DEPENDABILITY ADAPTABILITY
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Equipment
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B ecau se PORTER E q u ip m en t is built m o r e s u b s t a n ti a ll y , w ith m axim um s tre n g th at p o in ts of g re atest strain, sh u td o w n s d u e to s tru c tu ra l fa ilu re a re elim in ated , an d m a in te n a n c e r e d u c e d to a m inim um . P o rte r E q u ip m en t h as the re p u ta tio n of stay in g on th e job lo n g er.
B e c a u se of a n e x tra m a rg in of s t r e n g t h a n d a v a i l a b l e p o w er, P o rter E q u ip m en t is re a d ily a d a p t
ab le to c h a n g e s of ra w m a teria ls o r p ro c e sse s b ro u g h t a b o u t b y th e w ar e m e rg e n c y . P o rte r
" B e t t e r B u i l t "P ro cess E q u ip m en t d o es n o t easily b e c o m e o b so lete. W rite for th e la te st P o rte r catalo g .
PORTER PORCELAIN BALLS AND FLINT GRINDING PEBBLES ARE AVAILABLE FOR PROMPT DELIVERY
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L A S S - L I N E D S T E E L
M l - W O R K S ” P L A N T 3n in these fast moving days it is frequently best make haste slowly—for it helps only the enemy waste materials and men.
rhat's why so many new processes are being nsferred from the beakers and test tubes of the moratory to a glass-lined steel pilot or "semi-
>rks" plant for final test and to uncover any ugs" that would be costly on full scale operation.
Such a plant offers several other advantages.
;ed as a production unit, it can supplement large ale operations and add still more output when .tput is so vital.
Once a Pfaudler "semi-works'' plant is set up, iu will frequently find that a re-arrangement or e addition of other units will allow you to use it
evaluate other processes.
Our engineers will gladly give you the benefit of eir experience in developing your "semi-works"
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» F A U D L E R
' PFAUDLER CO Rochester, New York. Branch Offices: 330 West 42nd St., New York;
*2 Conway Bldg.,' Chicago; 1325 Howard St., San Francisco; 45 5 Paul Brown Bldg., Louis- 731 0 Woodward Ave., Detroit; 1318-lst National Bank Bldg., Cincinnati;
1228 Commercial Trust Bldg., Philadelphia; 751 Little Bldg., Boston.
built larger.
FULL emperaturei and than ever b
DFAUDLER G L A S S - L IN E D STE IS R E S I S T A N T TO ALL A C ! “
(Except HF) IN ANY CONCENTRA
TION OR AT AMY TEMDBD ATIlbc
INDUSTRIAL a n d ENGINEERING C H EM ISTR Y* i n d u s t r i a l EDITION
W A LT E R J . M U R P H Y , E D IT O R « ISSU ED A P R IL 2, 1943 m VOL. 35, NO. 4 » C O N SE C U T IV E NO. 7
E D IT O R IA L S . . . .
...385 I m p r o v e m e n ts in C o n c e n tr a tin g S u lf u r ic A c i d ... ^ j Kalous 3 3 7 D esig n of S o lid -F lu id H e a t E x c h a n g e r s ... C . L. Lovell and G eorge Karnofsky 391 T h e r m o d y n a m ic s o f t h e L iq u id S t a t e ...K. M. Watson 398 B a tc h R e c tific a tio n . E ffect of F r a c t io n a t io n a n d C o lu m n H o ld u p . . . . R. Edgeworth-Johnstone 4 0 7 E ffect o f T e m p e r a tu r e o n L iq u id - L iq u id E q u ilib r i u m . . Stanford W. Briggs and Edward W. Comings 411 D e sig n C a lc u la tio n s fo r P la t e C o l u m n s ...E. M. Baker and R. A. Lindsay 418
V in y lid e n e C h lo rid e P o l y m e r s Robert C. R einhardt 422
S tr e s s - S tr a i n C h a r a c t e r is tic s of V in y l E l a s t o m e r s ... M C Reed 429 A n tif o u lin g P a i n t s :
T e s t P ro c e d u r e s a n d G e n e ra l O b s e rv a tio n s . . . G . H. Young, G. W. G erhardt, and W. K. Schneider 432 H eav y M e ta l C o m p o u n d s a s T oxic A g e n t s ... G. H. Young and W. K. Schneider 43 6 D e x trin s f r o m C o rn S i r u p ...J. W. Evans and W. R. Fetzer 4 39 P a r a f f in H y d ro c a rb o n s . C o r r e la tio n of P h y s ic a l P r o p e r t i e s ... Alfred W. Francis 442 E le c tr o n M ic ro sc o p y in C h e m i s t r y ...Vladimir K. Zworykin 4 50 Is o p ro p y l A lc o h o l- W a te r S y s t e m : D e n s ity -C o m p o s itio n D a ta a n d P y c n o m e tric T e c h n iq u e ; P la t e F a c
to r s in F r a c tio n a l D is tilla tio n of Is o p ro p y l A lc o h o l-W a te r S y s te m . W. M. Langdon and D. B. Keyes 4 59 S to r a g e o f S y n th e t ic C it r u s P o w d e r s William Edwyn Isaac 470 E ffect of A c e ty la tio n o n W a te r - B in d in g P r o p e r tie s of C e l l u l o s e John C. Bletzinger 4 7 4 A s p h a lt- P o ly b u t e n e P a i n t s ...H. C. Evans, D. W. Young, and R. L. Holmes 481 B r i t t l e T e m p e r a tu r e of R u b b e r u n d e r V a ria b le S tr e s s . . . A. R. Kemp, F. S. Malm, and G. G. W inspear 488 T e r n a r y L iq u id a n d B in a r y V a p o r-L iq u id S y s t e m s ... C harles E. D ryden 492 G r a p h ic a l I n te r c o n v e r s io n s fo r M u ltic o m p o n e n t S y s t e m s ...John D. Leslie 495 I n t e r c o n v e r s io n s of P o ly c o m p o n e n t C o m p o s itio n s b y G ra p h ic a l M e t h o d s ...
Kuan-Han Sun and A lexander Silverm an 4 9 7 A s W e S ee I t (Advt. Sect.) 5 S p y in g (Advt. Sect.) 8 D id Y o u S ee? (Advt. Sect.) 10 A lc h e m ic a l P r i n t 449
(M arket R eport is printed in Chemicaland Engin eeeing New s of April 10.)
T he American Chem ical Society assum es no responsib ility for the statem ents and opinions advanced by contributors to its publications
30,500 copies of this issue printed. Copyright 1943 by American Chemical Society.
