"TRZCINIEC" — BORDERLAND OF EARLY BRONZE CIVILIZATIONS OF EASTERN AND WESTERN EUROPE?

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BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION: 1950-1200 B C JanuszCzebreszuk Ja ekGórski Mar in Igna zak Sªawomir Kadrow Vi torI. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko NikolayKovalyukh Mykola Kryvaltsevi h Vasyl Y. Kurylenko Sergyey Lysenko VitaliyV. Otrosh henko P rzemysªaw Makarowi z Vadim Skripkin Halina Taras 1 V O L U M E 6

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1998

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w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(ód¹), Vi tor I. Klo hko (Kiev), Vitaliy V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

PrzemysªawMakarowi z

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

EASTERNINSTITUTE

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1998

ISBN83-86094-05-2

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BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION: 1950-1200 B C JanuszCzebreszuk Ja ekGórski Mar in Igna zak Sªawomir Kadrow Vi torI. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko NikolayKovalyukh Mykola Kryvaltsevi h Vasyl Y. Kurylenko Sergyey Lysenko VitaliyV. Otrosh henko P rzemysªaw Makarowi z Vadim Skripkin Halina Taras 1 V O L U M E 6

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1998

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CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Linguisti onsultation:PiotrT. ebrowski

PrintedinPoland

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EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

Ja ek Górski,THEFOUNDATIONSOFTRZCINIECCULTURE

TAXONOMYINWESTERNMAOPOLSKA ... 7

PrzemysªawMakarowi z,TAXONOMICFOUNDATIONSOFTHE

TRZCINIECCULTURALCIRCLEONTHELOWERVISTULA ... 19

Halina Taras,THEBASESFORTHETAXONOMYOFTHETRZCINIEC

CULTUREINTHESOUTHERNPARTOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDBUGRIVERS ...32

Vi torI.Klo hko,THEISSUEOFTHEEASTERNBORDEROFTHE

EASTERNTRZCINIECCULTURE(LOBOIKIVKAMETALLURGY) ...48

Mar in Igna zak,PrzemysªawMakarowi z, THESOUTH-WESTERN

BORDERLANDOFTHETRZCINIECCULTURALCIRCLE ...74

VasylY.Kurylenko,Vitaliy V.Otrosh henko,THESOSNYTSA

CULTUREOFTHEDESNAAREAANDITSLINKSWITHEASTERN

NEIGHBOURS ...87

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,THEPROBLEMSOFIDENTIFICATION

ANDORIGINSOF"TRZCINIEC"INTHEPRYPETSBASIN ...103

Ja ek Górski,THEQUESTIONOFTHEDECLINEOFTRZCINIEC

CULTUREINWESTERNMAOPOLSKA.TRZCINIECCULTUREVS.

LUSATIANCULTURE ...115

NikolayKovalyukh,VadimSkripkin,Vi torI. Klo hko,SergyeyLysenko,

ABSOLUTE(RADIOCARBON)CHRONOLOGYOFTHEEASTERN

TRZCINIECCULTUREINTHEDNIEPERBASIN

(THEMALOPOLOVETSKEBURIALSITE) ...130

PrzemysªawMakarowi z,ABSOLUTECHRONOLOGYOFTHE

TRZCINIECCOMPLEXINTHEVISTULADRAINAGE

INTHELIGHTOF

14

CDATINGS ...141

SªawomirKadrow, THECENTRALEUROPEANDIMENSION

OFTHEDECLINEOFTHEEARLYBRONZEAGECIVILIZATION.

THETRZCINIECSOCIO-CULTURALSYSTEMATTHEOUTSET

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EUROPE? ...190

Referen es ...203

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TheTrz inie Culture,Trz inie CulturalCir leandTrz inie Horizonarethe

names of a ultural area in the borderland of Western and Eastern Europe at

the 2nd millenium BC. For over half a entury a dis ussion has been going on

overthetaxonomi identi ation( hronologi alandspatial)andgeneti andethni

interpretationofthis ulturalunit.

In thedebate, the1980'sand 1990'smark a signi ant ognitive turn aused

bythegrowthofthe orpusofsour es,theuseofsystemati methodsforthestudy

ofmobilesour esandtheproliferationofregional 14

Cdatings.

The present volume of "Balti -Ponti Studies" is an attempt to register this

breakthrough and a proposal fora new ttingof the Trz inie phenomenoninto

thesynthesisofEarly BronzeAge Europe.The re ordsin lude rudimentsofnew

regional systematizations,foundationsof their hronologiesbased onradio arbon

datings and a dis ussion of theme hanisms of so io- ultural hanges whi h gave

risetotheTrz inie ulturalarea andlater ontributedtoitsdisintegration.

Along-term intentionofthisvolumegiving a multifa etedview oftheee ts

of thesaid ognitive breakthroughis to en ourage a areful s rutinyof the

deve-lopmentme hanisms oftheEuropeanEarlyBronzeAge Civilization,in parti ular

theroleplayedin thembytheso ieties inhabitingthedrainages oftheBalti and

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1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of

theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t[e.g.

Mallory 1989℄. In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been

retained.

3. The pla e names lo ated in the Ukraine have been transliterat from the

versions suggested by the author(i.e. from theBelorussian, Ukrainian, Polish or

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PLISSN1231-0344

AleksanderKo±ko,Vi tor I.Klo hko

\TRZCINIEC" |BORDERLAND OF EARLY BRONZE

CIVILIZATIONS OF EASTERNAND WESTERN EUROPE?

