AND
H G I H E E R I H G C H E M I S T R Y
THE PATTERSON FOUNDRY 6 - MACHINE CO.
O O L , O H I O , U . S . A .
ror War ot Hosf-WM txperirtie.
New one-gallon Pfaudler Laboratory Autoclave increases range of laboratory and pilot plant equipment. Built for 500 lbs. internal pressure.
For high pressure experim ental work, such as polymerization and various synthesis, the new Pfaudler Laboratory Autoclave (A) permits reactions com pletely free of undesired catalysis in the liquid phase. It is equally useful in conducting reactions involving highly corrosive acids w here it is desired to measure the results of various pressures on yield or formation of the end product.
The bottom and top of the A utoclave are made of solid steel forgings. The inner glass-lined bottom and top are so designed that pressure is equalized on both sides. These parts are re
placeable at moderate cost, w hen necessary. The Autoclave is equipped with an anchor type, glass coated agitator powered by a V-belt motor drive. The tophead includes, besides the agitator opening, four additional openings which may be used as required for thermometer well, inlet, outlet, or/and baffle.
Please write for Bulletin No. 8 20.
Standard two and five gallon jacketed glass-lined experi
mental stills (B) are also available and may be assembled with laboratory glassware or glass-lined steel pipe, fittings, and condenser with which to carry on distillation, refluxing and similar operations.
To transpose large operations into pilot plant or semi-works operations, specify Pfaudler type "P" kettles (C), ranging in size from five to fifty gallons. These may be had with or with
out topheads and vertical anchor type or impeller agitators.
W hen making inquiries about laboratory and pilot plant equip
ment, specify Catalog No. 8 17.
Large standard reaction equipm ent is available as well, ranging in capacity from 100 gallons up. W hen acid corrosion is your problem, specify Pfaudler glass-lined steel equipment.
STAINLESS STEEL FABRICATION
As o n e of th e c o u n tr y 's p i o n e e r w e ld e rs of S ta in le ss S te e l, P f a u d le r 's y e a r s of S ta in le ss S te e l f a b r ic a tio n e x p e r i e n c e is o u ts ta n d in g . O u r c o n tr ib u tio n s to th e te c h n o lo g y of s ta in le s s s te e l w e ld in g a re a m a tte r of r e c o r d . T h e r e h a s n e v e r b e e n a fa ilu re in a P f a u d le r w e ld .
THE PFA UD LER C O ., R o c h e s te r, N e w Y ork. B r a n c h O ffic e s : 3 3 0 W e s t 4 2 n d S t., N ew Y ork; 1 4 4 2 C o n w a y B ldg., C h ic a g o ; 1 3 2 5 H o w a rd St., S a n F r a n c is c o ; 4 5 5 P a u l B ro w n B ld g ., St. L o u is; 7 3 1 0 W o o d w a r d A v e ., D etroit;
1 3 1 8 -1 st N a tio n a l B a n k B ld g ., C i n c in n a ti; 1 2 2 8 C o m m e r c ia l T ^ u st ' |g fj§ R -' ,73.10 W o o d w a r d A v e., D etroit;
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I N D U S T R I A L a n d E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y * i n d u s t r i a l e d i t i o n
EDITOR: WALTER J. MURPHY
A s so c ia te E ditor: F. J. VAN ANTWERPEN C o n trib u tin g E ditor: D. H. KlLLEFFER A ssista n t to Editor: N. A. PARKINSON M a n u sc rip t E ditor: HELEN K. NEWTON M a k e - u p E d ito r: BERTHA REYNOLDS M a n u sc rip t A ssista n t: STELLA ANDERSON
A d v is o r y B o a rd
W. L. Badger H. R. Murdock
H. E. Barnard A. S. Richardson
C. A. Browne W. A. Schmidt
W. H. D ow R. N. Shreve
Gaston Du Bois L. V. STECK
C. F. Kettering C. M. A. Stine
W. S. Landis E. C. Sullivan
C. S. Miner L. W- WATERS E. R. WEIDLEIN
The American Chemical Society assumes no re
sponsibility for the statements and opinions ad
vanced by contributors to its publications.
Copyright
1943
by American Chemical Society30,400
copies of this issue printedISSUED JUNE 4, 1943 • VOL. 35, NO. 6 • CONSECUTIVE NO. 11
EDITORIALS
621
War Developments in the Petroleum I n d u s t r y ...E. V. M urphree
623
Cracking Cyclohexane. Thermal and Catalytic Decomposition at High Pressures .
Vladimir Haensel and V. N. Ipatieff
632
H eat Capacities of Hydrocarbon Gases . . Daniel R. Stull and F. Drew Mayfield
639
Effect of Petroleum Products on Buna S V u l c a n i z a t e s ...
Ross E. Morris, Philip Mitton, Juan C. Montermoso, Theodore A. Werkenthin
646
Brine Stabilization with Sodium Hexametaphosphate . F. W. Jessen and J. L. Battle
650
Separation of Individual Cresols and Xylenols from Their Mixtures . Donald R. Stevens
655
Binary Solvents for Z e i n ...Ralph H. Manley and Cyril D. Evans
661
Equilibrium Still for Miscible Liquids...
C. A. Jones, E. M. Schoenborn, and A. P. Colburn 66 6 Thermal Conductivity Nomographs for W o o d ... D. S. Davis
673
Drying O ils from Liquid F a t s A. W. Kleinsmith and H. R. Kraybill
674
Kinetics of Ammonia S y n t h e s i s ... P. H. Emmett and J. T. Kummer
677
Kinetics in A cid M e d i a Charles W. Deane with John R. Huffman
684
Correlation of Rate D a t a ...C. C. DeWitt
695
Ethanol-Water System . . . . John G riswold, J. D. Haney, and V. A . Klein
701
Correlating Fluid Viscosity . . . Allen S. Smith and G eorge Granger Brown
705
Dielectric Properties of Animal Fibers . . . Jacques Errera and Henri S. Sack
712
The Cooking Process . Ralph L. Hossfeld, Ross Aiken Gortner, and Frank H. Kaufert
717
Gelatinization Mechanism of Starch Granules . Richard S. Bear and Edward G. Samsa
721
Water Absorption by Animal Glue . . Charles M. Mason and H erbert E. Silcox
726
Humidity Measurements in Presence of Water-Soluble S a l t s ...
G. C. Williams and R. J. Williams
730
Alchemical P r i n t ...
729
A s W e See It (Advt. Sect.)
5
Spying (Advt. Sect.) 8 Did You See? (Advt. Sect.) 10Publication Office: Easton, Penna.
