QU A N TITA TIV E AND QU A LITA TIV E CO M PO SITIO N O F HU M US IN BLACK EA RTH S AND BROW N SO ILS
OF PY RZY CE LOW LAND
Chair of Soil Cultivation and Fertilization, College of Agriculture in Poznań
INTRODUCTION
W ith in geographic clim atic-v eg etal zones are found c e rta in sm all physio grap hic regions w ith c h a ra c te ristic local com position of th e ir landscape factors. T he soils of such regions d iffe r from th e zonal soils in th e ir ph ysical and chem ical p ro p erties, and especially in q u a lity and q u a n tity of th e accu m u lated h um us. P y rzy ce L ow land w ith its black e a rth s and b ro w n soils form s a n in te re stin g exam ple.
ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
P y rzy ce L ow land, s itu a te d b etw een geographic la titu d e s 53°05' and 53°18' N and 'longitudes 14°50' and 15°10' E, is a re m n a n t of a glacial lake w hich h ad form ed in th e m id d le P o m e ra n ian stage of W ü rm glaciation. O n th e m orain e s u b s tra tu m of th is lak e th e re are th ick deposits of ry th m ic bed ded m a rly clays and calcareous silt form ation s w hich form a sy stem of te rra c e s declining from 80 to 20 m . above sea level. A long th e low er m iddle p a rt of th e lo w lan d th e v a lle y of th e riv e r P ło ń ru n s in n o rth w e st directio n an d joins th e lak es P łoń (17 m. a.s.1.1) and M iedw ie (14 m. a.s.l.). T he g e n e ra lly low a n n u a l p rec ip ita tio n (average 462 to 540 m m . in th e y ears 1891 to 1930) is connected w ith th e re la tiv e ly low elev atio n above sea level an d th e p resen ce of g re a t w a te r basins. M ean y e a rly te m p e ra tu re s ran g e fro m 7.7 do 7.9°C. In ten siv e farm in g is de veloped in th e w hole P y rzy ce Low land.
SOILS
B asing on th e d etailed in vestigation s c a rrie d o u t in P y rzy ce L ow land, th e a u th o rs selected fo u r re p re s e n ta tiv e profiles of soils fo rm ed from p leistocene clays. T h e ir c h aracteristics are as follow s:
52 M. Hoffmann, A. K ow alkow ski
I. T he p r i m i t i v e b l a c k e a r t h w ith th e p ro file A X-CG occurs u su a lly in f la t lo w erin g s w ith p erio d ically high g ro un d w a te r tab le.
II. T he p r o p e r b l a c k e a r t h w ith th e horizons A p - ( B ) A 1-Cg o r CG occupies th e h ig h er p a rts of fla t low erings in w hich sta g n a n t subsoil w a te r is p erio d ically p resen t, o r g ro u n d w a te r occurs in th e lo w er p a rt of CG.
III. T he g r e y - b r o w n s o i l w ith a pro file A p - A 1(B)-(B)-Cg occurs on g en tle slopes of th e p lan e terrac e s. R a in w a ter in flu en ced th e fo rm a tio n of th is soil.
IV. The b r o w n s o i l w ith th e pro file A p - A 1(B)-(B)g-Cg occurs on th e slopes and top p a rts of th e hills. T he g en eral re g u la rity of profile fo rm atio n in th ese soils is illu s tra te d in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. General regularities in profile form ation of black earths and brown
soils in Pyrzyce Lowland*
T he re su lts of analyses, p re se n te d in Tab. 1, show th a t th e colloidal clay as w ell as Fe and A1 com pounds are d istrib u te d r a th e r u n ifo rm ely in th e p ro file of soil I, w h ile a m ax im u m of those com ponents occurs in th e horizons (В ) А Ъ A X(B) and (B|) of soils II, III and IV. In th ese u su a lly stro n g ly porous horizons w ith m ediu m and th ick p rism atic s tru c tu re th e re a re v e ry n u m ero u s p erp e n d icu la r e a rth w o rm b u rro w s, ex cep t in soil IV in w hich th e horizons A ^ B ) an d (B)g a re com pact.
