Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 36, No. 4

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(1)PROCESS tQ U lP M E N l Announcing tlie addition o. PROCESS. EQUIPMENT. tio n a tin g L o lu m n s ,. n eat. Exck angers, Vulcanisers and H ig k Pressure V a lv es, to complete the P O R X E R line of 1Better-Built" Equipment. ijfirti"!uiiiwuwuj.i». ’ **"*. P I T T S B U R G H , P E N N S Y LVA N IA Factories:. -. P O RTER. Equi^jpent.

(2) W H A T OF. IS. THE. PFAUDLER. RE At GLASS. “Pfaudler glass (Silica base) enam els are resistant to all acids (except HF) at any concentration an d a t tem p eratu res up to approxim ately 6 0 0 ° F .," states P. S. B arnes, M an ag er of C hem ical Sales for The P faudler Com pany.. To illustrate the real resistivity of Pfaudler glasses, we suggest that you study the tests we recently con ducted on this point. C ertain of our cover glasses, w ere formed into irregular rectangular shapes of solid glass, and w ere subjected to the action of various acids for a definite period of time, and under the conditions outlined. It should b e understood that the following figures indicate a m easurem ent of resis tivity of Pfaudler glass rather than the actual life of glass-lined equipm ent. T h e results were as follows:. A. Dilute lactic acid boiling for 720 hours: The loss of weight on the immersed sam ple of our glass indicated by exact m easurements that the approximate life of the glass would be 62.2 years. B. Dilute phosphoric acid boiling for 720 hours: The loss of weight on the immersed W idely used for m aking p h arm aceu tical preparations, Pfaudler glass-lined steel keeps p ro d u cts £ree from dissolved m etals th a t m ig h t im p air potency.. RESISTIVITY E N A M E L S '. sample of our glass indicated by exact measurements that the approxim ate life of the glass would be 42.8 years. C. Distilled water boiling for 720 hours: The loss of weight on the imm ersed sam ple of our glass indicated by exact measurements that the approxim ate life of the glass would be 244 years. These figures a re rather startling w hen related to the practical results obtained with any type of corrosion resistant equipm ent, but we give you the examples to show that the glass itself does not have lim ited fife in the presence of many acids. W e test each indi vidual smelt of our glass enamels. This is done by boiling in H C1 a n a s s e m b le d com bination of test d ish e s. T he a tta ck , U nending re s e a rc h a n d co n stan t testimg i f a n y , o f t h e H C 1 ----V i i .v i j j ■DOtll I I I t n e JJ.CJU.lCl cLXICL v a p o r p h a . S e S __is ,. are b a sic w ith Pfaudler. Illustrated here is im pact te ster to d eterm in e e n am el hardness a n d resistivity to m ec h an ic a l shock. op erato r adjusts the a rc to produce different d e g re es of in c h pounds.. th e n m e a su re d . THE PFAUDLER CO ., Rochester 4, N. Y.. Note the nu m b er and position of the openings in this reactio n kettle equipped w ith ele ctrica l h e atin g units to deriv e 6 0 0 ° F. tem p eratu re for polymerization of linseed oil. O u r en g in eers a re a t your service to d esign glass-lined steel units th a t facilitate your production..

(3) E D IT O R :. W ALTER. Associate Editor: F.. J.. M URPHY. J . V A N AN TW ERPEN. Contributing Editor: D. H . Assistant to Editor: N .. KlLLEFFER. A . P A R K IN S O N. E D I T O R I A L S ................................................................................................. .................................. 2 8 9 H yd rog e n a tio n o f Coal (Round Table Discussion). Dom estic Coke from Illin o is Coals. Manuscript Editor: M ake-up Editor:. H ELEN K . N EW TO N. B E R T H A R EY N O LD S. Manuscript Assistant:. STELLA AN D ERSO N. Advisory Board. . . . . H . H .. Storch et al.. O riska n y N atural G a s ..........................................A . J. W . H e adlee and James L. H a ll .. .. Significance o f Criteria o f Coal Plasticity .. .. 291 299. Frank H . Reed and H a ro ld W . Jackman. 304. H . H . L o w ry and C . O . Junge, Jr.. 308. B ic y c lo [2 ,2 ,1 ]heptane and B ic y c lo [2,2,1 ]-2 -h e p te n e. .. .. .. Charles L. Thomas. Designing Condensers ........................................................R. E. Peck and L. A . Bromley. 310. 312. W ater Sorption b y Cornstarch and Commercial M o d ific a tio n s o f Starches . . . . L. Sdir and W . R. Fetzer. 316. S ta b ility o f Carotene A d d e d to S o lid C a r r i e r s ...................................................................... Emanuel Bickoff and Kenneth T. W illiam s. 320. A n a ly s is o f F iltration D a t a ............................................................................ D. R. S perry. 323. W . L. Badger. H . R. MURDOCK. H . E. Ba r n a r d. A . S. RICHARDSON. Recovery o f Sulfur from Sulfur D io x id e in Waste G a s e s ................................................. T. F. Doumani, R. F. Deery, and W . E. Bradley. W . A . SCHMIDT. O p tic a l Rotation o f Pennsylvania L u b r i c a n t s ..................................................................... F. L. Carnahan, R. E. Hersh, and M . R. Fenske. 333. Influence o f Z in c O x id e on Paint M o ld s .......................................... S. B. Salvin. 336 341. C. A . Br o w n e. 329. W. H . D o w. R. N . SHREVE. Gasto n. L. V . STECK. A n tifo u lin g P a i n t s ............................................................................................................................ G . H . Y oung, G . W . Seagren, W . K. Schneider, and J. C. Z eh n e r. C . M . A . STINE. Carotenoids in Corn D istillers' B y - p r o d u c t s ............................................................................ W . Baumgarten, J. C. Bauernfeind, and C. S. Boruff. 34 4. W . S. La n d is. E. C . SULLIVAN. H e a t Resistance o f GR-S. 34 8. C. S. M. L. W . WATERS. d u Bo is. C. F. KETTERING. .. .. .. . B. M . Sturgis, A . A . Baum, and J. R. V in c e n t. GR-S V u lc a n iz a te s ...............................................................A . M . N eal and P. O tte n h o ff iner. E. R. W E ID L E IN. The American Chemical Society assumes no re sponsibility for the statements and opinions ad vanced by contributors to its publications. . Copyright 1 94 4 by American Chemical Society 3 0 ,2 0 0 copies of this issue printed. 357. Buna S for W ire I n s u l a t i o n ........................................................................................................ A . R. Kemp, J. H . Ingmanson, J. B. H o w a rd , and V . T. W a lld e r. 361. A rtific ia l Fibers from Corpuscular and Fibrous P r o te in s ......................................... H a ro ld P. Lundgren and Richard A . O 'C o n n e ll. 3 70. Gas S o lu b ility and Partial Pressure N om ograph for C orrelation o f D a t a ............................ Donald F. O thm er and Robert F. Benenati. 375. Specific H e a t o f Z irco n iu m D io x id e at L o w Temperatures .. K. K. Kelley. 377. Law rence H . C orn. 3 78. Phase E q u ilib ria in H y d ro ca rb o n Systems. n -B u tan e -W a te r System in Three-Phase Region . . . . H . H . Reamer, R. H . O ld s , B. H . Sage, and W . N . Lacey. 381. G raphical S o lution o f Ternary D istilla tio n Problems . The photograph above shows the cell room at a slant chlorine plant operated by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. Liquid salt brine Is piped through the cells, and chlorine gas Is isolated by a low-voltage, hlgh-amperage direct current.. 352. Low-Tem perature F le x ib ility o f Synthetic E la s t o m e r s ........................................................ G . J. W ils o n , R. G . C h o lla r, B. K. G reen. .. .. . .. .. .. Therm odynam ic Properties o f L ig h t H yd roca rb o n s (C o rre s p o n d e n c e )............................ 3 8 4 I. & E. C. R eport (A d v t. Sect.) 5. Published by the American Chemical Society at Easton, Pa. Editorial O ffice : 1155 16th Street, N . W ., Washington 6 , D. C .; telephone, Republic 5 30 1 j cable, Jiechem (Washington). Business O ffice : American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N . W ., Washington 6 , D. C . Advertising O ffice : 332 West 42nd Street, N ew York 18, N . Y .; telephone, Bryant 9-4430. Entered as second-class matter at the Post O ffice at Easton, Pa.( under the A c t of March 3 ,1 8 7 9 , as 24 times a year — Industrial Edition monthly on the 1st, Analytical Edition monthly on the 15th. Acceptance For mailing at special rate of postage pro vided for in Section 1 1 0 3 , A c t of O ctober 3, 191 7 , authorized Ju ly 13, 1918. Remittances and orders for subscriptions and for single copies, notices of changes of address and new professional connections, and claims for missing numbers should be sent to the American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N . W ., Washington 6 , D. C . Changes of address for the Industrial Edition must be received on or before the. A s W e See It ( A d v t. Sect.). ................................... 55. 18th of the preceding month and for the Analytical Edition not later than the 30th of the preceding month. Claims for missing numbers w ill not be allow ed (1 ) if re ceived more than 6 0 days from date of issue (ow ing to the hazards of wartime delivery, no claims can be honored from subscribers outside of North Am erica), (2 ) if loss was due to failure of notice o f change of address to be received before the dates specified in the preceding sentence, or (3 ) if the reason for claim is "missing from files". Annual subscription — Industrial Edition and Analytical Edition sold ohly as a unit, members $ 3 .0 0 , nonmembers S 4 .0 0 . Postage to countries not in the PanAmerican Union $ 2 .2 5 ; Canadian postage $ 0.7 5 . Single c o p ie s— current issues. Industrial Edition $ 0 .7 5 , Analytical Edition $ 0 .5 0 ; back numbers, Industrial Edition $ 0 .8 0 . Analytical Edition prices on request; special rates to members. Tne American Chemical Society also publishes Chem ical and Engineering News, Chem ical Abstracts, and Jou rn al o f the Am erican Chem ical Society. Rates on request..