Editorial Office: 1155 16th Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.
Telephone: Republic 5301. Cable: Jiechem (Washington)
P u b l i s h e d b y t h e A m e r i c a n C h e m i c a l S o c i e t y , P u b l i c a t i o n O ffic e , 2 0 t h &
N o r t h a m p t o n S t s . , E a s t o n , P e n n a . E n t e r e d a s s e c o n d - c l a s s m a t t e r a t t h e P o s t O ffic e a t E a s t o n , P e n n a . , u n d e r t h e A c t o f M a r c h 3 , 1 8 7 9 , a s 2 4 t i m e s a y e a r . I n d u s t r i a l E d i t i o n m o n t h l y o n t h e 1 s t; A n a l y t i c a l E d i t i o n m o n t h l y o n t h e 1 5 t h . A c c e p t a n c e f o r m a i l i n g a t s p e c i a l r a t e o f p o s t a g e p r o v i d e d f o r i n S e c t i o n 1 1 0 3 . A c t o f O c t o b e r 3 , 1 9 1 7 , a u t h o r i z e d J u l y 1 3 , 1 9 1 8 .
A n n u a l s u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e , I n d u s t r i a l E d i t i o n a n d A n a l y t i c a l E d i t i o n s o ld o n l y a s a u n i t , m e m b e r s $ 3 .0 0 , o t h e r s $ 4 .0 0 . F o r e i g n p o s t a g e t o c o u n t r i e s n o t i n t h e P a n A m e r i c a n U n i o n , $ 2 .2 5 ; C a n a d i a n p o s t a g e , $ 0 .7 5 . S i n g le
Advertising Department: 332 West 42nd Street, New York, N. Y.
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c o p ie s : I n d u s t r i a l E d i t i o n , $ 0 .7 5 ; A n a l y t i c a l E d i t i o n , $ 0 .5 0 . S p e c i a l r a t e s t o m e m b e r s .
N o c la i m s c a n b e a l l o w e d f o r c o p ie s o f j o u r n a l s l o s t i n t h e m a i l s u n l e s s s u c h c la i m s a r e r e c e i v e d w i t h i n 6 0 d a y s o f t h e d a t e o f i s s u e , a n d n o c l a i m s w ill b e a ll o w e d f o r i s s u e s l o s t a s a r e s u l t o f i n s u f f i c i e n t n o t i c e o f c h a n g e o f a d d r e s s . ( T e n d a y s ’ a d v a n c e n o t i c e r e q u i r e d . ) “ M is s i n g f r o m f ile s ” c a n n o t b e a c c e p t e d a s t h e r e a s o n f o r h o n o r i n g a c l a i m . A d d r e s s c l a i m s t o C h a r l e s L . P a r s o n s , B u s i n e s s M a n a g e r , 1 1 5 5 1 6 t h S t r e e t , N . W ., W a s h i n g t o n , D . C ., U . S . A .
C e l i t e
C a t a l y s t C a r r i e r s
OFFER SPECIFIC ADVANTAGES FOR WARTIME PROCESSES
^ A m orp hous, d ia to m a c e o u s , o p a lin e silica
U SED FOR MORE T H A N 30 YEARS in h y d ro g e n a tio n a n d o th e r c h e m ic a l r e a c tio n s , C e lite C ataly st C a rr ie rs to d a y o ffer im p o rta n t a d v a n ta g e s f o r w a rtim e p ro c e ss e s . T h e i r h ig h p o ro s ity , lo w a p p a re n t d e n sity , a n d tr e m e n d o u s sp e c ific s u rfa c e p r o v id e m a x im u m e x p o su re o f th e catalyst. P r e p a r e d fro m a n e x c e p tio n a lly p u re fo r m o f d ia to m a ce o u s s ilic a , C elite C ataly st C a rr ie rs a re r e la tively in e rt, p e r m it full re co v ery o f th e ca ta ly st by c h e m ic a l s o lu tio n o r h e a t tre a tm e n t.
R e c e n t re s e a rc h h a s d e v e lo p e d n e w p re -
C E L I T E P R O V I D E S
HIGH ABSORPTION, LIGHT WEIGHT, LARGE SPECIFIC SURFACE, LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX, i
SUPERIOR SUSPENSION And C elite is lo w in co st . . . r e a d ily
a v a ila b le fo r p rom p t sh ip m en t
I / S i J O H N S - M A N V I L L E
C e l i t e
M i n e r a l F i l l e r s
fo r m e d C e lite C a ta ly s t C a r r ie r ty pes. F o r s a m p le s a n d c o m p le te in fo rm a tio n o n all ty p es, m a il th e c o u p o n b e lo w .
W h a te v e r yo u m a k e , it w ill p ay you to le a rn a b o u t Celite Fillers fo r w a rtim e fo rm u la e . Use the
coupon b e lo w .
JOHNS-M ANVILLE, Dept. 1-6, 22 East 40th Street, N ew Y ork, N . Y.
Please send me sam ples and full details on Celite Fillers for use in
□ A bsorptive p ackin g s
□ A sp h alt com pounds
□ Battery boxes
□ Bitum inous com pounds
□ C a ta ly st ca rriers
□ C le a n se rs—Household
□ Enam els
□ Exp lo sives
□ Extended colors
□ Insecticides
O ther u se s —
N a m e---
Address ---
C it y — S t a t e .
□ Leather coatings
□ Match heads
□ M olded plastics
□ Paints
□ Paper
□ Polishes
0 Source of active silica
□ Textile coatings
□ V a rn ish e s
□ W elding-rod coatings
June 1943 I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 5
W E S E E I T -
► Pe t r o l e u m De v e l o p m e n t sloom huge in this global war. and the swift utilization on a vast scale of techniques new w ithin re
cent years em phasizes their essential value now and in th e peace to come. M urphree (page 623) describes some of these and dis
cusses m any of th e v ita l services products o f petroleum are per
forming. m ost of th em only now passible through im proved tech
niques unavailable a short tim e ago.
► Cy c l o h e x a n e has been cracked a t high tem p eratu re and
pressure w ith an d w ithout alum ina b y H aensel and Ipatieff (page 632). and th e products h ave been examined in detail to determ ine the mechanism of th e reaction, which yields arom atic hydro
carbons am ong o th er products.
► Buna S is dam aged by contact w ith petroleum products which reduce its resistance to tear, according to M orris and co-workers (page 6461. C onventional te s ts fail to reveal th is ty p e o f injury, which is likely to prove serious from even casual contact, and a m ethod has been devised to m eet th is need.