P u b lic a tio n O ffice: E a sto n , P e n n a .
S h o L 0 f Reep u M fc 5301. T e l ^ o n e ! B S S & S & f * 2 42“ d S t' e e t ’ Y o rk ’ N ' Y ‘
?n qpction 1103, A ct of October 3, 1917, authorized July 13 i q i o wiJ S 18®ues* lost as a result of insufficient notice of change of 111 Annual subscription rate, Industrial Edition and Analvtie*l FHifi w addref ; (Ten days advance notice required.) “ M issing from files”
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I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y v o l. OU, UV.
Q U I C K
T ? O R M U L A E o f m a n y d i f f e r e n t t y p e s a r e i m -
*■ p r o v e d — f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t s a r e m o r e s a t i s f a c t o r y — c o s t s a r e f r e q u e n t l y r e d u c e d — w h e n C e l i t e M i n e r a l F i l l e r s a r e u s e d . T h e s e i n e r t f i l l e r s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n a v a r i e t y o f g r a d e s t o m e e t a l m o s t e v e r y r e g u l a r a n d w a r t i m e n e e d .
T h e u n i q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s e i n e r t C e l i t e F i l l e r s i n c l u d e l i g h t w e i g h t , l a r g e s u r f a c e a r e a , h i g h a b s o r p t i o n , l o w r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x , a n d s u p e r i o r s u s p e n s i o n .
P a i n t , p a p e r , a s p h a l t p r o d u c t s . . . c l e a n s e r s , c a t a l y s t c a r r i e r s . . . b a t t e r y b o x e s , b i t u m i n o u s c o m p o u n d s , a n d m a n y o t h e r p r o d u c t s a r e b e i n g m a d e b e t t e r o r a t l o w e r c o s t b e c a u s e o f C e l i t e M i n e r a l F i l l e r s . T h e c o u p o n a t t h e r i g h t w i l l b r i n g y o u i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e r i g h t t y p e o f C e l i t e F i l l e r f o r y o u r p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m .
JOHKS-MAWVILf
W A R T I M E F O R M U L A E
'’Amorphous, diatomaceous, opaline silica
!ffi JOHNS-MANVILLE
C E U T E M / M E R A L F IL L E R S
JO H N S -M A N V IL L E , D e p t. 1-4 22 E a st 40th S t., N e w York, N . Y.
Please send m e m y copy of brochure N o . F I-500. I am interested in the use of C elite Fillers in:
A b s o r p t i v e p a c k i n g s L e a t h e r c o a t i n g s A s p h a l t C o m p o u n d s M a t c h h e a d s B a tte r y B o x e s M o l d e d p l a s t i c s B it u m i n o u s C o m p o u n d s P a i n t s C a t a l y s t c a r r i e r s P a p e r C l e a n s e r s — H o u s e h o ld P o l i s h e s
E n a m e ls S o u r c e o f a c t i v e s i li c a E x p l o s i v e s T e x t i l e c o a t i n g s E x t e n d e d C o lo r s V a r n i s h e s J I n s e c t i c i d e s W e l d in g - r o d c o a t i n g s
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D E L I V E R Y
► C o n c e n t r a t i n g S u l f u r i c A c i d is an essential process p articu larly in w ar when large quantities of sp en t acid m u st be recovered.
K alous (page 387) describes an im proved m ethod for this purpose which uses superheated steam in direct contact w ith th e acid.
N o acid m ist is created to be a nuisance, and efficiency is reported to be high.
► H e a t E x c h a n g e r s for tran sferrin g h e a t betw een fluids and solids are widely used. Lovell and K arnofsky (page 391) give a m ethod o f solving th e problem of design involved in continuous parallel or co u n tercu rren t flow of fluid and solid particles. Also treated is th e case o f statio n ary solid as in checkerw ork or fixed- c ata ly st beds.
► B a t c h R e c t i f i c a t i o n o f b in ary and complex m ixtures is analyzed b y E dgew orth-Johnstone (page 407), taking into ac
count fractionation and colum n holdup and their effect on yields.
► T h e r m o d y n a m i c P r o p e r t i e s o f L i q u i d s are often valuable to know b u t difficult, to determ ine. W atson (page 398) presents new m ethods for th e general prediction of m any properties on th e basis of m inim um d a ta and th e theorem of corresponding states.
A pplications are in rationalizing fragm entary d a ta to m eet re
quirem ents in process design problem s.
► L i q u i d - L i q u i d E q u i l i b r i a are essential points in solvent ex
tractio n processes, now of widening usefulness in industrial opera
tions. Briggs an d Comings (page 411) have investigated th e effects of tem p eratu re on equilibrium in tw o system s: Benzene- acetone-w ater an d docosane-l,6-diphenylhexane-furfural. The la tte r is o f th e ty p e m et in solvent refining of lubricating oils.
► D e s i g n C a l c u l a t i o n s for p late colum ns are simplified by th e m ethods used b y B aker and L indsay (page 418) in solving th e problem s m et in a num ber o f industrially im p o rtan t situations.
► B r i t t l e T e m p e r a t u r e s of ru b b er and o th er elastom ers have been found b y K em p, M alm , and W inspear (page 488) to vary considerably, depending on th e m ethod of determ ination em
ployed. Differences in bending stress cause significant changes in b rittle tem p eratu re, and th e m agnitude of these changes de
pends on th e n a tu re of th e sam ple.
► P o l y b u t e n e A d d i t i o n s to asp h alt paints im p a rt im proved properties to th e pro d u ct, according to E vans, Young, and H olmes (page 481). R esults presented cover b o th changes in th e p a in t itself caused b y additions of polybutenes of various m olecular weights and w eathering tests of th e products.
► V i n y l i d e n e C h l o r i d e P o l y m e r s , know n as Saran, have lately a ttra c te d wide a tte n tio n because of their com bination of chemical inertness, stren g th , an d toughness. R ein h ard t (page 422) de
scribes these useful products in some detail w ith due atten tio n to th eir compositions and m ethods of fabrication. T he appended bibliography of fifty-nine item s refers principally to patents.
► E l e c t r o n M i c r o s c o p y is a valuable m ethod of solving m any chemical properties, according to Zworykin (page 450), who de
scribes la te st developm ents and techniques in th e field.
► C e l l u l o s e F i b e r s owe their ability to form strong sheets of paper to the presence of free hydroxyl groups in th eir molecules, according to Bletzinger (page 474), who has show n th a t stren g th and coherence o f sheet are reduced as hydroxyl groups are pro
gressively rem oved by acetylation. Rem oval o f acetyl groups is found to restore felting properties. B eating of acetylated fibers in acetone produces sheets of a strength com parable to those from cellulose beaten in w ater.
