Evo lu tion of Early and Middle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas based on geo log i cal
and malacological prox ies
Leszek LINDNER1 and Marcin SZYMANEK1, *
1 Uni ver sity of War saw, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, ¯wirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Po land
Lindner, L., Szymanek, M., 2018. Evo lu tion of Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene river val ley sys tems in Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas based on geo log i cal and malacological prox ies. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 62 (3): 620–630, doi:
10.7306/gq.1426
As so ci ate ed i tor: Wojciech Granoszewski
The geo log i cal set ting of the Bug–Pripyat interfluve and the close prox im ity of the source of the Pripyat River to the well-de - vel oped Mid dle Bug River val ley sug gest that these rivers may have been con nected in the past. Anal y sis of geo log i cal cross-sec tions around the Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas to gether with study of as so ci ated Pleis to cene palaeoflora shows that bur ied al lu vial de pos its of the proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat clearly rep re sent the Preglacial (MIS 103-23), Podlasian/Turskian-Donian/Brest Inter gla cial (Cromerian I-II; MIS 21-17) and the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (Holsteinian; MIS 11c). Their el e vated po si tion in mid-east ern Po land sug gests the pos si bil ity of ac cu mu la tion by proto-Bug wa ters flow ing eastwards, which de ter mined the for ma tion and de vel op ment of the lower-ly ing proto-Pripyat val ley sys tem in northwest ern Ukraine at those times. The oc cur rence of the Ponto-Cas pian spe cies Lithoglyphus naticoides (C.
Pfeif fer, 1828), Borysthenia naticina (Menke, 1845) and Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) in the mol lusc as sem blages of the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial im plies that the main wa ter shed be tween the Bal tic Sea and the Black Sea drain age bas ins might have been sit u ated in the north ern part of the area stud ied. Pre sum ably its main part was drained by the wa ters of the proto-Bug catch ment con nected with the proto-Pripyat and flow ing far ther to the east to wards the Dnie - per River en ter ing the Black Sea.
Key words: Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene, bur ied river val leys, Bug–Pripyat interfluve, Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas, molluscs.
INTRODUCTION
Be cause the near-sur face oc cur rence of inter gla cial flu vial de pos its is ex tremely rare (e.g., Terpi³owski et al., 2014;
Zieliñski et al., 2016), palaeogeographic anal y sis of the main river val leys in the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene has been mostly based on re search bore holes and re gional geo log i cal cross-sec tions. There has been much fo cus on the Mazovian river net work. The drain age sys tems of the proto-Warta/Odra, proto-Noteæ, proto-Vistula and proto-Neman were as so ci ated with deglaciation fol low ing the Sanian 2/Okian/Berezinian Gla - ci ation (Elsterian; MIS 12) and changes in the level of the Holsteinian Sea in the Bal tic Ba sin, re sem bling (es pe cially in cen tral Po land) the pres ent river pat tern (e.g., Straszewska, 1968; Baraniecka et al., 1978; Lindner et al., 1982; Karabanov, 1987; Pavlovskaya, 1998; Marks and Pavlovskaya, 2003;
Marks, 2005). Some sub stan tial dif fer ences in Mazovian run off
have been pos tu lated for mid-east ern Po land and west ern Belarus, where flow to the south-west and west has been sug - gested (e.g., Mander, 1973; Pavlovskaya, 1998; Marks and Pavlovskaya, 2003; Marks, 2005). More over, Marks and Pavlovskaya (2003) showed the west ward po si tion of the wa ter - shed be tween the Bal tic and the Black See drain age bas ins com pared to the pres ent one. How ever, this re con struc tion did not en com pass the Polesie re gion.
Our stud ies on the Qua ter nary of the Pol ish-Ukraine- Belarus cross-bor der ar eas were ini ti ated in the 1980s and 1990s. Fruit ful co op er a tion with col leagues from Ukrai nian, Belarusian and Lublin sci en tific cen tres has re sulted in many pub li ca tions, which were mostly de voted to Pleis to cene stra tig - ra phy and Scan di na vian gla cial lim its (e.g., Szo³koplyas et al., 1985; Lindner, 1988; Lindner et al., 1985, 1991b, 1998; Lindner and Yelovicheva, 1998). It was also a time when the first views emerged of the pos si bil ity of palaeogeographic re con struc tion of this re gion in the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene, the de vel op - ment and course of the inter gla cial river and gla cial tun nel val - leys (Boguckij et al., 2002) as well as the run off of proglacial and extraglacial wa ters (Lindner et al., 2004). These re search di rec - tions have con tin ued in the last de cade (e.g., Gozhik et al., 2012; Lindner, 2009, 2016).