► He a t Ca p a c i t i e s o f hydrocarbon gases. Natal d a ta for th e design of b o th processes and equipm ent now essential in m any branches of in d u stry , have been calculated w ith new accuracy and over an extended range of tem p eratu re b y Stull and May field (page 639). T h e m ethod is given, and d a ta are included on tw enty-eight hydrocarbons over a 1250° K. range of tem perature.
► Br i n efrom oil wells, com m only disposed o f b y pum ping back
into subsurface form ations, tends to deposit calcium carbonate while above ground. Jessen and B a ttle (page 650) have found th a t th e addition of m inim al am ounts o f sodium hexam etaphos
phate stabilizes th e brine to p revent deposition th a t would clog th e interstices in sand bodies.
► Mix t u r e s of isomeric cresols and xylenols are difficult to separate b y fractionation m ethods. Stevens (page 65o' de
scribes a m ethod o f effecting these separations involving alkyla- tion, fractionation, an d subsequent dealkylation to recover th e original com pounds.
► Vi s c o s i t ie s o f F i r m s are correlated b y Sm ith and Brow n (page 705) using th e theorem of corresponding states. T heir m ethod considerably extends th e range of d a ta on \iscosity available in designing processes.
► Vapor-Liq u id equilibrium d a ta , essential in designing distilla
tion equipm ent, can be determ ined conveniently for m ixtures ot m utually soluble liquids w ith th e a p p aratu s described by Jones.
Schoenborn. and C olburn (page 6666 T he still is described in detail, and results are given for m ixtures of ethylene dichloride and toluene and o f ethanol and w ater.
► Zeus's So l ikilit\ in b inary solvents has been in \estig ated by M anley and E vans (page 661). T he d a ta on a ' ariety of so l' ents having diverse properties will prove valuable in extending the applications of this industrially useful corn protein.
► An im a i. Gl e e s are found by M ason and Silcox (.page .2 6 ) to adsorb w ater b o th on th e surface and in voids w ithin th e glue.
M oisture contents of six anim al glues are tab u lated as determ ined under a variety o f conditions.
► Et h a n o l- W a t e r m ixtures vaporizing under pressure are
encountered in several im p o rtan t industrial processes, y e t avail
able d a ta on th e liquid-vapor equilibria of this system d o not extend into th e high pressure range. Griswold. H aney, and Klein (page 701) supply d a ta u p to critical ranges.
► Dr y in g Co n s t t ie e n t s can be extracted from liquid fa ts b y th e use of selective solvents, according to K leinsrnith and K ray - bill (page 674). Soybean oil yields an e x tract w ith m ethanol having enhanced drying properties. T he m ethod m a y have im p o rtan t commercial applications.
► H m m rrv Me a s e r e m e n t s. m ade b y th e custom ary w et- and dry-bulb m ethod, are inaccurate when th e atm osphere contains soluble salts, as it does under conditions m et in m any drying operations. W illiams and V\ illiams (page 730 present a m ethod o f determ ining humid ity from m easurenuaits m ade under these conditions and discuss th e effects o f th e several factors involved.
► Co o k in g As p e n Wo o d w ith pure sodium hy drosulfide yields
organic products, o th er th a n lignin. which have considerable interest, according to H ossfeld. G ortner. and K au fert (page 717 Effects of cooking conditions on th e yields o f th e several products and th e properties o f th e m aterials sep arated from th e black liquor are discussed.
► St a r c h Gr a n e l e sexpand tan g en tial!' an d not radially during
gelatinization. B ear and Sam sa (page 721) conclude from a n in vestigation of th e m echanism o f th is change. Q u an titativ e ob
servations o f th e gas bubble frequently form ed in individual granules during th e process are presented to sup p o rt this con
clusion.
► Die l e c t r i c Co n s t a n t so f wool, m ohair, an d h u m an hair h ave been m easured b y E rre r a and Sack (page 712) under controlled conditions in an a tte m p t to elucidate th e molecular stru ctu res of these fibers.
► Re a c t i o n Ra t e s are discussed in th ree papers n o t received in tim e to be included w ith th e im p o rtan t group of articles prin ted in M ay. R eaction ra te d a ta are correlated b y D e W itt (page 695). using th e grow th curves an d equations developed to explain biological phenom ena.
► Co n d e n s a t io n o f o-benzoylbenzoic acid to anthraquinone in
th e presence o f sulfuric acid has been investigated b y D eane and Huffman (page 684! who have determ ined th e effects o f variables on th e speed of reaction.
► Ki n e t i c so f th e synthesis of ammonia is discussed b y E m m ett
a n d K um m er (page 677) who ap p ly th e fundam ental equations of Tem tin a n d P yzhev to th is problem and show good agreem ent betw een th eo ry and experim ent.
I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S
H e a t p r o c e s s i n g o r b o n d i n g a t a s p e e d n e v e r b e f o r e a t t a i n e d !
M a y b e u s e d w i t h m o s t k n o w n
n o n - c o n d u c t i n g m a t e r i a l s !
P r o d u c t is h e a t e d u n i f o r m l y
t h r u o u t t h e e n t i r e m a s s .
R e s u l t s m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d
w i t h o u t v a r i a t i o n , t h r u a c c u r a t e c o n t r o l o f e q u i p m e n t o p e r a t i o n .
T
HE advantages of bonding or heat processing non metallic materials with Thermex high frequency equipm ent are many. Besides the four advantages above, here are other im portant reasons why you should consider Thermex equipm ent for your present bonding or heat processing operations:1. Absolutely uniform heating regardless of thickness or area of the mass means an improved product.
2. Great flexibility. Thermex can handle a wide variety of jobs with high overall efficiency.
3. Heating operation may be suspended instantly, thus the danger of damage from overheating is avoided.
4. Induced heat may be used to bring about chemical reaction.
5. Chemical contam ination is completely avoided.
6. Thermex delivers heat at a fixed rate regardless of area or thickness of material.
7. No “hot plates” or steam. High frequency generate heat in and thruout the product. No scorching or
surface damage.
8. Wide range of sizes for all requirem ents.
Send for free illustrated booklet describing Thermex.
HOW T H E R M E X E Q U IP M E N T W O R K S :
FREQUENC OUTPUT THERMEX
L
t HIGH
SUPPLY
1 FREQUENCY PRODUCT
UNIT 1 - F OTTOM PLATEh CENTER ELECTRODE
You are invited to subm it samples of your product and a description of your heating problem to the GIRDLER APPLICATION ENG INEERING SERVICE. Thorough tests will be made and you will be advised of results so you may compare Therm ex perform ance with your present method.
There is absolutely no obligation. No m atter how difficult your heat processing or bonding operation may be, find out how Therm ex may both speed your pro
duction and improve quality.