(4) IN DUSTRIAL. 4. AND. ENGINEERING. ANY A MANUFACTURER has been pleased to find his p ro d u ct could be im p ro v e d —o r his costs red u ced —w ith the ad d itio n o f a Johns-M anville Celite Filler.. M. T h e m any stan d ard g rades o f Celite M in eral F illers, fo r exam ple, have been used to in crease a p ro d u c t’s bulk, to to u g h en it, to raise its m eltin g poin{, o r to im prove its a b so rp tio n . O r, again, as w ith m atch heads, they can even h elp co n tro l the rate o f com bustion. Celite Fillers a re p u re diatom aceous silica,. CHEMISTRY. V ol. 36, No. 4. in ert, p o ro u s and cellular. T hey are ex trem ely lig h t in w eight. T hey have large surface area and lo w refractive index. T hey w ill ab so rb as m uch as 220% o f th e ir w eig h t o f liquid. Investigate the possib ilities o f p u ttin g one o r m o re o f the various g rad es o f C elite to w o rk fo r you. Jo h n s-M an v ille w ill be g lad to discuss your p ro b lem and to su g g est the m o st effective Celite F iller p o w d e r fo r your needs. W rite Johns-M anville, 22 East 4 0 th Street, N e w Y o rk 16, N ew Y ork.. Amorphous, diatomaceous, opaline silica. P R O D U C T S. JOHNS-MANVILLE. CEUTEMINERAL FILLERS.

(5) INDUSTRIAL. and. ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY. Tl. Tomorrow’s Gasoline. Reports of new high-efficiency hydrocarbon fuels continue in the headlines, and the question connected with them is the type of engine necessary for their effective use. Obviously internal combustion engines must be redesigned to realize the potentialities in new fuels since present limitations of engines are being closely approached. Extrapolation of performance curves against octane number of fuel indi cated, some years ago, the existence of limits which were then far beyond practicability. Now that they are being reached through synthesis and accurate fractionation of hydrocarbons, a question arises as to whether they are really limits. Meanwhile, practicable internal combustion turbines are freely forecast, and these will avoid many of the problems of present explosion motors, particularly that of special fuels. The first decade of peace will be filled with interest as developments now devoted to war become available to all.. Penicillin. Progress in producing penicillin approaches the point where standardization is necessary against the day when this potent drug will be generally available. Tentative steps now taken look to a pharmacopeia! stand ard of identity and potency. Interchange of production information is planned under an industry-wide agreement now being prepared by a committee of producers with the advice and help of WPB. This step, presumably with the sanction of the Department of Justice, is expected to raise production efficiencies to the level of present tests. And if reached, that improvement should make the drug available promptly to civilians. Meanwhile, rumors of success in establishing its con stitution and in its synthesis fly about freely. None of these could be confirmed up to the time of going to press. Apparently some parts of the molecule of penicillin have been determined, but its whole structure still eludes researchers. Synthesis necessarily must await the answer to that question. Some relaxation in the hitherto rigid control of meager supplies of the product is expected to give investigators freer access to the necessary material for use in research. Production schedules cannot yet take synthesis into account, and at least one manufacturer is confident that the fermentation method will survive synthetic production when, as, and if it comes.. Directly Useful Science. It is common to hear, in arguments concerning the drafting of scientific personnel, the statement that an invention coming out of the labora tories may save thousands of lives. Aside from being a correct assumption, it is an accomplished fact. But we go even farther than that in our aeelaim of the possibilities of scientific endeavor. Forgetting the good which may be forthcoming or already has put in its appearance, we sing here the praises of technological achievements in fields not so dramatic. A recent release from American Forest Products Industries, Inc., on work done at the Forest Products Laboratory reveals the following:. Phthalic Anhydride. In the days of World War I and after, phthalic anhydride was needed solely as an inter mediate in producing dyes (indigo, the phthaleins, and others). Today its usefulness has greatly extended, and in addition to dyes, it fathers solvents, plasticizers, a whole family of synthetic resins, and most recently a successful insect repellent. The latter, diethyl phthalate, possesses particular value in a war waged in insect-infested countries. Indeed, the military need is so great that stringent limitations currently prohibit phthalic anhydride for civilian purposes, and its production, already under pressure, is being pushed to the limit. Previously diethyl phthalate served as a perfume fixative, a denaturant in one specially denatured alcohol formula, and, to a limited extent elsewhere, as a solvent. Its mild odor as compared with most insect repellents (pennyroyal and citronella) suggests an important postwar outlet for it at summer resorts and vacation spots.. In the first fifteen months of the war the Laboratory completed 1200 packaging specifications, trained 6000 inspectors, the direct result being a saving of 500,000 tons of shipping space, worth 350,000,000. This adds up to one trip each for fifty 10,000-ton cargo vessels. The saving, incidentally, is more than the original investm ent in the laboratory, plus the cost of running it for more than fifty years. Fifteen billion board feet, or 45% of our entire 1943 lumber production, w ent into the boxing and crating field. B y saying on each crate an inch or two in width, or an ounce of the weight, the amazing results can be appreciated.. And to the bookies who are accepting bets on the post war race between steel, aluminum, and magnesium, the Laboratory has produced at least (Continued on page 8). /1h ¿*d&ifiAetaiiue. dufeit¡VicketnUh, cJuxnical and etcecutiu&ii*ttlte.chemicalpAodi*ci+i<j.andcUe*nicaicanlu*ni+tfisuLubuei 5.

(6) IN DUSTRIAL. AND. ENG INEE RIN G. CHEMIST RY. V ol. 36, No. 4. Y ou w ill never see ordinary m icroscopes as big as show n here and 100 times as po w erfu l as they are today — because the new electronic m icroscopes avoid the lim itations o f conventional types. Likewise, electronic h e a t ap p lied to dielectrics avoids the therm al conductivity lim itations of ordinary h eatin g m ethods — b y generating heat in the m aterial itself. T h a t is w hy y o u p robably can speed-up yo u r h e a t processing operations and im prove the quality o f your p ro d u ct w ith T herm ex h ig h frequency heat. Y ou w ill find T herm ex equipm ent highly developed, and T herm ex application engineering and lab o rato ry facilities are ready to help you now. C onsult T h e G ird ler C orporation, T herm ex D ivision, Louisville, K entucky.. THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL HIGH FREQUENCY DIELECTRIC HEATING EQUIPMENT.

(7) T h e L e a d in g M a n u fa c tu r e r o f M a te ria ls H a n d lin g a n d P o w er T ra n sm ission M a c h in e ry In d ia n a p o lis 6 , C hicago 9, P h ila d e lp h ia 4 0 , A tla n ta , D a lla s 1, M in n ea p o lis 5, S a n F ran c isco 24 , T o ro n to 8 . Offices, w areh o u ses a n d d is trib u to rs in p rin c ip a l cities. C h icag o P la n ts. O rd n a n c e P la n t. In d ia n a p o lis P la n t. • Flying and fighting seven miles up, the m odern war plane, captur ing our fascinated wonder, is the symbol and the result of vast de velopm ents in every sphere of science and industry. In th a t plane, as in the p lan t th a t built it, and throughout industry today, power is produced, applied and controlled m ore efficiently because of continu ing and accelerated engineering progress. Chains used today for aircraft controls, for tanks, trucks, jeeps and other m otive equipm ent, for conveying and m echanical power transmission throughout industry, have been vastly improved to m eet today’s exacting demands. LinkB elt engineers and m etallurgists have perfected lighter, stronger, more precisely built chains of every type, answering, even anticipating, the needs of our production and fighting forces. Now, m ore than ever, Link-Belt is the recognized source for chain, and for the en gineering service to aid in utilizing these newer, better chains to the great advantage of all industry. Consult Link-B elt on any problem relating to m echanical power trans mission, m aterials handling or con veying. You are assured of relia ble, unbiased recom m endations and of efficient, economical equipm ent. LINKSBELT CHAINS AND SPR O CK ETS for conveyors. •. for drives. •. for power transmission.