► A n t i f o u l i n g P a i n t s for m arine use are com m only believed to owe their effectiveness to m any factors. Y oung, G erh ard t, and Schneider (page 432), questioning some of these beliefs, have de
vised a m ethod of testing designed to reveal th e tr u th and have applied it under practical conditions. P relim inary results re
ported provide useful startin g points for fu rth er w ork. A second paper by Young and Schneider (page 436) continues th e investiga
tion w ith a stu d y of heavy metals. Copper in m etallic powder form is shown to be m ost effective.
► P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of paraffin hydrocarbons are correlated w ith chemical stru ctu re b y Francis (page 442) b y a m ethod gen
erally applicable to all isomers. Values are given for isom ers of n in e to eleven carbon atom s.
► S t r e s s - S t r a i n P r o p e r t i e s of fourteen typical plasticized vinyl elastom ers have been determ ined by R eed (page 429) a t sev
eral tem peratures, and th e resulting curves are com pared w ith those of rubber.
► D e n s i t i e s of isopropyl alcohol-w ater m ixtures have been de
term ined by Langdon and Keyes (page 459) b y an im proved pycnom etric technique w ith g reat accuracy. R esults given cover th e com plete range of com positions a t 35° C. D a ta th u s d eter
mined are used in a following p ap er b y th e sam e au th o rs (page 464) in an analysis of design.factors of p late fractio n atin g columns.
► S y n t h e t i c C i t r u s P o w d e r s , especially im p o rta n t as p a r t of m ilitary rations, undergo changes on storage a t high tem p eratu res encountered in m any p a rts of th e world. Isaac (page 470) shows th a t caram elization of sugars present (browning) is m inim ized if escape of w ater vapor is prevented.
► D e x t r i n s derived from corn sirups of different degrees of hydrolysis are examined b y E vans and F etzer (page 439) to clear up some of th e confusion existing ab o u t them .
► I n t e r c o n v e r s i o n s of weight, volum e, an d m ole fractions in m ulticom ponent system s b y graphical m ethods are described by Leslie (page 495) and by Sun and Silverm an (page 497).
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small part r non-conducting heating are plastics o qhermex higb ir 9 g jaster than The advantages heating is _;ce thruout
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T H E R M E X D IV IS IO N •
WWSVIUB, KENTUCKY
HT,T„ L' U £ I 3 I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y___________________________________
• C l e a n e r , c l e a r e r , m o r e l u s t r o u s c r y s t a l s ( a m o r e a t t r a c t i v e p r o d u c t f o r c o n s u m e r a n d c o m m e r c i a l u s e ) — l e s s f i n e s — l e s s l o s s . B r i e f l y t h e s e a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l b e n e f i t s o b t a i n e d b y F r a n k l i n S u g a r R e f i n i n g C o . w h e n t h e y a d o p t e d t h e R o t o - L o u v r e m e t h o d o f d r y i n g t h e i r p r o d u c t . T h e s i n g l e u n i t i l l u s t r a t e d r e p l a c e d t w o c o n v e n t i o n a l t y p e d r y e r s f o r m e r l y u s e d , a n d i n a d d i t i o n t o o c c u p y i n g c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s f l o o r s p a c e , t h i s R o t o - L o u v r e D r y e r h a s g r e a t e r c a p a c i t y .
E n g i n e e r s w h o k n o w h o w t o s o l v e d r y i n g a n d d e h y d r a t i n g p r o b l e m s s u c h a s y o u r s , h a v e p r e p a r e d a s p e c i a l b o o k o n R o t o - L o u v r e d r y i n g . I t s h o w s h o w t h i s m e t h o d h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d t o a w i d e v a r i e t y o f d r y i n g n e e d s . A s k f o r B o o k N o . 1 9 1 1 .
L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y
Chicago Philadelphia Indianapolis Atlanta Dallas San Francisco Toronto
Offices, w arehouses and distributors in principal cities
unified selected sugar crystals. D u ll, « ^ c o a t e d c r y s t a l s d r t « are from rentional dryer; clear crystals a t right from R oto-L ouvre Dryer.
A F E W F A C T S O N D R Y IN G SUG AR
se o f in le t m oisture co n ten t; an.d .r*p;™ ; th e capacity of th e unit is greater d accordingly. On coarse special sugars, th e capacity 0 1
use of their lower in itial m oisture content.
T his size R oto-Louvre Dryer u n it has a shell measuring 6-ft. diam eter b y 18-ft. long, and is rotated a t one to six revolutions per minute from an electric motor.
T he r.p.m. o f the shell can be varied as little or as much as desired, to su it th e degree of moisture in th e incom ing sugar. T his dryer combines th e advan
tages o f heat exchange b y convection, ho t in le t air perm eating up
ward through the mass, controlled temperature rise for th e m aterial being dried, and the least degradation in the product. M ade in eight shell diam eters and in various lengths w ith evaporating capacities from ju st a few pounds to 12,000 lbs. per hour.
l / N K - B E t T H E A T lDRYER
MFRS- INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY. RECORDING 6 DIAL THERMOMETERS 2512 N O R W O O D AVE., CINCINNATI, NORW OO D, O.
C AW A C : AM B R A N C H : K IN G AWD G E O R G E S T S .. T O I C W T O
> \ a t e s of reactions, th e leading topic planned for M ay, su-e / \ necessarily controlling in all chemical production. Now w ith operating schedules under excessive pressure, th e im portance of any consideration th a t m ight be helpful in increasing o u tp u t is m ultiplied m any fold. T he easy expedient of adding new units to plants can seldom provide th e required increm ent. H ence possibilities of achieving results otherwise m u st be explored w ith meticulous care.
T h a t is th e purpose and th e value of several papers on industrial reaction rates in our M ay issue. M any types of reactions will be discussed and m ost useful m aterial presented, particularly on m ethods of determ ining and influencing rates. In addition to considerations of basic physical factors involved in rates, p articu lar discussions center ab o u t isom erization, gaseous, catalytic, liquid-gas, solid-gas, and gas-solid reactions. W hile m uch o f the m aterial presented is of general application, such specific prob
lems as ammonia synthesis, base-exchange softening of w ater, and hydrogenation are covered.
T h a t provides a substantial beginning to an otherw ise signifi
can t collection of papers.
Propane, said to be the cheapest m aterial next to w ater in oil refineries, is a substance of considerable interest. Because of its ubiquity in refineries, its therm odynam ic properties are essential d a ta in design of equipm ent. These d a ta will appear in M ay.
