous high frequency (Continued on page 8). ' ^ dULf d i^ U k * 5.

(6) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 9. CORROSION SET NEW PRODUCTION RECORDS WITH ACE RUBBER PROTECTION Corrosion! It ’s there, whether you see it or not! It’s a behind-the-scenes threat that makes equipment old before its time, impairs plant efficiency, often affects the very quality of your finished product. Y o u can put a stop, to corrosion w ith Ace Hard Rubber. It guards your operations at such vital points as in the linings of tanks used for processing and storage— in pumps, pipe, fittings and valves for circulating active solutions— in a score of other impoi tant installations. O u r research and engineering staffs w ill be glad to advise you on the applications of Ace H ard R ubber in your plant. Ace Rubber lined sectional tank for paper processing.. American Hard Rubber Com pany General Sales Office: 11 Mercer St., New Y o rk 13, N . Y . Branch Sales Offices: 111 W . Washington St., Chicago 2, 111. Akron 9, Ohio. PLANT EXECUTIVES: W rite for free copy of 64 . page handbook contain ing valuable information a b o u t a n ti -c o rro s io n equipment. Gate, diaphragm and check valves with fully bondid A Hard Rubber linings over all inner surfaces.. Ace-Saran Anti-Corrosion Equipment H ard and Soft Rubber Lined Tanks, Pipe and Fittings All-Hard Rubber Pipe, Fittings and Utensils Hard Rubber Pumps in a Wide Range of Sizes and Capacities Made-to-Specifcation Equipment— Hard Rubber and H ard Rubber Lined.

(7) September, 1946________________ I N D U S T R I A L. \ H. ( j e. lu. &. u. D. H. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. a. m. TO DRY? From the answer to this question Link-Belt dry ing and process engineers w ould know w hat problems you m a y be having. A little study of the types, of equipm ent now em ployed and the conditions under w hich it operates w ould show whether or not you could profit by some altera tion of method.. LINK-BELT RO TO -LO UVRE DRYER. B e t te r Eq uipm ent M ay S a v e Time, Lower C o sts, Im prove Y o u r Product In setting up a new plant or studying an old one, it pays to give close attention to drying and cooling methods. L-B engineers are unbiased; their experi ence covers a wide range of products in many in dustries. Why not consult them, now? Following are three principal types of L-B Dryers: ROTO-LOUVRE (top picture) This dryer and cooler is supreme where large volume, gentle handling, gradual drying and accurate control are necessary. Requires relatively little space as compared to con ventional equipment. Can replace your old dryer without expensive alterations. Choice of 8 shell diameters, various lengths. MULTI-LOUVRE (center picture) Applies principle of forcing air through a constantly mixing bed of material. The same machine can be used for both drying and cooling. The temperature of the air can be varied during the various stages of drying as desired. Steam for conditioning a material before drying can also be admitted. Requires relatively little space, is economical to operate and especially suited to material not requiring long retention periods. “ SS” (lower picture) This type is for the fast re moval of surface moisture from coarse, non-absorbent materials, which are subject to forced hot air as they move along a shaker screen. For fu ll details address:. LIN K-B ELT. LINK-BELT “ SS”. COMPANY. Chicago 9, Indian ap o lis 6, P hiladelph ia 40, A tlanta, D allas 1, M inneapolis 5, San Francisco 24, Los Angeles 33, Seattle 4 , Toronto 8. Offices in P rincipal Cities.. OR SHAKER-SCREEN DRYER. NOTE:. DRYERS AND COOLERS DRYING. PROCESS. ENGINEERING. The illustrations above are not made to a uniform scale. Dryers are available in several standard sizes. Your inquiry in volves no obligation..

(8) I. & E. C, Reports on the Chemical World Today methods. The Russians have, for several years, em ployed the- principle of decrease in electrical field depth and consequent extreme concentration of heat in a thin surface layer by the use of frequencies up to 100,000 cycles. Immersion has solved the problem of cooling the induction coil. Because of the poor conductivity of water, the loss of current is not excessive, and the skin of steam formed at the surface of the article being treated provides satis factory heat insulation. The underwater technique permits the high frequency process to be used in the treating of inner surfaces and intricate dies and parts having tiny grooves and holes. In an industrial installation spoilage was reduced nearly 99% when the new system replaced a previous method. Very accurate adjustment of the surface thickness affected is possible— to within a fraction of a millimeter— and 50 to 100% greater durability of surface is obtained. Treating rates have been increased greatly. For example, pinion gears can be heat-treated in Vsooth of the time required by older non-high-frequency methods. W.H.S.. You can avoid hidden weak nesses in the processing equip ment you purchase by selecting a fabricator with specialized experience in working with this alloy. Stainless steel is a tricky metal to work. When you bend it, form it, weld it, your fabrica tor must use shop procedures th a t s a fe g u a rd the o rig in a l properties of the metal. And he must have the plant machinery, engineering skill, and trained manpower to carry out these protective procedures. As custom builders of process ing equipment working exclu sively with stainless steel alloy— we offer this specialization tb our customers. It assures you processing equipment with no hidden weaknesses—equipment that lasts longer, works more efficiently for your application.. Premeditated Destruction. This article is dedicated to those who have found sadistic pleasure in participating in or watching the punishment of shipping containers of chemicals or other materials by unsympathetic handlers. A new source of glee for them can be found in the torture device for these objects announced in the tentative method of the American Society for Testing Materials for deter mining the impact strength of shipping containers. The test, known as D880-46T, is fiendishly simple in design. In construction the apparatus is an inclined tworail steel track about 26 feet long, inclined at about 1 0 ° from the horizontal, along which a four-wheeled carriage or dolly can roll freely. At the. bottom of the incline is a formidably reinforced wooden barrier. A 4 X 4 inch timber is placed across the barrier in such a position that it will be struck by the corner of the container. The run way is graduated into 6-inch increments, so that the veloc ity at impact can be determined. The specimen is readied for the ordeal by packing it with the actual contents that would be shipped in it, or with simulated materials of equal weight and consistency. In order to approximate anticipated service conditions, the container’s (iberboard or wooden anatomy is often “softened up” by immersion in water or subjection to a spray. The test container is placed on the dolly with its face or edge either coincident with, or projecting two inches beyond, the front edge. A winch is then em ployed to pull the passenger to the desired place upon the incline where a tripping mechanism operates to send it on its ride to the barricade. This operation is repeated until the container fails. The cold, harsh instructions of the test read that not one but five of the species must be treated in the described manner in order that the unrelenting demands of scientific inquiry be met. From the data gathered from these sacri fices, men set themselves to designing still stronger speci mens to defy the might of freight-handlers’ arms. R.L.D.. CONSULT WITH US.. S. B L I C K M A N I N C . 1209 GREGORY AVE., WEEHAWKEN, N. }... (Continued, on page 10). 8.