* Corresponding author, e-mail: m.szymanek@uw.edu.pl Received: February 21, 2018; accepted: April 11, 2018; first published online: August 24, 2018
The geo log i cal set ting of the interfluve of the Bug and Pripyat rivers and the prox im ity (ca. 10 km) of the Pripyat source to the well-de vel oped Mid dle Bug River val ley im ply that both rivers may have been con nected in the past. One of the first re - ports in this re gard oc curred in a note about Pleis to cene de pos - its in the Bug val ley near Uhrusk (Wojtanowicz, 1993). This is - sue is con tin ued in the pres ent pa per. Its main goal was to an - swer if in deed and when the Bug and Pripyat may have con - nected. It also sug gests a pos si ble po si tion of the main wa ter - shed of the Bal tic and Black Sea in the area stud ied dur ing the Middle Pleis to cene.
REGIONAL SETTING
The study area is lo cated in east ern Po land, south west ern Belarus and north west ern Ukraine (Fig. 1) and be longs to four
macro-re gions, namely the South Podlasie Low land, West ern Polesie, Volhynian Polesie and the Volhynian Up land (Kondracki, 2002). This area is mostly flat (only in its south ern - most part is there more dis tinct top o graphic re lief), cov ered with marshes, mead ows, some farm land and sparse for ests. It was formed by the sev eral ad vances of the Early and Mid dle Pleis to - cene Scan di na vian ice sheets as well as by flu vial, glaciofluvial and ae olian pro cesses. The area was cov ered or partly cov ered by the ice sheets of five gla cial pe ri ods cor re spond ing to the Nidanian/Turskian (Dorst; MIS 22), Sanian 1/Donian/Narevian (Gla cial B?; MIS 16), Sanian 2/Okian/Berezinian (Elsterian;
MIS 12), Krznanian/Dnieperian 1 (MIS 8) and Odran - ian/Dnieperian 2/Pripyatian (Saalian; MIS 6; Ta ble 1). At the sur face, tills and glaciofluvial sands of the Sanian 2/Okian/Berezinian and Odranian/Dnieperian 2/Pripyatian glaciations pre dom i nate. The pres ent river val leys are infilled with sands and grav els, peaty and sandy muds, and peats.
Fig. 1. Location sketch of studied area, surface ice sheet limits of Early and Middle Pleistocene glaciations and Mazovian/Likhvinian/Alexandrian mollusc-bearing sites in the Polish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-border areas
1 – Ossówka, 2 – Hrud, 3 – Roskosz, 4 – Malyya Radvanichi, 5 – Izin, 6 – Ortel Królewski, 7 – Szymanowo, 8 – Szelest, 9 – Rossosz, 10 – Opole 5, 11 – Suszno, 12 – Krêpa, 13 – Syrniki, 14 – Czerniejów, 15 – Charlê¿, 16 – Ruda 5, 17 – Rohovi Somliary, 18 – Stari Koshary, 19 – Kalinovka, 20 – Dubienka, 21 – Strzy¿ów, 22 – Hrubieszów, 23 – Tatarska Góra, 24 – Micha³ówka, 25 – Czumów, 26 – Œlipcze; geological cross-sec tions: I – Turka–Berezhtsi, II – Ruda–Hniszów, III – Up per Pripyat and Tur Lake, IV – Up per Pripyat and Lower Turia, V – Bia³a Podlaska–Maloryta
Vistulian/Valday/Poozierian (Weichselian; MIS 5d-2) loess and ae olian sands also oc cur in the re gion stud ied (Krasnov et al., 1975; Lindner et al., 2007; Marks and Karabanov, 2016).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Five geo log i cal cross-sec tions (Figs. 2 and 3) in the Pol ish, Ukraine and Belarus cross-bor der ar eas were ana lysed. The first one was made through the Bug River val ley be tween Turka and Berezhtsi (Szwajgier, 1998; Fig. 2A), and the sec ond – based on Wojtanowicz (1993, 1995) – be tween Ruda and Hniszów (Fig. 3). The third geo log i cal cross-sec tion shows Qua ter nary de pos its in the Up per Pripyat River val ley in the vi - cin ity of Tur Lake (Lindner et al., 2007; Fig. 2B), while the fourth is in the Up per Pripyat and Lower Turia river val leys (Zaleski and Gozhik, 2005; Fig. 2C). The fifth cross-sec tion, cre ated be - tween Bia³a Podlaska and Maloryta, crosses the Bug River val - ley in the vi cin ity of Terespol and Brest (Lindner and Astapova, 2000; Fig. 2D). The strati graphic po si tion of the de pos its is con - strained by palaeobotanical and fau nal ev i dence (e.g., Jan - czyk- Kopikowa, 1991; Skompski, 1996) and sup ported by TL dates cited in the source pub li ca tions (Wojtanowicz, 1993, 1995; Szwajgier, 1998).