(8) Behind the Scene of Action. I. & e . c.. Reports on the Chemical World Today. ^ e c lu v o l c u fi f. thirty successful aircraft parts made from a laminated paper plastic, as strong, on a weight basis, as aluminum. I t is within the realm of possibility that this fourth entry may put in its appearance in the race of the three metals for part of the market in the postwar period.. PALMER Thermometer. it was built for I service, guaranteed accuracy a. engineers continue to function and obey orders, side by side, with the high powered engines and instruments upon which they rely. When Victory comes give the Instruments and the Men equal credit for a job well done. In PEACE time, these thermometers e same. service. and dependability Write fo r Catalog. M F R S 4 I N D U S T R I A L , L A B O R A T O R Y , R E C O R D I N G - f i D I A 1. . T K E H M O M K i E R S. 2512 NORWOOD AVE„ CINCINNATI. NORWOOD, O. C A N A D IA N BRANCH! K IN O AND C E O K & S T S » T O R O N T O. Devilish Go-Devil. We have not confirmed this report for fear it prove only a wild tale. We print it here because it involves an error such as (we thought) only editors could make. It was given us on a recent visit to the oil fields, and remembrance of things past causes us to say “revenge is sweet” and “misery loves company” . It seems that once a long time ago a go-devil was sent through an oil pipe line—according to our informant, the first to be sent through. It disappeared from sight and never reappeared. It remained a mystery. Apparently pressure drop through the line was normal, and nothing seemed to be stuck in it. Now, each go-devil is numbered, and as each is taken from the line, its number is checked and recorded. Many years later (seven according to our information), it was seen that the number of the go-devil taken out of the line did not correspond to the one that should have been received at that particular station. In vestigation revealed that its number belonged to the one that had been sent out just prior to the one expected. And so on back for seven years the numbers had been recorded and not.compared. As each go-devil reached the station, it knocked out of position the one that had been stuck and, by so doing, became the stuckee. That is comparable to an editor’s discovery that he had been mis spelling the name of his publication on the masthead. The .Correct Weigh. Training women for technical jobs in the chemical industry has at times called for ingenious methods. At one plant we visited recently, the female of the species was being impressed with the importance of zero settings. To drive this home, the instructor had the girls weigh various materials on a scale which had been doctored. Purpose of the experiment was the calculation of densities, which were naturally off. The final test called for the girl to weigh herself. After seeing how much she had suddenly gained and swearing that the scale was wrong, she recalled the lecture about zero settings. Some people have to be scared into remembering! The Right Word. Descriptive definitions have always been cultivated by the industry as a matter of course. Constantly recurring stumbling blocks are “ water-proof” and “water-repellent” . These are used not only in the textile field, but in the plastics and protective coating in dustries. A new description came to our attention at the recent meeting of the American Society for Testing Ma terials in Philadelphia. There H, K. Nason of Monsanto Chemical Company, in discussing a paper on diffusion of water through plastics, suggested that a more fitting term than either of those mentioned would be "water-imped ing” . This, he said, more nearly indicates the properties that are being described by the terms water-repellent or water-proof. (Continued on page 10).

(9) A p ril, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. E N G INEE R ING. 9. CHEMISTRY. P R O C E SSU S. Know ledge, skill an d technique w ith w hich to tackle a u e w p r o b involving gases, gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons asset. O n l y by in this field m ay a difficult problem b e solved quickly, effectively, GIRDLER en. gineers h a v e processing experi ence. They h a v e originated and developed m an y new p r a c ti c a l processes — extensively u sed to day. Their abilities and GIRDLER facilities are im m ediately av ail able. Use this practical GIRDLER experience for y o u r problems!. CHEM ICAL. Th e G IR D L E R C O R P O R A T IO N -. &. .. «. • /^ o -u ¿ U r ¿ Z C e . , / i y - \. EN G IN EER S AKD CONSTRUCTORS.

(10) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. Ç ft» to. CHECK. WELDED SEAMS in Stainless Steel. Before "inducting” a new processing vessel into war w ork exam ine its joints and w elded seams. For the life o f your equipm ent depends on the soundness o f the welds. Improper w eld in g can often be recognized w ith the naked eye. T he diagrams below may guide engi neers in detecting proper and im proper welds. T h e most practical way to elim inate the danger of im proper w eld in g is to select a fabricator having specialized experience in w ork in g w ith stainless steel. For years, S. Blickman, Inc., has devoted its large facilities m ainly to the fabrication of stainless steel equipm ent in gauges up to 3/s" thick. Our k n o w h o w assures you o f processing equipm ent w ith w elded seams that stand up under wartim e production.. poor.. p la te s o re. p o c V c t i <n. not even. o th e r w e ld s u rfa c e .. GOOP. PO O R. P a rt o f th e. fill« -. E *,n w h i c h. fo re ig n. m a tte r. m. y. s. tr u s ff*. c re v ic e s. c o lle c t.. I S' 1 1‘ *" - ' PO O R .. “ X V .. « " ? •£ *. Si. G O O D . T he fille r m e ta l ho* I a , 1- n r d o w n to th e b o tto m «U r. Í T°?« ho.íh-,nn.d1he í S " “ e t a . a n d w e a k e n e d .... SSrrîasS?® C .O O D . P r o p e r g r i n d i n g f' u ‘ h w ith . h e o r i g i n a l T a in * » h e f u l l " ' i ÿ n e » o f t h . p o re n t s h e e t a n d P r° £ s m o o th s u rfa c e w .t h th e. „ e ld w e ta. p r a c t i c a l l y i n v m b ’«. g o v e r n m e n t p r io r it y. « *. u ^ t ,o n s. A U ORDERS SUBJECT TO. These diagrams appear as part o f the Blick* man brochure “ W h at to Look for W hen ou S p e c ify S ta in le s s S te e l fo r Y o u r ’r o c e s s in g E q u ip m e n t" W r ite fo r th e brochure on your company stationery.. S . B L IC K M. A N ,. a ^i a n d P a á Í w .G /i. Bombing Industry. Combined forays by air over Nazi Europe seek to knock Germany out of the war. Despite the reported effectiveness of these continued attacks, the end result seems at times desperately slow of accomplish ment. When viewed in the light of facts, and not desires, the explanation is simple. The basic fact is that a variable and often substantial time lag intervenes between destruction of a specific ob jective and its effect on fighting power. Obviously, de struction of an army actually in the field, or of an air base with planes ready to take off, can be immediately crippling. The time elapsing between the destruction of transporta tion lines or stores of supplies in reserve and its crippling effect on an army may be as short as a few days. Equally effective blows against producing industry farther back from the front may require weeks or even months to be felt, depending upon surrounding circumstances. An assembly plant for planes, for instance, is many weeks closer to the battle front than the aluminum plant pro ducing metal from which the planes will be built. Far back in the succession from the actual battle lines are the chemical manufacturing plants. The time re quired for their destruction to be felt at the front depends on the extent of reserves of their output, either in process or in storage. Reserves may be great enough to place such plants months from the front. Thus it is not at all strange that devastation of Germany’s chemical centers by air has not yet brought collapse of her fighting forces. Deadly blows at chemical centers in Ludwigshafen, Frankfurt am Main, Merseburg, Berlin, and others are just beginning to sap the power of the Nazi war machine, and the full effect of these desolating blows is yet to come. Unlike armies in the field or their stores', chemical plants hit in vital spots cannot be quickly replaced. The gigantic compressors and reaction vessels forming the hearts of both synthetic ammonia and coal liquefaction plants, for ex ample, require materials, skill, and fabricating machines of a high order; otherwise these facilities are employed in direct production of weapons. Furthermore, every chemical plant relies upon sensitive and delicate instru ments essential to its orderly and efficient operation. These are particularly vulnerable to destruction by ex plosive or incendiary attack, and their replacement must utilize personnel and machines essential to the production of ’hundreds of other precision instruments required in battle. Obviously, too, the destruction of.a chemical plant from the air requires that bombs hit vulnerable spots. These are seldom large, although the plant itself may sprawl over the countryside. Thus, the saturation raids of the K. A. F. in past months may well have failed to put out of action these small targets now being pin-pointed by American precision bombers. In any case, full effects of destruc tion of vital German chemical plants may be expected soon. An important aspect of the bombing of industry often overlooked is the greater cost and lowered effectiveness of a second blow at a specific target. (Continued on page IS). PROCESSING EQUIPMENT. PO O R . G a s. W. mm ¡ ncI. 1 2 0 8 GREGORY AVE . W EEHAW KEN N J. TANKS-K£TIUS*CONOtNStRS-*GII*tORS.tVAPCR*TDRS.P*HS.V*TS.CTUNOERS 10.