(9) September, 1946. T y p ic a l G irb o to i p la n ) fa r re m o v a l a n d re c o v e r y a f lh e a c id ic g a s e s. O n a m a to rs o f the O trb o lo l P ro ce ss, C ir d le r s p e c ia lists w go> p ro c e s s e s h a ve d e sig n e d a n d built m o r e p la n ts o f (Ml ty p e than any o th e r o rg a n iz a tio n .. Shortest distance from Plan to Plant in G as Processes TF you need a new gaa processing 1 plant and w ant it right, you can depend on G i r d l e r ’s outstanding experience in engineering and build ing the gas processing plants G ir d le r designs. G ir d l e r engineers are specialists in gas processes and they follow through from the very start to the very finish of the jo b —not just until the plant is installed b u t until the. customer knows all about it and how to use it. Several hundred GiRDLER-planned and GiRDLER-built gas processing plants are now successfully serving most of the big names in industry, as well as the U nited States Govern ment. This includes processes for gas m anufacture, purification, separa tion , and d e h y d ra tio n — processes solving problems concerning hydro. gen sulphide, carbon monoxide, car bon dioxide, inert and controlled atmospheres, natural gas, refinery gases, liquid hydrocarbons, hydro gen, nitrogen. •. •. •. For specific data showing what this wealth of experience means to you, write today giving an outline of your particular gas processing problem.. The G I R D L E R C O R P O R A T I O N G a s P r o c e s s e s D iv is io n ,. L o u is v ille 1, K e n tu c k y. District Offices: 150 Broadway, New York 7, N . * ■ 2612 Russ Bidg.. San Francisco 4-, Calif. 311 Tiilnma B ld g T u ls a , Okla..

(10) Keep those viscous fluids. I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. MOVING with. JA C K E T IN LET. JA C K E T. JA C K E T C H A M B ER JA C K E T D R A IN. Reed Jacketed Steel or Jacketed Semi-Steel valves will keep your viscous materials mov ing at all times. They require no lubrication and maintenance costs are negligible. The jacketing design provides correct oper ating temperature over the entire valve body, keeping the material fluid from flange to flange. Reed Valves are interchangeable with wedge steel valves an d are supplied with A. S. A. standard for O . S. & Y. w edge gate valves.. REEDJ ROLLER BOX. BIT. C O M P A N Y. 2119 — HOUSTON,. m. Weather-Beaten Plastics. The havoc wrought by sun light upon hard rubber and other older insulators has long been known. W ith the entry of commercial plastics into the electrical insulator field it became desirable to find out how well these new materials could resist the elements. In a paper presented recently at the annual meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials, L. H . Camp bell, A. H. Falk, and Robert Burns of the Bell Telephone Laboratories presented data regarding the effects of weathering on the insulation resistance of several plastics. The authors pointed out that one of the cardinal tests a material must pass, if it is proposed for precision elec trical equipment, is that for insulation resistance. Al though direct current insulation resistance (IR ) may not be of paramount importance in many applications, a ma terial’s general use would be extremely limited if its IR were' poor. Plastic insulating materials, like other plastics applications, will give yeoman service if they are properly chosen and well engineered for the job at hand. Prior tests (1927-39) on the weathering properties of phenolic insulators indicated deterioration in I R that was not completely explainable by cumulative absorption of moisture, and subsequent tests of mica- and cellulosefilled phenolics exposed to the southern urban climate of M iami and the northern industrial climate of New York showed substantially lowered I R ’s due to degradation caused by the weather. A program was then undertaken by the authors of the paper in which several plastic panels of different materials were exposed to 90% relative humidity at 85° F. for four days; after that treatment they were placed in the weather for chosen periods and subsequently tested according to ASTM procedures for the I R decreases. Causative ef fects of degradation were examined by placing selected specimens of good, fair, and poor weather resistances in ovens and twin arc weathering machines. The data gathered from this program indicated that there were wide divergencies in the initial I R ’s and in the rates and degrees of insulation deterioration upon ex posure. It was observed, however, that, when the rela tive deterioration rate of outdoor and “ under glass” environments were considered, insulation deterioration was either markedly higher for outdoors or similar for both. Although plasticizers appeared to have an inhibí* tive effect in the case of the cellulose esters, dyed or pig mented thermoplastics seemed to show few differences from the clear resin. In the case of the thermosetting ma terials; however, it was observed that, although fillers and dyes had no effect on the rate or degree of deteriora tion, they did increase the initial I R somewhat. A series of water and dilute ammonia washing tests were conducted on weathered samples to remove the degradation products. I t was found that, in the main, these were water soluble; and when the degradation prod ucts were removed, the initial I R of the material before weathering was greatly restored. R .L.D .. DISCS A R E N OT A FFEC TED B Y E X P A N S IO N OR C O N T R A C TIO N O F THE V A L V E BO D Y. P. O.. /)/ . j .. TEXAS. (Continued on page 14 ) 10.

(11) INDUSTRIAL. September, 1946. AND. ENGINEERING. 11. CHEMISTRY. FUROIC ACID N O TE C O N JU G A T ED D O U BLE BO N D S. C A R B O X Y L GROUP, R E A C T IV E 9 » P O S IT IO N. M AY BE. R E A D IL Y S U B S T IT U T E D. H E T E R O C Y C L IC R IN G C O N T A IN IN G. is a newly announced material that introduces a Furan nucleus in a notably storage stable form, yet the carboxyl group undergoes esterification smoothly and a variety of other reactions are equally successful. Substitution occurs readily in the S-position. The conjugated double bonds and oxygencontaining ring present possibilities for other poten tially interesting reactions. Furoic Acid can be nitrated or sulfonated directly without appreciable decomposition. Furoyl Chloride, an important intermediate, may be made by treating the acid with phosphorus pentachloride, thionyl chlor ide or phosgene. Uses are in their infancy. A very few have been un covered. The literature mentions its use to enhance the gloss and drying qualities of paints arid as a bactericide and preservative. A hair rinsing preparation, anti-scorch additive in rubber, and intermediate in preparation of esters are other uses which are reported. The esters are useful in perfumery and are claimed to have a strong repellent effect toward flies.. T Y P IC A L. O XYGEN. P R O P E R T IE S. Acidity, as Furoic A cid................................................................9 9 % Ash.................................................................................................. Moisture......................................................................................... Melting P o in t...................................................................128-129 C. ........................................................................... W h ite to light cream. S O L U B IL IT Y It is very soluble in hot w ater, soluble in alcohol, sparingly soluble in cold w ater, a n d insoluble in paraffinic hydrocarbons. The*ionization constant is reported as 7.1 X 10 4 a t 2 5 C.. A V A IL A B IL IT Y Furoic Acid is a v a ila b le a t present in limited quantities fo r re search and development. Increased production is contem plated.. Let us help you evaluate Furoic Acid. Write for Typical Re action Chart No. 3 which pertains to this acid. The chart is available in 2 sizes: 8'A" x 11" file size and 18" x 24" wall size. Bulletin 101 describing Furoic Acid in greater detail and samples are available by request on your Company letterhead. If you have specific questions, ask us.. The Quaker Qate 1910 BOARD OF TRADE BIDG. 141 W. JACKSON BLVD., CHICAGO 4, ILLINOIS. FURFURAL. •. FURFURYL A L C O H O L. •. FUROIC. ACID. •. TETRAHYDROFURFURYL. A LCO H O L.