In ter pre ta tion of re gional cross-sec tions was sup ple mented by anal y sis of 26 mol lusc as sem blages of Mazovian/Likhvin - ian/Al ex an drian age (MIS 11c) in the area stud ied (Fig. 1) with key sec tions at Malyya Radvanichi (Karaszewski, 1972), Izin (Sanko, 1999), Szymanowo (Szymanek, 2014), Krêpa (Jesion - kiewicz, 1982), Hrubieszów (Jahn, 1956), Tatarska Góra (Prószyñski, 1952), Micha³ówka (Mojski, 1956, 1965) and Rohovi Smoliary (Prószyñski, 1952; Ta ble 2). Mol lusc anal y sis was qual i ta tive, fo cus ing on the zoo geo graph i cal dis tri bu tion of the mol lusc spe cies, with a cru cial role played by Ponto-Cas - pian taxa, which may be in dic a tive of the Black Sea drain age ba sin. Ini tially these taxa were en demic to the re gions be tween the Black, Azov and Cas pian seas and then ex panded to the north. In ad di tion the oc cur rence of Gyraulus albus (O.F. Müller, 1774) was high lighted, as in Belarus this snail was listed among char ac ter is tic spe cies of the Black Sea drain age re gion (Sanko, 1999; Sanko et al., 2011).
RESULTS
GEOLOGICAL DATA
The old est flu vial de pos its in the area stud ied, as signed to the Preglacial (MIS 103-23) and Podlasian/Turskian-Donian
AGE [ka] MIS Stra tig ra phy WESTERN EUROPE POLAND UKRAINE BELARUS
11.7 1 Holocene Ho lo cene Ho lo cene Ho lo cene Ho lo cene
130
2-5d Up per Pleistocene Weichselian Vistulian Valday Poozierian
5e Eemian Eemian Mikulinian Muravian
420 6
Mid dle Pleistocene
Saalian Odranian Dnieperian 2 Pripyatian
7 Schöningen Lublinian
8 Krznanian Dnieperian 1
9 Wacken Zbójnian
10 Fuhne Liwiecian
11 Holsteinian Mazovian Likhvinian Al ex an drian
780
12 Elsterian Sanian 2 Okian Berezinian
13 Cromerian IV
Ferdynandovian Belovezhian
14 Gla cial C
15 Cromerian III
16 Gla cial B Sanian 1 Donian Narevian
17 Cromerian II
Podlasian Brest
18 Gla cial A
19
Cromerian I
2588
Lower Pleistocene 20
21
22 Dorst Nidanian Turskian
23-103
Leerdam
Preglacial (Krasnystaw and Kozienice
se ries) Linge
Bavelian s.s.
Menapian Waalian Eburonian
Tiglian Praetiglian
In grey are cold pe ri ods; MIS – ma rine iso tope stages
T a b l e 1 Qua ter nary stra tig ra phy in West ern Eu rope, Po land, Ukraine and Belarus
(af ter Gozhik et al., 2012; Lindner et al., 2013; Marks et al., 2016a, b)
Inter gla cial (MIS 21-17) (Szwajgier, 1998), were drilled in the up per part of the Bug River val ley be tween Turka and Berezhtsi (Fig. 2A). They are com posed of fine- and coarse-grained sands, com pletely de void of Scan di na vian ma te rial, ly ing on Up per Cre ta ceous marls (Harasimiuk et al., 1989), and a suc - ces sion of silts and fine- and me dium-grained sands dated by TL at 720 ka (Szwajgier, 1998). The base of the al lu vial suc ces - sion was de ter mined at 148–142 m a.s.l. and its top at ~158 m a.s.l., be ing sit u ated slightly to the east of the con tem po rary Bug River val ley (Fig. 2A). In the vi cin ity of Berezhtsi it is over - lain by glaciolacustrine silts (TL = 193 ka) of the Odranian (Krznanian?)/Dnieperian 2 (1?) Gla ci ation [MIS 6 (8?)] and al lu - via of overflood (II) and floodplain (I) ter races of the Bug River sit u ated at 170 m a.s.l. In the west ern part of this geo log i cal cross-sec tion the Early Pleis to cene al lu via are over lain by silts as signed to the Sanian 1/Donian Gla ci ation (MIS 16) (Szwajgier, 1998; Fig. 2A).
Far ther to the north, in the Ruda–Hniszów cross-sec tion, Preglacial and Podlasian bur ied river de pos its oc cur within the Bug val ley west wards to its con tem po rary river bed (Fig. 3).
They are rep re sented by thick sands and grav els free of Scan - di na vian ma te rial oc cur ring at an al ti tude of 124–117 m a.s.l.
and un der lain by Cre ta ceous marls. They are over lain by two units of till (the up per dated by TL at 438 ± 66 ka) sep a rated by a sandy-gravel suc ces sion. Both till units ap pear to rep re sent the Sanian 1 (?) Gla ci ation (or San ac cord ing to Wojtanowicz, 1995), whereas sandy silts which lie above rep re sent the Ferdynandovian/Donian-Okian/Beloviezhian Inter gla cial (Cro - mer ian III-IV; MIS 15-13; Fig. 3).