(11) A pril, 1944. IN DUSTRIAL. AND. ENG INEE RIN G. LIGHT-AND-SHADOW TESTS, shown above in Tube Turns’ Inspection D epartm ent, instantly reveal any rough wall surfaces. Smooth inner walls are vital in welding fittings. For waves, ridges or “pockets” retard flow, increase pressure loss and accelerate corrosive and erosive action. Absence of surface irregularities perm its maximum operative efficiency, reducing maintenance. CHEMISTRY. 11. and extending the useful life of any piping system. Tube-Turn welding fittings are always m ade w ith uniform ly smootli inner walls. Continuous lightand-sliadow tests insure this superior feature in all Tube-T ura seamless welding fittings. TUBE TURNS (Inc.) L ouisville, Kentucky. Branch O ffices: N ew Y ork, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleve land, Dayton, Washington, D. C., Houston, 'San Francisco, Seattle. . . . D istributors located in all principal cities.. TR AD E M A R K.

(12) Reports on'the Chemical World Today. a* t4 P o itu m *. The highly effective first raid on the Ploesti oil installations in Rumania not only destroyed valuable and practically irreplaceable equipment, but it also required the Nazis to immobilize men, planes, and matériel to protect the spot against a repetition. A second raid would necessarily encounter stronger defense and, at the same time, would find a less extensive and more carefully camouflaged target. Moreover, a partially destroyed plant calls for rebuilding, whereas a completely desolated one need not be rebuilt and requires no protection. The law of di minishing returns thus operates against a second attack, a consideration of weight in planning long-range bombing missions. Cartels. The biggest economic battles in history will take place at the end of the war. Foremost will be the issue of public debt, discussed in these columns many times. The second major issue is that of cartels. Much is being said about the effect of cartels on our economic life and about the desirability or undesirability of having such combinations. Ranged on one side is the Department of Justice, with Wendell Berge the chief spokesman and, on occasion, Attorney General Biddle -himself. To oppose these proponents of “noncombination” in business enter prise, apparently no combination of businessmen has arisen in this country to champion the cartel. Perhaps this is because the basic philosophy of Americans prevents advocation of such a cause, but no such restriction hampers the entrepreneur of Great Britain. Lord McGowan, chairman of Imperial Chemical Industries, strikes back at Wendell Berge for the recent indictment of I.C.I. and Du Pont for violations of the Sherman Act. He said, according to Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer:. You Can Weigh Wartime Products ACCURATELY with this Automatic Machine sturdy construction provides the stamina that enables this efficient w eighing M ODERN, and packing unit to give dependable, continuous service, day in, day out, as required for wartim e production. Correct, m odern design provides the flexibility that enables these units to be used on many products ranging from those of a fine pow dered and granular nature to coarser flaked and whole products, in weights up to 50 pounds per dis charge. Edtbauer-Duplex W eighers bring speed of pack aging, accuracy and dependability to your w ar time packaging operations. Complete inform ation on request.. For over forty years I.C .I., Ltd., or its predecessor companies have pursued a policy of cooperation w ith the great American firm Messrs. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company . . . . This policy stands on two legs. The first is a patents and processes agreement under which the two companies make known to each other the fruits of their respective large research organizations in defined fields of chemical science and cross licence to one another, for use in defined countries, patents arising therefrom. The second leg is a joint investm ent under which at the present time the two companies are major stockholders in chemical manu facturing companies in Canada, Argentina and B ra zil___ I believe that this policy of cooperation has been of public benefit in the U. S. A. and the British Empire as well as in the South American companies concerned, and it provides a proto type for th at wide international industrial cooperation—particu larly between the U. S. A. and Great Britain— w ithout which the postwar period is likely to lead to chaos in place of order.. M A D E B Y T H E M A K E R S O F : Bar-Nun Ro tary Sifters, Bar-N un “Auto-Check” Weighers, D ra per Feeders, M aster Continuous M ixing Systems, V ibrox Packers, M a teria l H andling Equipm ent a n d Supplies.. E D T B A U E R ' DUP,w " —. The opposing viewpoint is best seen from excerpts of Department of Justice speeches. Berge says that cartels are the greatest threat to our success in achieving full production and employment at home. Cartels, lie holds, are a deterrent to friendly cooperation with other nations; and for a free and productive economy in the United States, the power of cartels must be broken. In effect, he states that cartels are “private economic governments which seek to divide (Continued on page S2). Rs'v,AT'c. CO M PLETE IN F O R M A T IO N O N R E Q U E ST ------v. B. F . G u m n C o * ■. ■. ENGINEERS. 415s.ciintonst.. I I l | f W W m CHICAGO, 7, ILL.. .n d M A N U F A C T U R E R S SINCE 1 872. 12.

(13) April, 1944. IN DUSTRIAL. The Votator* is. AND. ENG INEERING. CHEMISTRY. 13. ^OÜBiÆ &¿£Té Equipment!. O A t th e sa m e tim e the Votator efficiently heats or cools liquids and viscous materials . . . it mixes, blends, emulsifies, aerates or plasticizes. A t th e sam e tim e the Votator steps-up production . . . it saves equipment, space and labor. A t th e sam e tim e the Votator improves quality . . . it offers continuous, enclosed, sanitary, con trolled processing. Investigate Votators “double duty" advantages for today's critical requirements — such as urgent wartime production, in creased volume, new or difficult formulations. Let us send our confidential data questionnaire. Our specific recommendations will be returned promptly. The Girdler Corporation, Votator Division, Louisville, Kentucky. •T ra d e M ark R egistered U . S. P atent O ffice. A. GIRDLER. PRODUCT.

(14) IN DUSTRIAL. AND. ENG INEER ING. CHEMISTRY. V ol. 36, No. 4. F ig . 1708—Bronze Globe Valve for 200 pounds W .P . H as screwed ends, union bonnet, renewable seat and regrindable, renewable hard bronze semi-cone plug type disc. This valve is especially suit able for throttling service.. “ There is a valve th a t will “ d o ”—or “ there is a PO W E LL Valve th a t will do th e j o b "—w hat a vital difference in meaning. B u t as long as you have PO W E LL Engineering a t your service, you’ll n ev e r'h a v e to m ake a valve “ do”—because PO W E LL n ot only has a complete line of standard valves as listed in our general catalog b u t—PO W ELL Engineering is ready a t all tim es to offer sp e c ia lize d service. Shown here are three of PO W E L L ’S complete line of Bronze Valves. These valves are cor rectly engineered in every detail for controlling the flow of low-pressure steam, oil, w ater or gas.. F ig . 375— Bronze G ate Valve for 200 pounds W .P . H as 'Screwed ends, union bonnet, inside screw rising stem and a special hard bronze disc.. The Wm, Powell Co. Dependable Valves Since 1846. Cincinnati 22. Ohio. F ig . 500— Bronze G ate Valve fer 125 pounds W .P . H as screwed ends, screwedin bonnet and inside screw rising stem. Sizes ]/i" to z/i " are equipped w ith taper wedge solid disc; sizes 1" to 3" with taner wedee double disc..

(15) April, 1944. IN DUSTRIAL. AND. EN G INEE R ING. CHEMISTRY. 15. STAINLESS. Centiifugally Cast IW to 20 0. D. Corrosion Resisting Heat Resisting FLANGED * THREADED • PLAIN Adaptable to many oses in the Chemical Process Industries. Michigan Steel Casting Company One of the W orld's Pioneer Producers of C hrom ium -N ickel A lloy Castings. 1 9 9 9 Gu o in S t r e e t , D e t r o it 7 , M ic h ig a n.

(16) Vol. 36, No. 4. 314-ACRE SHOWROOM FOR LATEST gsmpspee. AGINE a display room covering 314 acres —and visitors allowed! A display room packed with ItheMnovery latest developments in instrum entation —and. • ' -‘'V. '. Ï) ' v •. S tij. .. '. all we can do is tell you about it! If you could visit the new P o rt Neches project, you would see hundreds of Taylor Instrum ents controlling vitally im portant processes from butadiene to latex. You would see: both Buoy ancy and Ball Float types (see left-hand photo below).. T A Y L O R L IQ U ID L E V E L C O N T R O L L E R S , T A Y L O R F U L S C O P E R E C O R D IN G. CO N TRO LLERS,. some equipped with . . . T A Y L O R P R E -A C T ,. some with the new . . .. F O U R -P O S IT IO N A U T O M A T IC -T O -M A N U A L B YPASS,. some w ith . . . T A Y L O R P N EU M A T IC S E T . M O T O S T E E L D IA P H R A G M V A L V E S. galore, with new. improved Precisors. M O T O S T E E L D IA P H R A G M M O T O R S. compressors.. on steam-driven.

(17) April, 1944. STYLES IN TAYLOR INSTRUMENTS D IA L IN D IC A T IN G T H E R M O M E T E R S . R E C O R D IN G P R E S S U R E G A U G E S . T A Y L O R A C C U R A T U S T U B IN G ,. compensated for am. bient tem peratures, and .. . T A Y L O R T H E R M O S P E E D S E P A R A B L E W E L L CON S T R U C T IO N S on all m ercury-actuated Tem perature. Recorders and Controllers. And last but most im por tant of all, in the copolymer plant, the . . . on reacto rs, devel oped for the first pilot plants and now standard equipm ent for this most critical process.. T A Y LO R SY STEM OF CO N TRO L. In short, it would make our job a lot easier if you could visit the P ort Neches plant. But failing that, see your Taylor Field Engineer. He can give detailed inform a tion on these instrum ent developments and offer prom pt deliveries! Taylor Instrum ent Companies, Rochester, N. Y., and T oronto, Canada. Instruments fo r indicating, recording, and controlling temperature, pressure, humidity, flow and liquid level. cplSglggS. si mast. J jc u u ü r I r u t r u m —. e it t ó. ----------- M E A N ------------------. ACCURACY FIRST IN. HOME. AND. INDUSTR Y.