(12) I N D U S TRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Z I*H G .. Vol. 38, No. 9. MC.. I I S ' F Y tP O K. m ¡Plir if! lip r l g|5|^. Process Engineering . . recovers c h e m i c a l v al ues and d i s p o s e s of c h e m i c a l w a s t e s. Swenson Evaporator for T risodium Phosphate.. Swenson Process Engineering is based on practical equipment design, backed by more than sixty years o f experience and research. Its success is confirmed by scores o f applications where processes have been simplified, products improved, and operating costs lowered.. Vß/fAMiiK J.OH. J c v c l ,n T u n 7. A process planned by the Swenson engineering staff is sur veyed from every angle . . . heat and power usage, recovery and disposal m ethods, chem ical treatm ents and procedures. Thus Swenson Engineers are able to offer recommendatitms for a process engineered to'function to the best advantage in conformity with other operations in the plant.. TO HAVC S T OKA AV»ILU0 L E tVH.. cRuroKf ueve. » own for R SP A /R .. cle.. Swenson Process Engineering is assisting m any branches of the process industries to provide better products at lower cost. H ow can it help you?. -X3- V A l \ £ HORMt - X - VAL\/£. r o n . *■. SW ENSON. N O *K. |. tT M o / ru e m c. EVAPORATORS. =J=- a c / t a t o k .. -Cf. Y Cd. titeeK imiit'. .. F o u n e l ce. W//flUF 0 Y £ *.F L O V j. conet,:. <•!’ S T - V s t e c i P i e i. <; * « w. pin. FILTERS. •. SPRAY DRYERS. ... ovsrtnom ¿ T 1. O ff/ t TU£ P IA N J. c, <ii a. •. CRYSTALLIZERS ..

(13) September, 1946. !■ [/ -. .. !. ■'. s i • .<;■. •; ¡ ¡ p 1. '. *. ■. m. m. i. i .. I. m. fi. h M. 1. i. 1. v. ■ fi f. '. ¿6. Ia. W. i l. 1. i -. * r !. 3. 1. i. Rglali&Itul. |-. 1v ,. fs sS s -*. Pfui«»nttw. 1. I. I l i. C o n e. -. I. b o t to m. S w e n s o n. s. a n d. V a c u u m. a g it a t o r s. o n. C r y s t a lliz e r s .. Disodium and Trisodium Phosphate The production of Disodium and Trisodium Phosphates is another typi cal illustration o f how Swenson Proc ess E n g in e e rin g is a id in g chem ical manufacture. In processing these deter gent materials, concentration of the mother liquor and crystallizing out the desired product offer unique problems.. F lo w. SWENSON A v e .. EVAPORATOR D iv is io n. E x p o r t. D e p a r t m. e n t :. 3 0. o j. W. h itin g. SWENSON. C h u r c h. S t r e e t,. M anufacture o f E quipm ent ■. PROVIDES. CU V CONVE A/SAT£ ¡ 0 9 0 0 * / H ft. 4 0 6 P M , 2 U 7 'F. p la n t.. COMPANY. C o r p o r a tio n. £. D esign and Layout. Analysis o f R equirem entss nequircraem. P h o s p h a t e. A bout 90% o f the D S P and T S P now produced in the United States is processed with Swenson-engineered equipment.. I n earlier in s ta lla tio n s , SwensonW alker multiple-deck equipment was. L a t h r o p. o f T r is o d iu m. used to crystallize the product from the mother liquor. Installations of this type are still in use and giving satis factory service. More recently batch type vacuum crystallizers have been recommended for this service, giving better control of crystal size as well as important savings in floor space.. Swenson Engineers developed a suc cessful multiple effect system of nat ural circu lation evaporators for efficient concentration o f the liquor, which brought important economies in heat and fuel.. 1 5 6 7 1. s h e e t. THIS. N. e w. H a r v e y ,. Y o r k. 7 , N .. I llin o is. Y .. Test O peratio n. FIVE-W AY. P erio dic Check-Ups. SERVICE. M/!T£RML BAUM CE C a p a c i t y _________. '.

(14) Today. New Unit Heat Exchanger For Acid Service The new Knight Heat Exchanger used for heating or cooling acids is built to resist the corrosive effects of any acids or chemicals. A big advantage is the flexibility of these units. As each unit is a separate, complete heat exchanger, any number of them can be placed in a vertical or horizontal series to give the exact capacity desired. Any unit may be by-passed or a tube replaced in a few minutes without disturbing the other units. All parts of a unit are standardized. These units in any series are very compact and thus require limited space. One arrangement provides a rack of ten units that is only 6' long, 2 1 " wide and 5 ' high. A capacity of between 500 to 1000 B.T.U. s per hr. per F. degree can be secured in liquid to liquid transfer on each six foot unit. The Knight Heat Exchanger has a heat transfer tube which can be made either of Karbate, Pyrex or KnightWare. The exterior shell has optional construction of Knight-Ware or Permanite Armoured Pipe as shown below. Our engineering staff will be glad to make recom mendations on Knight Heat Transfer Units if you will give us data on your problem.. MAURICE. A. K N I G H T. Modernizing Old King Coal. The inefficient utilization of coal is something that has long been talked about like the weather. Unlike the weatherman, who can do little more than talk, fuel technologists are finding things to do about their problems. One of the latest contributions is being deyeloped by A. D. Singh and his co-workers at the Institute of Gas Technology in Chicago. The processing technique of fluidization has been extensively studied, particularly in the petroleum industry, and is now being experimentally applied to a treatment of our major solid fuel, not , only to make it a more efficient source of power but also to overcome some of its inherently undesirable characteris tics. By partial devola tilization, bituminous coal is made to yield a more satisfactory solid fuel, with greatly reduced smoke and sulfur nuis ance, and, in addition, it yields a high B.T.U. gas and a h i gh phenolic content tar. Solids are fluidized by passing a gas through a bed of the finely divided solid. When the gas rate'is within proper limits, fluidization occurs, resembling the violent churn ing of a liquid and resulting in an intimate mixture of the two. The combination is highly favorable for gas-solid reactions. In the partial devolatilization of coal by the fluidization process, the solid is ground to minus 20-mesh size and fed into a stream of gas or steam which carries it into an externally heated retort at about 500° C.; this retort sontains a fluidized bed of char maintained at the desired level by a discharge outlet. There it is partially volatilized. The exit stream carries the product through a series of cyclone separators where the solid char is sepa rated from the vapors, which subsequently yield tar, aqueous liquors, and gas. On a pound for pound basis, bituminous coal will pro duce about 65-70% solid, 15% tar, 10% gas, and 5% aqueous liquors containing ammonia, ketones, organic acids, and miscellaneous products. Previous investiga tors have reported a high percentage of tar acids in low temperature tars; this indicates that these materials are a fruitful source of phenolics. The gas produced in the process has a high heat content, in the range of 650-800 B.T.U. per cubic foot as compared to about 300 for water gas, and is of a character suited for domestic as well as industrial consumption. The solid char consists of granu lar, hollow spheres which are distinctly dustless. More than 50% of the sulfur has been removed, the char has a low volatile content which can be controlled within ± 1 %i and it compares favorably (Continued on page 16).

