Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 35, No. 3

P E B B L E ,B A L L and T U B E M ILLS

^ T E RSq r UNIPOWER

FOR YOUR \

PRODUCTION OBJECTIVES

TH AT A U /S T i B E B E A C H E D

T H /S Y E /

D R IV E S M IXER

o n i c a i b l e n d e r s

K N E A D E R S

1 ÜMIE P A T T E R S O N F O U N D R Y 6 > M A C H IN E C O

Porter A gitated W ood Tanks are sp e c ific a lly d e s ig n e d a n d e n g i­

n e e re d to do a b etter job m ore ef- j S | ficiently u n d er a w ide ra n g e of mill

conditions. A lthough tanks a n d a g i­

tators m ay b e o b tained separately, it is advantageous to the b u y er to

p la ce his o rd er for both together. H E In addition to getting a job e n g i­

n e e re d as a unit, p ro p e r installation is facilitated by buying both agi-

L

M ade from the very best g ra d e of lum ber, Porter A gitated W ood Tanks

^

X of woods an d shap es up to 100,000 gallons capacity buiUV

Equipment

PORTER " WHIRLPOOL"

PORTABLE AGITATOR installed in wood tank

Established 1866

H. K. P O R T E R C O M P A N Y , I n c .

P R O C E S S E Q U IP M E N T D IV IS IO N P I T T S B U R G H , P E N N S Y L V A N IA

WALTER J. MURPHY, EDITOR 9 ISSUED MARCH 3, 1943 g VOL. 35, NO. 3 » CONSECUTIVE NO. 5

E D I T O R I A L S ...261

U N I T P R O C E S S E S

I n t r o d u c t i o n ... R. N orris S h r e v e 2 6 3 A l k y l a t e d C r e s o l s f r o m R e f in e r y G a s e s ...W h itn ey W e in r ic h 2 6 4 C a t a l y t i c A l k y l a t i o n o f B e n z e n e w i t h E t h y l e n e ...W . A . P a rd ee a n d B. F. D o d g e 2 7 3 C a t a l y t i c O x i d a t i o n s o f N a p h t h a l e n e S e r i e s ... R. N orris S h r e v e an d R u ssell W . W e lb o r n 2 7 9 T a r E l i m i n a t i o n i n P y r o l i g n e o u s A c i d ...D on ald F. O th m er a n d R a p h a el K atzen 2 8 8 P a r t i a l P y r o l y s i s o f W o o d ... R obert W . M erritt a n d A lfred A . W h ite 2 9 7 D e s t r u c t i v e D i s t i l l a t i o n o f L i g n o c e l l u l o s e . . R aphael Katzen, R obert E. M uller, a n d D o n a ld F. O th m er 3 0 2 M o n o s u l f o n a t i o n o f 2 - M e t h y l n a p h t h a l e n e ... ... R. N orris S h r e v e a n d John H. Lux 3 0 6 D e s t r u c t i v e D i s t i l l a t i o n o f B a g a s s e ...D o n a ld F. O th m er a n d G e o r g e A . F ernstrom 312 C h l o r i n o l y s i s o f C h l o r o p a r a f f i n s ... E. T. M cB ee, H. B. H ass, a n d C arl B o r d e n c a 317 S u l f o n a t i o n o f A n i l i n e Joseph J. Jacobs, Jr., D o n a ld F. O thm er, a n d A lla n H o k a n so n 321 S t r o n t i u m C a r b o n a t e ... K en n eth A . K obe a n d N orm an J. D e ig lm e ie r 3 2 3 S u l f o n a t i o n o f N a p h t h a l e n e . . . D o n a ld F. O thm er, Joseph J. Jacobs, Jr., a n d W ilb u r J. B u sch m a n n 3 2 6

E l e c t r i c a l P r o p e r t i e s o f N e o p r e n e F elix L. Y erzley 3 3 0

P i g m e n t D i s p e r s i o n w i t h S u r f a c e - A c t i v e A g e n t s ... Earl K. F isch er a n d C h a r le s W . Jerom e 3 3 6 C o a l O x i d a t i o n ...W alter F uchs, T. S. P olan sk y, a n d A . G . S a n d h o ff 3 4 3

E f f e c t o f O x i d a t i o n o n R e a c t i v i t y a n d S w e l l i n g o f I l l i n o i s C o a ls . . . O . W . R ees a n d W . F. W a g n e r 3 4 6 K e t o n e S y n t h e s i s . T h e C o n d e n s a t i o n o f A c id A n h y d r i d e s w i t h O le f in s . A . C . Byrns a n d T. F. D ou m ani 3 4 9 L a r g e - S c a l e P r o d u c t i o n o f A z o t o b a c t e r ...S y lv a n B. L ee a n d R. H. Burris 3 5 4 P r e v e n t i n g I n t e r n a l C o r r o s io n o f P ip e L i n e s A. W a c h te r a n d S. S. Sm ith 3 5 8 C o l o r i n g M a t e r i a l s f o r C o p o l y m e r V i n y l C h l o r i d e - A c e t a t e C o m p o u n d s ...F. G . C lark 3 6 8

C r e e p a n d C r e e p R e c o v e r y i n P l a s t i c i z e d P o ly v i n y l C h l o r i d e H erb ert L ead erm an 3 7 4 R e m o v a l o f I r o n f r o m W a t e r . U s e o f C a r b o n a c e o u s I o n E x c h a n g e r s F. K. L in d say 3 7 8 S t a r c h S t u d i e s . P o s s i b l e I n d u s t r i a l U t i l i z a t i o n o f S t a r c h E s t e r s . Jam es W . M u llen II an d E u g e n e P a c su 381

A s W e S e e I t (A dvt. S ect.) 5 S p y i n g (A dvt. S ect.) 8 D id Y o u S e e ? (A dvt. S ect.) 10 A l c h e m i c a l P r i n t 3 3 5

(Market Report is printed in Chemicaland Engineering News of March 10.)

The American Chemical Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to its publications.

30,500 copies of this issue printed. Copyright 1943 by American Chemical Society.

P u b l i c a t i o n O f f ic e : E d i t o r i a l O f f ic e : 1155 1 6 th S t r e e t , N . W ., W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

T e l e p h o n e : R e p u b l i c 5 3 0 1 . C a b l e : J i e c h e m ( W a s h i n g t o n )

P u b l i s h e d b y t h e A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l S o c ie ty , P u b lic a ti o n O ffice, 2 0 th &

N o r t h a m p t o n S ts ., E a s t o n , P e n n a . E n t e r e d a s s e c o n d -c la s s m a t t e r a t th e P o s t O ffic e a t E a s t o n , P e n n a , u n d e r t h e A c t of M a r c h 3 , 1879, a s 24 tim e s a y e a r . I n d u s t r i a l E d i tio n m o n th ly o n t h e 1 s t; A n a ly tic a l E d i tio n m o n th ly o n t h e 15t h . A c c e p ta n c e fo r m a ilin g a t s p e c ia l r a t e of p o s ta g e p ro v id e d for in S e c t i o n 1 103, A c t of O c to b e r 3 , 1917, a u t h o r iz e d J u l y 13, 1918.