Above those de pos its there is a youn ger suc ces sion of flu - vial sands and grav els (TL = 348 ± 52 ka). This suc ces sion is over lain by 15 m of gyttja with plant and mol lusc re mains as - signed to the Mazovian Inter gla cial (Janczyk-Kopikowa, 1991;
Skompski, 1996) and de pos ited in part of the proto-Bug val ley of that age. Ac cord ing to Wojtanowicz (1995), the over ly ing sands and silts (TL = 230 ± 34 ka and 197 ± 29 ka) rep re sent the Odranian Gla ci ation (MIS 6) and in our opin ion the de pos its of the higher ter race (II) be long to the Vistulian Gla ci ation (MIS 5d-2; Fig. 3). A fur ther part of this inter gla cial val ley was sam - pled by two bore holes in nearby Hniszów, these de pos its be ing rep re sented by sands pre served above a boul der clay formed pre sum ably on the till of the Sanian 2 Gla ci ation (MIS 12). The flu vial de pos its are over lain by clay with mol lusc re mains that are as yet un stud ied. Based on TL dates, these clays (TL = 114
± 17 ka to 90 ±15 ka) and un der ly ing till (TL = 225 ± 36 ka) were as cribed to the Eemian/Mikulinian/Muravian Inter gla cial (MIS 5e) and the Odranian Gla ci ation, re spec tively (Wojtanowicz,
Fig. 2. Schematic geological cross-sections of the Bug–Pripyat interfluve
A – frag ment of the Bug River val ley near Turka and Berezhtsi (af ter Szwajgier, 1998, mod i fied); B – Qua ter nary de pos its in the Up per Pripyat River val ley in the vi cin ity of Tur Lake (af ter Lindner et al., 2007, mod i fied); C – Qua ter nary de pos its in the Up per Pripyat and Lower Turia river val leys (af ter Zaleski and Gozhik, 2005, mod i fied);
D – the Bug River val ley in the vi cin ity of Terespol and Brest (Lindner and Astapova, 2000, mod i fied); stra tig ra phy: Cr – Cre ta ceous, Pg – Paleogene, EP – Early Pleis to cene, Pr – Preglacial, N – Nidanian Gla ci ation, P – Podlasian Inter gla cial, S1 – Sanian 1 Gla ci ation, S2 – Sanian 2 Gla ci ation, M – Mazovian Inter gla cial, O – Odranian Gla - ci ation, E – Eemian Inter gla cial, V – Vistulian Gla ci ation; D/O – Donian-Okian Inter gla cial, Ok – Okian Gla ci ation, Lh – Likhvinian Inter gla cial, Dn1+2 – Dnieperian 1+2 Gla ci ation, Pri – Pripyatian Gla ci ation, Mi – Mikulinian Inter gla cial, Vl – Valday Gla ci ation; H – Ho lo cene; po si tion of the cross-sec tions is pre sented on Fig ure 1
1993). Above, there are silts and sands of the Vistulian Gla ci - ation (TL = 30 ± 4 ka) and a Ho lo cene ter race (I) of the Bug River (Fig. 3).
In Ukraine, to the east of the mod ern Bug River val ley, Early Pleis to cene flu vial de pos its were noted in the geo log i cal cross-sec tion through the Pripyat val ley sys tem made in the vi - cin ity of Tur Lake (Zalesski and Mielniczuk, 1975). The bur ied al lu via are com posed of sands with clasts of lo cal rocks (mostly Cre ta ceous marls), de void of Scan di na vian ma te rial and pre - served at an al ti tude of 95–82 m a.s.l. (Fig. 2B). They are up to 10 m thick, lie on Cre ta ceous marls and are over lain by silts, clayey silts, sands and peats of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial (MIS 15-13) (Lindner et al., 2007).
Above the de pos its of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial, a till of the Okian Gla ci ation (MIS 12) oc curs, be ing un der lain by a thick sandy-gravel suc ces sion fill ing the bur ied gla cial tun nel val ley of that age (Fig. 2B). This till is over lain by silts, sands and peats of the Likhvinian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). To the south of the Pripyat they are over lain by a till of the Dnieperian 1 and Dnieperian 2 glaciations (MIS 8 and 6, re spec tively). The ax ial part of the Pripyat val ley is filled by flu vial sands that ac cu mu -
lated from the Mikulinian Inter gla cial (MIS 5e), through the Valday Gla ci ation (MIS 5d-2) to the Ho lo cene (Fig. 2B).
Far ther to the east, the part of the Pripyat–Turia val ley sys - tem stud ied lacks un equiv o cal ev i dence of the Early Pleis to - cene al lu vial suc ces sion (Fig. 2C). How ever, a well-de vel oped bur ied tun nel val leys of the Okian Gla ci ation filled with sands with grav els and boul ders oc cur. Lo cally they are un der lain by de pos its of the Donian-Okian Inter gla cial or lie di rectly on Cre - ta ceous marls. Above the de pos its of Okian Gla ci ation, at an al - ti tude of 125–115 m a.s.l., 5 to 13 m thick flu vial sands with plant re mains of the Likhvinian Inter gla cial have been re corded (Fig. 2C). In the interfluve of Pripyat and Turia these are partly over lain by a till of the Dnieperian 1 and Dnieperian 2 glaciations, glaciofluvial sands of those ages ly ing above as well as youn ger val ley de pos its be long ing to the Mikulinian Inter gla - cial, the Valday Gla ci ation and the Ho lo cene (Zaleski and Gozhik, 2005; Lindner et al., 2007).