(15) INDUSTRIAL. September, 1946. The. EXTRA VALUES. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. You Receive from Pritchard Cooling Towers. result from. FANS extremely light in weight, requiring less power. True airfoil blades of corrosion-resisting wrought Monel welded to a rugged internal frame, with pitch adjustable to permit optimum setting for any tower loading. Other advan tages worthy of examination. DRIVES composed of integral vertical gearhead motors, eliminating right angle gears, flexible couplings and alignment problems. Write for complete information.. P a te n te d P ritc h a rd SEA LD FLO W fa n d r iv e o v e r FEATH ERW EIG H T (M o n e l m e ta l) in d u ce d d r a ft fa n. DISTRIBUTING SYSTEM that is the most last ingly trouble-free yet devised. All-redwood, capable of 100% overload with completely uni form water distribution. Get the full facts on its unique design.. AIR-INTAKE SYSTEM that applies sound and progressive engineering to air inlets, to the benefit of air distribution and the virtual elimination of winter troubles. 5 dif ferent arrangements available at same price. Let us give you the details. THE IINK TO BETTER PERFORMANCE • " A lr d f in " A ir - C o o le d E x c h a n g e rs • C o o lin g T o w e r s , a n d C a p a c it ie s. A ll. H eat Type*. • S h e ll & T u b e a n d A tm o s p h e r ic H e a t E x c h a n g e r s • "H y d ry e r" A ir D r y in g U n its. and. Gas. • "3 -Z o n e " C le a n e r s and S e p a ra to rs fo r A ir, G a s a n d 5 te a m • A i r T r e a t e r s f o r P u r if ic a tio n a n d P o s it iv e C o n tr o l o f M o is t u re a n d T e m p e r a tu re in A i r C o n d it io n in g Syste m s. STRUCTURAL STRENGTH that is second to none, employing more redwood and LESS corrodable iron and steel; skillful use of ample diagonals, ring connectors, angle washers, etc. The "fine points" of Pritchard construction merit your closer study. DECKING.that. achieves ideal water break-up over its entire cubic area and remains permanently level. DELIVERY DATES that carry the assurance, based on a consistent history, of comple tion promises and performance guarantees being met or bettered. On all these points, and lor towers of all sizes and types, Pritchard has an outstand ing record to show you, worthy of your inquiry. Write or call the office near you. EQUIPM ENT D IV ISIO N , F id e lity B ld g ., K a n s a s C ity 6 , M o.. For m o rs Inform ation, 1 0 « S w e ets 111«, C h e m l.a l Engineering C atalo g , R e fin e ry C a ta lo g , A S H 4 V E G u id e o r ASRE D ate Book. NEW YORK, CHICAGO, LOS ANGELES, DETROIT, PITTSBURGH, ST. LOUIS, HOUSTON, TULSA, ST. PAUL, OMAHA, DENVER, ATLANTA, SALT LAKE CITY, EL PASO, MEXICO CITY. ENGINEERS • CONSTRUCTORS • MANUFACTURERS for the CHEMICAL, PETROLEUM, GAS & POWER industries.

(16) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. ANSUL SO « i d - A v o i d . ... TYPICAL ANALYSIS COMPARISON Ansul Liquid Sulfur Dioxide. Chemical SO: SOs H :0 S (Sublimed) Ns O; A Ash. 99.9 + % 0.00 less than 0.01 O.OO 1 less than f'0.10 (L.P.) 0.00. Burner Gas Poor Operation 4.90% 1.95 ' 1.47 0.49 76.50 13.72 .97 Trace. Very Efficient Operation 19.08% 0.10 0.40 0.10 78.32 1.00 1.00 Trace. An Easy-to-lnsfall Ansul S02 System Gives You These Four Important Advantages H IG H E R P U R IT Y — Elim ination o f im purities inherent in burner ga s ( A n s u l L i q u i d S 0 2 is 99.9+ % [by weight] P U R E ). G R E A T E R E C O N O M Y — Small investment in equipment, mate•rially reduced operating and maintenance costs, and freeing o f valuable floor space. F IN G E R -T IP C O N T R O L — Easy, positive, finger-tip control providing extreme accuracy for reaction or adjustment o f pH . G R E A T E R S O L U B IL IT Y — Solubility in water is 4 to 5 times greater than S O j from burner gas. WRITE THE AN SU L TECHNICAL STAFF F O R FURTHER IN F O R M A T IO N. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES C h e m ic a l fo r m u la ............................ S O 2 M olec ular w e ig h t............ ............ 64.06 C olor (gas a n d liq u id ) . . . . . .Colorless Odor ..........Characteristic, pungent M e ltin g p o in t —103.9° F. (- 7 5 .5 * 0 .) B o ilin g p o in t--- 14.0° F. ( —10.0° C .) Density o f liq u id at 80° F. (85.03 lbs. per cu. ft.) Specific gravity at 80° F............... 1.363 Density o f gas at 0° C . an d 760 m m : 2.9267 grams per liter (0.1827 lb . per cu. ft.) C ritical tem perature . 314-82* F. (157.12° C .) C ritical pressure 1141.5 lbs. per sq. in . abs. S o lu b ility .................... .S o lu ble in water P u r it y .................99.9+ % (by w t.) S 0 2 ( H 2O less th an 0.01% ) * R E G . U . S . PAT. OFF.. Send for B u lle tin 020.1, “ A C om parison o f A n s u l S O 2 a n d Sulfur B u rn e r Gas,” an d also for your copy o f “ L iq u id Sulfur D ioxide”— a treatise o n th e properties, character istics, a n d indu strial uses o f L iq u id Sulfur D ioxide— w rit ten by th e A n s u l T echnical Staff. W R IT E : Dept. D.. ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF METHYL CHLORIDE. CHEMICAL. ANSUL. COMPANY. INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS DIVISION, MARINETTE, W IS.. Eastern O ffice : 6 0 E. 42nd St., N ew Y ork City. M. a t e s U a li. with anthracite or “smokeless" coals. The char macle from coals containing 35-40% of volatiles can be mixed with binder to produce briquets containing 15% of volatile material. A char-raw bituminous coal blend equals Poca hontas coal in producing metallurgical coke and is poten tially a source of synthesis gas comparable to natural gas, lignite, or coke. Removal of liquid and gas fractions lowers the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, minimizing one of the prob lems in raw coal utilization where hydrogen combustion is responsible for considerable stack loss of heat. Especially promising is the use of a devolatilization unit in combination with a cyclone-type burner. These burners have been found to give a four- to fivefold in crease in heat release from raw coal as compai’ed to most of the other types in use. W ith the combination addi tional improvement results through introduction of fuel at 400-500° C., and further increase in heat release is obtained because of the shorter flame of the devolatilized char. As the plentiful fuel of industry, coal has been taken for granted for a long time, but technological research is showing that coal has possibilities hitherto largely ignored. Coal value on a dollar basis can be upgraded by more efficient extraction of valuable by-products, and its status as a reservoir of gaseous fuel may be significantly ' enhanced. Finally, we may be learning enough at last about utilizing this indispensable servant to control the smoke nuisance that has been the almost inevitable ac companiment of solid fuel in the past. R.L.K. . Better Bug Barriers. The inhabitant of any summer bungalow is usually most verbose about the problems of erecting a “ Maginot line” of screening to repel the inva sions of hordes of seemingly jet-propelled insects. If his exact thoughts on the subject were to be quoted here, this magazine would probably lose its mailing privilege. Not the least of the difficulties is the corrosion problem en countered with metallic screening, especially if the locale of the summer hide-away be at a beautiful but oh-socorrosivfe seashore. Marine and industrial atmospheres pummel the commonly used bronze screening with all their chemical ferocity. In addition to the general structural weakening that is a consequence of this attack, the corro sion products themselves do their nasty best by drooling down over the snowy white trim and tinting it with all of the beautiful soul-stirring hues of mud. The paint itself often contributes by donating a sulfide ion, if it has one lying around, to make this symphony of color all the more inharmonious and permanent. The situation is not beyond all hope, however. In a paper presented recently before the American Society for Testing Materials, W . A. Wesley and H. R. Copson of the International Nickel Company present data gained from comparative weathering tests run on screens made from various stainless steels as well as the conventional bronze. They observed that data gathered from exposing unwoven wire was of little use in predicting behavior of screening. The physical structure of the (Continued on page 22).