Ü Hi E Hi E 2 E E High F r eq u en cy Electrostatic H eatin g E q u ip m en t
T H E G I R D L E R C O R P O R A T I O N
THERMEX DI VI SI ON LOUI S VI LLE. KENTUCKY
i n u u ü m l A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 7
CHECK WITH LIN K -BELT
^ o h FO O D D E H Y D R A T IO N
% i
T y p i c a l F o o d P r o d u c t s P r o c e s s e d in a L in k -B e lt R o to - L o u v r e D e h y d r a t o r :
C arrots Beans Cheese, grated Spices
Sweet potatoes B ran C itrus fru it refuse Sugar
Apples B read crum bs C o tto n seed Sugar beet pulp W heat G erm
W hite potatoes Beef
B read, sliced Casein Cereals
H om iny M alts
Salt
Starches
1
Pork Cocoa beans M aize Soy beans A
Chicken Cocoa nibs M olasses feed Rice
Codfish Coffee beans N u ts Rye
Almonds C om germ O ats Tea
Apple pomace C om P eanuts Tobacco
Barley C opra Peas W heat
i e l t R o t o - L o u v r e D e - le e f f ic ie n t , e c o n o m i- le h y d r a t in g f o o d p r o d - Tand v e g e t a b l e s .
rh a n d lin g , lo w t e m p e r a - Tnd u n i f o r m i t y o f e a c h d r ie d , a r e k e y n o t e s fo r in d e h y d r a t io n . T h e s e fe a - ra r e a ll e m b o d ie d in a L in k - ' d e h y d r a t io n p la n t .
¿et us make your present or Foposed dehydration plant a pro- lucer of quality products on a
^volume basis.
L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y
Chicago. Indianapolis, Philadelphia. Atlanta. Dallas, and Toronto
Offices in Principal Cities
HIM
£ £ £ £ £ £ _ £ 9 E i T ROTO-LOUVRE
L m / t JK . M L i DEHYDRATOR
T he R oto-L ouvre principle greatly lessens th e tendency of m aterials to case harden w ithout sacrificing th erm a l efficiency or slowing up o u tp u t. T his is accom plished b y th e initial rapid drying an d slower fu rth e r drying in relatively m oist air w hich occurs in th e m ass
m aterial bed of all of these units.
R oto-L ouvre D ryer D eh y d ratin g V egetablesT h e r m a l i n p u t i s c o n t r o l l e d t o s u i t d r y i n g n e e d s A large volum e of d ry h o t air easily p en etrates th e relativ ely th in b ed of m aterial n ear th e feed end of th e d ry e r for m axim um h e a t tra n sfe r where greatest evaporation can ta k e place. As th e m aterial m oves forw ard th e bed becomes thick er a n d th e air passages get sm aller so t h a t a reduced volum e of heated air will p en e trate th e bed—th u s preventing overheating.
A u n i f o r m t r e a t m e n t . . . a u n i f o r m p r o d u c t T h e R oto-L ouvre principle of ae rated m ass-drying produces uniform re
sults because all of th e m aterial is tre a te d in th e sam e w ay a t th e sam e tim e. T here can be no stratification o r segregation—no “ s p o tty ” over- drying or underdrying. D ry h ea te d air p en e trates th e m ass th ro u g h ever- changing channels t h a t reach to every piece an d particle.
G r a d u a l
p o s iti v e
h e a t
tr a n sfe r
I
/Rubber, which we badly need, and petroleum , from which
/ \ t h at and m any other valuables are being derived in vast quantities, continue to focus chemical, as well as lay, attention.
T h a t naturally accounts for em phasis on b o th in our July issue.
Far-reaching changes are on foot in the technology of the rub
ber industry through the introduction of num bers of synthetics having new and specialized properties. Sebrell, to whom this year’s Charles Goodyear A ward was m ade, provides us a valuable review of this sw iftly changing situ atio n and of th e elem ents of its future development.
Two other im portant and tim ely aspects of th e rubber indus
tr y ’s problems will be discussed. B rittle points of synthetics are vital in their service to d ay when tem peratures vary, particularly in the air, from desert heat to polar cold in a m a tte r of minutes.
D ata on this property of our new est m aterials will be invaluable now and in the future. C onductivity im parted to rubbers by the carbon used in compounding has become quite as im p o rtan t as high electrical resistance has been. On this we shall be given latest findings.
“ Fluid” catalyst, new est technique in solving m any problems of synthesis from petroleum will be described for us. T he value of this m ethod of handling catalytic reactions in th e gas phase seems likely to extend beyond even th e broad field of petroleum.
Im p o rtan t new basic d ata required in designing petroleum equip
m ent will also be given. D ensities of paraffin hydrocarbons in the critical range are correlated by a new m ethod w ith somewhat greater accuracy th a n heretofore. New d a ta on viscosities in m ethane-propane system s and on dew points in ethane-w ater systems will prove useful.
New efficiencies in converting starches to ferm entable sugars for alcohol are forecast by a stu d y of fungal am ylases as sacchari
fying agents.
Production of cheaper available phosphate for fertilizer is ex
pected from the success of fusion of rock phosphate w ith olivine.
Solvent extraction, we shall learn, can be used in the production of alcohol and acetone.
New d ata on th e problem of soap as a colloid and the differences in the several phases of this common substance will be presented.
New studies shed new light on the effects of light on th e proper
ties of cellulose acetate.
Coffee rationing emphasizes th e interest in and im portance of keeping qualities in the roasted bean, on which new studies will be described for us.
Oxidation inhibitors, we shall learn, reduce electrical losses when added to insulating oils.
And there will be more, even though n o t quite as much m ore as custom ary since saving of paper is a necessary and patriotic duty these days.
Yo u r Hu m b l e Sp y
THE PALMER CO.
MFRS-: INDUSTRIAL. LABORATORY. RECORDING 6 DIAL THERMOMETERS
2512 N O R W O O D AVE., CINCINNATI. N ORW OO D. O.
CANADIAN BRANCH: KING AND GEORGE STS.. TORONTO
UNTIL THE LIGHT SHINES AGAIN
We must keep on making Thermometers for Uncle
Sam and for Victory!
T h e s e t h e r m o m e t e r s m u st b e m a d e to t h e s a m e h i g h s t a n d a r d s fo r w h i c h P a lm e r T h e r m o m e t e r s a r e f a m o u s b e c a u s e o n ly G O O D T h e r m o m e t e r s w ill h e l p to w i n t h e w a r m o r e s p e e d i l y .