A n n u a l s u b s c r ip tio n r a t e , I n d u s tr ia l E d i tio n a n d A n a ly tic a l E d i tio n so ld o n l y a s a u n i t , m e m b e rs $ 3 .0 0 , o th e r s $ 4 .0 0 . F o r e ig n p o s ta g e to c o u n tr ie s n o t in t h e P a n A m e ric a n U n io n , $ 2 .2 5 ; C a n a d ia n p o s ta g e , $ 0 .7 5 . S in g le

E a s l o n , P e n n a .

A d v e r ti s i n g D e p a r t m e n t : 332 W e s t 4 2 n d S t r e e t , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . T e l e p h o n e : B r y a n t 9 -4 4 3 0

co p ies: I n d u s t r i a l E d i tio n , $ 0 .7 5 ; A n a ly tic a l E d i tio n , $ 0 .5 0 . S p e c ia l r a t e s to m e m b e rs .

N o c la im s c a n b e a llo w e d fo r c o p ie s of jo u r n a ls lo s t in t h e m a ils u n le ss s u c h c la im s a r e r e c e iv e d w ith in 6 0 d a y s of t h e d a t e of is s u e , a n d n o c la im s w ill b e a llo w e d fo r is s u e s lo s t a s a r e s u lt of in s u f f ic ie n t n o tic e of c h a n g e of a d d r e s s . ( T e n d a y s ’ a d v a n c e n o tic e r e q u ir e d .) “ M is s in g f r o m files”

c a n n o t b e a c c e p te d a s th e r e a s o n fo r h o n o r in g a c la im . A d d re s s c la im s to C h a r le s L . P a r s o n s , B u s in e s s M a n a g e r , 1155 1 6 th S tr e e t, N . W ., W a s h in g to n , D . C ., U . S. A.

I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M _ ; ____________

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M a r c h , 1 9 4 3 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y ⁵

► U n i t P r o c e s s e s are tr e a te d in a d ozen p ap ers o n a w id e v a r ie ty o f r e a c tio n s fo rm in g a sig n ific a n t sy m p o siu m in th is issu e.

H ere are d isc u sse d t h e effe c ts o f v a r y in g co n d itio n s o n t h e o p era ­ tion o f a n u m b er o f p r o c e s se s o f in d u str ia l sign ifican ce.

► D i r e c t A l k y l a t i o n o f C r e s o l s b y t h e b u ta n e -b u te n e frac­

tio n s o f p e tr o le u m refin ery g a se s h as b een fo u n d b y W ein rich (page 2 6 4 ) t o p r o ceed in t h e p resen ce o f a su lfu r ic acid c a ta ly st.

D i-ter i-b u ty lp h en o ls th u s fo rm e d are u se fu l a n tio x id a n ts for p etroleu m fr a c tio n s a n d so fte n e r s for sy n th e tic ru b b ers. B o th la b o ra to ry a n d p ilo t p la n t r e s u lts are g iv en .

► E t h y l b e n z e n e , ra w m a te r ia l for p ro d u cin g sty r e n e , is form ed b y d ir e c t a lk y la tio n o f b e n z e n e w ith e th y le n e u n d er p roper c o n ­ d itio n s, a cco rd in g t o P a r d e e a n d D o d g e (p a g e 2 7 3 ). E ffe c ts o f va ry in g p ressu re, te m p e r a tu r e , an d c a t a ly s t are d esc rib ed for th is im p o r ta n t a lk y la tio n re a c tio n .

► P h t h a l i c A n h y d r i d e P r o d u c t i o n b y t h e d ir e c t c a ta ly tic oxid a tio n o f n a p h th a le n e a n d n a p h th a le n e d e r iv a tiv e s h a s b een in v e stig a te d b y S h r e v e a n d W e lb o r n (p a g e 2 7 9 ). T w o ty p e s o f oxidizers w e r e u se d an d t h e e ffe cts o f v a r y in g co n d itio n s a s w ell as c a ta ly st are d e sc r ib e d for n a p h th a le n e an d fo u r o f its d e r iv a ­ tiv es.

► B a g a s s e , w a s te fro m su gar c a n e, p ro d u ces o n d e str u c tiv e d istilla tio n m e th a n o l, a c e tic acid , a n d a c h a rco a l w h ich ca n b e sa tisfa c to r ily b r iq u e tte d for u se , a cco rd in g t o O th m er and F ern strom (p a g e 3 1 2 ). Q u a n titie s o f b a g a sse a v a ila b le a t su gar centrals su g g e s t t h e p o s s ib ility o f th is p ro cess fo r c o n v e r tin g it to use.

► P y r o l y s i s o f W o o d in an a tm o sp h e r e o f ste a m b elo w charring tem p era tu res h a s b e e n fo u n d b y M e r r itt an d W h ite (p a g e 297) to p rod u ce larger y ie ld s o f o rg a n ic a cid s th a n co m m e rcia l p y r o ly sis and an a ltered w o o d o f u se fu l p ro p erties. E x p e r im e n ts on oak are rep orted .

► L ig n i n a n d C e l l u l o s e in v a rio u s c o m b in a tio n s w ere s u b ­ jected to d e str u c tiv e d istilla tio n b y K a tz e n , M u ller, an d O thm er (page 3 0 2 ) t o d e te r m in e t h e p ro b a b le g en esis o f th e p rod u cts.

L ignin, t h e y c o n c lu d e , y ie ld s m e th a n o l, an d c e llu lo se (p a r tic u ­ larly h e m ic e llu lo se ) y ie ld s a c e tic acid . P r o d u c ts o f h y d r o ly sis o f w ood w ere ra w m a te r ia ls for p y r o ly sis.

► T a r a n d ta r -fo r m in g c o n stitu e n ts in cru d e p y r o lig n e o u s acid cau se serio u s tr o u b le in th e e q u ip m e n t u se d t o reco v e r its v a lu e s.

O thm er a n d K a tz e n (p a g e 2 8 8 ) rep o rt t h a t su lfu r ic acid tr e a tm e n t rem oves th e se o b je c tio n a b le c o n s titu e n ts as fluid ta r o ils , t h e y g iv e d a ta on a p p lic a tio n o f th e m e th o d to p ilo t and fu ll-sc a le op eration s.