(17) September, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. is preserved— their color, taste and odor are. Safeguarding the petroleum products they’re carrying— no rusting in tanks of Alcoa A lu m i num to contam inate these products. N o sludg ing or gum m ing of gasolines to cause trouble. Long life and lower upkeep are assured, too, be cause of a lum inum ’s ability to resist corrosion.. unaffected. B y carrying bigger payloads, because of the lighter weight of alum inum tanks, you get a 'bonus equivalent to hundreds of extra trips. Good for your business, too. T anks of Alcoa A lum in um are equally valu able for transporting and storing hundreds of other materials. The purity of your products. Alcoa’s nearby office can tell you what chemicals and compounds can best be handled in alum inum . Or write A l u m in u m C o m pa n y of A m e r ic a , 2154 G u lf Bldg., Pittsburgh 19, Pa.. in their lifetime..

(18) I N D U S T R. HOW. T O C U T H . P. L O S S E S. Pulsative flow in gas, air and vapor lines doesn’t limit its effects to visible or audible vibration in plant buildings and equipment, or to inaccurate orifice meter readings. It also wastes power because compressors must over come the reflection of the pulsation cycle in addition to keeping the gas stream moving forward. For example - Tests conducted recently by a Natural Gas Company showed a horsepower loss of 10.3% on the crank end and a loss of 12.4% on the head end of its compressors. After installing FLUOR Pulsation Dampeners on discharge lines, .53% By eliminating pulsative flow and its adverse char acteristics, the^LUOR Pulsation Dampener quickly pays for itself through the saving it effects in power cost. Only hours were required to make this installation.. on the head end.. this poiver loss was reduced 76% on the crank end and 24. The FLU O R Pulsation Dampener has no moving parts. It operates w ith beneficial effects on friction losses, horsepower savings and rate o f flow. I f vibration plays tricks in your plant, it may be due to pulsative flow in air, gas or vapor lines. In that case, the FL U O R Pulsation Dampener is your answer.. F THE NEW. •. L. U. O. R. PULSATION. DAMPENER. F L U O R C O R P O R A T IO N , LTD. 2500 South Atlantic Boulevard, Los Angeles 22 YORK. •. P IT T S B U R G H. *. K A N S A S C IT Y. M A N U F A C T U R E R S. •. ♦. HOUSTON. ♦. TULSA. •. BOSTON. C O N S T R U C T O R S.

(19) September. A Monthly Series for Chemists an.l Executives of the Solvents ana u , , , » , , . ................, -. Reports Increased Yields and Speeds of Organic Reactions. THE MONTH IN DETERGENTS P ho tom icro graphic m ovie techniques ore used to study detergent action . . . A skin cleaner for use under conditions w here carbon black, g ra p h ite , or p ig m en ts are h a n d le d is p ate n te d . . . The U. S. G o v ernm ent publishes n e w specifications on clean in g co m pounds co nta in in g synthetic detergents . . . A n e w m e th o d for e v a lu a tin g the detergent efficiency o f a lk a li cleaners is an n o u n c e d . . . A western co m p an y m arkets a n e w electronic so ap dispenser . . . M ixtures o f detergents a n d disinfectants co nta in in g q u a te rn a ry a m m o n iu m co m pounds are said to be prac tical . . . A soap is m a d e a v a ila b le for use in h ard w a te r, sea w a te r, a n d acid solutions . . . G erm an d e v elo p m e nt of a v a lu a b le class o f non-acid a n d non-alkaline detergents is revealed . . . A n e w synthetic detergent is described as a sulfo n a te d fatty condensate soluble in w ater a t a ll tem peratures . . . An extrem ely m ild felt-w ashing cation-active co m p o u n d is m a d e . . . A U.S. scientist perfects a ra p id colorim etric m e th o d for the d ete rm in a tio n. Excellent Results witli Use of Hydro tropic Salts Ts Claimed Many types of organic reactions may be accelerated and their yields increased by the use oi hydrotropic salt solutions, according to the claims made in a recently published technical paper. The authors cite one case in which the yield was stepped up more than sixty per cent while appreciably cutting the reaction time. Hvdrotropic solutions are those aqueousalt solutions which effect decidedly greater solubility of slightly soluble substances than does water at the same temperature, btrong solutions of potassium iodide, for example, dissolve many times as much iodine as pure water. Typical hydrotropic salts are: alkali or alkaline earth salts of the sulphonates of toluene, xylene, or cymene, the alkali benzo ates, tliiocyanates, and benzoates, and even such common salts as the alkali bicarbonates, oxalates', and thiocyanates. An excellent example of the effectiveness of hvdrotropic solutions is found in the Canniz zaro reaction, the authors state. As ordinarily performed, this reaction is carried out by emulsifying benzaldehyde with caustic soda, and permitting the reactants to stand for one day. Normal yields in this reaction are usually about five per cent of the theoretical. When a saturated sodium cymenesulplionate solution, however, is substituted for most of the watei, the yield is reported to be increased to /¿.b per cent and the reaction time slashed by several hours.. Use of Diethyl Carbonate Is Up In Many Fields. of fatty acids.. New-Type Recording Discs Preserve Historic Events. U.S.!. To Boost Production To Meet Increasing Demands Used in special-purpose lacquers and as a raw material for a wide variety of chemical syntheses, diethyl carbonate is now in great demand in many industries. Requirements for this versatile chemical, which have in creased steadily since the end of the war, have made it necessary for U.S.I.. the only commercial manufacturer of diethyl carbon ate in this country, to step up production, and to put plans into operation for expanding its manufacturing facilities. Has M any Applications Originallv used for lacquers which require a pure neutral solvent-lacquer for radio tube cathodes is an example—diethyl carbonate is now employed in many diverse types of or ganic syntheses. These range from the manu facture of comparatively little-known com-. Instantaneous recording blanks, designed for high-fidelity sound reproduction, now make it possible for listeners to hear historic events exactly as they occurred, it was an nounced recently. These discs have captured a durable sound record of man’s first contact with the moon, the atomic tests at Bikini, and other important contemporary happenings. Much of the credit for the success of these new-type discs'goes to a special coating based on nitrocellulose, the manufacturer states. This coating, on which the sound-track is in scribed. is said to guarantee excellent sound properties, and to insure complete freedom Extra Copies Available O f from deterioration. Unlike other discs which Illustrated U.S.l. Booklet dry out and harden, these discs are reported to remain unchanged by age. These new-type discs are supplied for ref “U.S.I. in the World of Chemistry” is an erence recordings, for amateur or home re interesting 48-page booklet which tells the cordings, for talking books, and for every story of U. S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc. recording use. Full color pictures and charts show how solvents, alcohols, resins and other chemical building blocks “ flow” into the everyday com Sulfonam ides Essential modities of commerce. Copies may be ob_ tained by writing to the New \ork ofhee ol In New Horm one Process U.S.I. on your letterhead.. Predicts Great Advarices In Animal Nutrition Tremendous strides will be made in the field of animal nutrition in the near future, according to a paper published recently by an authority on food and farm chemurgy. The progress expected, he asserts, will be made not so much in isolated fields, such as minerals, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids and hormones, hut in fields which involve the physiological inter-relationship of all these products. The article reviews recent work in animal nutrition and farm chemurgy, and predicts future developments.. An anterior pituitary-like hormone may now be separated from pregnancy urine by a new process involving the use of sulfonamides, according to the claims made in a patent granted recently. The sulfonamides, widely used as bacteriostatic agents, are employed in this process because of their alleged ability to absorb the physiologically active hormone. According to the patent, ortho- and paratoluene sulfonamides are added to pregnancy urine in alkaline solution. The urine is then brought to a pH of 2*5 byf the addition of a mineral acid. This precipitates the sulfona mides which carry the absorbed hormone down with them. Acetone dissolves the sul fonamides, leaving the anterior pituitary-like substance as an undissolved residue.. R adio tube cathodes are im p re g n a te d w ith lacq uer to prevent b a d reception caused by current le a k a g e . The lacquer requires a neutral solvent. D iethyl c a r b o n a te - a s ne arly a neutral solvent as it is possible to m a k e — is id e a l for this purpose.. pounds such as ammeline (2-hydroxy-4, 6-diatriazine), to the preparation ot pharmaceutically-important barbiturates. Diethyl carbonate may be employed in Claisen condensations to react with esters of aliphatic acids, with esters of aryl substituted aliphatic acids, and with ketones and cyanide derivatives. It may also be reacted with a Grignard reagent to give the next higher acid, and with primary and secondary amines to give the corresponding substituted ure“9Among the other products produced with the aid of diethyl carbonate are: sodium ethyl carbonate, urethan, urea, and carbohydrazide. Neutral Solvent Diethyl carbonate is considered as nearly (Continued on next page).

