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Some remarks on the measurement of sail area

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I N S T I T U T FÜR SCHIFFBAU DER UNIVERSITAT HAMBURG

S c h r i f t N r . 2370

SOME REMARKS ON THE MEASUREMENT OF S A I L AREA

D i p l . - I n g . T o r s t e n C o n r a d i

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INTRODUCTION

W i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n and g e n e r a l a c c e p t a n c e o f 'IMS' ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l M e a s u r e m e n t S y s t e m ) as a s e c o n d m e a s u r e m e n t r u l e b e s i d e t h e 'IOR',

( I n t e r n a t i o n a l O f f s h o r e R u l e ) t h e r e now e x i s t t w o h a n d i c a p s y s t e m s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l v a l i d i t y f o r o f f s h o r e r a c i n g y a c h t s .

The lOR i s a ' c l a s s i c ' r a t i n g r u l e . Some f e w m e a s u r e m e n t s a t h u l l and r i g a r e t a k e n f r o m w h i c h t h e f i n a l , s i n g l e r a t i n g i s d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s r a t i n g s h a l l r e p r e s e n t t h e a v e r a g e p e r f o r m a n c e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e y a c h t i n a l l s a i l i n g c o n d i t i o n s . B e c a u s e o f t h a t a n d t h e f e w m e a s u r e m e n t s t a k e n , s u c h k i n d o f r a t i n g r u l e s a l w a y s h a v e a more ' t y p e f o r m i n g ' c h a r a c t e r , a l l o w i n g f a i r a n d c l o s e r a c i n g f o r y a c h t s b u i l d t o t h e r u l e , b u t f a i l i n g t o r a t e o l d e r d e s i g n s , o r b o a t s n o t d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e r u l e i n m i n d c o r r e c t l y .

Thus f o r t h e 'new' r u l e a d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h h a s b e e n made. The o f f s e t s o f t h e c o m p l e t e h u l l , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e d a t a f r o m t h e s a i l -and w a t e r m e a s u r e m e n t w e r e t a k e n as i n p u t f o r a v e l o c i t y p r e d i c t i o n p r o g r a m ('VPP') i n t h e c o m p u t e r . The V P P - r e s u l t s f o r m t h e b a s e f o r t h e h a n d i c a p on t h e r a c e c o u r s e , a l l o w i n g f o r d i f f e r e n t ' r a t i n g s ' i n d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s . To do t h e v e l o c i t y c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e VPP n e e d s a t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l o f t h e s a i l i n g y a c h t . B e c a u s e f o r c e s a r e g e n e r a t e d b y w i n d - a n d w a t e r f l o w , t h e y a c h t i s d e v i d e d i n t w o p a r t s a t t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e . The w a t e r f o r c e s a r e c a l c u l a t e d b y a h y d r o d y n a m i c - a n d t h e w i n d f o r c e s b y an a e r o d y n a m i c c a l c u l a t i o n m o d e l . A l t h o u g h t h e IMS i s a v e r y c o m p l e x r a t i n g r u l e , t h e r e a r e some weak p o i n t s w h e r e c l e v e r d e s i g n e r s c a n g a i n some e x t r a ' u n r a t e d ' s p e e d a n d i n f a c t t h e f i r s t s p e c i a l d e s i g n e d I M S - y a c h t s a l r e a d y a p p e a r e d on t h e r a c e c o u r s e , u n d e r m i n i n g t h e o r i g i n a l i d e a b e h i n d t h e r u l e . T h i s i s p o s s i b l e , b e c a u s e e v e r y c a l c u l a t i o n m o d e l h a s t o s i m p l i f y t h e n a t u r e . Some r e m a r k s t o t h i s p r o b l e m a n d t h e IMS h a v e b e e n g i v e n i n 111. On t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s t h e a e r o d y n a m i c m o d e l o n l y w i l l be p r e s e n t e d a n d c o m p a r e d w i t h r e c e n t l y d e r i v e d w i n d t u n n e l t e s t s t h a t h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e ' I n s t i t u t für S c h i f f b a u ' o f Hamburg U n i v e r s i t y .