The horizons A 1 an d A p of th e described soils a re conspicuous fo r a re la tiv e high so rp tion capacity w hich how ever dim inishes in th e soil ran g e: I > II > III > IV. A d istin ct in crease of its v a lu e is m a rk e d in th e horizons of soils II, III and IV, w hich are ric h in colloidal clay. In connection w ith g re a t sa tu ra tio n of th e so rp tio n com plex w ith cations of alcalic ch aracter, th e V v alu es in levels A are high, ran g in g fro m 91 to lOOVo,
Some p hysical and chemical data of black earths and brown s o i l s in the fyrzyce Lowland
P r o file Nr. I II III IV
Horizon
h A1 CG Ap A1 (B)AX CG Ap A i(B ) (B) Cg Ap A^( B) (B) Cg
Thickness
in cm 20 15 20 20 20 30 25 25 25 15 15
Colour 2.5Y2/0 2.5Y2/0 5Y7/4-7/6 10ÏR2/1 5Y2/1 2 .5 Ï2 /0 2.5Y 6/4-5/4 10YR3/2 10YR2/2 10YH5/4 2.5Y 6/4-5/4 10YR4/2 10YB4/3 10YR5/4 2.5Y 6/4-5/4 < 0.002 mm per cent 16.0 17.0 14,0 28.0 27.5 53.0 4 5 .0 20.5 47.0 51.0 36.0 17.0 19.0 4 2 .0 30,5 Porosity per cent 67.8 39Л 40.8 39.4 33.3 38.4 35.5 32.7 40.8 43.9 39.5 40.6 30,1 29.7 34,4 PEKC1 7.2 7Л 7.4 6 ,8 6.9 6.8 7.3 6.9 7 .1 7.2 7.3 7.1 6.9 7.0 7 .2 Fe 20^ per cent 0.90 1.40 1.63 3.27 3.58 6.22 4.68 2.81 5.77 4.77 4.19 2.96 3.17 5.53 4 ,88 Al2°3 per cent 4.26 3,12 3.23 3,93 4.01 8.32 6.00 3.53 7.14 6.78 6.47 2.97 4.64 7.38 5.80 CaO per cent 12.53 10.32 12.75 0.83 0.81 0.72 12.03 0.50 0.78 10.93 9.24 1.02 0.69 0.92 7.39 Total bases m e /100 g . 80.81 68.89 9.72 20.84 20.93 21.82 23.51 16.17 24.89 23.56 15.70 16.18 17.58 20.24 17.98 Cation exchan ge capacity m e /100 g . 82.61 68.89 9.72 22.74 22.35 23.96 23.51 16.77 26.69 23.56 15.70 16.18 17.58 20.54 17.98 Base satura tion per cent 97.8 100.0 100.0 91.65 93.65 91.07 100.0 96.4 93.3 100.0 100.0 1100.0 100.0 98.54 100.0 I n T a b s . 1 a n d 2, P art I V . (В ) s h o u d b e (B)g H um us in so ils of Pyrzyc e L o w la n d
5 4 M. Hoffmann, A. K ow alkow ski
HUMUS
T he d istrib u tio n of org an ic substan ces in th e p rofile and th e ir q u a n tity , a re c h a ra c te ristic of each of th e in v estig a ted soil types, as seen in Tab. 2. T he q u a n tita tiv e d iffe re n tia tio n of organic m a tte r stocks (733 t/h a in soil I, 323 t/h a in soil II, 193 t/h a in soil III, 111 t/h a in soil IV) is c o rre la ted w ith biologically av ailab le w a te r cap acity (P W u ), calcu lated fro m th e d ifferen ce b e tw e en to ta l w a te r cap acity (PWt) and biologically unav ailab le w a te r capacity (P W n ) w ith th e fo rm u la:
P W u = P W t - P W n in w hich
100
w h e re : P — to ta l p o ro s ity o f th e in v e s tig a te d soil h o riz o n (layer,); MH — m a x im u m h y g ro sc o p ic ity o f th e in v e s tig a te d soil h o riz o n (la y e r) in w e ig h t p e rc e n t; d — b u lk d e n s ity of th e in v e s tig a te d soil h o riz o n (la y e r) in cm . h — th ic k n e s s o f th e in v e s tig a te d soil h o riz o n (layerl) in cm .