► C h l o r i n o l y s i s o f h y d ro ca rb o n d e r iv a tiv e s y ie ld s h ex a ch lo ro - eth a n e and ca rb o n te tr a c h lo r id e as u ltim a te p r o d u c ts , a cco rd in g to M c B e e , H a s s , a n d B o r d e n c a (p a g e 3 1 7 ), w h o su g g e s t th is p rocess as a p r a c tic a b le in d u str ia l o p era tio n .

► S t r o n t i u m C a r b o n a t e , th e m o s t g e n e r a lly u se fu l co m p o u n d o f th is e le m e n t, c a n b e p ro d u ced from t h e s u lfa te b y m e ta th e sis w ith alk a li c a r b o n a te . K o b e a n d D e ig lm e ie r (p a g e 3 2 3 ) h a v e stu d ied th e p ro cess an d g iv e d a ta for its o p tim u m o p era tio n .

► S u l f o n a t i o n o f 2 - M e t h y l n a p h t h a l e n e y ie ld s m o n o s u b s ti­

tu te d co m p o u n d s in te r e stin g as su r fa c e -a c tiv e a g e n ts. S h r e v e a n d L u x (p a g e 306) h a v e stu d ie d su lfo n a tio n o f t h is c o a l-ta r p ro d u ct and find t h a t t h e p ro cess is r e a d ily ca rried o u t in s t a n d ­ ard eq u ip m en t.

► S u l f o n a t i o n o f N a p h t h a l e n e , u sin g t h e p a rtia l-p ressu re m eth o d o f c o n tin u o u sly re m o v in g w a te r fo rm e d in t h e p r o c e ss, has b een sh o w n b y O th m er, J a c o b s, a n d B u sc h m a n n (p a g e 3 2 6 ) to p roceed re a d ily w ith a m in im u m e x c e ss o f acid .

► N e o p r e n e , o rig in a lly d e v e lo p e d to fill ru b b e r ’s p la c e in m e ­ c h a n ica l a p p lic a tio n s, p o sse sse s e le c tr ic a l p r o p erties o f c o n sid e r ­ ab le in te r e st a n d v a lu e , a cco rd in g t o Y e r z le y (p a g e 3 3 0 ), w h o g iv e s th e m in d eta il.

► P i g m e n t D i s p e r s i o n s su c h as th o s e in in k s, p a in ts, a n d sim ila r m a teria ls m a y b e affec ted a d v a n ta g e o u s ly b y t h e a d d itio n o f a p ­ p rop riate su r fa c e -a c tiv e a g e n ts. F isc h e r a n d J e r o m e (p a g e 3 3 6 ) d iscu ss p a r tic u la r ly t h e in flu en ce o f su c h a d d itio n s t o n o n a q u e o u s d isp ersio n s a n d t h e e v a lu a tio n o f v a r io u s su r fa c e -a c tiv e a g e n ts in ap p lica tio n s o f th is k in d.

► P o l y v i n y l C h l o r i d e P l a s t i c s req u ire n o tic e a b le tim e t o re­

co v er from d efo rm a tio n — w h a t m a y b e c a lle d “ d e la y e d e la s­

t ic it y ” . T h is c h a r a c te r istic o f a n u m b er o f p la s tic s is a n a ly z e d b y L ead erm an (p a g e 3 74) u sin g p la stic iz e d p o ly v in y l ch lo r id e as th e t e s t su b sta n c e .

► K e t o n e s ca n b e p ro d u ced b y t h e c o n d e n sa tio n o f a c id a n ­ h y d rid es w ith olefins. B y r n s an d D o u m a n i (p a g e 3 4 9 ) h a v e u sed p olym er g a so lin e as a so u r c e o f olefin s t o b e c o n d e n se d w ith a c e tic a n h yd rid e. B e s u lts o n p ilo t-p la n t sc a le are rep o r te d .

► C o l o r i n g o f P l a s t i c s is a n im p o r ta n t e le m e n t in th e ir v a lu e for m a n y p u rp oses. E v a lu a tio n o f co lo r in g m a te r ia ls fo r v in y l c h lo r id e -a c e ta te p la stic s o n t h e b a sis o f p e r fo r m a n c e r e v e a ls sig n ifica n t d ifferences fro m th e ir b e h a v io r in in k s a n d su r fa c e c o a tin g s, accord in g t o C lark (p a g e 3 6 8 ).

► A z o t o b a c t e r (nitro g en -fix in g o rg a n ism s) p ro d u ced in q u a n tit y b y t h e te c h n iq u e d esc rib ed b y L e e a n d B u r r is (p a g e 3 5 4 ) is a prolific so u rc e o f se v e r a l m em b e r s o f t h e v ita m in B c o m p le x .

► C o r r o s i o n o f t h e in te rio r o f p ip e lin e s c a r r y in g refin ed p e ­ tr o le u m p ro d u cts b y t h e w a te r a n d o x y g e n u n a v o id a b ly p r e s e n t is a serio u s p ro b lem . P r o te c tio n ca n b e se c u r e d , a c c o r d in g t o W a ch ter an d S m ith (p a g e 3 5 8 ), b y th e in tr o d u c tio n o f so d iu m n itr ite in lo w c o n c e n tr a tio n s. T h is m e th o d a s s u c c e s s fu lly a p ­ p lied to so m e 80 0 m ile s o f p ip e lin e is d e sc r ib e d as w e ll as t h e e q u ip m e n t e m p lo y e d .

► S t a r c h E s t e r s h a v e b e e n e x a m in e d b y M u lle n a n d P a c s u (p a g e 381) w ith a v ie w t o th e ir in d u str ia l u tiliz a tio n . T h e y c o n ­ c lu d e t h a t th e se su b sta n c e s are m o re lik e ly t o p r o v e v a lu a b le in a d h e siv e s , siz e s, an d em u lsifie rs th a n a s p la stic s.

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Uniform, faster bonding or heat processing of any non-conducting m aterial w ith Thermex!

T h e r m e x h ig h f r e q u e n c y equipment heats entire mass evenly . . . saves hours over other methods!

T h e a b o v e d ia g r a m s h o w s h o w n o n -c o n d u c t in g m a t e r ia l s m a y b e b o n d e d o r h e a t p r o c e s s e d u n ifo r m ly a n d q u ickly. I n t h i s e x a m p le , a s i x in c h s t a c k o f n o n -c o n d u c t in g p l y ­ w o o d p a n e l s i s h e a t e d t o 3 0 0 ° P . t h r u o u t in o n ly f i v e m in u t e s w i t h T h e r m e x ! A t l e a s t t e n h o u r s i s r e q u ir e d t o d o t h e s a m e jo b b y a n y o t h e r m e th o d s u c h a s w i t h h o t p l a t e c o n d u c tiv e e q u ip m e n t.