In the area of Brest and Terespol, flu vial de pos its com prise a 5 to 20 m thick sandy-gravel Eemian/Muravian (MIS 5e) suc - ces sion, with the base ap prox i mately at 110 m a.s.l., i.e.
~20–15 m be neath the bot tom of the con tem po rary Bug River Fig. 3. Geological cross-section through Quaternary deposits in the Bug River valley between Ruda and Hniszów
(after Wojtanowicz, 1993, 1995, modified)
In brack ets stra tig ra phy af ter J. Wojtanowicz; Cr – Cre ta ceous, Pr+P – Preglacial + Podlasian Inter gla cial, S1 – Sanian 1 Gla ci ation, S – Sanian Gla ci ation, F – Ferdynandovian Inter gla cial, S2 – Sanian 2 Gla ci ation, M – Mazovian Inter gla cial, O – Odranian Gla ci ation, E – Eemian Inter gla cial, V – Vistulian Gla ci ation, H – Ho lo cene; I – floodplain ter race, II – overflood ter race; po si tion of the cross-sec tion is pre - sented on Fig ure 1
val ley (Lindner and Astapova, 2000; Nitychoruk et al., 2007).
These de pos its are over lain by silts and sands, up to 15 m thick, rep re sent ing overflood (II) and floodplain (I) ter races of the Bug.
Near Terespol, the lat ter lies at ~130 m a.s.l. (Fig. 2D).
MALACOLOGICAL RECORD
In the Mazovian shell-bear ing suc ces sions of the up per part of the Bug River val ley and ad ja cent ar eas, Ponto-Cas pian spe - cies are rep re sented by the gas tro pods Lithoglyphus naticoides and Borysthenia naticina, and the bi valve Corbicula fluminalis.
These were noted in 8 from 26 sites, whereas 9 sites lack any in dic a tive taxa (Fig. 1 and Ta ble 2). L. naticoides oc curred in the al lu vial suc ces sion in east ern Po land at Krêpa near Kock (Jesionkiewicz, 1982) and in the vi cin ity of Hrubieszów (Hrubieszów, Tatarska Góra, Micha³ówka; Prószyñski, 1952;
Jahn, 1956; Mojski, 1956, 1965). B. naticina was noted at Malyya Radvanichi in south west ern Belarus (de scribed as
Valvata naticina Menke, 1845; Karaszewski, 1972), Hrubie - szów (Jahn, 1956), and in the lake de pos its at Szymanowo (east ern Po land; Albrycht et al., 1995; Szymanek, 2014), whereas C. fluminalis was pres ent at Izin (south ern Belarus;
Sanko, 1999) and Rohovi Smoliary (north west ern Ukraine;
Prószyñski, 1952). G. albus oc curred at ten lac us trine sites (Fig. 1 and Ta ble 2).
Wider fau nal com par i sons were hin dered by vari able malacological data avail able from the sites stud ied, in clud ing men tions of only sin gle spe cies, e.g. Syrniki (Prószyñski and Karaszewski, 1952), Tatarska Góra (Prószyñski, 1952), Micha³ówka (Mojski, 1956, 1965); lists of spe cies, e.g. Opole (Skompski, 1989), Ruda (Skompski, 1996), Kalinovka (Dmy - truk and Yatsyshyn, 2005); or com pre hen sively de scribed suc - ces sions with abun dant molluscs, e.g. Hrud (Lindner et al., 1991a; Szymanek, 2012), Ortel Królewski (Albrycht et al., 1995;
Szymanek, 2011), Roskosz (Szymanek, 2013) and Szymanowo (Szymanek, 2014).