(20) A D V E R T IS E M E N T — This. entire page is a paid advertisement.. US.I.CHEMICAL NEWS Diethyl Carbonate ( Continued from preceding page). a neutral solvent as it is possible to make. It is a medium evaporating solvent, character ized by the desirable features of mild odor and high stability. It is useful wherever a pure neutral lacquer solvent is required.. Makes Lustrous Filaments From Polyvinyl Alcohol A British palent issued recently describes a method for the manufacture of lustrous artificial filaments and threads from polyvinyl alcohol. These products may have wide appli cations in the textile industry. According to the patent, the polyvinyl alcohol is first dissolved in water to give a non-gelatinous solution having a viscosity of about 3 poises at 25 degrees C. The solution is then ejected through a multi-hole jet into a coagulation bath, consisting of 94 per cent alcohol and 6 per cent water. By this means a thread is formed. The thread is then treated in a second bath and dried.. New Catalyst IJps Yield In Friedel-Crafts Reaction. This n e w television cam era is c laim ed to be as sensitive as the h u m a n eye. To prevent current le a k a g e , cathodes in the tubes are im p reg nated w ith a lacquer c o n tain in g d ieth y l carbonate. RCA photo. A process yielding maximum amounts of ethyl benzene by the utilization of an im proved catalyst in the standard reaction in volving ethylene and benzene is described by a Louisiana inventor. According to his pat ent, the reaction is conducted in the pres ence of the usual Friedel-Crafts type catalyst, such as aluminum chloride, plus a suitable non-metallic halide. Among the halides used are ethyl chloride, hydrogen chloride, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform. Yield increases up to 47.5 per cent have been reported.. Starch Broken Down By Improved Method Blood Is Source Of New Medical Plastics. The use of thymol as a precipitant is the essential feature of a new method for separat ing the amylose and amylopectin components of starch, according to a technical article pub lished recently. This method is claimed to avoid the difficulties found in the older methods of breaking down starch. The authors state that a sufficient quantity of sodium chloride must be added to the starch solution before the powdered thymol is stirred into the liquid. Upon standing, the thymolamylose complex precipitates. It is then washed with absolute ethyl alcohol and dried in a vacuum. The amylopectin component is obtained by concentrating the mother liquor and treating with methyl alcohol. The precipitate is washed and dried with ethyl alcohol and ether.. A new-type protein plastic can be manu factured from blood plasma, according to the claims made in a patent issued recently. This plastic is said to be suitable for a wide variety of medical and surgical uses, since it tends to be absorbed by the animal body. In the manufacture of the protein plastic, as described by the inventors, fibrinogen is first precipitated from the plasma by cooking to about zero degrees C. and adding ethyl alcohol. The fibrinogen is then mixed with varying amounts of other proteins such as albumin or globulin. A plasticizer, such as ethylene glycol, is added. The result is a pasty mass which can be molded under pres sure and cured by heat.. BR A N C H ES. ALCOHOLS Amyl Alcohol Butanol (Normal Butyl Alcohol) Fusel O il—Refined. ACETIC ESTERS Amyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Ethyl Acetate. Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) Specially Denatured—all regular and anhydrous formulas Completely Denatured—all regular and anhydrous formulas Pure—190 proof, C.P. 96%. OXALIC ESTERS Dibutyl Oxalate Diethyl Oxalate. A b s o lu t e _ _ * S u p e r j> y r o. Antifreeze •Solox proprietary Solvent. ♦ANSOLS Ansot M Ansol PR •Registered Trode Mark. PHTHAIIC ESTERS Diamyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate OTHER ESTERS *Diatol Diethyl Carbonate Ethyl Chloroformate Ethyl Formate. INTERMEDIATES Acetoacetanilide Acetoacet-ortho-anisidide Acetoacet-orlho-chforonHide Acetoacet-ortho-toluidide Acetoacct-para-chloronilide Alpha-acetylbufyroloctone 5-Chloro-2-pentonone 5-Diethylamino-2-pentonone Ethyl Acetoacetate Ethyl Benzoylacetate Ethyl Alpho-Oxalpropionate Ethyl Sodium Oxolacetote Methyl Cydopropyi Ketone ETHERS Ethyl Ether Ethyl Ether Absolute—A.C.S.. TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS. Further information on these items may be obtained by ivriting to U.S.I. A n ultra-fast cold-setting glu e is a lle g e d to be the o nly type of resin glu e that ca n be handled a n d m a chin ed after 20 to 30 m inutes clam ping, instead of the u s u a l 6 to 8 hours. (No. 104) USI A time-saving sta in filler, described as a stain that incorporates a w ood filler, is s a id to dry in one hour. It is a v a ila b le in several standard w o o d colors, the m a nu factu rer states. (No. 105) USI To convert fractions of a n inch into decim als or m illim eters is the function of a ne w instrument, described as a p lastic disc 534 inches in diam eter. It is c la im ed to be non-w arping a n d easy to use. (No. 106) USI To water-, mildew-, a n d flame-proof a n y fabric, a n e w c h em ica l is an n o u n ce d w h ic h the m anu facturer c laim s ca n be a p p lie d by d ip , spray, or brush, a n d w h ic h w ill not affect the color of the fabric. (No. 107) USI To a p p ly DDT to hard-to-reach spots, such as tile cracks a n d b a th tub rims, a DDT crayon is offered w h ic h is stated to leav e a streak of DDT w h ic h instantly elim ina tes insects without h a rm in g dogs or cats. (No. 108) USI A n e w de s ca lin g agent, co nta in in g additional rust-inhibiting a n d c le a n in g agents, is particu la r ly recom m ended b y the m anufacturer for e lim in a tin g hard-to-remove oxides. (No. 109) USI A n e w filter m e d iu m , described as a corrosionresistant, strong, ductile, porous stainless steel, is s a id to be a p p lic a b le to a ll types of existing filters. The m a nu fa c tu rer suggests its use with a w id e v ariety of acids, a lk a lie s, a n d salts. (No. 110) USI Tem perature-indicating crayons, c la im e d to make d c h a lk lik e m a rk b e lo w their in d ic a tin g tem perature bu t to m elt a n d g listen w h e n it is reached, are n o w a v a ila b le . T em peratures as h ig h as 1600 degrees F. m a y be m easured w ith the cra y o n grades a v a ila b le , acco rding to the m a nufacturer. (No. I l l ) USI A versatile detergent is c la im e d to be useful as a textile w a s h in g agent, a waterproofer for fabrics, a n e m u lsify ing agent, a n d a thickener for cotton p rin tin g solutions, cosmetics, food stuffs, a n d ice cream . (No. 112) USI A n e w c a m a u b a substitute m akes po ssible self p o lish in g floor w axes that give h ig h e r gloss and better w e a rin g q u a litie s th an c a m a u b a , accord in g to the m a nufacturer. (No. 113) USI Two n e w n a tu ra l rib o fla v in feed ingredients, s a id to be o b ta in e d from vegetative fermentation o perations, are reported to co ntain v itam ins oi the B complex. (No. 114) USI A ne w degreasing agent, s a id to be harmless to p a in t, lacq u er, a n d m etal, is cla im e d to le av e a film that protects the m a te ria l from finger prints. (No. 115). IN. ALL P R IN C IP A L. CITIES. FEED CONCENTRATES •Curbay B-G •Corbay Special Liquid •Vacotone 40* Riboflavin Concentrates ACETONE Chemically Pure RESINS Ester Gums—all types Congo Gums—row, fused & esterified •Aroplor—alkyds ond allied materials •Arofene—pure phenolics •Arochem—modified types Natural Resins—all standard grades OTHER PRODUCTS Collodions Ethylene Ethylene Glycol Urethan Nitrocellulose Solutions c/J-Methionine Printed in U.S.A..