In t h e m e a n w h i l e , RE
M E M B E R P a lm e r Q u a lit y m e a n s :
1 — E a s y - r e a d i n g " R e d - R e a d i n g - M e r c u r y "
2 — G u a r a n t e e d p e r m a n e n t a c c u r a c y 3 — C o n s t r u c t e d fo r l o n g lif e .
('C a t a l o g s e n t o n r e q u e s t )
8
June, 1943 I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 9
COKE STEAM AIR AND WATER ONLY
RAW MATERIALS HYDROGEN MANUFACTURE
MINIMUM OF LABOR REQUIRED
<
JSES * o R ‘
- , P ^ icatTor
Reformingiy ¿ ra d o n of
0 M M O N O X I D E
£ ^ G VS
&a n i c s u l f u r
,r b o n ü i o ^ ü E n f ü K O C A K B O ^ S
H YüR O C Æ ^
n i t r o g f n
O X Y G E N
^ mâtures-
OPERATES FROM 20%
TO 100% OF CAPACITY
__
■
C02 IS VALUABLE BY-PRODUCT
G I R D L E R P r o c e s s m a k e s H y d r o g e n a t l o w e r c o s t t h a n a n y o t h e r k n o w n m e t h o d !
T A R G E users of hy d ro g en in the m etal in d u strie s an d chem ical field s fin d the G ird le r H ydrogen M a n u fa c tu rin g P ro cess effects la rg e savings in h y d ro g en gas costs.
W ith th e G ird le r process, an a b u n d a n t su p p ly is assu red a t all tim es, f o r o p e ra tio n is continuous an d fle x ib le — m ay he o p era ted from 2 0 % to 10 0 % of the rate d capacity.
P la n t cap acities ra n g e fro m 1,000 to 1,000.000 cubic feet of h y d ro g en gas p e r h o u r.
O p e ra tin g rec o rd s in d ic ate th a t w hen a G ird le r H y d ro g e n M a n u fa c tu rin g U n it re p la c e s an ex istin g p r o cess, th e G ird le r p la n t o ften w ill pay f o r its e lf in less than three years.
G ird le r p la n ts, b ein g p ra c tic a lly au to m atic in o p era tio n , reliev e m en f o r o th e r duties.
F o r co m plete d esc rip tio n and d ata on the G ird le r H y d ro g e n P r o cess, w rite fo r B u lletin N o. 103.
Use the convenient co u p o n below .
• 7 /«! gird ler corporation ;
Specialists in Better Gas Processes
'
GAS PROCESSES DIVISION
I I I LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY I
THE GIRDLER CORPORATION
202
E. Broadway Louisville, KentuckyPlease send bulletin No.
103
describing the low-cost Girdler Hydrogen Manufacturing Process.T itle
C ity S t a te
X
^ P I P I N G
S T R A I G H T L E N G T H S o r P R E F A B R I C A T E D
A S S E M B L I E S
F o r m e d a n d W e l d e d f r o m S ta in le s s S te e l a n d A llo y Sheets
DIAMETERS 4 " and up WALL THICKNESSES #19 GAUGE to V4"
W orking from your own specifications—
or from complete layouts designed for you by our own engineers— we can pro
vide complete piping installations. W e have the experience, the men, the tools and te c h n iq u e s re q u ire d to p ro d u c e welded alloy pipe in straight lengths, bends, coils and prefabricated assemblies.
W e also supply fabricated fittings, includ
ing tees, crosses, ells, reducers, etc. Pip
ing can be furnished w ith built up Van Stone joints and back-up steel flanges.
For quick action, send us your specifica
tions — or consult with us about your immediate requirements.
ALL ORDERS SUBJECT TO GOVERNMENT PRIORITY REGULATIONS
Mmimi
S. BLICKMAN,
i n c.
1206 GBEGORY AVENUE, WEEHAWKEN, N. J.
TANKS • KITTLES • CONDENSERS • AGITATORS EVAPORATORS • PANS • VATS • CYLINDERS
e v o l u t i o n s a n d r e v o l u t i o n i s t s
aren ’t confined entirely to the affairs of govern
m ents. In science and engineering, too, the men w ith a new and b e tte r idea rise up and topple th e old from the throne. T hus the Resinous Products & Chemical Com pany predicts a revolution in sugar processing through th e use of their Amberlite resins. Supporting evidence is there too, stating th a t these synthetic m aterials can be used for th e purification of sugar solutions w ith several advantages. T o w het your curiosity about w hat an ion-exchange resin can do to m ake sw eeter sugar, they can increase p u rity 6 to 10 points and rem ove 50 to 90 per cent of the color present in the juice. T he re st you can know for the looking.
T ube T urns, m anufacturers of welding fittings and flanges, show an interesting com parison between th e w eight of their welding elbows and tees and th e conventional forged or steel fittings. The savings in m etal are so great as to m ake it a perfect example of m etal economy for th e w ar effort. In addi
tion to pointing o u t the reduced q u a n tity of m etal necessary, other advantages are noted. Owing to tru e circularity and uni
form walls, less tim e is needed for alignm ent, and simple b u tt welds only are required to m ake it easy for novice welders. As a result of T ube T u rn s’ com pact, uniform construction, neat piping jobs are easily obtained— a space saving feature. No gaskets to be replaced, no n uts or bolts to tighten, m ake these piping adjuncts practically a must for engineers to investigate.
T he next ad to catch our atten tio n and m aintain our interest in the subject of sugar concerns mixers. T he M ixing E quipm ent Company, in an ad unquestionably of in terest to chemical engineers, tells how a sugar refiner was able to speed u p h eat transfer in an affination ta n k by th e installation of a mixer.
Conduction-convection from th e heating surface was hopelessly inadequate. B ut th e problem was solved by pu ttin g in an agitator which, although supplying less th a n 1000 horsepower per 5000 gallons of an 80° Brix solution, m aintained tu rb u len t conditions and high heat transfer.
Feeling particularly virtuous ab o u t how hard you work and how m any sacrifices you are making? See Jenkins B rothers ad.
The Pfaudler Com pany w ith an already well rounded o u t line, add a new one-gallon, glass-lined, laboratory autoclave which is built to stand 500 pounds per square inch, i t will prove valuable to those who m u st do pilot p lan t w ork on catalytic polymerization and synthesis.
Steam je t ejectors, versatile instrum ents, have been perfected in recent years and are capable of giving vacuum s up to and better than 29.9 inches of m ercury. T hey w ork equally well on wet or dry mixtures and can be had in an y capacity. These and other points, some well know n and inherent in a je t ejector, such as silent operation and no m oving p a rt, are sum m arized in the ad of Ingersoll-Rand.