W it h T h e r m e x , h e a t i n g i s abso­

lu te ly u n i f o r m r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e m a s s o r m a t e r ia l . H i g h f r e q u e n c y h e a t i n g i s id e a l f o r p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y n o n - c o n d u c t in g m a t e r ia l . S o m e o f t h e m a n y a d ­ v a n t a g e s o f T h e r m e x i n c lu d e : l e s s h a n d li n g o f p r o d u c t, r e d u c e d la b o r c o s t,, n o v a r i a t i o n i n b a t c h p r o d u c ­ t i o n , n o s u r f a c e d a m a g e , l e s s d a n ­ g e r o f o v e r h e a t i n g , h e a t i n g c a n b e s t o p p e d i n s t a n t l y , n o “ h o t p l a t e s ” o r s t e a m r e q u ir e d .

F in d o u t h o w t h i s r e m a r k a b le n e w i n d u s t r i a l h e a t i n g e q u ip m e n t c a n h e lp in y o u r p r o d u c tio n . S e n d f o r f r e e i l l u s t r a t e d b o o k le t t o d a y !

G I R D L E R C O R P O R A T I O N

THERMEX H IG H FREQUENCY ELECTROSTATIC H E A TIN G E Q U IP M E N T

LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY

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M a r c h , I 9 4 d i n u u s T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y ⁷

GENTLE HANDLING . . . DUST-TIGHT OPERATION

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SLOW SPEED

O p era tin g a t s lo w s p e e d B u lk -F lo is r e c o m ­ m en d e d fo r m a te r ia ls t h a t r e q u ir e carefu l h a n d lin g . . . m in im iz e s b rea k a g e and d eg ra d a tio n .

COMPACT DRIVE --- ►

M o to r iz e d red u cer an d c h a in d r iv e are sa fe, c o m p a c t, fu lly en clo sed , e a sily a c c e ssi­

b le. S p e e d c h a n g e s re a d ily m a d e b y c h a n g ­ in g o n e sp ro c k e t.

SPLIT DISCHARGE

REDUCE DEGRADATION

M o st o f t h e m a te r ia l fa lls forw ard im m e d i­

a te ly u p o n r e a c h in g g a th e r in g c h u te . T h e rem a in in g m a te r ia l d isc h a r g e s rea rw a rd ly o n to c h u te a n d flo w s forw ard .

SAVES SPACE *•

C o m p a c t B u lk -F lo c a s in g is so sm a ll a s to b e co m p a ra b le t o a b u ild in g co lu m n . T h e m a te r ia l m o v in g in a c o n tin u o u s m a ss o c ­ c u p ie s a lm o st t h e en tire c a p a c ity o f th e en closu re.

VIEW X >

B u lk -F lo is o u ts ta n d in g in its a b ility to c u t h a n d lin g costs a n d to co n serv e c ritic a l m a te ria ls a n d sav e space. I t m inim izes b re a k a g e a n d d e g ra d a tio n , p re v e n ts leak a g e a n d red u ces ex­

plo sio n a n d fire h a z a rd s . T h e n e c e ssity for m u ltip le elev atin g a n d co n v ey in g u n its is e lim in a te d , b e cau se th e sam e u n it co n ­ v e y s h o riz o n ta lly , v e rtic a lly o r on a n incline.

B u lk -F lo is self-feeding, self-d isch arg in g a n d to a high degree self-cleaning. I t h a n d le s flow able, g ra n u la r, cru sh ed , g ro u n d or p u lv e riz e d m a te ria ls o f a n o n -a b ra siv e , n o n -co rro siv e n a tu re u n d e r all co n d itio n s o f lo ad in g . S end for c a ta lo g N o. 2075.

L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y

C h ic a g o , P h i l a d e l p h i a , I n d i a n a p o l i s , A t l a n t a , D a lla s , S a n F r a n c is c o , T o r o n t o . O ffices, w a r e ­

h o u s e s a n d d i s tr i b u to r s in p r in c ip a l c itie s.

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B efo re " in d u c tin g ” a n ew p ro c e ssin g vessel in to w a r w o rk ex am in e its jo in ts a n d w e ld e d seams. F o r th e life o f y o u r e q u ip m e n t d e p e n d s o n th e so u n d n ess o f th e w elds.

Im p r o p e r w e ld in g can o fte n b e re co g n ize d w ith th e n a k ed eye. T h e d ia g ra m s b e lo w m ay g u id e e n g i­

n eers in d e te c tin g p r o p e r a n d im p ro p e r w elds.

T h e m o st p ra ctica l w a y to e lim in a te th e d a n g e r o f im p r o p e r w e ld in g is t o s e le c t a fa b r ic a to r h a v in g s p e c ia liz e d e x p e r ie n c e in w o r k in g w it h s t a in le ss steel. F or years, S. B lic k m a n , In c., h as d e v o te d its la r g e f a c ilitie s m a in ly to th e fa b r ic a tio n o f sta in le ss ste e l e q u ip m e n t in g a u g e s u p to Vs" th ic k . O u r k n o w ­ h o w a ssures y o u o f p r o c e s s in g e q u ip m e n t w it h w e ld e d seam s th at stand u p u n d e r w a r tim e p r o d u c tio n .

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1 2 0 8 G R E G O R Y A V E . W E E H A W K E N N J

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¥ % y our p a g es t o b rea k th r o u g h t h e g ro w in g la ss itu d e o f a d ­ v a n c in g sp rin g fev er. A t le a s t, t h a t se e m s t o b e t h e E d ito r ’s id ea . L e a d in g o ff t h e A p r il iss u e is a p ie c e o n t h a t v it a l and u n iv e r sa l m a te r ia l, su lfu r ic a c id . C o n c e n tr a tin g u se d a cid is th e p a rticu la r su b je c t th is tim e , an d w e sh a ll lea rn o f a n ew m e th o d su c c e ss fu lly e m p lo y e d in B r ita in . T h e b a sic id e a is t o u se su p er­

h e a te d s te a m as t h e h e a t tra n sfer a g e n t for c o n c e n tr a tin g t h e acid . T h e n u isa n ce o f acid m is t is th u s a v o id e d , a n d sig n ific a n t e c o n o ­ m ies are also effe c te d . A t a t im e w h e n w a r d e m a n d s are fo rcin g a ll a cid p la n t sc h e d u le s, th is a r tic le is p a r tic u la r ly tim e ly .