(21) INDUSTRIAL. September, 1946. AND. ENGINEERING. 21. CHEMISTRY. ' ‘ 1D0IL PETROLED A series of high molecular weight sulfonates for non-detergent uses AVERAGE COMPOSITION GRADE A v e rag e C om position W e ig h t % S o dium su lfo n ate M ine ral oil W ate r S alt (NdoSOj) Free a lk a li as N aO H. AA Purified 47 46 5 1.8 0.2. A A :':. A* Purified 44 47 7 1.8 0.2. 56 21 16 5.1 1.9. A* 53 26 14 5.1 1.9. B Purified 43 47 4.8 5.0 0.2. B. T. 36 38 18 6 2. 50 13 29 6 2. PROPERTIES GRADE Properties C o m b in in g w t. o f acid Solubility in w ater Least (1) m ost (4) Forms oil w a te r ( o / w ) or . w a te r /o il ( w /o ) em ulsions. AA*. A ** Purified. A*. B Purified. B. T. 430. 430. 430. 430. 490. 490. 400. 3. 3. 2. 2. 1. 1. 4. o /w. o /w. o /w. o /w. w /o. w /o. o /w. AA Purified. USES GRADES Uses Em ulsifying agen ts S o lu b ilizin g , w e ttin g a n d dispersion a g en ts Plasticizers Rust preventives De-inking com positions Fat splitting Soluble oils. AA*. A ** Purified. A*. X. X. X. X. X X X. X X X. X X X. X X X. X. X. AA Purified. X. B Purified. B. T X. X. X. X. X X. X. X. X. * ln many uses the higher sulfonate content of these grades outweighs the lower salt a n d a lk a li content of the purified grades. «»Form ulations using Sulfonate A emulsify somewhat less readily in h ard w ater th an those using S ulfonate AA .. These products are viscous oil-soluble liquids and are available in barrels or tank cars f.o.b. W hit ing, Indiana. The uses shown above are illustrative— many other applications have been made in diverse fields. The hydrocarbon structure of these various sulfonates is not identical, giving minor differ ences in results in various uses or formulations, which makes specific comparison of samples desirable before selecting grade for commercial use. Also A v a ila b le : Hydrocarbons — Bulletin 10. IN D O PO L Polybutenes — Bulletin 12. IN D O N EX Rubber Plasticizers—Bulletins 13 a n d 13A.. A d d ressin q u iries to. S T A N D A R D O IL C O M P A N Y (IN D IA N A ) C H E M IC A L P R O D U C T S D E P A R T M E N T • 910 SO . M IC H IG A N A V E N U E , C H IC A G O. 80, IL L IN O IS.