A schem atic diagram explaining th e function of an activated carbon adsorber can be found in the advertisem ent of C arbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp. If you are bothered by fumes from organic solvents—bothered either from an engineering sense because money is being w asted, or bothered because safety de
m ands th a t precautions be tak en —it m ay aid you to stu d y th e flow sheet. C arbide will supply inform ation on costs.
De w y Po i n t
10
lune, 1943 I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 11
NO.
6
OF A S E R I E SH O W T U B E - T U R N W ELDIN G FIT T IN G S BENEFIT W AR
IN D U ST R Y /
Weight saved* with Tube-Turn Welding Fittings aids war industry—by economizing steel, speeding pipe erection, conserving supports, reducing shipping weight.
*Tube-Turn fittings in comparison below are 6", Schedule 80. Other fittings are 6 , 600 lb. class.
f o r g e d f l a n g e d e l b o w
450 lbs.
F O R G E D F L A N G E D T E E
650 lbs.
CAST S TEEL FLA N G ED ELB O W
250 lbs.
C A S T S T E E L F L A N G E D T E E
380 lbs.
T U B E -T U R N W E L D IN G ELBO W
33V2 lbs.
T U B E - T U R N W E L D I N G T E E
80 lbs.
T
HE examples illustrated above demonstrate the tremendous differences in weight between Tube-Turn welding fittings and other types of steel fittings. These comparisons are for 6" size (see note above), and other sizes are more or less proportionate.
Weight saving always has been an important reason for specifying Tube-Turn welding fittings. But today’s war production needs stress additional advan
tages of this feature. I t saves steel—because less of this strategic metal is required in making Tube-Turn fittings. Piping systems welded with Tube- Turn fittings are lighter and streamlined—which speeds erection, saves space, and simplifies structural problems. Remember these timely points when you buy or specify fittings for oil, gas, power, chemical, heating, air, refrigeration and marine piping today!
T U B E - T U R N
T R A O e W* A « KbuUrghF; ClevXnd! D a y to n ? W a X o g t S ' D * a ! e o m t ° o n , ‘ Loo to principal
speed INsr PR0 DUCTIi
for ««Vice S,!"p ,e C , e Circu 'a r i ! ” e Lessm d , e ee« i o n n o w « * Si!"P )e 6 u , 7 a *»em bled on e i* M . Who) - . ^ u
savesspacf grouad■ eecti0B
‘‘Bid, C.,Z LE: T u b . T
REDÜCESMa, 8- P a
r u , s o r boî £HAI\icf.
e ,‘o,iaated M o tigb, - No gask
A V O I D s h u t 8 m e a Ä ' e" a"<
* « doT abs * * ° o N' s : du
^ 5 s
P ilts - cities.
ra m
W in n e r o f A rm y -N a v y , M a ritim e C o m m is s io n , V ic to ry F l e e t a n d T r e a s u r y D e p t , fla g s .
B y i^Lr n n » -TO iAn>m ~
12 I N D U S T R I A L AND f Mf i T NE E RI NG C H E M I S m Vol. 35, No. 6
I M P O S S I B L E ?
O
F course it’s im possible. N ob od y but a grem lin could have put the arrow through that block o f w ood , because the ends are bigger than the hole. But there it is, an accom plished fact—and there s a perfectly sim ple explanation for it.
T en years ago the rayon people handed Taylor the problem o f temperature control for rayon shredders.
They said they d idn’t believe it could be done, but we could try. So Taylor Engineers accepted the challenge, designed an appropriate temperature-sensitive bulb and developed a new control effect now know n as Pre-Act. T his new effect, based on rate o f temperature change, provided the accurate control demanded despite the difficult process conditions.
W e’re proud o f Pre-Act, w hich has since contributed so much to process control and product improvem ent in many industries. But w e ’re equally proud o f other
" im possible” jobs w hich Taylor "know -how ” has been able to w ork out. Such as Taylor Accuratus T ubing for mercury-actuated therm om eters, w hich gives you ac
curate reading w ith lo n g lengths o f tubing regardless o f am bient temperature variations. Or the Taylor
T herm ospeed Separable W ell T ube Systems. P recision Valve A ction w hich originated in our D ubl-R esponse Control Unit. Or the Taylor Fulscope C ontroller and its recent developm ent, the T aylor Fulscope Tim e Schedule C ontroller. Or the Taylor Flex-O-Tim er.
And last but not least, the new T aylor A neroid (mer- curyless) M anom eter for flow and liquid level.
If you have a tough problem , w e ’d lik e to try to solve it for you in a hurry. If it’s im p o ssib le (as they say in the war plants these days) it may take a little longer.
Taylor Instrument C om panies, R ochester, N . Y ., and T oronto, Canada. Instruments fo r indicating, record
ing, a n d controlling temperature, pressure, humidity, flow , a n d liq u id level.
T au lcr L u tru m en U
---M EAN---
A C C U R A C Y F IR S T
* KEEP ON BUYING U. S. WAR BONDS AND STAMPS *
M E A N D I I N D U S T R Y
June, 1943 I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 13
^ V O T A T O R
€ 0 0 1 » !
l i q u i d s a n d v i s c o u s m a t e r i a l s i n s e c o n d s !
This cut-away view of the Votator heat transfer cylinder illustrates how a liquid ~
ol T k . ^
(4) ln d "»tTo« ne ciioo (!)• I™ *
; “ ' l ; . - * - - v r - “ ,ki i T .
a minute.
O u U io ^ L u u ^ V O T A T O R A D V A N T A G E S :
Heat transfer takes piacein
Continuous, rapid flow of product. • Reduces reaction time . Fully^ c ose .
• More economical. • Saves cruica and refrigeration load.
C o n f i n u o u s h e a t t r a n s f e r » p l u s s i m u l t a n e o u s m i x i n g o r e m u l s i f y i n g w i t h V O T A T O R !
Manufacturers of oil products, aviation gasoline, chemicals, plastics, viscous liquids and similar materials are urged to investigate the remarkable advantages and performance records of Votator heat transfer equipment.
Votator is a fully enclosed mechanism that heats or cools better and faster than any other known method!
To the left is illustrated the heart of the Votator, the heat transfer tube, with a brief description of the simple and efficient way it works.
The Votator is especially efficient because of the high ratio of heat transfer surface to volume of material. The capacity is tremendous because the operation is contin
uous. Contamination is avoided as the Votator is completely enclosed and absolutely sanitary.
Along with faster, better heat transfer, the Votator also offers the advantage of simultaneous mixing, emulsifying or aerating, if any of these operations is desirable.