THE IMS-AERODYNAMIC MODEL

The s a i l a e r o d y n a m i c m o d e l h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y G.Hazen a n d i s d e s c r i b e d i n more d e t a i l i n 111 a n d / 3 / . F o r s l o o p r i g s t w o c a s e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d , c h a r a c t e r i z e d as ' u p w i n d r i g ' ( j i b o r g e n o a a n d m a i n s a i l ) and ' d o w n w i n d r i g " ( s p i n a k e r and m a i n s a i l ) . From t h e s a i l p l a n , t h e same m e a s u r e m e n t s as u s e d f o r t h e lOR a r e t a k e n a n d t h e s a i l a r e a s a n d t h e i r c e n t r o i d s a r e c a l c u l a t e d , u s u a l l y t h e b i g g e s t g e n o a , m a i n a n d s p i n a k e r w e r e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . The p r o j e c t e d l a t e r a l a r e a o f t h e a b o v e w a t e r h u l l a n d i t s c e n t r o i d i s c a l c u l a t e d as w e l l a n d a r e f e r e n c e a r e a o f 1 0 0 % f o r e s a i l t r i a n g l e a n d m a i n s a i l i s d e f i n e d .

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F o r e a c h o f t h e s i n g l e s a i l s a e r o d y n a m i c l i f t and d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t s as a f u n c t i o n o f r e l a t i v e w i n d a n g l e a r e g i v e n , d e r i v e d f r o m t h e r e s u l t o f w i n d t u n n e l t e s t s o n t w o d i m e n s i o n a l s a i l s . These c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e g i v e n i n f i g u r e 1 . S i n g l e S a i l L l f t - C o c f f , v s . m K A J N S A I L S P I N A K E R S i n g l e S a i l Orsg-Cne<-f. v s . MU X M A I N S A I L Q 6 C W O A / Dm A 6 P m A K £ R F i g . l S i n g l e S a i l L i f t / D r a g C o e f f i c i e n t s I n d u c e d r e s i s t a n c e i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f o r m u l a f r o m l i f t i n g s u r f a c e t h e o r y f o r e l l i p t i c a l l o a d i n g . The r e s i s t a n c e due t o s k i n f r i c t i o n a n d s e p a r a t i o n d r a g w e r e g i v e n c o n s t a n t c o e f f i c i e n t s . The b l a n k e t i n g o f t h e s a i l s among one a n o t h e r on t h e d o w n w i n d c o u r s e s i s c o n s i d e r e d b y ' b l a n k e t i n g f u n c t i o n s ' . L o o k i n g a t t h e m , f i g u r e 2, o n e c a n s e e , t h a t t h e y j u s t c o m p e n s a t e f o r g e o m e t r i c a l e f f e c t s . 5 -5

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T h e r e a r e some more f u n c t i o n s o f t h i s t y p e , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t the r e d u c e d a s p e c t r a t i o o f t h e j i b when t h e s h e e t i s e a s e d , o p e n i n g a gap b e t w e e n t h e d e c k and t h e f o o t o f t h e j i b o r f o r t h e a d d i t i o n a l d r a g / r e d u c e d l i f t a t t h e t o p p o f a f r a c t i o n a l r i g g e d b o a t . I n a f i r s t r u n , t h e c o m p u t e r m u l t p l i e s s a i l a r e a and c o e f f i c i e n t s , c a l c u l a t e s and adds t h e above e f f e c t s f o r e a c h a p p a r e n t w i n d a n g l e up t o 180 d e g r e e s and p r o d u c e s a non d i m e n s i o n a l r i g p o l a r c u r v e by d e v i d i n g w i t h t h e r e f e r e n c e a r e a . Such a c u r v e i s g i v e n i n f i g u r e 3 f o r t h e u p w i n d and d o w n w i n d r i g r e s p e c t i v e l y . The VPP u s e s t h i s c o e f f i c i e n t s e t f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e w i n d f o r c e s . As s a i l s a r e f o i l s t h a t can be r e e f e d and t r i m m e d , t w o f u n c t i o n s | r e e f ' and ' f l a t ' a r e i n t r o d u c e d t o a l l o w f o r t h i s e f f e c t s . T h e i r i n f l u e n c e on t h e p o l a r c u r v e s i s g i v e n i n f i g u r e 3 a n d 4.