Sites
Char ac ter is tic spe cies
Ref er ences Lithoglyphus
naticoides (Pfeif fer)
Borysthenia naticina (Menke)
Gyraulus albus (Müller)
Corbicula fluminalis (Müller)
1. Ossówka + Szymanek (2011)
2. Hrud + Lindner et al. (1991a)
Szymanek (2012)
3. Roskosz + Szymanek (2013)
4. Malyya
Radvanichi + Karaszewski (1972)
5. Izin + Sanko (1999)
6. Ortel Królewski + Albrycht et al. (1995)
Szymanek (2011)
7. Szymanowo + + Albrycht et al. (1995)
Szymanek (2014)
8. Szelest + Albrycht et al. (1995)
9. Rossosz + Albrycht et al. (1995)
10. Opole 5 + Skompski (1989)
11. Suszno Mojski and
Trembaczowski (1975)
12. Krêpa + Jesionkiewicz (1982)
13. Syrniki Prószyñski and
Karaszewski (1952)
14. Czerniejów Jahn (1956)
15. Charlê¿ Jahn (1956)
16. Ruda 5 + Skompski (1996)
17. Rohovi Somliary + Prószyñski (1952)
18. Stari Koshary Karaszewski and
Rühle (1976)
19. Kalinovka + Dmitruk and
Yatsyshyn (2005)
20. Dubienka Prószyñski (1952)
21. Strzy¿ów Dolecki (1977)
22. Hrubieszów + + Jahn (1956)
23. Tatarska Góra + Prószyñski (1952)
24. Micha³ówka + Mojski (1956, 1965)
25. Czumów Mojski (1956)
26. Œlipcze Mojski (1956)
En vi ron ment F F, S S, F F
In grey are key sites men tioned in the text; F – flow ing wa ters, S – stag nant wa ters
T a b l e 2 An oc cur rence of Gyraulus albus and Ponto-Cas pian spe cies in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial
in east ern Po land, south west ern Belarus and northwest ern Ukraine
DISCUSSION
Geo log i cal cross-sec tions through the Qua ter nary de pos its of the Bug and Pripyat val leys de scribed in this pa per doc u ment both the Early and Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via of these rivers (Fig. 4). The Early Pleis to cene river de pos its com prise sands and grav els char ac ter ized by a lack of Scan di na vian ma te rial that over lie Up per Cre ta ceous rocks in the Bug val ley near Turka and Berezhtsi, as well as sands with clasts of Cre ta ceous marls re corded in the vi cin ity of Tur Lake in the Pripyat val ley sys tem. These de pos its are cor re lated with the Preglacial and Podlasian/Turskian-Donian Inter gla cial (MIS 103-23 and MIS 21-17, re spec tively). Their east ward po si tion in the vi cin ity of Berezhtsi com pared to the con tem po rary Bug River val ley (Fig. 2A) sug gests that the proto-Bug val ley was lo cated to the east of the mod ern val ley and then moved west wards as re - corded in the Ruda–Hniszów area (Figs. 3 and 5). In the light of a lack of un equiv o cal proof of neotectonics it ap pears that the proto-Bug was a higher sec tion of the old est part of the Pripyat val ley sys tem at that time, which is in di cated by the higher el e - va tion of the Early Pleis to cene de pos its near Berezhtsi than in the vi cin ity of Tur Lake (148–142 and 95–82 m a.s.l., re spec - tively; Fig. 4). Pre sum ably the proto-Bug wa ters ran to the east at that time, which de ter mined the for ma tion and de vel op ment
of the lower-ly ing val ley sys tem of the proto-Pripyat in north - west ern Ukraine (Fig. 5).
Based on geo log i cal cross-sec tions and palaeofloral sites pre served in the area stud ied, the Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via of the proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat par tic u larly well rep re sent the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). They were ob served in the Ruda-Hniszów area (155–146 m a.s.l.) and far ther to wards the east in the Pripyat–Turia val ley (125–115 m a.s.l.; Fig. 4), where they may rep re sent an older part of the val ley sys tem of these rivers, con sti tut ing the lower sec tion of the Mazovian proto-Bug river val ley iden ti fied in the vi cin ity of Ruda and Hniszów (Fig. 5). Mazovian river de pos its fill palaeovalleys cut into older tills and are rep re sented by sands and grav els with Scan di na vian ma te rial. As in the case of the Early Pleis to cene suc ces sion, their higher po si tion in mid-east ern Po land also im ply a pos si bil ity of de po si tion by proto-Bug wa ters flow ing to the east and af fect ing the de vel op - ment of the proto-Pripyat river at a lower top o graphic level.
The re cord of evo lu tion of the Bug and Pripyat val ley sys - tems dur ing the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c) may by sup ple mented by malacological data. The oc - cur rence of mol lusc taxa typ i cal of the Ponto-Cas pian prov ince and as so ci ated with the Black Sea drain age ba sin has been used here. Due to palaeohydrographic changes, their con tri bu - Fig. 4. Position of the studied river valleys (A, B) in the Quaternary stratigraphy
of Poland and Ukraine
tion in mol lusc as sem blages de creased grad u ally af ter the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial and this method was help ful in in di cat ing the Black Sea drain age in Belarus dur - ing the Al ex an drian (MIS 11c) and Muravian (MIS 5e) Interglacials (Sanko, 1999; Sanko et al., 2011). Be cause the dis persal of molluscs is mostly af fected by the pat tern of the river net work, mol lusc as sem blages may in di rectly re flect the inter gla cial river pat tern. Molluscs can also be trans ported by var i ous or gan isms (fish, wa ter fowl, etc.), which al lows them to reach new places and en vi ron ments, usu ally within 10–20 km from the orig i nal re lease site (Boag, 1986; Alexandrowicz and Alexandrowicz, 2011; Reynolds et al., 2015).