T he behavior of lubricating oils is alw ays a fertile field for investigation. Copper, lead, an d especially iron in engines have a catalytic effect on oils, an d th e c ata ly tic susceptibility of dif
ferent oils is found to v ary greatly.
S trontium ’s special usefulness lends in terest to a p aper on its recovery from minerals.
G elatm ization of starch and th e absorption of w ater b y anim al glues will each receive atten tio n .
T he cooking process as em ployed in pulping wood receives fu r
th er attention, this tim e w ith reference to aspen.
Effects of extenders and pigm ent volum e on the life of lusterless enamels will be discussed.
Riboflavin, we shall learn, is adsorbed on lactose crystallized from whey.
A ppropriate to spring is a discussion of th a t group o f p o ten t substances significantly affecting p la n t grow th roughly grouped as plant horm ones” . W e shall leam m uch of their applications and effects, and some of th e m yths c u rren t ab o u t th em will be critically examined and exploded.
And w ith the hum id season approaching, psychrom etrie m eas
urem ents become more interesting.
T h at, of course, is by no m eans all, b u t it suggests reasons w hy we should n o t let spring fever p rev en t our looking carefully into th e M ay issue.
Your Hum ble Spy
m e r e s
A l w a y s t h e
S u n s h i n e
A f t e r t h e S t o r m !
As e a c h ra y of light b reak s th ro u g h th e d ark clouds, after th e storm, to fill the ea rth w ith s u n shine, so e a c h PALMER T herm om eter is doing its bit brav ely to b rin g b a ck the sunshine of P e a ce to the W orld.
Every Palm er T herm om eter is finding its p lac e in the netw ork of e q uipm ent n e e d e d to ba ck th e boys at w ar because:
1— They a re extrem ely a cc u rate a n d correctly annealed;
2— T heir sturdy construction m ean s long life;
3— The easy -read in g "R ed-R eading-M ercury"
colum n elim inates errors.
Just h esitate befo re you w rite th at o rd e r for Therm om eters an d you will b e h e lp in g to w in the w ar by carefu l selection of a n instrum ent, g u a ra n te e d to give satisfactory results.
(1942 e d itio n # 300-D c a ta lo g s e n t p ro m p tly)
T H E P A L M E R C O .
t ii S
A p r il, 1943(1 u ^ u u x R I A L a n d e n g i n e e r i n g c h e m i s t r y
P R O D U C T I O N O F
W
I T H th e G ird le r H y d ro g e n P ro cess, h y d ro g e n g a s c a n be p ro d u ced a t lower cost th a n b y a n y o th e r k now n m ethod. O p e ra tio n o f a G ird le r p la n t is p ra c tic a lly a u to m a tic . H y d ro g e n o f excelle n t p u r i ty is p ro d u c e d in a co n tin u o u s m a n n e r. P la n t s a r e a v a ila b le w ith c a p a cities fro m 1,000 to 1,000,000 cubic fe e t p e r h o u r.
A c tu a l re c o rd s in d ic a te o p e r a tin g co sts of th is G ird le r p ro c e ss a r e fr o m 30c to 50c low er th a n o th e r p ro c e sse s f o r each th o u s a n d c u b ic fe e t o f h y d ro g e n p ro d u ced . A sk f o r f r e e d e s c r ip tiv e b u lle tin N o. 103.
Production, Purification, Separation, Reforming or
Dehydration of H Y D R O G E N S U L F I D E
C A R B O N M O N O X ID E B L U E W A T E R G AS O R G A N IC S U L F U R C A R B O N D IO X ID E H Y D R O C A R B O N S
H Y D R O G E N N IT R O G E N
O X Y G E N and various mixtures.
: :
; .—
IS
I f yo u u se c a rb o n m onoxide o r m ix tu r e s c o n ta in in g CO, fin d o u t how pure, moisture- free CO c a n be m ad e r i g h t in y o u r o w n p la n t fro m w a s te g a se s a t e x tr e m e ly low cost w ith th e G ird le r CO M a n u f a c tu r in g P ro cess.
T h e G ird le r p ro c e s s c o n v e rts a n y w a s te g a s c o n ta in in g c a rb o n d io x id e, su c h a s k iln o r s ta c k g a s, in to p u r if ie d CO. T h e p ro cess, cycle a n d e q u ip m e n t a r e sim p le, a n d u n its a r e a v a ila b le in c a p a c itie s fr o m 1,000 to 500,000 cubic f e e t p e r h o u r.
W r ite f o r illu s tr a t e d b u lle tin N o. 102, d e s c rib in g th e G ird le r CO P ro c e s s.
-
TH E G IR DLER C O R P O R A T IO N 202 E. Broadway,
Louisville, Kentucky
Send bulletins checked below:
( ) C a rb o n M onoxide ( ) Hydrogen.
N a m e________________________ ______________________
Firm ____________________ _________ __
Address__________________ ____________
C ity ________ State
G IR D LER CORPORATION
Q a d ß d o c a i d e d î b i u * U o 4 t
L O U I S V I L L E , K E N T U C K Y
6 mys
T O D O A B I G G E R W A R J O B W I T H S T A I N L E S S
STEEL E Q U I P M E N T
One of the engineering rooms at S. Blickman. Inc
M C O L L A B O R A T E w it h
y o U R T A B R I C A T O R . . .
T o a c c o m p lis h th e m ir a c le s o f p r o d u c t i o n n e e d e d t o w i n th e w a r , th e p r o c e s s in g in d u s t r ie s m u s t ta k e f u l l a d v a n ta g e o f th e b e n e fits o f s ta in le s s s te e l e q u ip m e n t . F o r a p r o p e r l y fa b r ic a t e d s te e l p ro c e s s i n g ve ssel is a p r e c io u s i n s t r u m e n t o f v i c t o r y . H i g h o u t p u t , l o w m a in te n a n c e a n d l o n g s e rv ic e l i f e c a n b e b u i l t i n t o y o u r e q u i p m e n t i f th e c o n d i t i o n s o f o p e r a t i o n a re a c c u r a t e ly k n o w n t o y o u r f a b r ic a t o r . O f t e n , y o u r f a b r ic a t o r m a y s u g g e s t im p r o v e m e n t s t h a t w i l l e ffe c t a h ig h e r y i e l d t h r o u g h o u t t h e l i f e o f th e e q u ip m e n t .