F i g 3/4 IMS-VPP P o l a r C u r v e s - E f f e c t o f 'REEF' a n d 'FLAT'

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-3. REMARKS ON THE IMS-AERODYNAMIC MODEL The IMS a e r o d y n m i c m o d e l t r e a t s t h e w i n d a g e d r a g o f t h e p a r a s i t e a r e a s as c o n s t a n t o v e r t h e w h o l e r a n g e o f i n c i d e n c e a n g l e s , a l t h o u g h f r o m w i n d t u n n e l r e s u l t s we know t h a t t h i s i s n o t t h e c a s e ( f i g 5) . F l i I l l f l / > r . | . 1 k . r c 1.11 ^ n i l - ~ I k c l I B IB BB IB I S e 121 K B K t hppirtiw M i n d i f i f i l e I b e H - f l a A n i ) I d t B r e e ï ) T h e r e a l s o m i g h t be some d o u b t i n t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f e l l i p t i c a l l o a d i n g on p l a n f o r m s l i k e t r i a n g u l a r s a i l s a n d i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e h e e l a n g l e i n f l u e n c e on t h e t h e r i g f o r c e s . A f u r t h e r 'weak' p o i n t i s t h e way t h e s a i l i n t e r a c t i o n p r o b l e m i s c o n s i d e r e d . As t h e t o t a l l i f t o f t h e y a c h t i s c a l c u l a t e d j u s t b y a d d i n g t h e s i n g l e s a i l a r e a s , w e i g h t e d by t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t s , t h e p r o b l e m o f s a i l i n t e r a c t i o n c a n n o t be d e a l e d w i t h c o r r e c t l y , e v e n i f t h e s i n g l e s a i l c o e f f i c i e n t s h a v e b e e n c o r r e c t e d i n a d v a n c e f o r i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t s . I f one c o n s i d e r s t w o i d e n t i c a l l i f t i n g s u r f a c e s w o r k i n g a t a g r e a t d i s t a n c e , e a c h o f them p r o d u c e s i t s own c i r c u l a t i o n r , t o w h i c h , as f o i l t h e o r y t e l l s u s , t h e l i f t i s p r o p o r t i o n a l . I n t h i s s p e c i a l c a s e n = 1 • However i f t h e f o i l s w o r k i n a c l o s e p r o x i m i t y , a new t w o f o i l s y s t e m i s c r e a t e d w i t h i t s own c i r c u l a t i o n , w h i c h i s n o t t h e sum o f n, a n d r e s p e c t i v l y , b u t d e p e n d s o n i t s i n d i v i d u a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Thus f o r a g i v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s a i l a r e a b e t w e e n f o r e - a n d m a i n s a i l t h e VPP m i g h t g i v e c o m p a r a b l e r e s u l t s , b e c a u s e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s a i l i n t e r a c t i o n i s o f m i n o r i m p o r t a n c e i n s u c h a c a s e . However i f t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s a i l a r e a s i s c h a n g e d d r a s t i c a l , a c o m p a r i s o n o f d i f f e r e n t r i g s l e a d s t o i n c o r r e c t r e s u l t s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , y o u c a n compare f r a c t i o n a l r i g g e d b o a t s among e a c h o t h e r as w e l l as m a s t h e a d r i g g e d o n e s , b u t n o t f r a c t i o n a l r i g g e d -w i t h m a s t h e a d r i g g e d b o a t s . *) A n o t h e r p r o b l e m c l o s e r e l a t e d t o t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e d , i s i s t h e t r e a t m e n t o f f o r e s a i l o v e r l a p p i n g a r e a . The VPP d o e s n o t d i s t i n g u i s h w h e r e s a i l a r e a i s p o s i t i o n e d , a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e some s i g n s , t h a t t h e o v e r l a p p i n g g e n o a a r e a i s n o t as e f f e c t i v e as t h e r e s t o f t h e s a i l . *) F o o t n o t e : I n t h e j u d e l / v r o l i j k d e s i g n o f f i c e we g o t a w a r e o f t h i s s e v e r a l y e a r s ago, when we t r i e d t o do l O R - m a s t h e a d b o a t s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e VPP r e s u l t s , t h i s b o a t s t e n d e d t o be much s l o w e r f o r a g i v e n r a t e d s a i l a r e a t h a n t h e i r f r a c t i o n a l r i g g e d c o m p e t i t o r s . As t h i s was n o t t h e c a s e o n t h e r a c e c o u r s e , i t was o b v i o u s , t h a t t h e VPP t e n d e d t o o v e r e s t i m a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f f r a c t i o n a l - r i g g e r s ( o r u n d e r e s t i m a t e s t h a t o f m a s t h e a d b o a t s ) . As t h e VPP now i s t h e b a s e f o r IMS h a n d i c a p p i n g , m a s t h e a d r i g g e d b o a t s m u s t be i n a n a d v a n t a g e . T h i s m i g h t be p r o v e d b y t h e f a c t , t h a t new s p e c i a l I M S - d e s i g n s a d v e r t i z e d b y y a c h t d e s i g n e r s a r e m a s t h e a d r i g g e d b o a t s .