De spite in com plete doc u men ta tion, a key sec tion for re con - struc tion of the wa ter shed in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an - drian Inter gla cial in the area stud ied is lo cated at Malyya Radvanichi in Belarus (Karaszewski, 1972). In the al lu vial suc - ces sion as signed to the Mindel-Riss Inter gla cial (Mazovian/Li - khvi n ian/Al ex an drian) that oc curs in the Ryta River val ley, a left bank trib u tary of the Mukhavets River, at pres ent in the Bal tic Sea drain age ba sin (Fig. 1), Polañski in the 1930s de scribed a mol lusc fauna of a large river of the Polesie re gion which be - longed to the Black Sea drain age sys tem (Karaszewski, 1972;
Sanko, 1999). This in ter pre ta tion was based on the sim i lar ity of the inter gla cial molluscs at Radvanichi to a con tem po rary fauna typ i cal of the lower courses of the rivers of the Black Sea drain - age (Karaszewski, 1972). An in com plete spe cies list hin ders the cor re la tion of Radvanichi with Pol ish sec tions, but the oc - cur rence of Valvata naticina = Borysthenia naticina as well as
nu mer ous forms of Vi vipa ra (Paludina) fasciata (O.F. Müller, 1774) = Viviparus viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758) sim i lar to those in - hab it ing the lower Dnie per to day and re sem bling subfossil forms known from the Odessa re gion should be high lighted (Karaszewski, 1972). A Black Sea fauna with the first oc cur - rence of C. fluminalis in Belarus was also re corded at Izin near Pinsk (Fig. 1) in de pos its of Al ex an drian age within the Black Sea drain age area (Sanko, 1999). Cor re la tion of Belarusian se - quences re vealed >7% of Ponto-Cas pian spe cies in the Al ex - an drian Inter gla cial and their grad ual re duc tion (to <4%) in the Muravian Inter gla cial and in the Ho lo cene (Sanko, 1999), which may in di cate some palaeohydrographic changes in the re gion dur ing the Late Pleis to cene.
De spite the oc cur rence of rich mol lusc as sem blages, it is hard to find such un equiv o cal proof of the ex pan sion of Ponto- Cas pian spe cies in the up per course of Bug river in east ern Po - land. The best malacological re cord has been de rived from lake en vi ron ments (e.g., Lindner et al., 1991a; Albrycht et al., 1995;
Szymanek, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014), usu ally de pleted in B.
naticina, L. naticoides and C. fluminalis which pre ferred flow ing wa ters (Alexandrowicz and Alexandrowicz, 2011). In the Pol - ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas they oc cur in de pos its of lakes with higher en ergy con di tions, with ev i dence of flow or wave ac tion (e.g., at Szymanowo), and in al lu vial de pos its (e.g., Tatarska Góra, Micha³ówka, Hrubieszów, Rohovi Smoliary).
Ten shells of Borysthenia naticina found in lac us trine sandy silts and sands at Szymanowo near Bia³a Podlaska rep re sent a sin gle re cord of this spe cies in the up per Bug re gion in east ern Fig. 5. Probable course of river valleys in the Polish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-border areas
A – in the Preglacial and Podlasian/Turskian–Donian/Brest Inter gla cial; B – in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial with char ac - ter is tic mol lusc-bear ing sites: 1 – Ossówka, 2 – Hrud, 3 – Roskosz, 4 – Malyya Radvanichi, 6 – Ortel Królewski, 7 – Szymanowo, 8 – Szelest, 9 – Rossosz, 10 – Opole 5, 12 – Krêpa, 16 – Ruda 5, 17 – Rohovi Somliary, 19 – Kalinovka, 22 – Hrubieszów, 23 – Tatarska Góra, 24 – Micha³ówka
Po land. An over flow through the Szymanowo Lake has not been un equiv o cally doc u mented, but a high fre quency of rheophile spe cies may in di cate higher en ergy con di tions (Szymanek, 2014). Pre sum ably a lack of this spe cies in the neigh bour ing sec tions at Ortel Królewski, Hrud, and Roskosz re flects lo cal dif fer ences in lake con di tions and dy nam ics (Szymanek, 2011, 2012, 2013). How ever, in mol lusc as sem - blages of all lac us trine se quences of east ern Po land as well as in the Ukrai nian site at Kalinovka (Dmytruk and Yatsyshyn, 2005; de spite the lack of typ i cal Ponto-Cas pian spe cies) Gyraulus albus oc curs con sis tently and abun dantly. Con sid er - ing the lack of this spe cies in palaeolakes of west ern (Boczów;
Skompski, 1989; Fig. 1) and cen tral Po land (Zwierzyniec;
Skompski, 1989; Ba³uk et al., 1991; Fig. 1), its as so ci a tion with dif fer ent palaeohydrographic con di tions dur ing the Mazovian Inter gla cial (in Belarus pos tu lated for the Muravian; Sanko, 1999; Sanko et al., 2011) ap pears highly prob a ble.