(22) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. ...o n. cloth, with its many contacts and intersections capable of retaining droplets, presents a different surface and mustbe used for best results in a corrosion study. The tests that were initiated between 1932 and 1935 were concerned with two materials— 18-8 stainless steel and the usual bronze of 90% copper content. The behavior of the 18-8 steel was somewhat disappointing. I t was therefore supplanted in the studies by type 316 stainless steel, containing about 2.6-3.0% molybdenum in addition to its 18-8 chromium-nickel content. Industrial, rural, sulfurous, and marine atmospheres were chosen as the surrounding environments for the test panels, and exposures of three intensities were made— that is, completely sheltered, partially sheltered, and boldly exposed. The actual exposure sites were strategically selected so as to prevent the action of,two atmospheres upon a given panel. The progress of the corrosion was measured by periodical microscopic inspection of the panels and by breakingpoint tests made upon individual strands of wire removed from exposed screening. The data obtained were then compared with those on uncorroded wires, and the per centage loss in strength plotted as a function of time. Generally speaking, it was observed that corrosion of the bronze materials was uniform, whereas if it occurred at all in the steels, it took the form of pitting. This latter action was more pronounced in the sheltered specimens where beneficial washing action could not take place Northern exposures in all eases seemed to be harsher on the samples than the other exposures. In the case of cer tain marine sites it was found that windblown sand had obligingly burnished the panels, to the benefit of the wire strength retention. Evaluation of the entire program indicated that a stain less steel of 3.0% molybdenum content offered excellent resistance to the effects of sulfurous, industrial, and rural atmospheres. Knowledge of its behavior in a marine environment is still somewhat scanty because of the de struction of several test panels by coastal storms. Indica tions are, however, that it will be nonstaining and other wise superior to bronze, although susceptible to the forma tion of rust spots and shallow, scattered pits. Not to be outdistanced by metallic screens, plastics have also made their bid. Their debut as screening was with the fighting forces in the South Pacific, where they had not only to repel the insects but the destructive in fluence of fungi as well. Made usually from thermoplastic resins, such as vinylidene polymers, they are, for all practi cal considerations, chemically inert and offer a bold front to the weather. Because of their resilient properties., they are capable of springing back to their original position after any distortion caused by a misguided hand or foot. Parents will find comfort in realizing that these newer meshes are capable of withstanding greater punishment than any of the screening used previously. They are thus better equipped to hold their own against the “slings and arrows” of— outrageous Junior, playing Injun. R.L.D.. PK Y/N ff PROBLEMS. W e ’re talking about Driocel. . . a desiccant made from natural bauxite. The first, vital step in the building of its amazing efficiency is the selective procurement of the most ideal ore. Literally, then, we do get "dow n to earth" . . . with rigid control right at our mines. Hard ore is chosen. This gives Driocel the rugged dur ability to stand up under repeated (at times, violent) han dling . . . to resist temperature, pressure and flow variations. A sharp eye is kept on the presence o f iron. After magnetic treatment, Driocel’s iron content is controlled to 395, or less. Drying operations can be conducted in such a manner that low-iron Driocel is unaffected by appreciable amounts o f H 2S. Rigid control continues. It insures uniform size of Driocel’s particles, in a wide variety o f meshes, and the precise activation that gives Driocel its amazing adsorptive capacity. And, with all this extreme manufacturing care, Driocel’s price is substantially lower than other well known solid desiccants. Driocel is successfully drying hydro-carbon liquids and gases, liquid organic chemicals, compressed air, electrical oils, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, etc. W e’ll welcome the opportunity to get "down to earth” on your drying prob lems. Address: Attapulgus Clay Company (Exclusive Sales Agent), Dept. K , 260 So. Broad Street, Phila. 1, Pa.. ACTIVATED BAUXITES .. SUPPORTED CATALYSTS .. CATALYST CARRIERS. .. M aleA *G U. ADSORBENTS AND DESICCANT!. 22.

(23) PROCESS PLANTS BUILT TO ORDER From your. id ea. to. production— from. process. determination and assem bling o f basic d a ta to. 4 Detail engineering: design and specification of process vessels, mechanical equipment, piping, instruments,. elec. trification, and structures.. operation of the com pleted p la n t— Blaw -Knox is prepared. to. c a rry. projects. fo r. the. chemical. process equipment and materials.. process industries through to co m p letion. S E R V IC E S. 5 Fabrication, procurement, expediting, and inspection of. 6. Plan for execution of the project which includes schedules for completion of engineering, procurement, and construction.. O FFERED :. 1 Preliminary design study based on available data to establish the process requirements and economics.. 7 Plant construction including preparation of the site,. 2 Selection of processing methods.. structures, installation of equipment, piping, instruments,. establishment of necessary construction facilities, erection of. 3 Fundamental engineering: preparation of flow sheets, layouts,. sizing. material and. of. units,. utility b a l. ances, and cost estimates.. lighting and power.. 8. Initial operation, test runs,' and training of operating. personnel.. Here is a unified responsibility, covering a full range of services, ready to work for you.. B L A W -K N O X D IV IS IO N. of B la w -K n o x Com pany. 20 81 Farmers B ank B ldg.; Pittsburgh 2 2 , P e n n s y lv a n ia. NEW Y O R K • C H IC A G O • P H ILA D ELPH IA • BIRM IN GH AM • W ASHIN GTON. Seven B la w -K n ox p la n ts h a ve b e e n a w a rd e d th e Arm y-N avy " E " , a n d h a v e re g u la r ly re c e iv e d re n e w a l sta rs fo r co n tin u ed h igh. BLAW-KNOX I I H P U M W S THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES.

(24) INDUSTRIAL. O. f. f. /. M. /. s. i s. AND. 6. ENGINEERING. 0. t. v. H. CHEMISTRY. /. e. 't /. e. Vol. 38, No. 9. a. /. w. a. y. s. T hh policy of letting well enough alone has no place in the Badger concept of processengineering and construction service. When simpler design, greater flexibility of plant, and higher production efficiency are indicated. Badger engineers do not hesi tate to depart from conventional practices..

(25) September, 1946 ______________ I N D U S T R I A L. AND. ENGINEERING. C H E M I S T R Y _________ ____________________ 25. m. 9. Each new problem is approached with the conviction that there may be a better way. Evidence of the success of such Badger vision and pioneering can be found in many com plete plants, processing units, or equipment installations which today are performing to the complete satisfaction of our clients. E. B .. Badger. & SONS CO. E s t a b l i s h e d 1841. B O S T O N 14 • NEW YORK • SAN FRANCISCO • LONDON PROCESS. ENGINEERS. AND. CONSTRUCTORS. FOR. THE. CHEMICAL.. PETRO - C H E M I C A L. AND. PETROLEUM. INDUSTRIES.

(26) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 9. C M E Continuous Centrifuges offer you fast, continuous filtration at lower cost than with any other type equipment.. These self-con. tained, compact units-extract solids from liquids and separate im m iscible liquids of unequal specific gravity automatically. There are no filter elements to renew or service. Uninterrupted operation results in high output. The same engineers who developed and built the first commercially successful continuous centrifuge are available for consultation about your filtration problems. Send for bulletin giving details of this modern, efficient, low cost filtration equipment.. APPLICATIO N S For separating granular, amorphous, and crystalline materials that will surface on a screen, such as caustic recoverles, salts from brine solutions, sugars, coal, scrap rubber ground cork, cut sponge, and pulps, screen type units having an output of 1 to 11 tons per hour are available.. For separating fines or mixed sizes fractionated to particle size or specific gravity, for refining or degritting clays ro non-metallics, and for treating slimes, crystalline and fi brous matter, metal salts, fish reductions, and fine chemicals, solid bowl type units are available with to 6 tons per hour capacity.. V2. C E N T R I F U G E M E C H A N I C A L E Q U I P M E N T , Inc., N. J. Pioneers and specialists in centrifugal separation. 95 River Street, Hoboken, N. J..

(27) September, 1946. V to v c v. T* TH s r T * ' * *. *. * * * *. .. * i * k * a ». OTHER GENERAL AMERICAN PRODUCTS FILTERS. i * ! * '. 1. *. * J * J * M. * ig. DRYERS CALC INERS EVAPORATORS. fg ra *. T U R B O -M IX E R S. K m *. DEWATERERS. sW ★ W. A- f i l l * m *. «1 * «. TANKS. *. If *. TOWERS. * I. BINS. * 1. 1+. t » * m * \. * H. *. M: w. I. at. /. a. t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o c e s s e q u ip m e n t. •. ,. c o r p o r a t i o n. s t e e l a n d a l l o y p l a t e J o b r i c a H on. SALES OFFICE: 513a Graybar Bldg., New York 17. N. Y WORKS: Sharon, Pa.; East Chicago, Ind. OFFICES: Chicago, Sharon, Louisville, Orlando, Washington, 0 C St. Louis, Salt lake City. Cleveland. Pittsburgh..