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4. DESCRIPTION OF THE I f S WINDTUNNEL TESTS D u r i n g 1988 a v e r y c o m p l e x m o d e l - t e s t - s e r i e s h a s b e e n c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e w i n d t u n n e l o f t h e I n s t i t u t für S c h i f f b a u ( I f S ) on a 1:15 s c a l e m o d e l o f an lOR one t o n n e r ( t h e j u d e l / v r o l i j k d e s i g n e d C o n t a i n e r 8 7 ) . The m o d e l was p r e p a r e d w i t h t w o d i f f e r e n t m a s t a n d s h r o u d p o s i t i o n s and t w o d i f f e r e n t r i g s h a v e b e e n d e s i g n e d a n d b u i l t f o r i t , t h e o r i g i n a l f r a c t i o n a l r i g o f t h e f u l l s i z e y a c h t and an a d d i t i o n a l m a s t h e a d r i g w i t h t h e same l O R - r a t e d s a i l a r e a . T h e i r s a i l p l a n s a r e g i v e n i n f i g u r e 5 a n d 6 r e s p e c t i v e l y . As c a n be t a k e n f r o m t a b l e 1 , t h e i r a c t u a l s a i l a r e a s a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t T a b l e 1 S a i l A r e a C o m p a r i s o n F r a c t i o n a l R i g M a s t h e a d R i g f r a c ( % ) a) g e o m e t r i c a r e a s : M a i n s a i l 51.3 m2 36.0 m2 Genoa 1 4 6 . 1 m2 54.7 m2 S p i n a k e r 108.0 m2 M a i n + G e n o a 97.4 m2 90.7 m2 93 % b) m e a s u r e d a r e a s : ( i ) IMS -M a i n s a i l 44.5 m2 31.4 m2 Genoa 1 47.6 m2 56.0 m2 Main+Genoa 92.1 m2 87.4 m2 95 % ( i i ) lOR -M a i n s a i l ( R S A -M ) 35.9 m2 25.8 m2 Genoa 1 (RSAF) 45.2 m2 52.9 m2 RSAM+RSAF+SATC 80.4 m2 80.3 m2 100 % H o w e v e r , i f t h e s a i l a r e a c a l c u l a t i o n i n t h e lOR f o r m u l a i s c o r r e c t , t h e same f o r c e s must be g e n e r a t e d b y t h e t w o s a i l p l a n s . The s a i l s a n d t h e s a i l d e s i g n was s u p p l i e d f r o m N o r t h S a i l s Germany, who s u c c e e d e d i n s c a l i n g t h e i r o r i g i n a l C o n t a i n e r s a i l d e s i g n s down. The m o d e l was c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h a r e m o v a b l e d e c k , s o t h a t h u l l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t h e e l a n g l e s c o u l d be p l a c e d u n d e r i t . However t h i s l i m i t e d t h e maximun h e e l a n g l e t o 20 d e g r e e s . The t w o m a s t s w e r e made f l e x i b l e a n d t h e m o d e l was f i t t e d w i t h a l l t r i m m i n g g e a r t h a t c a n be f o u n d on f u l l s i z e r a c i n g b o a t s . A d e c k p l a n i s shown i n f i g u r e 7. The v a r i a b l e s d u r i n g t h e t e s t s e r i e s h a d b e e n h e e l a n g l e , h e a d s a i l s ( o v e r l a p p i n g a n d n o n o v e r l a p p i n g , s p i n a k e r ) , r i g t y p e , g e n o a s h e e t i n g a n g l e a n d m a s t - and s a i l t r i m , t h e l a t t e r o n e s w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e amount o f t i m e , t h a t w e n t i n t o t h e t e s t s b e c a u s e o f t h e m a g n i t u d e o f p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o t r i m t h e s a i l s . As t h e r e s u l t s h a v e n o t j e t b e e n e v a l u a t e d , o n l y some p r e l i m i n a r y r e m a r k s c a n be made on t h e base o f t h e u n c o r r e c t e d w i n d t u n n e l d a t a . I t seems t h a t t h e lOR t r e a t s t h e s a i l a r e a m e a s u r e m e n t f o r t h e u p w i n d c a s e q u i t e g o o d . Modern r a c i n g b o a t s s a i l u p w i n d w i t h i n c i d e n c e a n g l e s a r o u n d 20 d e g r e e s ( w h i c h i s a l s o t h e v a l u e shown by t h e i r w i n d i n s t r u m e n t s ) . 6