Drain age of the up per Bug re gion to wards the Black Sea in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c) may be also im plied by the pres ence of L. naticoides in fluvio-lac us trine de pos its in the vi cin ity of Kock and Hrubieszów (Figs. 1 and 5). In ves ti ga tion of most of the sites re mains in - com plete, but re cords of L. naticoides at Krêpa (Jesionkiewicz, 1982), Tatarska Góra (Prószyñski, 1952), Micha³ówka (Mojski, 1956, 1965), and in the ter race of the Huczwa River near Hrubieszów (also B. naticina; Prószyñski, 1952; Jahn, 1956) as well as the oc cur rence of C. fluminalis at Rohovi Smoliary (Ukraine, 13 km NE of Hniszów; Prószyñski, 1952) makes those sec tions com pa ra ble with the Black Sea rather than with the mid-Eu ro pean re gion and ap pears sig nif i cant for palaeo - geo graphi cal re con struc tion. Lo ca tion of the main wa ter shed in north ern Belarus in the Mid dle Pleis to cene far ther to the west com pared to the mod ern one (Marks and Pavlovskaya, 2003) may con firm the sug ges tion that the main part of the area stud - ied in the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial might have been drained by the proto-Bug wa ters as so ci ated with the proto-Pripyat which flowed east to wards the Dnie per River flow - ing into the Black Sea. It seems that the Mazovian/Likhvi - nian/Al ex an drian wa ter shed ran to the north of Kock, Bia³a Podlaska and Brest, but its ex act po si tion has not yet been de - ter mined. For ex am ple, at Kolonia Domaszewska, in the Samica River val ley, a Mazovian me an der ing river flow ing to the north was in ves ti gated (Terpi³owski et al., 2014; Zieliñski et al., 2016), but there is no clear ev i dence of whether it drained to wards the Bal tic or the Black Sea (Fig. 5).
It seems that the Bug River val ley in the vi cin ity of Brest and Terespol was formed by extraglacial wa ters of the Warta Sta - dial of the Odranian Gla ci ation, which eroded through the end mo raines of this stadial near Mielnik and started to flow to the north (Terpi³owski and Dobrowolski, 2004) and then to the west (Straszewska, 1968). Def i nite out flow might have oc curred be - tween the Warta Stadial and Eemian Inter gla cial (MIS 6 and 5e, re spec tively), form ing sandy ter races pre served along the val - ley sides and in ter preted as the high est river ter race (19 m high;
Kondracki, 1933), kame ter races (Nitychoruk et al., 2006) or the lower glacifluvial plains (Nitychoruk et al., 2007). The palaeo-river bed reached its max i mum depth in the re gion in the Eemian/Mikulinian/Muravian Inter gla cial, ly ing ~20–15 m be low the pres ent one, near Terespol at 130 m a.s.l. (Lindner and Astapova, 2000; Nitychoruk et al., 2007; Figs. 2D and 4).
CONCLUSIONS
In this study ar chi val geo log i cal and malacological data were used to re con struct the prob a ble course of the proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat river val leys in the Pol ish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-bor der ar eas in the Early and Middle Pleis to cene. The ma jor con clu sions may be sum ma rized as fol lows:
1. Geo log i cal cross-sec tions through Qua ter nary de pos its in the Bug and Pripyat val leys doc u ment both the Early and Middle Pleis to cene al lu via of these rivers.
2. In the Early Pleis to cene the proto-Bug val ley likely ran east of the pres ent Bug River val ley and then mi grated west wards.
3. The higher el e va tion of the Early Pleis to cene flu vial de - pos its in mid-east ern Po land im plies that they ac cu mu - lated from proto-Bug wa ters. They flowed eastwards and af fected the for ma tion and de vel op ment of the lower-ly ing val ley sys tem of the proto-Pripyat in north - west ern Ukraine at that time.
4. Mid dle Pleis to cene al lu via of the proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat par tic u larly well-rep re sent the Mazov - ian/Li khvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial (MIS 11c). Their higher po si tion in mid-east ern Po land again sug gests the pos si bil ity of ac cu mu la tion by proto-Bug wa ters flow - ing to the east and de ter min ing the de vel op ment of the lower-ly ing proto-Pripyat.
5. The malacological re cord of the Mazovian/Likhvi nian/Al - ex an drian sites and the oc cur rence of the Ponto-Cas - pian spe cies Lithoglyphus naticoides, Borysthenia naticina and Corbicula fluminalis sug gest that dur ing this inter gla cial the area stud ied be longed to the Black Sea drain age ba sin. The wa ter shed be tween the Bal tic and the Black Sea might have oc curred in its north ern part.
6. Com bined geo log i cal and malacological data show that dur ing the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Al ex an drian Inter gla cial the main part of the area stud ied was drained by the proto-Bug wa ters con nected with the proto-Pripyat run - ning eastwards to the Dnie per River en ter ing the Black Sea.
Ac knowl edg ments. We are ex tremely grate ful to A. Sanko and an anon y mous re viewer for the re vi sion of, and valu able com ments on, the manu script. We wish to thank R. Janiszewski for his help in the prep a ra tion of Fig ures 3 and 4.
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