F o r t h a t re a s o n , s e le c t a f a b r i c a t o r w h o s e e n g i n e e rs h a v e s p e c ia liz e d e x p e r ie n c e w i t h a ll th e fa c to r s w h i c h s a fe g u a r d th e p r o p e r t i e s o f s ta in le s s s te e l d u r i n g its f a b r ic a t io n .
W h e n y o u h a v e c h o s e n s u c h a f a b r ic a t o r , ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f h is e n g in e e r s ’ " k n o w - h o w ” . C o o p e r a t e w i t h th e m i n th e p l a n n i n g o f y o u r e q u ip m e n t , r ig h t at th e d ra w in g board.
O u r e x p e r ie n c e s h o w s t h a t p o o l i n g th e k n o w l e d g e a n d e x p e r ie n c e o f B l ic k m a n e n g in e e r s w i t h t h a t o f o u r c u s to m e r ’s e n g in e e r s o f t e n r e s u lts in m o r e d u r a b l e e q u ip m e n t , m o r e q u i c k l y f a b r ic a t e d a t l o w e r c o s t. W e i n v i t e y o u r in q u i r i e s .
All Orders Subject to Government Priority Regulations
N
e w kinks, and new tools, new ideas are plentiful in th is m o n th ’s issue. In genuity and adaptability , synonym ous w ith A m erican engineers, is coming to th e fore, m uch of it stem m ing from th e developm ents required in our w ar effort and already finding a place in our civilian economy. Leading us off this m onth is Dow Chemical Co., w ith “ com parions” to S aran pipe.
As you probably have guessed, those com parions are fittings—
couplings, flanges, elbows, and tees. Now th e com plete piping system can be b u ilt of this new m aterial which is so resistant to corrosives. T he fittings have sta n d a rd threads and will engage the Saran piping which can be th read ed w ith sta n d a rd pipe dies.
E ver in need of em phasis, this m o n th ’s ad from T he M arley Co. points home a fact th a t has bedeviled th e sons of M artha ever since m an becam e interested in profits; nam ely, i t costs money to pum p liquids. A lready w orked o u t for easy clipping as a memo to th e “ eggzecs” , is a tab le showing th e costs of pum p
ing w ater over various heads.
If you have a problem in finding a resistan t sealing m aterial (who hasn’t?) it would probably be a good idea to see th e F elt Products Mfg. Co. ad. T here is offered a folder, containing sam ples, life history, pedigree, character, and foibles, of thirty-six dif
ferent sealing m aterials which m ay help in solving your gasketing, packing, and stripping headaches.
ISO-FLOW is a trad e m ark for a new tu b u lar furnace which is designed for heating fluids u p to 1600 ° F . Its place will be in vapor superheating, chemical reactions, concentration, and vari
ous other “ops” in our line. H ow ever, there is som ething more th an th a t which causes us to b reak into p rin t ab o u t it. T he con
struction of the u n it is such as to require m uch less of our critical m aterials. I t requires half th e steel and alloys, 35 per cent less headers, half th e ground space, and ju s t ab o u t less of everything.
T hey ought to call it th e “sans” jo b —sans this, sans th a t.
F or makers of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, th e Girdler Corp. springs o u t two new processes. B o th will do a b e tte r job a t less cost—for hydrogen, in capacities of 1000 to 1,000,000 cubic feet per hour, and for carbon dioxide, 1000 to 500,000 cubic feet per hour. T he carbon dioxide process works on w aste gases.
For those, like me, who w an t to know m ore, Bulletins 102 and 103 from Louisville, K y., will answer their raised eyebrows.
N ational C arbon’s K arb ate is p u ttin g on w eight and size with astounding ease, for th ey now build 30-foot adsorption towers, with complete “ innards” of K a rb a te tray s and bubble caps.
There is a list, as long as th e law’s arm , detailing th e uses and kinds of carbon and graphite products available for construction- wise chemical engineers.
T . Shriver and Com pany, filter press experts from H arrison, N. J., w het m y curiosity in an ad which speaks of changing oil and spare filter presses into continuous thickeners. T hey are chary with details which are, how ever, included in th eir B ulletin 115.
As a contest for your engineering im aginations, look a t th e plates shown in the ad and try to figure o u t how it is done. T h en check with the bulletin when you get it.
Ca p. L . Le a r y
D I D
Y O U S E E ?
1 0
t\
p m, i 3 u r i a l A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 1 1W e l d i n g p i p i n g w i t h T u b e - T u r n f i t t i n g s c o n s e r v e s 4 v i t a l m a t e r i a l s . . . c h e c k s
w a r - t i m e p i p e f a i l u r e s , s t o p s l e a k s !
H O W TUBE- TURN WELDING FITTINGS BENEFIT WAR
INDUSTRYI
y ï 7 A e + * r F I R S T ' ' WILDING FITTINGS)]
% J L ß
1 . N U T S A N D B O L T S 2 . F L A N G E S
M e V e n t t tightening bolts is elirnmated.
W 3
piping—-save'both weight and critical m etAP I P E R E P L A C E M E N T g a s k e t m a t e r i a l
W hen welding womThreads
to flanged f i t t i n g
Fewer flanged joints mean ^ ^ ¿ ^ n con- i t i S d with Tube-Turn f i t t i n g
When you multiply these savings over an entire piping system, the amount of critical materials conserved is tremendous. Tube-Tum welding fittings aid the war effort in other ways, too—less danger of plant shut-downs due to Ptptng failures; maintenance is virtually elim inated; less installation time is needed because alignment is easier, only simple butt welds are required, and complete sections may be pre-assembled then welded into position. For stronger, lighter, permanently leakproof piping systems—weld with Tube-Tum fittings.
T u b e - T u r n s ( I n c . ) L o u i s v i l l e . K t . B r a n c h o ffic e r : N e w Y o r k .
Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland. Dayton. Washington, D. C., Tulsa, Houston, Los Angeles. Distributorj in principal cities.
T U B E - T U R
T R A D E M A R Kmys
6
) D O A B I G G E R W A R J O B W I T H S T A I N L E S S
STEEL E Q U I P M E N T T O
One of the engineering rooms at S. Blickman, Inc
* A C O L L A B O R A T E w it h
y O U R
F A B R / C m / t
. . .T o a c c o m p lis h th e m ir a c le s o f p r o d u c t i o n n e e d e d t o w i n th e w a r , th e p r o c e s s in g in d u s t r ie s m u s t ta k e f u l l a d v a n ta g e o f th e b e n e fits o f s ta in le s s s te e l e q u ip m e n t . F o r a p r o p e r l y fa b r ic a t e d s te e l p ro c e s s i n g v e sse l is a p r e c io u s i n s t r u m e n t o f v i c t o r y . H i g h o u t p u t , l o w m a in te n a n c e a n d l o n g s e r v ic e l i f e c a n b e b u i l t i n t o y o u r e q u i p m e n t i f th e c o n d i t i o n s o f o p e r a t i o n a re a c c u r a t e ly k n o w n t o y o u r f a b r ic a t o r . O f t e n , y o u r f a b r i c a t o r m a y s u g g e s t im p r o v e m e n t s t h a t w i l l e ffe c t a h ig h e r y i e l d t h r o u g h o u t t h e l i f e o f th e e q u ip m e n t .