H e a t tra n sfer w e h a v e a lw a y s w ith u s. T h e d esig n ch a r a c te r ­ istic s o f h e a t tra n sfer b e tw e e n fluid s a n d so lid s w ill b e d e v elo p ed in so m e d e ta il. A p p lic a tio n s are w id e ly d istr ib u te d , b u t for th e m o m e n t p erh a p s t h e m o st r e c e n tly p r o m in e n t is t h e so -c a lle d fluid c a t a ly s t n o w w o rk in g w o n d ers in a v ia tio n fu e l. O f c o u rse, th e fa m ilia r checkerw O rk ex ch a n g ers a lso fit t h e sa m e s itu a tio n and c a n b e d esig n ed o n th e sa m e b a sic d a ta .

D is tilla tio n an d t h e d esig n o f fr a c tio n a tio n e q u ip m e n t c o m e up for fu r th er d isc u ssio n . T h e p r o b le m ta c k le d is y ie ld s in b a tc h r ectific a tio n as r e la te d to h o ld u p in t h e c o lu m n . B o t h b in a ry and m o re c o m p lex m ix tu r e s are s tu d ie d .

T h e r m o d y n a m ic p r o p erties in t h e liq u id s t a t e are u sed in g en ­ e r a liza tio n s o f w id e a p p lic a tio n . F r o m a m in im u m o f d a ta d i­

r e c tly d ete r m in e d , t h e m e th o d s d esc rib ed p e r m it t h e ca lc u la tio n o f v a lu e s o f o th e r p r o p e r tie s o f liq u id s an d v a p o r s w ith su ffic ien t a ccu ra cy t o se r v e as u se fu l a p p r o x im a tio n s fo r m a n y p u rp o ses o f d esig n w h ere a v a ila b le d a ta are fr a g m e n ta r y or u n relia b le. T h is a b ility t o ex p a n d an d t o ch e c k d a ta in reg io n s w h e r e d ir e c t d e te r ­ m in a tio n o f v a lu e s is d ifficu lt is p r o v in g e s p e c ia lly u se fu l in th e se d a y s w h en d esig n an d c o n str u c tio n m u s t g o fo rw a rd ah ead o f p recision m ea su rem en ts.

F ro m su ch o b str u se th e r m o d y n a m ic s w e n e x t w ill g o t o t h e a p ­ p a r e n tly h o m e ly p ro b lem o f p r e se r v in g p o w d ered c itr u s ju ic e s.

C a ra m eliza tio n o f su g a r in p re p a r a tio n s w ith c itr ic an d ta r ta r ic a cid s p roceed s a t r e la tiv e ly lo w te m p e r a tu r e s. A p p a r e n tly sto r ­ a ge a t th e te m p e r a tu r e s c o m m o n ly e n c o u n te r e d in th is g lo b a l w ar m a y lead to d isa g re ea b le c h a n g e s in su c h m a te r ia ls. T h e p iece o n th is su b je c t, w h ich c o m es fro m S o u th A fr ic a , s u g g e s ts w a y s t o p r e v e n t or m in im iz e th e s e ch a n g es.

C ellu lo se fibers, w e s h a ll learn , se e m t o o w e th e ir sh e e t-fo r m in g a b ilitie s t o th e ir h y d r a tio n w h ic h is c o n n e c te d w ith t h e h y d r o x y l g rou p s in th e ir m o lecu les.

E q u ilib riu m d a ta s y s te m s o f tw o liq u id p h a se s h a v e b e e n d e te r ­ m ined as t h e y are a ffec ted b y v a lu a tio n s o f te m p e r a tu r e . T h e im p o r ta n c e o f s y s te m s o f t h e k in d lie s in t h e w id e n in g u se o f liq u id e x tr a c tio n p ro cesses in in d u str ia l o p e r a tio n s su c h a s th e s o lv e n t refin ing o f lu b r ic a tin g o ils an d a g r o w in g lis t o f o th e r s.

S tr ess-str a in c h a r a c te r istic s o f s y n t h e t ic e la sto m e r s are b e­

c o m in g in c r e a sin g ly im p o r ta n t as th e ir u ses ex p a n d . D a t a on v in y l p o ly m e r s v a r io u s ly p la stic iz e d w ill b e g iv e n .

V ap or c o m p o sitio n s o b ta in e d fro m b in a r y s o lu tio n s (v a p o r - liq u id eq u ilib r iu m d a ta ) w ill b e g iv e n for so m e t w e n ty -fiv e d if­

fe r e n t b in a r y so lu tio n s n o t h e r e to fo r e rep o rted . A n d , o f co u r se , th e r e w ill b e m o re, m u c h m o re.

Yo u r Hu m b l e Sp y 8

M a r c u , i s « ^{i h u u o T R I A L a n d e n g i n e e r i n g c h e m i s t r y 9}

• S ta n d a r d f a c to r y - a s s e m b le d G irb o to l p l a n t s o f f e r lo w c o s t 'p u r i f i c a t i o n f o r m a n y a p p lic a ­ tio n s t h a t m a y n o t r e q u ir e la rg e , in d iv id u a lly e n g in e e r e d p la n ts . T h e s e c o m p a c t, e a s ily - e r e c te d s t a n d a r d u n i t s a r e d e ­ s ig n e d in s i x s i z e s .

T h e G i r b o t o l P r o c e s s h a s p ro v e n t h e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l m e t h o d k n o i v n f o r re m o v in g a n d r e c o v e r in g a c id g a s e s , su c h a s h y d r o g e n s u lf id e a n d c a rb o n d io x id e , f r o m g a s e o u s m ix tu r e s a n d liq u id h y d r o c a r b o n s .

T h e G ir d le r C o r p o r a tio n a lso o f f e r s s e v e r a l o t h e r p ro c e s s e s f o r p u r if y in g , s e p a r a tin g , r e ­ f o r m in g o r d e h y d r a tin g m a n y g a s e s .

P r o c e s s e s f o r t h e e c o n o m ical m a n u f a c t u r e o f g a s e s s u c h a s h y d r o g e n a n d c a r b o n m o n o x id e a r e a v a ila b le .

A n y o n e w h o h a s a p ro b le m in ­ v o lv in g a n y o f t h e g a s e s l i s t e d a t t h e r i g h t , o r m i x t u r e s o f th e s e g a s e s , is u r g e d to w r ite f o r f u r t h e r d e ta ils .

P r o d u c t i o n , P u r i f i c a t i o n , S e p a r a t i o n , R e f o r m i n g o r

D e h y d r a t i o n o f Hy d r o g e n Su l f id e

Ca r b o n Mo n o x id e

Bl u e Wa t e r Ga s

Or g a n ic Su l f u r

Ca r b o n Dio x id e

Hy d r o c a r b o n s

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a n d v a r i o u s m i x t u r e s .