Write for a free copy o f the illustrated book, 'N ew F a c ts”, which fully describes the Votator.
<1 U e CIRDIER CORPORATION
Votator Continuous, Instantaneous Heat Transfer Equipment
V O T A T O R D I V I S I O N L O U I S V I L L E , K E N T U C K Y
J E T S F O R V A C U U M
INGERSOLL-RAND
STEAM-JET EJECTORS ARE PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR
PROCESS APPLICATIONS
Ability to handle w et or dry mixtures— I-R Steam -Jet E jectors handle w et or dry air and gases, and any mixture containing slightly sticky or solid materials, such as chaff, dust, etc. Ejectors can be made of suitable materials to handle high-temperature or corrosive gases. Accidental entrainment of liquid will not damage an ejector.
A ny vacuum — Ejectors are available for any vacuums up to, or better than, 29.9" H g. (0.1" H g. Abs.) Ejectors termed “thermal compressors” are available for boosting steam at pressures above atmosphere.
A ny capacity— There is an unlimited range of standard I-R sizes, typ es and ejector elem ents to economically m eet any capacity requirement.
High efficiency— The design of I-R Ejectors is based on facts ac
cum ulated from laboratory and field tests and is proven by th o u sands of successful installations.
Sustained efficiency— W ith I-R Steam -Jet Ejectors there are no m oving parts to wear out or require lubrication.
Operating stability— Conservative design factors assure satisfac
tory performance under all operating conditions.
Silent operation— N o m oving parts, no noise, no vibration—n o th ing to be adjusted or replaced.
Low installation cost—L ittle or no foundation is required. Only a small space is needed to install ejectors of large capacity.
Easy
to operate—An experienced operator is not required to operate I-R steam -jet ejectors.Long life — Low maintenance — I-R Ejectors have been designed for long life and low m aintenance. Proper materials are recom m ended by experienced m etallurgists. E very I-R ejector installed is backed by I-R service.
I n g e n s o l l - R a n d
4 233 11 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, N. Y.
I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
It m i x e s h e a v y p la s t ic m a s s e s a s e a s i ly a s y o u r w i f e c a n b e a t an e g g
T h is h e a d -o n , in to -th e -tr o u g h v ie w o f b ig S ig m a b la d e s w ill g iv e y o u s o m e id e a o f th e p o w e r th ere is in a B -P m ix e r . Y o u m a y n o t req u ire s u c h a h e a v y d u t y m a c h in e as th is to m ix y o u r p r o d u ct— o r y o u m a y n e e d o n e e v e n h e a v ier. B u t B a k e r P e r k in s d e sig n s a n d b u ild s m ix
ers to h a n d le th e e n tire ran ge o f m ix e s e n c o u n tered in th e C h e m ic a l P r o c e s s I n d u s tr ie s . S o w h e th e r y o u m ix dry p o w d ers, liq u id s or th e h e a v ie st p la stic m a sses, th e r e is a B a k er P e r k in s m a c h in e to fit y o u r n e e d s.— B A K E R P E R K IN S I N C ., S A G I N A W , M I C H I G A N .
in w artim e pro cess m any recent
C o n t r o l l e r s w i t h H Y P E R -R E S E T
REG. U.S. PAT. OFF.
H Y P E R -R E S E T S T A i f l O G ^ N T R O L L E R in new polym er unit of a large refinery. O ne of
June, 1943 I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
M
. . . thanks to modem Super-Corvtrol!
ÿ Í. -
”4
I ■
j tf. '
f
,f%'i
C o m m e r c i a l s y n t h e s i s o f r u b b e r , a v i a t i o n g a s o l i n e , s t y r e n e , p h e n o l a n d a l c o h o l s a r e i m p o r t a n t l y e x p e d i t e d b y n e w c o n t r o l - f u n c t i o n , H Y P E R -R E S E T
To tran slate to d a y 's fast-mov ing d e v e lo p m e n ts in chem ical engin eerin g from p u re la b o ra tory projects into c o m m e rc ia l- s c a le p r o d u c t i o n r e q u ir e s a new high order of selectivity in process-control.
Just in tim e to m e e t u rg e n t w a r- d e m a n d s for m an y of the n e w e r s y n th e tiz e d p ro d u c ts , F o x b o ro d e v e l o p e d HYPER
RESET . . . a n e x c lu s iv e n ew control function that gives au to m atic controllers this essential s e l e c t i v e n e s s . T h r o u g h o u t m ajor w artim e chem ical plants, HYPER-RESET in th e fa m o u s S tabilog C ontroller is providing
p r o c e s s s t a b ility n e v e r e v e napproached before!
H e re 's ho w . By a c c u r a te ly m easu rin g the r a te of c h a n g e of ev ery process distu rb an ce at the very start, HYPER-RESET ev a lu a te s the m axim u m . . . in stan tly ap p lies hyper-corrective a c tio n to su it. It p r o d u c e s sm o o th e r r e c o v e r y . . . in a s little a s V
athe u su al time . . . with a s m uch a s 50% reduction in the size of upset!
Learn in detail w hy HYPER
RESET Stabilog C ontrollers give th e s u p e r -c o n tro l n e e d e d b y the new er chem ical processes.
W rite fo r B u lle tin A-330. The Foxboro C o m p an y ,40 N eponset Ave., Foxboro, Mass., U. S. A.
b y F
ö x b ö rR E G . U . S . P A T . O F F .
18 I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 35, No. 6
i R O A ł A N S 4 / V O V E
B E R I « A D D L E S
A R E T O W E R P A C K I N G C ź \
Q y .
Non-Channel Forming
L ess S id e Thrust
_s
.ntfGöälL-r§ ° o /° «
T hese im portant advantages in using Berl Saddles for tow er packing insure maximum capacity w hether the operation is absorption, extraction, distillation or scrubbing. O ther types of packing may equal a few of these advantages. But we
M A U R I C E A . K N I G H T
— 3 0 6 K e l l y A v e . , A k r o n , O k i ehonestly believe that none can equal Berl Saddles on all these points.
Berl Saddles com e in four sizes — W ,
y 2", 1" and IV Y - Indicate the size ofyour tow ers and type of o p eratio n w hen
m aking inquiry for en gineering data and
price estimates.
AD\ ERTISEMENT—This entire page is a paid advertisement. Prepared Monthly by U. S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc.
IIS.I. CHEMICAL NEWS
June ★ A M onthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the Solvents and Chemical Consuming Industries 1913In d a lo n e A v a ila b le T o C o m p a n ie s H a v in g
H ig h P r io r ity R a tin g s
Insect-R epellent Is Now
O btainable from U.S.I.