F o r t h a t re a s o n , s e le c t a f a b r i c a t o r w h o s e e n g i n e e rs h a v e s p e c ia liz e d e x p e r ie n c e w i t h a ll th e fa c to r s w h i c h s a fe g u a r d th e p r o p e r t i e s o f s ta in le s s s te e l d u r i n g it s f a b r ic a t io n .
W h e n y o u h a v e c h o s e n s u c h a f a b r ic a t o r , ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f h is e n g in e e r s ’ " k n o w - h o w ” . C o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e m i n th e p l a n n i n g o f y o u r e q u ip m e n t , r ig h t at th e d r a w in g board.
O u r e x p e r ie n c e s h o w s t h a t p o o l i n g th e k n o w l e d g e a n d e x p e r ie n c e o f B l ic k m a n e n g in e e r s w i t h t h a t o f o u r c u s to m e r ’s e n g in e e r s o f t e n r e s u lts in m o r e d u r a b l e e q u ip m e n t , m o r e q u i c k l y fa b r ic a t e d a t l o w e r c o s t. W e i n v i t e y o u r in q u i r i e s .
All Orders Subject to Government Priority Regulations
*Sixth of a series of advertisements w ritten in the in
terest of greater war production.
'W hat to Look fo r W h e n Y ou Specify Stainless S tee l fo r Y opr Processing Equip
m ent” — a valu
able guide for en gineers — sent on request to those w ho write us on t hei r c o m p a n y stationery.
S . B L I C K M A N ,
i n c.
1 2 1 0 GREGORY AVE., WEEHAWKEN, N.J.
EVAPORATORS • PANS • VATS • CYLINDERS
N
e w kinks, and new tools, new ideas are plentiful in this m o n th ’s issue. In g enuity and adaptability , synonym ous w ith A m erican engineers, is coming to th e fore, m uch of it stem m ing from th e developm ents required in our w ar effort an d already finding a place in our civilian economy. Leading us off this m onth is Dow Chemical Co., w ith “ com parions” to Saran pipe.
As you probably have guessed, those com parions are fittings—
couplings, flanges, elbows, and tees. Now th e com plete piping system can be b u ilt of this new m aterial w hich is so resistan t to corrosives. T he fittings have stan d ard threads and will engage the Saran piping which can be th read ed w ith sta n d a rd pipe dies.
E ver in need of em phasis, this m o nth’s ad from T he M arley Co. points home a fact th a t has bedeviled th e sons of M arth a ever since m an becam e interested in profits; nam ely, it costs money to pum p liquids. A lready w orked o u t for easy clipping as a memo to th e “ eggzecs” , is a tab le showing th e costs of pum p
ing w ater over various heads.
If you have a problem in finding a resistan t sealing m aterial (who hasn’t?) it would probably be a good idea to see the F elt Products Mfg. Co. ad. T here is offered a folder, containing sam
ples, life history, pedigree, character, and foibles, of thirty-six dif
ferent sealing m aterials which m ay help in solving your gasketing, packing, and stripping headaches.
ISO-FLOW is a trad e m ark for a new tu b u lar furnace which is designed for heating fluids u p to 1600 ° F . I ts place will be in vapor superheating, chemical reactions, concentration, and vari
ous other “ops” in our line. H owever, th ere is som ething more th a n th a t which causes us to break into p rin t ab o u t it. T he con
struction of th e u n it is such as to require m uch less of our critical m aterials. I t requires half the steel and alloys, 35 per cent less headers, half th e ground space, and ju s t ab o u t less of everything.
T hey ought to call it th e “ sans” jo b —sans this, sans th a t.
For m akers of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, th e Girdler Corp. springs out two new processes. B oth will do a b e tte r job a t less cost—for hydrogen, in capacities of 1000 to 1,000,000 cubic feet per hour, and for carbon dioxide, 1000 to 500,000 cubic feet per hour. T he carbon dioxide process works on w aste gases.
For those, like me, who w ant to know m ore, Bulletins 102 and 103 from Louisville, K y., will answer th eir raised eyebrows.
N ational C arbon’s K arb ate is p u ttin g on w eight an d size with astounding ease, for they now build 30-foot adsorption towers, with complete “innards” of K a rb a te tray s and bubble caps.
T here is a list, as long as th e law’s arm , detailing th e uses and kinds of carbon and graphite products available for construction- wise chemical engineers.
T . Shriver and Com pany, filter press experts from H arrison, N .J ., w het m y curiosity in an ad which speaks of changing oil Emd spare filter presses into continuous thickeners. T hey are chary with details which are, how ever, included in th eir B ulletin 115.
As a contest for your engineering im aginations, look a t th e plates shown in th e ad and try to figure o u t how it is done. T hen check with the bulletin w hen you get it.
Ca p. L . Le a r y
1 0
A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 1 1
W e l d i n g p i p i n g w i t h T u b e - T u r n f i t t i n g s c o n s e r v e s 4 v i t a l m a t e r i a l s . . . c h e c k s
w a r - t i m e p i p e f a i l u r e s , s t o p s l e a k s !
HO. 4 OF A SERIES
H O W T U B E - T U R N W E L D I N G F I T T I N G ^ B E N E F I T W A R
I N D U S T R Y /
1 . N U T S A N D B O L T S
s P
2 . F L A N G E S
need for many WeMint. « * » 2 \ e c e ,m y ¡n acrewed
P I P E R E P L A C E M E N T 4 . g a s k e t m a t e r i a l
When welding iU' lhi!^ ^ w o r n threads Fewer Hanged con-
S h Tube-Tan,
in i
m n
When you multiply these savings over an entire
piping because' s S p k S ' ’wilds a r f r ^ r e ^ a n d complete
T S s s x Fr r ur ’¿fings?
T u b e - T u h n s ( I n c . ) L o b i s v i l l e . K y . B r a n c h o f fi c e s : N e w Y o r k .