Processes for

I f * G I R D L E R C O R P O R A T IO N

S P E C I A L I S T S I N B E T T E R G A S P R O C E S S E S

GAS PROCESSES DIVISION • LOUISVILLE, KY.

THE JACKET COMPLETELY SUR­

ROUNDS THE PORT OPENINGS AS WELL AS THE BODY PROPER.

THE T R A N SM ISS IO N OF V ISC O U S

M A T E R I A L S T H R O U G H L I N E S A N D F I T T I N G S

THIS EDGE OF THE DISC REMAINS IN CONTACT WITH THE INNER BODY WALL, CLEANING THE SEATS AND ASSURING TIGHT CLOSURE

THE DISC IS NOT AFFECTED BY EX­

PANSION OR CONTRACTION OF THE VALVE BODY.

T h e R e e d J a c k e te d s e m i-s te e l V a l v e h a s b e e n e s p e c ia lly d e s ig n e d f o r th e h a n d lin g o f viscou s m a te r ia ls , a n d th e e ffe c tiv e ja c k e tin g d e s ig n p lu s th e e x c lu s iv e e a s y o p e r a tin g a n d tig h t s e a tin g fe a tu r e s , a ssu re d e p e n d a b le , tr o u b le - fr e e s e rv ic e . T h e R e e d V a l v e re q u ire s n o lu b r i­

c a tio n , a n d m a in te n a n c e costs a re a n e g lig ib le f a c to r .

THE DISC IS LIFTED DIRECTLY AWAY FROM THE SEAT BEFORE IT STARTS TO MOVE TO THE OPEN POSITION, ASSURING EASY OPERATION

N

“ o p ’s ” b o y s w a n t to k n o w th is b e c a u se , a s G . E . p o in ts o u t, a r ig h t se lectio n ca n e lim in a te t h e m a ss iv e fire w a lls an d th e in tr i­

c a te arran gem en ts for p u sh in g a d r iv e th r o u g h th e b a rrica d e w ith o u t a b it o f a tm o sp h e re sh o w in g th r o u g h .

G e ttin g a w a y from u n con fin ed g a se s to t h e jo b o f p u sh in g th e m around p ip es in resp o n se to D V p/n (and a lso r e s p o n sib le t o it ), th e E llio t t C o m p a n y h as a sm o o th m e ssa g e w h ich w ill ta k e a few b u m p s o u t o f th e ta sk o f p ick in g a b lo w er.

S p ea k in g for m y se lf, I lik e to read t h e a d s o f t h e A lu m in u m C o m p a n y . T h e y a lw a y s h a v e a m e ssa g e , u su a lly te a c h so m e ­ th in g , g iv e m e fa c ts. A n en g in eer a p p recia tes th a t . E x a m p le s are th e tw o in th is m o n th ’s issu e. O n e p o in ts o u t th a t an a lu m i­

n u m a llo y ro o f w ith s to o d n in e y e a r s o f a tta c k b y sou r d istilla te on o n e sid e , an d d irt, s o o t, and e le m e n ts o n t h e o th e r . T h e n , to o , th e A lorco D iv isio n p o in ts h o m e a s to r y o n t h e n e c e s s ity o f n o t sw e a tin g in th e m ercu ry-arc rectifier rep air r o o m . B y u sin g a c tiv a te d a lu m in a s, g a se s m a y b e d ried a t e ith er a tm o sp h e r ic pressure or u p to 3000 p o u n d s per sq u a re in ch . M o is tu r e , t o a d ew p o in t o f —1 1 0° F ., is c o m p le te ly r e m o v e d . S u c h a d s m a k e a m an th in k , g iv e h im t h e s h o v e to s ta r t h is m in d so a r in g and

“ im a g in eerin g ” .

I f y o u w a n t a q u ick c o n str u c tio n j o b o n c o rro sio n -p ro o f v a ts , su ch as p ick lin g ta n k s, co n sid er th e m e ss a g e from t h e P e n n s y l­

v a n ia S a lt C o m p a n y . B y u sin g th e ir P en ch lo r a c id -p r o o f c e m e n t, a to u g h , la stin g b o n d is m a d e an d t h e c e m e n t s e ts q u ic k ly — b u t good .

T h e M ar le y C o m p a n y sp e c ia liz e s in c o o lin g to w e r s; ju d g in g b y th e m a p t h e y h a v e p rin te d , sh o w in g th e in sta lla tio n s in cer ta in p arts o f th e w orld for th e arm ed fo rces in lib e r t y ’s c a u se , t h e p rep aration t o p u t a c o u p le o f “ h o t-s h o ts ” o n ic e are e n o r m o u s.

M a r le y ’s b u sin ess h a s in crea sed so m u c h t h a t i f 1941 w a s 1, 1943 is 6. P erh a p s t h a t c h ill H itle r h a s isn ’t o n ly fro m a R u ssia n w in ter.

T e le g ra m to th e F a ir b a n k s-M o r se C o m p a n y : “ P le a se se n d a ig - a sc a le q u ick . F ro m th e lis t o f th in g s y o u m e n tio n in th is m o n th ’s ad, it can d o m ore th in g s th a n m y p la n t m a n a g e r .”

C algon , to th o se o f ou r p ro fessio n w h o are ru n n in g p u lp an d p aper m ills, is b eco m in g in c r e a sin g ly im p o r ta n t. L o o k i t u p in th is m o n th ’s ad. T h e r e , y o u w ill se e t h a t 2 - 1 0 p. p. m . o f C a lg o n w ill in h ib it corrosion o f iron in t h e feed w a ter; 3 0 - 4 0 p . p. m . w ill im p r o v e p u lp w a sh in g in t h e p it, 0.5 - 1 .0 per c e n t w ill d o w on d ers in d isp ersin g p ig m e n ts in c o a tin g o p e r a tio n s, a n d 1 0 - 2 0

p. p. m . h elp s d isp erse siz e s in t h e b e a te r . C a lg o n is th e tr a d e n a m e for g lo ss y so d iu m p h o sp h a te p ro d u cts.

Ph i l T . Pr e s s

R E E D V A L V E D IV IS IO N

of the REED ROLLER B IT C O M P A N Y

P .O . B O X 2119 H O U S T O N , T E X A S

10

M a r c h , 1 9 4 3 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y ^{1 1}

Y ou need never worry about vibration o r strain loo sen in g a welded joint.

■*J4

SLAG ACCUMULATION

Butt w eld s with Tube-Turn fittin gs virtually elim in a te danger of slag.

G A S K E T C H A N G E S

F ew er flanged joints m ean less gaskets— save m aterials and time.