(18) 18. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENG INEERING. V ol. 36, No. 4. CHEMISTRY. Why Fiberglas* tower packing helps double alcohol production distillery en gineers can now build rectifying columns which will convert high wines to 191.5 proof alcohol . . . in approximately half the tim e formerly required. IT H. W. f ib e r g l a s. *. t o w e r. p a c k in g. ,. Here’s the story:. unit of volume . . . light in weight . . . easy to install. Fiberglas Tower Packing can be installed up to 70% faster than other materials used for this purpose.. As most distilling engineers know, an important factor in determining the rate of distillation in a rectifying column is the am ount of surface area presented. Fiberglas Tower Packing is composed of rela tively coarse glass fibers averaging .0080" in di ameter. And these fibers present 135 sq. ft. of ex posed surface area per cu. ft. of packing. In addi A times th a t afforded by tion, the free volume is 2X other packing materials. Results have shown th a t a Fiberglas-packed column will handle more th an twice the vaporiz ation of a conventional plate column of the same diameter. Now, add five more plusses . . .. 1^ Weighing only 33^ lbs. per cu. ft., this ligliterweight packing makes costly foundations and sup ports for towers unnecessary. 2. The percentage of volume of Fiberglas, packed at its normal density of 3'A lbs. per cu. ft., is only 2.'25%. This means that the free volume is 97.75%.. O. First cost of Fiberglas Tower Packing is so low that * it is cheaper to replace with new packing than to clean and re-use the old.. a. Because this lighter tower packing comes in larger, easier-to-handle units, it can be installed about 70% faster than materials formerly used. Hours of shut-down time are thus saved!. C Being pure glass, this new-type tower packing involves no critical materials. It is available now for immediate shipment in quantity. If your problems concern rectification, fractionation, or ab sorption, write us for further information about Fiberglas Tower Packing.. .Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corporation, Toledo 1, Ohio. In Canada, Fiberglas Canada, Ltd., Oshawa, Ontario.. Design Engineers NOTE: Paicni/¡a.s been applied for the particular design illustrated by Hiram Walker Sons, Peoria, Illinois. Installation at Ton Moore Distilleries, Inc., Bardstown, Kentucky . . . However, Fiberglas Tower Packing is readily adaptable to any packed column design.. Fib e r g l a s * TOWER PACKING.

(19) rtU V l K. I iM iM. r..\ !. i in s e n t ir e p a g e is a p a n t a d v e r t is e m e n t ,. P r e p a r e d M o n t h ly o y U . Ó . I n d u s t r i a l C h e m ic a ls , I n c .. U.S.I. CHEMICAL NEWS. April. -A-. A Monthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the Solvents and Chemical Consuming Industries.. C-. 19-11. Lists Novel Uses for Claisen-Type Condensations. New Replacement for Alkyd Resins Made Available. Current L iterature Reveals Many Prom ising Fields for Investigation. Aroplaz 1306 Found Suitable for Wide Range of Interior Coatings. Serving as the “building blocks” from which an ever-widening variety of organic end prod ucts are built, such Glaisen condensation products as ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl sodium oxalacetate and ethy! benzoylacetate are now classed among the most war-important chem icals. Recent issues of C h e m i c a l N e w s have described the use of these U.S.I. products in the manufacture of critically-imporlanl atebrin, and in the synthesis of sulfamerazine, vitamin B„ dyestufls, and other products. The potentialities of the Claisen type of condensation reaction, however, reach far be yond its present use. A quick review of 1943 chemical literature, for example, will reveal 50 or more references to Claisen reactions of significance to many research chemists in the organic field. A few of the more interesting references are summarized here: Pyrazole com pounds. Sodium acetoacetic ester condenses with phenyl isothiocyanate to form the sodium salt of a-carbethoxyacetothioacetanilide. The addition of phenyl hydrazine forms the 1 -phenyl-3 -hydroxy-5 -pyrazolone anil. This may be distinguished from its isomer ] - phenyl-3-anilino-5-pyrazolone be cause with /j-nitrosodimethylaniline the latter gives a brilliant magenta colored azomenthine dye while the farmer gives only a dull bluish magenta. Am ino acids. (1) Substituted acetoacetic esters dissolved in 80% ILSO, and treated with butyl nitrite give good yields of aoximino esters. Upon reduction, these esters give amino acids or esters in 69-89% yield. Among those prepared were a-aminobutyric acid, norvaline, norleucine, aspartic acid, glu tamic acid, phenylalanine, and o-methyltryosine. (2) The condensation of aromatic diazo com pounds with compounds of the alkylacetoacetic ester type may be applied to the systhesis of «-amino acids, derivatives of 5-pyrazolone, esters of cyclic fi-keto acids, and cyclic |5-keto nitriles. The reaction has been used in the synthesis of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleu cine, and phenylalanine.. In view of the currently tight situation on phthalic alkyd resins, and the prospect that this situation will continue for the next six months, announcement of a satisfactory sub stitute has aroused wide interest in the protec tive coating industry. Cancellation of the small order exemption clause from Order M-139 has also served to quicken interest in the product. Aroplaz 1306, manufactured under a new process developed by U.S.I., has definitely established itself as a practical alternate for phthalic alkyds. It may be used for all types of interior architectural and industrial coat ings, white and colored. In water- and alkaliresistance, and in flexibility, Aroplaz 1306 compares favorably with modified phenolic and maleic resin-and-oil combinations.. (C oiiiiiiitcd on n e xt patu' ). Chocolate bar in these Arm y emergency field rations is fortified with vitam in B j. Synthesis of vitamin B, and other war-im portant compounds are using va s t quantities of ethyl form ate and other U .S .I. products.. Ethyl Ether Now Available in Quantity Although huge quantities of ethyl ether are required in the manufacture of smokeless pow der, ether production has been maintained at levels which assure availability for other war and civilian uses. As we go to press with this issue of Chemical News, the ether situation is such that U.S.I. can offer the product for sale in quantity.. Im portant Uses Because of its excellent solvent proper ties, ether is widely used as a vehicle for fats, oils, waxes, gums, resins and other materials, ft is used in extracting fats and in purifying chemicals by extraction and crystallization. It has been used for many years by the shoe, hat, and textile industries for dry cleaning and spot removal. It is also used as a reagent in the synthesis of several important chemicals. Although the special precautions necessary in using ether, due to its inflammability and tendency to form oxides, involve some incon venience, this is far outweighed by its solvent and chemical advantages. Its present availabil ity is serving to accelerate wider utilization of these advantages.. Coldr R etention Initially very pale, the staining properties of Aroplaz 1306 are so slight that white enamels can be made approaching the whiteness ob tained with alkyds. Color retention is similar to maleic resin-and-oil combinations. In gloss and gloss-retention it is superior, in both clear and pigmented films, to many alkyds. Specifications of Aroplaz 1306 are: N on-volatile : Solvent:. 75% by weight 25% by w e ig h tM ine ral Spirits. A cid Number: (solid resin) 10-20 C o lo r: (75% solids solution) 7- 9 (G-H 1933) Viscosity, (75% solids solution) Y-Zl Viscosity: (when thinned further to 50% -solids with mineral spirits) E-F W eight per ga llo n : 7.9 lbs. (at 20°C.) Reportable o il content: ¿6% by weight o f non-volatile. A vailability The current raw material situation makes Aroplaz 1306 available for prompt shipment without restriction.. Butyl A lcohol Used in New Coating Com positions Extracts V itam in E by N ovel Process New compositions containing polyvinyl ace tate, suitable both for coating and baking on metals, and for the manufacture of films, are described in a recent patent. The composition includes a melamine-formaldehyde resin which lias been heated to affect reaction with a butyl or benzyl alcohol. A second patent awarded to the same scien tists describes another group of coating com positions useful for various admixtures and similar purposes. These compositions comprise polyisobutylene and a melamine-formaldehyde resin which has previously been reacted with Imtanol.. A recently awarded patent describes the fol lowing process for making concentrated vita min E products. Soybean oil, or other vege table oils containing vitamin E are subjected to high-vacuum, unobstructed-path distillation. A fraction is separated containing most of the vitamin E and substantial quantities of the impurities contained in the oil. This fraction is then extracted with a solvent selected from a group which includes ethyl alcohol and ethyl ether. Finally the solvent is distilled off effect ing further concentration of the vitamin E.. Welcome news f o r coating m anufacturers is the announcement th at A roplaz 1306 is now ava ilab le w ithout re strictio n ..