Chicago. Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Dayton, Washington, D C., Tulsa, Houston, Los Angeles. Distributor, ,n principal cries.
T U B E " T U B
-t r a d eH a n r M Am a r kD Uie â
1 2 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T 1 S Y ss a®. 4i
T H E , / S P O / / V G S T S P / I X T
O N T H E M M y P P O P O C T /O H F P O H T S /
' I ;
1
■/ • / /i Ll l|‘ii;rf//7 / /
■ ll , I I '• : : / /
The CHARLOTTE COLLOID MILL has g o n e to w a r.
Its use in key positions b y the various industries has assured the production o f m any vital w a r m aterials.
W e a r e g la d that our efforts h ave been help
ful to so g r e a t a cause, an d ask the continued p atien ce o f our re g u la r customers on m achines fo r less essential use.
C H E M I C O L L O I D L A B S , I
n c4 4 W h it e h a ll S tr e e t • N e w Y o rk , N . Y
A p m , isw o . „ „ „ „ . „ I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 13
I
¡¡S
s * s r
Scurtt *****i «bol*"®*
VOTATOR ADVANTAGES:
Saves critical m aterials. Re
duces heating or refrigeration load. H e a t transfer takes place in seconds. Continuous, rapid flow of product. Fully enclosed, sanitary unit. Uniform tem p er
ature accurately ^ controlled.
Simultaneous m ixing, emulsi
fying or a e ratin g . M ore econom ical than batch methods.
Cool or heat liquids or viscous materials taster and better—get simultaneous mixing or emulsifying!
If heating or coolin g liquids or viscous materials is an operation in your plant, investigate the many advantages o f Votator.
Votator is a fully enclosed h eat transfer unit that d oes the job better and faster than any other known m ethod. Look at the ab ove cut-away view and cross-section diagram s of a Votator and you will readily see the efficien cy and sim plicity o f the Votator.
Since only a thin film o f product is passed over a relatively large h eat transfer surface, heating or cooling is accom plished practically instantaneously. A ccurate and uniform tem perature control is maintained a t all tim es. Even though only a small amount o f product is treated a t any tim e, trem endous production is achieved because the material passes through the Votator at a high rate o f sp eed .
Votator will also mix, emulsify or aerate a product a t th e same time it is heated or cooled , if this is desired.
Votator Continuous, I n s t a n t a n e o u s Heat Transfer Equip
OR DI VI SI ON * LOUI SVI LLE,
CORPO
PHI LADELPHI A • A S B E S T OS • EXT ON, P E N N S Y L V A N I A Home Of f i ce: 1616 SUMMER STREET, PHI LADELPHI A, PA.
W e s t C o a s t R e p r e s e n t a t iv e G R IF F IN C H E M IC A L C O ., S o n F ra n c is c o , C a lifo r n ia
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M L , , . .
W hat did he SEE in his crystals?
D r . A . E . Fo o t e, w h o c o n c e i v e d t h i s c o m p a n y i n 1 8 7 6 , w a s b o r n t o o s o o n t o r e a d t h e f u t u r e i n t h e c r y s t a l s a n d m i n e r a l s h e l o v e d . H i s i d e a w a s s i m p l y t o s u p p l y c o l l e c t i o n s o f m i n e r a l s t o u n i v e r s i t i e s , m u s e u m s a n d s c i e n t i f i c g r o u p s f o r f u r t h e r i n g t h e s t u d y o f m i n e r a l o g y a n d g e o l o g y . H e c o u l d n o t f o r e s e e . . . t h e n . . . s h i p s n o s i n g i n t o P h i l a d e l p h i a f o r F o o t e , b e a r i n g t u n g s t e n - t i n o r e f r o m B o l i v i a , r u t i l e f r o m B r a z i l , m a n g a n e s e f r o m C u b a , a n d r a r e o r n e e d e d m i n e r a l s f r o m t h e f o u r c o r n e r s o f t h e w o r l d . H e c o u l d n o t p r e d i c t F o o t e e n g i n e e r s c i r c l i n g t h e g l o b e i n s e a r c h o f n e w m i n e r a l d e p o s i t s , o r w o r k i n g s i d e - b y - s i d e w i t h s c i e n t i s t s i n i n d u s t r y t o p r o b e t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f s t r o n t i u m , l i t h i u m , z i r c o n i u m a n d s c o r e s o f o t h e r m e t a l s a n d t h e i r c o m p o u n d s . H e c o u l d n o t f o r e t e l l w i t h h i s “ s p e c i m e n s ” t h a t F o o t e w o u l d h e l p w e l d t h e s h i p s f o r t h e A f r i c a n s e c o n d f r o n t , o r r i d d l e J a p Z e r o s w i t h t r a c e r b u l l e t s , o r h e l p s p e e d J a c k B e n n y o r t h e l a t e s t c o m m u n i q u é f r o m M o s c o w o v e r t h e n a t i o n ’ s n e t w o r k s . D r . F o o t e m i g h t w e l l h a v e w o n d e r e d h o w t h e b e a u t i f u l s t o n e s o f h i s c o l l e c t i o n s w o u l d b e n e f i t t h e r e f i n i n g , c h e m i c a l , c e r a m i c , m e t a l , e l e c t r o n i c s a n d m a n y a n o t h e r i n d u s t r y . B u t i t i s f o r y o u a n d f o r u s n o w t o w o n d e r a n d p o n d e r t h e n e x t m o v e . W e a r e r e a d y t o h e l p y o u w i t h c h e m i c a l s , o r e s , m e t a l s a n d a l l o y s a n d w i t h a v a l u a b l e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f e x p e r i e n c e a n d r e s e a r c h . W r i t e t o d a y .
S T R O N T I U M , C H E M IS T R Y 'S R IP V A N W I N K L E
I t seems almost unfathomable th at stro n tiu m , one of e a r th ’s m ost abundant elements, has been al
lowed to sleep so long. Except for flares and fireworks strontium salts were little used—un til recently.
Now, by contrast, strontium is pop
ping up conspicuously in many places. For example, there is the strontium salt bath for the heat treatm ent of steel, strontium for
reducing the iron and manganese f contents of sodium hydroxide in caustic soda p u rifica tio n , an d 1 stro n tiu m for producing b e tte r enamels, glazes, and glasses in ce
ramics. Where will strontium next be used? We don’t know but we’ll gladly help you find out. Inquiries concerning strontium salts are in
vited. Possibly a new and(important use may be developed for you.