WORN THREADS

Threading thins and w eak­

en s m etal— causes failures.

w t o e l i m i n a t e

t h e s e P i p i n g t r o u b l e s

t l,a t t e m p e r w a r w o r k :

'Q etdu tO U

T U B E - T U R N

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F , T t ' N G S

Tube-Turn fittin g s resist corrosion becau se o f better m etal structure.

I N E F F I C I E N T F L O W

Easy sw eep in g radius and no o ff­

se ts in sid e m ean le ss pressure loss.

r

10

3

INDUSTRYI' F I R S T '

L E A K A G E R E P A I R S

N o chance of loose connections or leak s w ith Tube-Turn fittings.

F I T T I N G REPLACEMENT

T h ere’s far less tim e lo ss or replacem ent ex p en se w ith Tube-Turn w eld in g fittings.

T he more w eld in g fittin g s used, the few er bolts there are to tighten.

S L O W IN S T A L L A T IO N

Tube-Turn fittin g s lin e up perfectly;

a llo w fast, sim p le, easy butt w elding.

T U B E - T U R N

T

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p h i a , P itts b u r g h , C le v e la n d , D a y to n , W a sh in g to n , D . C ., T u ls a , H o u s to n ,

Los

D istributors in principal cities.

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A N E W F R O N T I E

I N A N O I L D R O P

B R I S T O L . .

brings to new refining problems the broadest e x p e ­ rience w ith autom atic control of chem ical processes

P e tro le u m refineries are ta k in g a n in c re a s­

ing p a r t in th e p ro d u c tio n of th e raw m a te ria ls for chem ical processing. S y n th e tic ru b b e r, a v ia tio n gasoline, p lastics, cooling liq u id s a n d alcohols — all p o in t to w a rd a new er, closer co o p eratio n b etw een oil refinery a n d chem ical process p la n t.

T h is m a y m ean, for executives in b o th fields, ad d itio n a l su p e rv iso ry w orries arisin g from a new co m p lex ity o f o p e ra tin g v ariab les affecting cost, q u a lity a n d p ro d u c tio n . . . w orries w hich m a y o fte n be solved m ost efficiently b y new a p p lic a tio n s o f a u to m a tic con tro llin g an d recording in stru m e n ts.

B risto l engineers h av e , over th e years, gained w ide experience in a p p ly in g a u to m a tic co n tro l in stru m e n ts to chem ical processes.

T o d a y , B risto l In s tru m e n ts are w idely used in m a n y o f th e m o st progressive p la n ts in th e co u n try .

B R IS TO L

M a n y chem ical p la n ts , t h a t h a v e w orked w ith B risto l engineers on processes involving tim e , te m p e ra tu re , liq u id level, pressure, v a c u u m , p H v a lu e , h u m id ity a n d flow, are now sav in g p recio u s ra w m a te ria ls a n d m a n ­ pow er b y in su rin g t h a t process eq u ip m e n t w ill o p e ra te on th e e x a c t p ro d u c tio n schedule p la n n e d for b e s t re su lts. I n c e rta in cases, B ris to l’s C o o rd in a te d P ro cess C o n tro l has been a p p lied to c ritic a l fa c to rs n e v e r before co n tro lled , or h a s a u to m a tic a lly con tro lled e n tire processes w ith m a th e m a tic a l precision.

A t th e sam e tim e , B ris to l’s specific ad v an ces in in d iv id u a l in s tru m e n ts h a v e o fte n add ed new co n tro l re fin e m e n ts to ex istin g system s.

I f y o u a n tic ip a te p la cin g a new p ro d u c t in to p ro d u c tio n , or a re ex p erie n cin g control difficulties in p re s e n t o p e ra tio n s, a n o te on y o u r le tte rh e a d w ill b rin g a B risto l engineer to c o n su lt w ith y o u w ith o u t co st o r o b lig atio n .

A U T O M A T I C C O N T R O L L I N G A N D R E C C I

BRISTOL S PRESSURE RECORDER CONTROLLER

BRISTOL S

TEMPERATURE RECORDER

TOWER OVERHEAD

O I L R E F IN IN G VACUUM R E R U N D ISTILLA TE

3 Reasons for Top Perform ance of B ristol’s Pyrom aster in V acuum Rerun D istillate U nit

T h e in sta lla tio n s sh o w n o n t h is d ia g ra m in clu d e B r is to l c o n ­ trollers and recorders o f te m p e r a tu r e , p ressu re an d flow , a s w e ll as B r isto l’s S y n c h r o -V a lv e d e sig n e d for a c c u r a te resp o n se t o B ristol’s F ree-V a n e C o n tr o l. B r is t o l’s P y r o m a s te r fe a tu r e s p r o m i­

n en tly in th e su c c e ss o f t h is a p p lic a tio n , o w in g t o (1) a b se n c e o f sparking hazard from o p e n c o n ta c ts , (2) ea se o f a d ju s tm e n t, w ithou t rem o v in g c h a r t or c h a r t d ia l, or in te r r u p tin g p ro cess, and (3) lo w m a in te n a n c e c o s t, sin c e n o o ilin g or g rea sin g is necessary, and n o p a r ts m o v e e x c e p t w h en rea d in g ch a n g e s.

A Bristol Differential Pressure Controller Insures Right Steam Input in 30-Plate Separation S till O f th e m a n y d ifferen t t y p e s o f a u to m a tic co n tro l sy s te m s designed b y B r isto l en g in e e r s for s till o p e r a tio n , o n e n o v e l t y p e is show n to th e r ig h t. T h is s y s t e m h a s p r o v e d t o b e e x c e e d in g ly satisfactory on a 3 0 -p la te c o lu m n for se p a r a tin g fo r m a ld e h y d e solution and a lc o h o l.

A F ree-V an e D iffe r e n tia l-P r e ssu r e C o n tro ller c o n n e c te d to th e b ottom and to p o f t h e c o lu m n r e g u la te s t h e ste a m in p u t t o th e still to m a in ta in a c o n s ta n t o u tle t te m p e r a tu r e . T h e D iffe r e n tia l Pressure C o n tro ller “ f e e ls ” c h a n g e s in “ fe e d ” im m e d ia te ly a n d increases ste a m in p u t, m a k in g flo o d in g o f t h e c o lu m n in t h is case m uch less lik e ly .

Bristol’s Instrument Co., Ltd. T H E B R I S T O L C O M P A N Y

1 0 9 B r is to l R o a d , W a t e r b u r y , C o n n .

The Bristol Co. of Canada, Ltd.

Toronto, Ontario

1 4 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I ---

Red head

Special grades of Eagle Red Lead are available for the paint, storage battery, ceramic and varnish Industries.

Pb3 O4 content accurately maintained to meet exact re­

quirements of each industry.

Litharge

Eagle Milled Litharges are exceptionally high standard lead oxides. They are finely ground, low In Impurities and light brown In color. Available In special grades to suit each Industry.