(20) a u Vü K i lo-R-M.&IN 1 — 1 lus entire page ts a paid advertisement.. U.S.I.CHEMICAL NEWS. April. Sim ple New Color Test Detects Presence o f Sulfas Requiring only hydrochloric acid and or dinary newspaper, a new test promises to fill the need tor a quick, simple method of detect ing the presence of sulfonamide compounds in urine. Reported in a recent issue of War Medi cine, the method requires neither measurement of the reagent nor filtration of the specimen. The method utilizes the color reaction which takes place between crude cellulose and the arylamine group in the presence of acids. A blank strip of newspaper is moistened with a drop or two of the specimen; then a small drop of dilute hydrochloric acid (1:4) is placed on the moistened area. An immediate color change to yellow or orange indicates the presence of a sulfonamide compound.. Uses C hlorophyll in Air C onditioning A solution of chlorophyll in a mixture of ethyl alcohol and water is reported in a new patent to have a definite freshening effect when sprayed into the air. The solution may be used alone, or it may also be used in association with formaldehyde.. Corn Protein Plastic Substitutes for Shellac Zein, the protein extracted from corn, is dissolved in alcohol to form a lacquer-like solution which dries to a hard, tough, continu ous film. This film, according to a recent news item, is superior to shellac in water-repellancy and has taken over many applications in which shellac was used before supplies were cut off. Among the many essential war uses in which zein alcohol solutions are employed is the coating of the paper used to wrap vital air plane parts and other equipment for overseas shipment. The new lacquer is reported to be of rela tively low viscosity so that good thickness can be applied in a single coat. In addition to its insolubility in water it is said to possess com plete resistance to oils and greases. Films of the new material blush in much the same man ner as shellac.. U 60. C. I. C laisen C ond en sation s. TE C H N IC A L DEVELOPMENTS. (C ontinued fr o m preceding page). Alkylution o f ethyl acetoacetate. (1) Po tassium tertiary-amyl oxide in /-amyl alcohol used as a condensing agent gives ethyl a-isopropylacetoacetate, ethyl u-isobutylacetoacetate, ethyl a,a-diethylacetoacetate, and ethyl a,a-dibutyacetoacetate. (2) Boron trifluride used as a condensing agent gives ethyl a-isopropylacetoacetate, ethyl a-cyclohexylacetoacetate, tert-butyl atertbutylacetoacetate, and ethyl a-benzylacetoacelate from ethyl acetoacetate and the cor responding alcohol or ester. (3) Quaternary ammonium salts such as benzyldimethylphenyl ammonium chloride or the metbiodide gramine (|3-dimethyl aminomethylindole) react with the sodium derivative of ethyl acetoacetate to give alkyl derivatives. B en zo q u in o lin e derivative. P-Napthylamine and acetylacetone form an anil which, upon cyclization with HF unexpectedly gives a linear benzoquinoline. Little has previously been known about this type of compound. C oum arin derivatives. (1) Ethyl acetoace tate condenses with (J-recorcylic acid or its methyl ester, resacetophenone, or similar phe nolic compounds in the presence of aluminum chloride to form 5-hydroxy coumarins (other wise difficult to synthesize) in good yields. For example, 4-nitroresorcinol and ethyl acetoace tate, with A lC lj form 5-hydroxy-6-nitro-4methylcoumarin. (2) Ethyl acetosuccinate condenses with var ious phenols in the presence of condensing agents such as HjSO(, POCl3, P20 6, or A1C13 to form coumarin-3-acetetic acids and their derivatives. For example, resorcinol and ethyl acetosuccinate, in the presence of POCU give ethyl 4-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetate. Substituted gu an am in cs. A group of recent paptents describes the use alkali alcoholates as condensing agents in the formation of sub stituted guanamines. For example, an alkali alcoholate will cause phenyl biguanide to react with ethyl acetate to form 4-N-phenylacetoguanamine; or biguanide and methyl laurate to form lauroguanamine. T h iazolid en op yrim id en es o f barbituric acid type. The use of sodium ethoxide in etha nol as a condensing agent for the reaction of substituted malonic ester with 2-aminothiazoline makes possible the synthesis of mono substituted thiazolidenopyrimidines. These are further alkylated in the presence of alcoholic sodium ethoxide to form the disubstituted compounds which are analogs of barbituric acids such as veronal, neonal, ipral, and phenobarbital.. C. n d u str ial. 1944. Further information on these items may be obtained by writing to U.S.I. Paint brushes, in which a new type of synthetic bristle replaces hog bristle, are offered in a range of different sizes and types. N ew bristles, o f cellu lose acetate, are said to tap er lengthwise and to have exte rior channels which tend to hold and feed the pa in t, instead of the flag ends of natural bristle. (N o . 79V) U S I Rubber filters are being used w ith unusual suc cess on several c ritic a lly im portant w a r ¡obs, ac cording to inform ation recently released. Filter screens having as many as 6,400 holes per square inch can be compounded to withstand abrasion, high tem peratures, strong chemicals. (N o . 800) U S I Chem ical-resistant resu rfacin g , of concrete, wood, or brick floors, Is said to be re a d ily accomplished w ith a new patching compound. M aker states that com pound sets up ready for traffic in one hour, is resilient and resistant to chipp ing , crack (N o . 801) ing, and w ear. U S I Three new interm ediates, useful in the synthesis of dyestuffs, pharm aceuticals, and other organic chemicals are now in com mercial production. They a re : 3:4 d ich lo r toluene; 3:4 d lch lo r benzotrichlorid e ; 3:4 d ic h lo r benzoic acid. (N o . 802) U S I A new scries of coatings made of thermosetting resin-base m aterial which cures a t 300° F, is said to produce films which are insoluble In p ractically a ll organic solvents, vegetable and petroleum oils, acids and alkalies. High salt-spray abrasion, and w eathering resistance are also credited to these coatings now being offered for essential w ar work. (N o . 803) U S I Better bonding of protective coatings to steel and •ron surfaces is the stated result o f a one-operallon treatment w ith a new surface-conditioner. Product is said to in h ib it rusting p rio r to painting, and to im part a microscopic coating which as sures firm, tenacious bonding o f paint. (N o . 804) U S I A polyamino s a lt replacem ent is offered for use n the production of b o u illo n , soup, stews, etc. The product is sodium glutam ate, and is said to con tain many am ino acids de sirable from flavor and îu tritio n a l standpoints. (N o. 805) U S I A wood priming co a t, prom ising superior bondng o f high scratch-resistant finishing lacquers to urniture and other objects, is announced as a developm ent which w ill be a v a ila b le after the war. (N o . 806) U S I A new cleaner, specially form ulated fo r remov ing gummed labels from plastic glass sheets and oarts, is announced. (N o . 807) U S I Protecting concrete as w ell as brick and stucco surfaces against moisture is re ported to be fea sible w ith a new product made of irre versible in organic gels. The product is said to react with the lim e hydrate o f the masonry to form a fine, tough, w elded-on coating which permits the mas onry to breathe, but impedes absorption o f water. (N o . 808). h e m i c a l s. ,. In. c. ■ Ä Ü ■ ■ ------------------------ ........................................ CHEMICALS i ( SPlVfHTS ______ __________________________ __ EAST 42N D. ST ., N E W. YORK. 17, N . Y.. RESIHS. l l 1b r. a n ch es. SERVICE to. ALCOHOLS A m yl Alcohol Butanol (N orm al B utyl A lcohol) Fusel Oil— Refined. Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol). ACETIC ESTERS A m yl A ce tate B u tyl A ce ta te Ethyl A ce ta te. OXALIC ESTERS. S pecially Denatured— all regular Dibutyl O xalate and anhydrous form ulas Diethyl O xolate Com pletely Denatured— all regular PHTHALIC ESTERS and anhydrous form ulas Diomyl P h th alate Pure— 190 proof, C .P . 9 6 % , D ibutyl P h th alate Absolute ' Diethyl P h th alate '-Super Pyro A n ti-fre e ze OTHER ESTERS *Solox Proprietory Solvent *D iato l «ANSOLS D iethyl Carbonate Ansol M Ethyl Chloroform ote Ansol PR Ethyl Form ate. in. a ll. p r in c ip a l. c it ie s. IlS ff" /. INTERMEDIATES A cetoacetan ilide A cetoacet-ortho-anisidide A cetoacet-ortho-chloranllide A cetoacet-ortho: toluidide A cetoacet-p ara-ch loranllide Ethyl A ceto acetate Ethyl Benzoylacetate Ethyl Sodium O xalace tate. ETHERS Ethyl Ether Ethyl Ether Absolute— A .C .S .. RESINS N atu ral Synthetic. ACETONE C h em ically Pure. FEED CONCENTRATES :SC u rb ay B-G -C u rb a y Special Liquid *V a ca to n e 40. OTHER PRODUCTS Collodions Ethylene Ethylene Glycol •»Indalone Nitrocellulose Solutions U rethan ^Registered T ra d e M ark.