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-From f i g u r e 8 and 9 , w h i c h g i v e some r e s u l t s f o r t h e u p w i n d c a s e w i t h z e r o h e e l a n g l e , i t can be s e e n , t h a t b o t h r i g t y p e s p r o d u c e n e a r l y t h e same l i f t and d r a g w i t h i n t h i s r a n g e , a l t h o u g h t h e s t a l l a n g l e o f t h e f r a c t i o n a l r i g seems t o be h i g h e r , r e s u l t i n g i n a h i g h e r maximum l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t .

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ZB I S 40 SB ftngle of flttacX ( d e g r e e s ) l , a Z l e 48 S B A n g l e o f fittadc ( d e g r e e s ) 1.8 Z. However i t must be m e n t i o n e d h e r e , t h a t t h i s m e a s u r e m e n t s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t w i t h c l o s e s h e e t i n g f o r u p w i n d w o r k , w i t h t h e m o d e l t u r n e d i n t h e w i n d t u n n e l u n t i l t h e s t a l l a n g l e was r e a c h e d , w i t h o u t e a s i n g t h e s h e e t s . F o r an i n c i d e n c e a n g l e o f a b o u t 40 d e g r e e s a f u r t h e r 'optimum' s a i l t r i m h a s b e e n s e a r c h e d a n d w i t h t h i s t r i m t h e i n c i d e n c e a n g l e h a s b e e n v a r i e d f r o m a b o u t 30 t o 50 d e g r e e s , e t c . . F i g u r e 10 shows t h e l i f t / d r a g r a t i o s f o r t h e a b o v e c a s e .

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A more c o m p l e t e p o l a r c u r v e f o r ' o p t i m u m ' s a i l t r i m a n d z e r o h e e l a n g l e , c o m p a r e d w i t h r e s u l t s f r o m t h e VPP c a l c u l a t i o n i s g i v e n i n

r e 3 t s

h ' " H ' ' ' ^ ^ ^ h ^ ^ - t ^ - - - ^or c o m p a r i s o n t h e w i n d t u n n e l r e s u l t s have been made d i m e n s i o n l e s s u s i n g t h e ' I M S - r e f e r e n c e a r e a '

i n t h i s c s s G *

F i g 1 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f IMS-VPP P o l a r C u r v e w i t h W i n d t u n n e l

M e a s u r e m e n t f o r t h e Y a c h t ' C o n t a i n e r ' ( u p r i g h t ) { — 20 h e e l ) CONCLUSIONS

The comments a b o v e a r e o n l y some p r e l i m i n a r y r e m a r k s u n d e r t h e f i r s t i m p r e s s i o n o f o u r r e c e n t l y d e r i v e d w i n d t u n n e l t e s t s . Due t o t h e m a g n i t u d e o f d a t a (some h u n d r e t k i l o b y t e s ) f i n a l r e s u l t s w i l l be g i v e n a t a l a t e r d a t e . H o w e v e r , as c a n be s e e n f r o m t h e p u b l i s h e d d a t a a l r e a d y some c o r r e c t i o n s t o t h e IMS - a e r o d y n a m i c m o d e l f o r t h e u p w i n d c a s e seem t o be n e c e s s a r y . LITERATURE / I / C o n r a d i / 2 / P o o r / 3 / Hazen ' G e s c h w i n d i g k e i t s p r o g n o s e für S e g e l y a c h t e n ' L e c t u r e h e l d w i t h i n t h e K o l l o q u i u m 8 8 / 8 9 a t t h e I n s t i t u t für S c h i f f b a u , Hamburg 'The I n t e r n a t i o n a l M e a s u r m e n t S y s t e m ' W a s h i n g t o n , D.C, A u g u s t 1 9 8 6 ( P u b l i s h e d i n Germany b y ' D e u t s c h e r S e g l e r V e r b a n d ) 'A M o d e l o f S a i l i n g Y a c h t A e r o d y n a m i c s f o r D i v e r s e R i g T y p e s ' SNAME, New E n g l a n d Y a c h t S y m p o s i u m , M a r c h 1 9 8 0 8

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