Sublimed Litharge

A fumed, amorphous, light canary yellow monoxide of lead (PbO) of low apparent density. Purest and smallest particle size type of Lead Oxide on the market.

Orange Mineral

Eagle Orange Mineral has a definite orange tone and Is noted for Its strength, fineness, and uniform color.

95% minimum. Outstanding for paints, colors, Inks.

Zinc Oxide

Eagle Zinc Oxide AAA Is especially designed for use wherever a lead-free, American process zinc oxide Is required. Exceptionally white and bright pigment, hav­

ing excellent tinting strength and opacity. Produced In a series of varying paint viscosity ranges.

Leaded Zinc Oxides

A complete line of all types and grades, notably Eagle AA 5% Leaded Zinc Oxide; Eagle A 35% Leaded Zinc Oxide; Eagle 50% Leaded Zinc Oxide.

White Lead Carbonate

Three types of Eagle Dry White Lead Carbonate are produced. Unite chemically with linseed oil to form an elastic, deep-anchoring, long-wearing paint film.

Sublimed White Lead

For years, the standard basic sulphate of white lead. For the paint or rubber Industries. Exceptionally white and bright. Conforms with ASTM and government specif cations.

Lithopone

A precipitated white pigment of normal or regular type.

Three general grades — A, AA, AAA, signifying low, medium and high oil absorption respectively. Has a clean, white color.

Titanated Lithopone

Eagle Titanated Lithopone is a precipitated white pig­

ment blended with 15% Titanium Dioxide. Available in grades to suit Individual requirements.

Lead Silicate

Eagle Lead Silicate is especially designed for the ceramic Industry and is outstanding for uniformity, high purity and advantageous physical properties. Free from un- comblned lead oxide and silica. Granular particle size,- remarkably dustless.

* * *

A b o v e p r o d u c ts a r e in c lu d e d in t h e c o m p r e h e n s iv e lin e o f zin c a n d le a d p ig m e n ts m a n u f a c t u r e d b y T h e E a g le -P ic h e r L e a d C o m p a n y f o r t h e p a in t , c h e m ic a l, v a r n i s h , s t o r a g e b a t t e r y , r u b b e r , c e r a m ic a n d o t h e r p ro c e s s in d u s t r ie s . E a g le -P ic h e r r e s e a r c h f a c i lit i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e t o m a n u f a c ­ t u r e r s o n r e q u e s t. W r i t e f o r f r e e s a m p le s a n d l i t e r a t u r e .

EA GLE-PICH ER

I n d u s t r i a l P i g m e n t s

PICHER

THE EAGLE-PICHER LEAD COMPANY

G e n e r a l O f f i c e s . C i n c i n n a t i , O h i o

I I K l t h e q u i c k - s e t t i n g , a c i d - p r o o f c e m e n t w i t h o u t c r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e p o i n t s . . .

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“V itric -1 0 ” q u ic k -se ttin g , a c id -p ro o f c em en t saves days of p re c io u s tim e in p u ttin g a c id -p ro o f m aso n ry co n stru ctio n in to use.

N o t only can n ew ly -b u ilt a c id -p ro o f m a so n ry be ready to use w ith in th e am azingly s h o rt p e rio d o f 24 to 36 h o u rs, b u t actu al c o n s tru c tio n tim e itse lf is speeded u p im m e asu rab ly . W ith th e average air- drying cem e n t o n ly a few c o u rse s o f b ric k can be la id per day, le st th e s lo w d ry in g c em e n t be squeezed o u t of the lo w e r c o u rse s o f b rick . W ith “ V itric -1 0 ” , how ever, th e n u m b e r o f c o u rse s o f b ric k la id is lim ited only by th e sp ee d a n d ab ility o f th e m ason.

“ V itric -1 0 ” h a rd e n s e n tire ly by in te rn a l ch em ical reaction, ta k in g an in itia l set w ith in 20 to 25 m inutes and a final set w ith in 24 to 36 h o u rs. N o artificial heating o r d ry in g is re q u ire d . U n lik e th e average cem ent w h o se surface d ry in g ra te is m o re ra p id th a n th e i n t e r i o r r a te , “ V i t r i c - 1 0 ” h a r d e n s u n if o r m ly th ro u g h o u t th e jo in ts an d b e h in d th e b ric k , w ith a m inim um o f sh rin k a g e .

“ V itric -1 0 ” b o n d s tig h tly to m o st c o n s tru c tio n m aterials. It is im m u n e to all acids, h o t o r co ld , in any c o n c e n tra tio n (h y d ro flu o ric acid e x c e p te d ) as w ell as to h o t o r c o ld salt s o lu tio n s o f all stre n g th s (except th o se p ro n e to excessive cry stal d e v e lo p m e n t).

“ V itric -1 0 ” p o sse sse s u n u su a l m e c h a n ic al s tre n g th

w ith m in im u m p o ro sity ; ex ce llen t re sista n c e to a b ra ­ sio n ; is unaffected by a b ru p t te m p e ra tu re c h a n g e s; a n d is sim p le to h a n d le a n d use.

O T H E R " U . S . A C I D - P R O O F ” C E M E N T S F O R S P E C I A L U S E S

“ P r e -M ix t ”— r e q u ir e s o n ly th e a d d itio n o f w a te r .

“ P o r tit e ”— s u lp h u r b a se h e a t-a n d -p o u r ty p e c e m e n t.

“ V it r ic ” F ir e -p r o o f C e m e n t— f o r a c id c o n d i t i o n s c o n t in u ­ o u s ly a b o v e 5 0 0 d e g . F.

“ D u r a lo n ” — a n e w s y n th e tic r e s in c e m e n t , c o m p le t e ly n o n - p o r o u s , w it h h ig h c o m p r e s s iv e a n d t e n s ile s t r e n g t h .

W it h U .S . S to n e w a r e ’s “ U s s c o ” A c id - B r ic k a n d o u r w i d e r a n g e o f a c id - p r o o f c e m e n t s su ita b le c o m b in a t io n s c a n b e fo u n d t o w o r k s a tis fa c to r ily u n d e r t h e m o s t s e v e r e o p e r a t in g c o n d it io n s .

W ould you like a sample o f'V itr ic - 1 0 ” or other U.S. Stoneware acid-proof cements fo r your own tests? Or a d d itio n a l literature?

Please fe e l fr e e to write, w ithout obligation, to U.S. Stoneware Company, Akron, Ohio. In Canada: Chamberlain Engineering, L td ., Montreal.

E W A R E

A K R O N , OHI O

T U R E R S • E R E C T O R S O F C O R R O S I 0 N - R E S I S T A N T E Q U I P M E N T