(21) April, 1944. The old saw, "A n ounce tion. of. preven. is w o r t h. a. pound o f cure” a p plies w ell to proc ess pipelines.. It is especially true w here it is. necessary to use clarifiers and chemical tre a t ments to remove or in h ib it m etallic contam ina tion and corrosion.. Such curatives often upset. d elicate processes and are more expensive than sim ple prevention. Begin your corrosion prevention cam paign by protecting. your. flu id. gatew ays. w ith. A loyco. St ai nl es s Steel V a l v e s — t he v a l v e s m a d e th ro u g h o u t o f the stainless a llo y you require, not just a p la tin g or trim . A loyco Valves fit any p ip ing layout because they are made in a com plete range o f types and sizes. A loyco Valves require less m aintenance because they are the products o f experienced fo u n d ry pra ctice , accurate ma chining and rig id inspection. N o th in g has been skim ped under pressure o f w ar.. Stainless Steel Valves and Fittings are. a v a ila b le. now. fo r. installa. tions on high p riorities and fo r m aintenance and repairs under M. R. O . regulations.. 'GATE VALVES * 'GLOBE VALVES Y VALVES * CHECK* .VALVES LEVER THROTTLE GATE VALVES TANK VALVES * SCREW¿ft EfTïlHOS ■FLAN6EB flTTiMGS : .'V;' . OAUS* GLASS FITTINGS -. Alloy Steel Products Company, Int.,. West Elizabeth Avenue, linden, N. J..

(22) I. &. E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. 'h J c V i a n d P o A tta a s i. and iule world industry on the basis of economic privilege. If cartels are successful in gaining a foothold in the post war world, it will be almost impossible for this nation to maintain a high level of peacetime production or to co operate in reconstruction of world trade” . These are the two poles of thought on the subject of car tels. Nothing could be farther apart, and the opposing forces are going to battle with a minimum of understanding of each other’s problems and outlook. In defining cartels and monopoly, there are many avail able sources and opinions; in a message to Congress in 1910, Taft said:. t. i. s. f. If they attem pt by a use of their preponderating capital and by a sale of their goods temporarily a t unduly low prices to drive out of business their competitors, or if they attem pt by exclusive contracts with their patrons and threats of nondealing except upon such contracts, or by other methods of a similar character to use the largeness of their resources and the extent of their output compared w ith the total output as a means of compelling custom and frightening off competition, then they disclose a purpose to restrain trade and to establish monopoly.. c. INSIDE D ATA ON. Sii Alfred Monds stated that a cartel is a “fusion, pool ing arrangement, and price convention . . . a combination of producers for the purpose of regulating . . . production and fi equently p rices.......... Sometimes it carries quotas of productions” . According to Sir Felix J. C. Pole, “cartel or association usually means an association by agreement of companies or sections having common in te rests............ designed to prevent extreme or unfair competition and allocate markets, and it may also extend to interchange of knowledge resulting from scientific and technical research, exchange of patent rights, standardiza tion of products......... Competition in quality, efficiency, and service take the place of the crude method of price cutting.” Corwin D. Edwards says that the cartel falls into three different types the association, the patent licensing agreement, and the combine—all fairly well explained by the titles. As experience has shown, the Department of Justice will probably attack along the lines of'Edwards’ definition. Antitrust proceedings will be started against associations (U. S. Alkali Export Association, Inc., was indicted for violation of the antitrust laws on March 16), combines, and patent licensing groups. Lord McGowan’s statement seems to indicate that the Du Pont-I.C.I. ar rangements fall under the latter two categories. But the Department of Justice is not without under standing of the problems facing our businessmen in world trade. Recently Attorney General Biddle gave an add less befoie the Harvard Club which showed a grasp of the situation beyond the usual. He said in part:. As used in the great All-weather Laboratory of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Get your complimentary copy now of this diagram (it’s twice letter size, and is complete with description and photographs) showing one of the most remarkable air conditioning and re frigeration plants ever built. Job in cludes ten ammonia compressors, in 3-stage hook-up, with automatic con trols for maintaining temperatures be tween 70 deg. below zero F. and 1 50 deg. above, in three chambers — one a 22 ft. dia. tunnel, 48 ft. long,arranged for stratosphere conditions! Write now to. V ÏIÏÏü C W A Y N ESB O R O , PEN N A. An American company is necessarily handicapped if it is to deal wi th a government-sponsored foreign monoply or cartel Yet we cannot and certainly we should not either withdraw from world commerce or desert our own domestic economy A world problem of th is order is not to be solved by any series of theo retical solutions. There are many forces a t work, not the least of which m ay be increased industrialization which has come to tne world . . . . We can join w ith m any in our concern for freedom of economic opportunity. There are some suggestions which can. U.S.A.. be made22. (Continued, on page 104).

(23) Many "balls” are rolled d ow n the figurative alleys o f research and production. W hen o n e scores a "strike” it should and d oes receive attention from many places. Such a o n e is. FU RFU RA L FU R FU R Y L A LCO H O L TETRA H YD RO FU RFU RYL A LCO H O L H Y D R O FU R A M ID E. Write for this Free Booklet 1.161 -3 7 °C . 1 5 7 -1 6 7 ° C . ( 9 9 % ) 5 6 °C. 1 .5 2 6 1. 49 1.35. FU RFURAL- FURFURYL .ALCOHOL - HYDROFURAMIDE . . . TETRAHYDRO FURFURYL A LC O H O L . . •.

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(25) INDUSTRIAL. A pril/ 1944. AND. ENGINEttHINCà. U n JS M i o 1 n ï. Where Locomotives. ELCH DESTRUCTION TO METALS u. Y e a r s o f s e r v ic e. f lc. s. r. / u. w. s. u. p. in v e n tin g corrosive locom otive fumes. from this railw ay loading dock have failed to im pair the E v e rd u r d u c ts in th is S an F ra n c isc o w a re h o u s e o f th e. Everdur Copper-Silicon Alloys pro. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R ailroad.. vide the corrosion-resistance of. In sta lla tio n was m ade by the Jam es A. N elson Com pany, Inc. Both w elded and riveted seams w ere used, the latter being sealed w ith brazing alloy.. C o p p er.. . p lu s these useful char a cteristics: High Tensile Strength—Everdur ap. C orrosion resistance, d u rab ility and w o rk ab ility com bine. proaches the strength of mild steel.. to recom m end E verdur for ducts, tanks, vessels and vats th at. Ready Workability — Everdur can. m ust w ithstand extrem e conditions such as those encoun. be drawn, rolled, spun, stamped,. tered in chem ical plants. O u r Technical D e p a rtm en t is a v a il. forged and pressed . . . hot or cold.. able for assistance in m eeting special problem s. T his service,. Weldability—Everdur can be read. of course, involves no obligation.. ily welded.. 4il2l. *R o g . U . S . P a t. O ff.. Everdur is made in practically all. THE. AMERICAN. BRASS. COMPANY. Subsidiary oj Anaconda Copper M ining Company General Offices: W aterbury 88, Connecticut I n C a n a d a : ANACONDA AMERICAN BRASS L t d ., N e w Toronto, O nt.. commercial shapes..

(26) 26. IN DUSTRIAL. AND. ENG INEERING. CHEMISTRY. V ol. 3 6 , No. 4. BOILER SCALE NOSELITE SODALITE ANALCITE MAGNETITE. X-RAY Dl FFRACTION A A new boiler had been in operation at the Dow Chemical Com pany at Midland, Michigan for a short tim e when a num ber o f tubes ruptured on the h ot side. W hen the tubes were sectioned, a hard scale was found. A n x-ray analysis o f this scale gave a pattern w hich was identified as containing a m ixture o f noselite, sodalite, analcite, and magnetite. Fi'om the results the boiler expert concluded (1) that the hard scale lowered heat transfer and caused excessive tem perature and oxidation o f the tube wall, and (2) that the cause o f the hard -scale was in the feed water system. T he feed water used was that returned from other boilers and was given an oil treatment— this introduced alumina and silica, w hich later reacted in the hotter areas to form the hard scale. A revision o f the o il treat m ent system elim inated the scale. Here again, is evidence o f the unusual importance o f x-ray G-E XRD Powder Camera with specimen mount. diffraction investigation, and how a seem ingly difficult problem was readily solved by a G -E XRD Diffraction Unit. Y ou, too, may have problems w hich can best be solved by x-ray diffraction. I f you wish fu ll inform ation about this unit and its applica tion to your problems, w rite or wire, today, to Departm ent N4.. The services o f our X-Ray. Diffraction Laboratory are yours for the asking.. G E N E R A L f j f ELECTRIC X -R A Y C O R P O R A T IO N 2012. JACKSON. BLVD.. CH IC A G O (12), IL L ., U. S. Av.