T a b l e 2 C h a ra cteristics of organic matter of black earthe and brown s o i l s in the Pyrzyce Lowland
P r o file Nr. 3 II III IV
Horizon h A1 Ap A1 (B)AX Ap Ai(B) (B) Ap AX(B) (B) Organic matter* per cent 25.86 16.79 3 .60 3.10 2.60 2 .7 4 0.93 0.71 1.88 1.07 0 .4 3 Ct** per cent 1 5 .0 9-74 2 .0 9 1 .8 0 1 .5 1 1 .5 9 0 .5 4 0 .4 0 1 .0 9 0. 62 0 .2 5 Nt** per cent 1 .0 7 1 0 .6 6 5 0 .2 1 7 0 .1 8 2 0 .1 4 0 0.157 0.056 0.038 0.109 0 .0 6 5 0 .0 2 9 N*** per cent ■4.14 3.96 6. 0 2 5.87 5 .3 8 5 .7 2 6 .3 4 5.63 5 .8 0 6 .0 8 6 .7 4 Ct : Ht 1 4 .0 0 1 4 .6 4 9.63 9.89 10.70 10.12 9.15 1 0 .2 5 10.00 9 .5 4 8 .2 7 Bitumins*** per cent 1.93 1 .4 0 3.83 3.87 3 -5 0 3 .1 4 6 .4 5 6.90 4 .3 1 4 .6 4 6 .7 4 Ch** per cent 12.37 7 .2 4 1 .1 5 1.22 1.05 0.75 0.39 0 .2 4 0.53 0.37 0.22 ZG 82.50 .74.32 5 5 .0 2 6 7 .7 6 6 5 .9 2 4 7 .1 5 7 2 .2 1 59.7 4 8 .6 1 5 9 .6 6 88.00
^4/6 2 .8 3 .1 3 .7 3 .3 2.9 4 .3 4 .0 5 .5 5.3 5 .1 5 .6
S57 0 . 7 6 0.99 1.07 1 .4 4 2.12 0 .6 4 1 .1 8 0 .2 8 0.22 0.35 0 .4 9
T he re s u lts of calculations, p re se n te d g rap h ic ally in Fig. 2 (curve A), show th a t w ith in cre ase of th e P W u v a lu e th e to ta l organic su b stan ce stocks in crease too, in d ep e n d e n tly fro m soil profile dep th. S im ultan eou sely , th e to ta l stocks of n itro g e n in crease (Fig. 2, c u rv e B, an d Tab. 2) b u t th e ra tio of organic su bstance to n itro g e n rises (15.2 : 1 in soil IV, 15.9 : 1 in soil III, 17.4 : 1 in soil II, 24.9 : 1 in soil Ii). Those dependences how ever a re n o t in a g re e m e n t w ith p e rp e n d ic u la r (m eridian) geographical re g u la rity
Fig. 2. D ependences betw een organic substance stocks and biologically available w ater capacity (A) and betw een organic substance stocks and nitrogen stocks (B)
in black earths and brown soils of Pyrzyce Lowland
in q u a n tita tiv e rela tio n s of soil h u m u s an d n itrogen, are d e te rm in e d b y T iu rin. T hey show a specific regional fo rm atio n of dynam ic b alance b e tw e e n th e soil clim ate an d in te n s ity of biological m etab olism in th e soils of P y rzy ce Low land.
T he re su lts of q u a lita tiv e analysis, p rese n ted in Tab. 2, confirm th e above described re g u la ritie s in d iffe re n tia tio n of organic sub stances in th e in v estig a ted soils. W ith a decrease of th e organic substances stock th e re is g e n e ra lly a n in crease of th e b itu m en s content, w hose q u a n tity in re la tio n to h u m u s v a rie s fro m < 3'% in soil I, 3 to 4% in soil II, 3 to 7% in soil III, up to 4 to 7'°/o in soil IV.
T he deg ree of h u m ificatio n (ZG) decreases in th e discussed soils in th e sequence: I > II > III > IV. T he low est profile v alu es for th is in d e x are foun d in th e arab le lay ers (Ap) of soil II, III and IV.
W hen th e to ta l stock of organic m a tte r decreases, th e absolute q u a n tity of hum ic carbon (Ch) dim inishes too, b u t parallel}7 th e re is an in crease in th e colour q u o tie n t (Q4/e) w hich indicates th e changes in th e re la tiv e q u a n titie s of g rey and b ro w n hum ic acids in hu m u s of th e in vestig ated soils. The colour q u o tie n t ran g in g from 2.8 to 3.7 shows
56 M. Hoffmann, A. K ow alkow ski
a considerable p a rt of g rey hum ic acids in h u m u s of soils I and II. T he in creasing p redo m in an ce of b ro w n hu m ic acids in h u m u s of soils III and IV is show n by th e Q 4/e coefficient, w hich is 4.0 to 5.5 for soil III an d 5.1 to 5.6 for soil IV.