One shipment of Durco pum ps and Durco valves corrosive solutions in a new synthetic rubber plant.
for handling
V A L V E S
P U M P S J E T S
F O R
P I P E
I n t h e C o p o l y m e r p l a n t s f o r m a k i n g B u n a S r u b b e r f r o m B u t a d i e n e a n d S t y r e n e t h e r e w i l l b e
S e v e r a l H u n d r e d D u r i r o n P u m p s S e v e r a l T h o u s a n d D u r i r o n V a l v e s S e v e r a l H u n d r e d D u r i r o n J e t s M i l e s o f D u r i r o n P i p e
T h e c o m p l e t e s t o r y o f j u s t h o w a n d w h e r e t h i s e q u i p m e n t i s u s e d c a n n o t b e t o l d a t t h i s t i m e . B u t D u r c o p r o d u c t s a r e b e i n g u s e d i n p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y s y n t h e t i c r u b b e r p r o c e s s f o r h a n d l i n g c o r r o s i v e l i q u o r s .
T h e s e l e c t i o n o f D u r c o e q u i p m e n t f o r t h e s e i m p o r t a n t p l a n t s i s f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e o f i t s q u a l i t y r e p u t a t i o n . I t s h o u l d g i v e y o u c o n f i d e n c e t o b r i n g y o u r c o r r o s i o n p r o b l e m s t o u s .
C O ^ P A N ^ H i / c .
^ D A Y T O N , O H I O
(A bove) ,
Front and back views of Durco circulating steam ]ets tor use in synthetic ru b b er plants.
(Below)
Duriron pipe — bell and spigot and split-flanged — for carry ing corrosive liquids and drainage.
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Five electric- and five steam-driven high-pressure com pressors in a re
finery.
A 2 ,2 5 0 -h p , six-stage m achine com
pressing gas to 4 ,5 0 0 lb per sq in.
pressure in a synthetic ammonia process.
A T yp e " G " M O T O R - BLO W ER e q u ip p e d with an ex p lo sio n -p ro o f motor for use in a m unitions plant.
These gas-engine-driven units are compressing natural gas in Arkansas.
Ingersoll-Rand compressors range in size from Ya t° 3 0 0 0 horsepower . . . and are driven by electric motors, steam, oil engines, or gas en gines. Pressures range from vacuum to 1 5 ,0 0 0 lb per sq in. Installa
tions of high-pressure machines total more than 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 hp.
Blowers for air and many gases are available in sizes from 2 to 1 4 ,5 0 0 hp. A t the left are shown two 4 0 0 -h p vat agitation units.
W e d o n 't p ro fe s s to b e e x p e r ts o n th e m a n y re f in e r y a n d o th e r c h e m ic a l p r o c e s s e s . . . b e c a u s e e a c h p ro c e s s h a s its o w n s p e c ia lis ts w h o k n o w w h a t th e y n e e d a n d h o w to p r o c u r e th e b e s t e q u ip m e n t fo r th e jo b .
W e h a v e , h o w e v e r, e a r n e d th e r e p u ta tio n of b e in g e x p e r ts in d e v e lo p in g , m a n u fa c tu rin g , a n d a p p ly in g c o m p re s s o rs , b lo w e rs , p u m p s , a n d v a c u u m e q u ip m e n t . . . m a c h in e s th a t m e e t th e r ig id s p e c ific a tio n s of th e p ro c e s s e n g in e e r s , a n d th a t s ta n d u p u n d e r th e o p e r a tin g c o n d itio n s a n d c o n tin u o u s s e r v ic e r e q u ir e d in re c y c lin g , g a s o lin e e x tra c tio n , a n d in th e m a n u fa c tu r e of a v ia tio n g a s o lin e , s y n th e tic r u b b e r, s y n th e tic a m m o n ia , e x p lo s iv e s , etc.
W h ile n e w c y c le s o r p r o c e s s e s a re s till in th e id e a s ta g e , o u r e n g in e e r s a re o n th e jo b w ith m o re th a n 5 0 y e a rs ' e x p e r ie n c e in a p p ly in g I n g e r s o ll- R a n d p r o d u c ts to th e p ro b le m s of c o m p re s s io n , p u m p in g , v a c u u m s, re frig e ra tio n , a n d c o n d e n s a tio n .
I-R h e a v y - d u ty m a c h in e s a re b u ilt a n d r a te d for c o n tin u o u s fu ll-lo a d o p e ra tio n , 2 4 h o u rs a d a y , a n d th e y r e q u ir e o n ly a m in im u m of tim e a n d m o n e y fo r in s p e c tio n a n d re p a ir s . A n d w h e n e v e r n e w m a c h in e s o r n e w lin e s of e q u ip m e n t a re d e v e lo p e d s p e c ia lly fo r o n e in d u s tr y o r a n o th e r , th e k e y n o te of I-R d e s ig n e r s is f le x ib ility a n d s ta n d a r d iz a tio n of p a r ts . S u c h a p o lic y p r o v id e s im p o r ta n t a d v a n ta g e s to e v e r y p u r c h a s e r of I n g e r s o ll- R a n d e q u ip m e n t.
B elow is a group of various ty p e s of Ingersoll- Rand refinery pumps. I-R pumps range in size from 5 to 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 g p m . . . for pressures up to 3 ,0 0 0 lb . . . temperatures up to 8 0 0 °F . . . and can b e built to handle practically any liquid.
A b o v e are shown several M otorp u m p s— the versatile little units that have a m illion uses.
Ingersoll-Rand is in a p o si
tion to recom m end and build the proper vacuum eq u ip m en t— whether steam- jet, reciprocating, or a com bination of both types
— and to furnish all aux
iliaries to make a co m p lete plant. B elow is a com b in ed 3-stage unit d e v e lo p e d and standardized for a particular cy clic process.
Official Photos U.S. Navy: U.S. Army Signal Corps: U.S. Maritime Commis'
sion: U.S. Army Air Force.
I t is significant th a t the facilities o f S tru th e rs W ells a re being devoted to v ita l V ic to ry p ro d u c tio n 2 4 h o u rs a day at a tim e w hen d iffic u lt specifications an d q u a lity dem ands re q u ire such speed, accuracy and in g e n u ity . Th ese reco g
nized characteristics o f the S tru th ers Wells o rg a n iz a tio n a re dedicated 1 0 0 % to V ic to ry t o d a y . . . to m o rro w we w ill be even m o re fit to serve you distin ctively.
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* In peace times . . . . Designers and Fabricators of Processing Equipment such as Heat Exchangers, Evaporators, Condensers, Coolers, Fractionating Columns, Impregnating Apparatus, Kettles, Pressure Vessels, etc. . . . M arine Equipment Including Crank-