(27) L o o k w h a t a b ig b a b y o u r P ilo t P la n t h a d ! " It’s the aever-ending research of Am erica’s chemists and technicians which have put this country far out in front in both the developm ent and production of things for better living. Pilot Plants designed and built by Blaw-Knox have been the incubators for products and processes now requiring plants measured in acres rather than a few square feet. Blaw-Knox technical specialists can carry your process through from flow-sheet to m ass-production. Glad to consult with you w ithout fee o r o b lig a tio n . . . your request for the new catalog No. 1957, Blaw-Knox P ilot Plants, w ill bring you a copy by return mail.. § j - î-;;nox BRANCH O FFICES:. 'Wt. NEW Y O R K. CHICAGO. B L A W - K N O X E q u i p m e n t for the P r o c e s s I n d u s t r i e s : Absorbers Autoclaves Blenders Calciners Chlorinators Crystallizers Dehydrating Equipment Deodorizers Digesters Dryers. Evaporators Heat Exchangers Kettles Kilns Nitrators Oil Cracking Equipment Pilot Plants Solvent Extraction Equip. Solvent Recovery Systems Stills Vacuum Processing Equipment. BU Y U . S . W A R BONDS AND STAM PS. D IV IS IO N 2081. OF B LA W -K N O X. COMPANY. FARMERS BANK BLDG., Pittsburgh, Pa.. WASHINGTON. BIRMINGHAM. PHILADELPHIA. f if :. ■ ilF - j | jHpL > ‘•‘ M g ' .j. Stainle« Electrically H«o..£Ipilot Pla"' 51« t OU B ody'S. Autoclove. TurD. -----.

(28) 28. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENG INEERING. CHEMISTRY. V ol. 36, No. 4. L aB o u r T y p e DPL is selfrim in g , e lim in a te s n e e d for ottom o u tle ts in ta n k s a n d v a ts.. g. L E T 'S T A L K ABOUT IN A C I D P U M P S Few er kilowatt-hours p er ton of liquid pum ped m ean precious fuel con served today — dollars saved in the competitive w orld of tomorrow. There fore, the efficiency of the chem ical pum ps you b u y is a m atter of prime im portance. LaBour centrifugal pum ps, of open 'im peller type construction without sealing rings or the like, attain effi ciencies not commonly associated with centrifugal pum ps. Your own com parisons, b a se d on input a n d out put specifications, will verify that quickly. With LaBour Type "Q " pum ps, for exam ple, efficiencies in. some cases run more than 80 p er cent. Equally significant is the fact that LaBour centrifugals m aintain high efficiencies. That's b ecau se LaBour design does not d epend on close clearances or other w ear-vulnerable features. It's the result rath er of skill a n d experience g ain ed in handling the chem ical industries' most difficult assignm ents for more th an 20 years. So w henever you w ant to talk allim portant efficiency, talk to LaBour. As a starter, let us send you a copy of Bulletin No. 50 containing interest ing facts a n d useful information. W rite for your free copy today.. t h e labour co m pa n y, in c . E lk h a rt,. L aB o u r T y p e Q is n o n -p rim in g , b u t h a s su fficient a ir c a p a c ity to p re v e n t b in d in g .. CEN TRIFU GAL PUMPS.

(29) AvctHnimn 'M..... — /I c il c o o c i rm. AcíioinCM«' D EH YD RATO R. O M IO M O m .. nnçVnoi. nioiioinoiio m o m o iio in h. IC O IffO l I C I I f CM I I C M. .C h o d o o i C l W ii i i V i h .ü ïiV çt. C m o iv io ir d e. II*-. for drying in ihe liquid phase, to provide dry feed for isomerization, chlorinization and other petro chemical processes. Butane, benzol and similar organic liquids are being dried. Lectrodryers arc handling a wide range of pressures, flow rates and operating conditions. Usually, there’s a standard Lectrodryer capable of taking on such assignments. However, special machines for non-standard applications are de signed and built from the ground up. If you have a drying problem, write P i t t s b u r g h L e c t r o d r y e r C o r p o r a t i o n , 305 32nd Street, Pittsburgh 30, Pa.. D R Y air and gases, DRY organic liquids, let you work with known quantities. Chemical reactions are much more likely to follow desired narrow paths, if materials have definite moisture con tents. T h a t’s why Lectrodryers are in such de mand in the new petro-chemical and synthetic rubber industries. These Lectrodryers may be tiny laboratory models, working in pilot plants on the improve m ent of processes. Once procedures have been established, large or even giant Lectrodryers step into th a t spot in the production line. All do equally efficient, dependable DRYing. Lectrodryer units have been especially designed. LECTRODRYERS. P. I. T. T. S. DïiŸUWi». In England: Birmingham Electric Furnaces, Ltd.,Tyburn Road, Erdington, Birmingham. In Australia: Birmingham Electric Furnaces, Ltd., 51 Parramatta Road, Glebe, Sidney.. DRY. B. W IT H. U. R. A C T IV A T E D. G. A L U M IN A S. H. LE< T R O D R Y ER C. O. R. P. O. R. A. T. I. O. N.

(30) IND USTRIAL. AND. ENG INEE RING. CHEMISTRY. V ol. 3 6 , N o. 4. Sulphuric Acid Problem" Liquids ----- W h ere r e t e n t i o n o f the. s h a f t p a c k i n g is vi tal —. LEWIS VERIIH l. ACID PUMPS assure continuous, trouble-free service because their design accomplishes the. com plete isola. tion o f the liq u id p u m p e d from any contact with the shaft packing.. Designed especially for handling H 2S 0 4, Lewis Vertical Acid Pumps are successfully applied to other processes which present essentially the same problem. Built for submerged or external mounting — for intermittent or continuous operation — with manual or automatic control — capacities range upward from 20 G .P.M ., and pressures up to 1 50 feet of elevation.. CHßs. s. L6UIIS & co., inc.. st .. Louis, mo..

(31) *Keep your extinguishers in shape . . . FREE BOOK tells how! fire breaks out, there’s no time to repair or recharge extinguishers — they must be ready to hit the blaze fast! So the logical time to keep the equipment in fighting form is before the emergency. . . by systematic inspections at fixed intervals. W. hen. A method for setting up an extinguisher maintenance system in your organization is outlined in a booklet pre pared by Walter Kidde & Company. It covers all types of equipment, tells exactly what to check on each type, how often to examine and recharge. It shows how extinguishers should be placed and marked, how records should be kept. This book "Inspection and Maintenance of First Aid Fire Extinguishers”, will be sent you upon request. Write for your copy.. WALTER. KI DDE. & COMPANY,. I NC. ,. 4 30. MAIN. STREET,. BELLEVI LLE,. N.. J..

(32) 32_________________________. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 4. Re c e nt Publi cations HARDINGE. HARDINGE. METAL RECLAMATION. B U LLE TIN No. fl-A. ■CONICAL. MILLS. BULLETIN No. 13-D. Metal Reclamation. HARDINGE BULLETIN No.. HARDINGE. ia -A. HARDINGE. ROD . MILLS. B U L L E T IN N o . 3 1-C. BULLETIN No. 25-8. AGITATORS. HARDINGE. SANITATION ‘ EQUIPMENT. HARDINGE. WEIGHT. "FEEDOMETER". RECORDING. HARDINGE. BULLETIN NUMBER *3. BULLETIN N o 3 5 -8. Sanitation Equipment. COMPANY,. BULLETIN No. uu. Weight Recording Feeders. INCORPORATED. New York. 122 East 42nd Street. Chicago, 20S West Wacker Drive. ROTARY CONVEYORS. Rotary Conveyors. -. YORK,. PENNSYLVANI. San Francisco, 501 Howard Street. Toronto. 200 Bay Street.

(33) -. v V •• i =... W f f B. O l. pfłone s u r nearesl saiei offfcę, ¡Np oisligaffóri,. S T E E L. &. D I S C. D 1V I S i O N. B o rg * W a rit6 r C o r p o r a tio n S t o Se- wtit M ic h ig a n A v enue * C h ic a g # 4 , Illin o is. >--n,'*>s‘ c / a W®*0* :, y o « * ; * . . < w ". iłngersal! Sigąf*; jare " P m h w łi *»#j.

(34) • W ater conditioning tactics developed for the protection o f our invasion troops have no place in the chemical process in d u strie s ...b u t...th e re are m odern water conditioning m ethods available to industry which bring equally valuable end results. W ater that is conditioned to remove objectionable dissolved minerals, hard ness, color, odor or suspended m atter will step-up your production schedules, safeguard irreplaceable machinery and protect m aterials in process. Y our industry, so vital to the war effort, can have the protection o f Infilco equipm ent for w ater softening, clarification, filtration, dem ineralization or special conditioning...as well as Infilco chemical feeders, hydraulic controls, gel catalysts and trade waste treatm ent equipm ent. You are invited to make use o f Infilco’s 49 years experience in these allied fields. Call on our Chemical Engineering Staff. T here is no obligation.. IN C O R P O R A T E D.

(35) IN DUSTRIAL. AND. ENG IN EE RING. 'D I l I f Ń f f ó. AŃP. ;: Ö F ■-M 1» !. 'I ö U l 1 * 1 I N i : ! h • t. •. C N |M » C A l. CHEMISTRY. é U lL B fiR i'. P R O C E 5 ÍIM &. I. STRUTHERS W ELLS CO RPO RATIO N Processing equipment Division WARREN. • PENNSYLVANIA.