In th e u p p e r p a rt of A 1 horizon (m ostly in Ap) th e a u th o rs noticed a h ig h er v a lu e of Q 4/ 6 and th e low est e x tin c tio n coefficient (S57). T his fac t indicates th a t in th is p a rt of th e p rofile of th e te s te d soils th e re a re g re a te r q u a n titie s of hum ic acids w ith low er degree of condensation and h ig h er dispersion th a n in th e d eep er horizons. This fo rm atio n re s u lts fro m in te n siv e hu m ificatio n an d m in e raliz a tio n of c o n tin u a lly accum ula tin g p la n t residu es in th e su rface p a rt of th e soil profile.
O n basis of th e differences in th e values of th e e x tin c tio n coefficient b e tw e en th e p a rtic u la r soils, th e a u th o rs found th a t th e m ost d urab le, hig h ly m o lecu lar h u m u s com pounds are p re se n t in soil II. The stro n g ly hum ous soil I w ith a high d egree of h u m ificatio n occupies a place tr a n sito ry to soils III and IV w ith lo w er condensation of h um us. T he re la tiv e ly g re a t m o istu re of th e subsoil is pro b ab ly u n fav o u ra b le for th e fo rm atio n on hig h ly m o lecu lar hu m u s substances in soil I, and th e considerable a m o u n t of C a’* can be a fac to r causing accum ulation of h um us.
METHODS
The colours of soil horizons and lay ers w ere d e te rm in e d using M unsell Soil Color C harts. T he m echanical com position of soil w as d e te rm in e d b y Bouyoucos’s areo m etric m eth o d (m odified by C asagrande and P ró szy ń ski) and p orosity (Pt) w ith N itzsch ’s p n eu m opycnom eter. Soil re a c tio n (pH Kci) w as d e te rm in e d e le c tro m etric a lly in suspension, using a glass electrode. T he p ercen tag e co n te n t of F e 20 3, A120 3 and CaO in th e 20% HC1 e x tra c tio n w as fou nd b y th e G edroic m ethod, and th e so rp tio n p ro p ertie s w ith th e M ehlich m ethod. O rganic carbon (Ct) w as d e te rm in e d by T iu rin ’s m eth o d and to ta l n itro g e n by th e K je ld a h l m ethod. B itu m en s w ere d e te rm in e d b y e x tra c tio n w ith alcohol-benzene m ix tu re (1 : 1) in a S o x h let a p p a ra tu s. H um ic carbon (Ch), th e degree of hu m ificatio n (ZG), colour q u o tie n t (Q /б) and e x tin c tio n coefficient (S57) w e re d e te rm in e d b y th e m etho ds recom m ended in M ethodenbuch [1].
REFERENCES
[1] H e r r m a n n R.: D ie U ntersuchung von Böden. Radebeul und Berlin. 1955 [2] T i u r i n I. W.: Geograficzeskije zakonom iernosti gumusoobrazowanija. Tru- • dy jubilejnoj sesii poswjaszczennoj stoletju so dnja rożdenija W. W. D
M . H O F F M A N N , A . K O W A L K O W S K I
QUANTITATIVE UND QUALITATIVE
HUMUSZUSAMMENSETZUNG IN SCHWARZEN ERDEN UND BRAUNERDEN DER PYRZYCE-NIEDERUNG
L e h r s t u h l f ü r A c k e r b a u u n d D ü n g u n g , L a n d w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e H o c h s c h u l e , P o z n a ń
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
Prim itive Schwarze Erden (Profil I), Typische Schwarze Erden (Profil II), Graubraunerden (Profil III) und Braunerden (Profil IV) sind in der P yrzyce-N ie- derung aus pleistozänen M ergeltonen entstanden. D ie quantitative und q ualitative D ifferenzierung des Humus in diesen Böden korreliert m it der Grösse der biologisch nutzbaren W asserkapazität (P W u ), die aus der D ifferenz zw ischen der totalen W asserkapazität des Bodens (P W t ) und der biologisch nicht nutzbaren W asser kapazität (PWn) errechnet wurde. G efundene W echselbeziehungen bestätigen nicht die von T i u r i n [2] geprägte These über vertikale, geographische G esetzm ässigkei ten der qualitativ-qu antitativen V erhältnisse des Humus in Böden, sondern deuten auf eine eigenartige, regionale B eschaffenheit des dynam ischen G leichgew ichts zw ischen Bodenklim a und der Intensität der biotischen Prozesse in Böden der Pyrzyce-N iederung.