Quantities of Indalone, an insect-repellent outstanding for its slow-evaporating and film- forming characteristics, are now available from U.S.I. to companies having high pri
ority ratings.
Virtually odorless and non-greasy, Indalone owes its repellency to its bitter taste and its effect on the nerve endings in the feet of in
sects. Of particular interest today is the abil
ity of Indalone to repel effectively such insects as biting flies, mosquitoes, chiggers and other insects.
Additional information on the properties and uses of Indalone will be gladly furnished by U.S.I. on request.
To save lives of crashed pilots, a truck has been developed which smothers the flames of a burning plane in less than three minutes with thousands of pounds of carbonic acid ("DRY-ICE"*). Streams of COL, are sprayed from the main boom nozzle and from two bumper outlets in front of the tires.
* P u r e C a r b o n ic , I n c o r p o r a t e d , s e ll s “ D R Y - I C E ” m a n u f a c t u r e d b y U . S . I
Methoxyl, E thoxyl Groups D eterm ined b y New M ethod
MONTREAL, Canada — What is claimed to be a simpler and more accurate method for the simultaneous determination of methoxyl and ethoxyl groups has been developed by two research workers here.
The difficulty normally encountered in com
pletely removing crystalline tetramethyl salt is said to have been overcome by washing out the absorption tubes with a small quantity of water followed by stock 97% ethanol. This innovation is reported to have also obviated the necessity for using an absolute ethanol solution of trimethylamine.
The difficulty in isolating the ethyl iodide quantitatively, encountered in present meth
ods for a combined methoxyl-ethoxyl deter
mination, is said to have been overcome by first determining total alkoxyl according to the standard Viebock-modified Zeisel proced
ure, then determining the methoxyl content alone according to a modified Wilstatter pro-
Ethyl Acetoacetate Plays Vital Role In Anti-Malarials, Vitamin
U .S .I. I n te r m e d ia te U se d in S y n th e sis o f Q u in a c r in e
H y d r o c h lo r id e , P la s m o q u in an d T h ia m in H y d r o c h lo r id e Ethyl acetoacetate, which has heretofore found principal use in the manu- factuie of the pyrazolone and Hansa Yellow pigments, has now assumed a vital role in the production of the strategic products, Quinacrine hydrochloride (Atebrin), Plasmoquin, and Thiamin hydrochloride (Vitamin BQ. These three
a j i r ~rr products are playing a very important part in
Aavise Low 1 em perature Crystallization Oil Analysis
MADISON, Wis. — Speed and applicability to small samples are among the advantages claimed by three research workers here for the use of low temperature crystallization from acetone solution as a method of determining the saturated fatty acids in glycerides.
The fatty acids are dissolved in dried, re
distilled acetone in a 50 cc. centrifuge tube which is then immersed in a low temperature alcohol bath. The temperature is lowered to
—40°C. by the addition of solid carbon diox
ide. After standing 15 to 20 minutes the tube is placed in a metal centrifuge tube cooled to the same temperature and centrifuged briefly to throw out the crystalline saturated acids.
The supernatant solution is then transferred to a weighed tube. Acetone at —40 °C. is blown from a pipette into the tube containing the saturated acids and the tube rotated rap
idly to wash the precipitate.
P r e p a r a t io n o f M e m b r a n e s f o r U l t r a f i l t e r i n T a n n i n g S t u d ie s
CINCINNATI, Ohio — A new method for the preparation of membranes to be used in ultrafiltration in tanning research, that differs principally from other procedures in the evaporation of solvents and in the mechanics of calibration, was recently revealed by a chemist here.
In the preparation of membranes by this method, a portion of the solvents is evap
orated from a collodion solution with the re
sultant formation of a gel.
A stock solution of the following composi
tion is recommended:
Parlodion (MalIinckrodt) ... 150 gm.
Absolute ethanol 316 ml.
Absolute ethyl ether 1043 ml.
Acetone 1453 ml.
Amyl alcohol ... 575 ml.
the war and will undoubtedly be extremely valuable in the peace to follow. In addition, ethyl acetoacetate can be used in the synthesis of the essential amino acids. In all of these syntheses, the ethyl acetoacetate is first con
verted to the sodium salt with sodium eth- oxide.
U sed as S u b stitu tes
Quinacrine and Plasmoquin are the syn
thetic anti-malarials which are being substi
tuted for the unobtainable quinine and other alkaloids usually imported from the Dutch East Indies. Quinacrine and Plasmoquin have the same side chain, 4-amino-l-diethyl amino pentane, attached to 3-chloro-7-methoxy-acri- done and methoxy-quinoline respectively. It is in the preparation of this side chain that the ethyl sodium acetoacetate is used. This synthesis is represented by the first three re
actions in the box below.
In the synthesis of thiamin, ethyl sodium acetoacetate is reacted with ethylene oxide to give alpha acetyl gamma butyro lactone. From the alpha acetyl butyro lactone, either 4- methyl, 5-beta-hydroxyethyl thiazole or 2- methyl-2-ethoxy-3-chloro tetra-hydro furane is prepared which are condensed with 2-methyl- 4-amino-5-halogeno methyl pyrimidine and 2- methyl-4-amino-5-thioformylamino methyl pyr
imidine respectively to give vitamin B,. The commercial production of thiamin is now well established and indications are that the volume will be substantially increased in the months to come.
A m ino Acids
Several investigations have shown that there are ten amino acids which are essential for human and animal life. With the projected nutrition programs, these amino acids should become of increasing importance. Starting with ethyl sodium acetoacetate, it is indicated that these amino acids can be made according to the fourth reaction in the box below.
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Ethyl Sodium Acetoacetate Used in Preparing Quinacrine and Plasmoquin Side Chains
(C2H5)2N C2H4OH + HCI --- > (C2H5)2N C2H4C I + H2O (C2H5) 2'N C2H4CI - f C H ;iC (O N a ) : C H C O O C2H -, > CH3C O C H C O O C2H5
:h2
h2o|
H2C H 2N (C 2H5)2 D ecarboxylate C H3C O C H2CH2C H2N (C2H5) 2
CH3COC H2C H2C H2N (C2H 5)2 + N H3 ' - > CH 3C H N H 2CH2CH2CH2N(C2H5)2
Amino Acids Made With Ethyl Sodium Acetoacetate
RCI C4H9ONO + H2SO4
CH3C(ONa) :CHCOOC2H5 --- > CH3COCHRCOOC2H5---
H 2
RC: (N O H ) C O O H R C (N H 2)H C O O H