M . H O F F M A N N , A . K O W A L K O W S K I
COMPOSITION QUANTITATIVE ET QUALITATIVE DE L ’HUMUS DES TERRES NOIRES ET BRUNES
D ANS LE TERRAIN BAS DE PYRZYCE
C h a i r e d e C u l t u r e e t d e F e r t i l i s a t i o n d e s S o l s d e l ’E c o l e S u p é r i e u r e d ’A g r i c u l t u r e à P o z n a ń R é s u m é
Les terres noires prim itives (sol I), les terres noires typiques (sol II), les terres gris-brunes (sol III) et les terres brunes (sol IV) dans le terrain bas de Pyrzyce se form èrent à partir des argiles de m arne pleistociennes. La différenciation quantita tive et qualitative de l’hum us de ces sols corrèle avec la valeur de la capacité d’eau biologiquem ent u tile (PWu), calculée suivant la différence entre la capacité d’eau totale (PWt) et la capacité d’eau biologiquem ent non u tile (PWn). Les dependences trouvées ne correspondent pas à la régularité géographique verticale, déterm inée par I. W. T i u r i n [2], dans les relations quantitatives et qualitatives de l ’humus des sols et font apparaitre un systèm e régional particulier de l ’équilibre dynam ique entre le clim at du sol et l’intensité des processus biologiques dans les sols du terrain bas de Pyrzyce.
58 M. Hoffmann, A. K ow alkow ski
M . H O F F M A N N , A . K O W A L K O W S K I
ILOŚCIOWY I JAKOŚCIOWY SKŁAD PRÓCHNICY CZARNYCH ZIEM I GLEB BRUNATNYCH W NIZINIE PYRZYCKIEJ
K a t e d r a U p r a w y i N a w o ż e n i a R o li, W S R P o z n a ń
S t r e s z c z e n i e
Z m arglistych iłów plejstoceńskich u kształtow ały się w N izinie Pyrzyckiej czarne ziem ie pierwotne (gleba I), czarne ziem ie w łaściw e (gleba II), gleby szaro brunatne (gleba III) i gleby brunatne (gleba IV). Ilościow e i jakościowe zróżnico w anie próchnicy w tych glebach koreluje z w ielkością pojem ności w odnej biolo gicznie użytecznej (P W u ), obliczonej z różnicy m iędzy całkow itą pojemnością w od ną (P W t ) i pojem nością wodną biologicznie nieużyteczną (P W n ). Znalezione zależ ności nie są zgodne z określoną przez T i u r i n a [2] pionową praw idłow ością geograficzną w ilościow o-jakościow ych stosunkach próchnicy glebow ej i wskazują na odrębny, regionalny układ dynamicznej rów now agi m iędzy klim atem glebowym i intensyw nością biologicznych procesów w glebach N iziny Pyrzyckiej.
М . Г О Ф Ф М А Н Н , А . К О В А Л Ь К О В С К И КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННО-КАЧЕСТВЕННЫЙ СОСТАВ ПОЧВЕННОГО ГУМУСА ТЕМНОЦВЕТНЫХ И БУРЫ Х ПОЧВ ПЫ ЖИЦКОЙ НИЗМЕННОСТИ К а ф е д р а А г р о т е х н и к и и У д о б р е н и я П о ч в П о з н а н ь с к о й С е л ь с к о х о з я й с т в е н н о й А к а д е м и и Р е з ю м е Из мергелистых плейстоценовых илов образовались в Пыжицкой низмен ности примитивные темноцветные почвы (почва I), типичные темноцветные почвы (почва II), почвы серо-бурые (почва III) и бурые почвы (почва IV). К оли
чественная и качественная диф ференциация гумуса в этих почвах коррелирует с величиной влагоёмкости биологически полезной (PWu) исчисляемой по разни цы меж ду полной влагоёмкостью (PWt) и влагоёмкостью биологически неполезной (PWn). Найденные зависимости не сходны с определённой И. В. Т ю р и н ы м [2] вертикальной географической закономерностью в количественно-качественных соотношениях почвенного гумуса и указывают на обособленное региональное соотношение динамического равновесия м еж ду почвенным климатом и интен сивностью биологических процессов в почвах Пыжицкой низменности.