Among many ontroversial issues brought forth by the taxonomi image of

\Trz inie " outlined in theworksof A.Gardawski andhis methodologi al

su es-sorstopogeneti argumentsinfavorofthishypotheti al ommuni ation ommunity

(inthequotedworks alledasetof\tribes")[Gardawski1959℄areespe ially

onspi- uous.The ommunitysupposedlyo upiedanextensiveterritoryfromthedrainage

of theOder in thewest tothe drainage of theDesna in theeast, possibly

exten-ding to the Urals [Berezanskaya 1972:190 | a maximalist view; f. an opposing

pointofview:Artemenko1987℄.Inouropinionsu hargumentsshouldin lude (1)

ado umentationofthegeneti ba kgroundofthedevelopmentofasystemof

ul-turalpattern ir ulationwithinthesaid territoryaswellas(2)an indi ationofthe

generatorsofitshypotheti alperiodi al stabilization(\ethnization").We aregoing

to devotesome spa e to these issues bydrawing a general framework for

dis us-sion.Theadoptedpointofviewmakes usper eivesome taxonomi unitsratheras

a re e tion of real hanges, whi h, in turn,justies a dierentuse of su h terms

as\Trz inie Culture"( f.workingterm \Trz inie ") or\EarlyBronze"( f.\Early

BronzeAgeCivilizations").

1. THESO-CALLEDBORDERLANDCOMMUNITYAS\TRZCINIEC'S"

GENETICBACKGROUND

Inthetraditionalpi tureoftheearly agrarianEurope,spe i ally ofitsplain

ortaiga overedexpanses betweentheOderandDesna|priortotheemergen e

of \Trz inie " | a lear ultural division was observed running along the

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kan-Central-European ultural provin e, whereas territories east of the line were

homeforsub-Neolithi ommunitiesasso iatedwiththeprovin eof

forest-East-Eu-ropean ultures. Hen e, it an be on luded thatan assumptionwas made about

two dierent systemsof ulturalinformation ir ulation in existen e in this zone.

The two systems stemmed from dierent | also topogeneti ally | traditions of

there eptionofearlyagrarian ivilizationalexperien e.Consequently,theoutlined

ultural ba kgrounddid notjustify a later development, at theoutsetof the 2nd

millennium BC, of a ma rospatial synthesisof \Trz inie ". Itmust be added that,

fa ing inadequatea ura yof syn hronizationoftheBronze Agesystematizations

in the at hment areas of the Ponti and Balti seas and a la k of relevant 14

C

datingsofearly\Trz inie " materials[ f.Kovalyukhetal.,Absolute(Radio arbon)

Chronology

. . .

, in this volume℄, thequestion of thedevelopment of thesynthesis ouldnotbesolved inamethodologi ally satisfyingmanner.

Theseeds of revisionof thepi ture ofhistory ommentedabove anbe seen

inthedevelopmentofresear hintotheComb-likeandStrokedrangeoftheForest

EastEuropeanProvin e.Thisisespe ially trueforthewesterngroupoftherange

[Telegin1968:223℄,spe i ally theNemenCulture(NC)andinparttheKiev-V

olhy-niagroupoftheDnieper-DonetsCulture(D-DC)[Cherniavskiy1979;Isaenko1976;

Telegin1968℄.Itwas there that,beginning fromthelate 1970's,a horizon(phases

IIandespe ially IIIof NC)of astrongin uen e of\western" ultureswas

distin-guished. By\western" ulturesit is meant here mainly Balkan Central European

ultureslike FunnelBeaker(TRB)andlaterGlobularAmphora(GAC)ones,Fig.

1:6.In theworksof P.M. Dolukhanov, V.P.Tretyakov [1979℄,M.M. Cherniavskiy

[1979℄andV.F.Isaenko[1976℄one an ndopinionsthatthedevelopmentofthe

ommunitiesofthewestern fringesoftheindi atedrangeunderwent a

onsidera-bletransformationduetothere eptionofexternalpatternswhi hweregeneti ally

foreign.ThewatershedmarkingthebeginningsofthesaidO identalizationshould

bedatedonthebasisofthe ited lassi ationsbyP.M. Dolukhanov,W.Tretyakov

and V.F. Isayenko, whopla ed it in the middle of the 4thmillennium BC (from

phase IIB of the Neolithi in Polesie a ording to V.F. Isaenko). In both ases,

however, we deal with indire t dating,i.e. through theCentral Europeans ale of

TRB and GAC development. Our ownobservations [Ko±ko 1994; 1996℄make us

a eptorevenexpandtheinterpretation.

Thea eptan e referstothedegreeofinfusionofthematerials oftheSo±nia

phase of the NC with \Central European" patterns[Kempisty1983:179℄.In fa t,

the state of syn retizationdetermined by E. Kempisty [1973℄for the far-western

(Vistula) bran h of the NC | as the Linin type | an be found also in other

materials of this taxon in the drainages of theUpper Nemen and Pripets Rivers

(also our own observations of olle tions heldin Minsk). However, there are no

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Fig.1.Western frontieroftheEastEuropean taiga. Re eptionrangesofBalkan-Central European

ulturaltraditions.1-taigalimit(forestzone);2-settlementpointsoftheLinear PotteryCulturein

theborderlandofthetaiga;3-hypotheti alzoneofthesettlementpenetrationofthetaigainteriorby

theLinearPotteryCulture(Pskovregion);4-regionsofsettlementpenetrationbytheFunnelBeaker

Culture;5-regionsofsettlementpenetrationbytheGlobularAmphoraCulture;6- ulturalunitswith

astrongparti ipationofBalkan-Central-European traditions(NC=NemenCulture,K-VGD-DC=

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The expansionof theinterpretation relates tothemore re ent studies ofthe

veryoriginsofthewesternbran h(\VistulaDnieperGroup")oftheComb-likeand

Strokedsub-Neolithi .Inthe\ lassi " interpretationitssour eswere tra edtothe

synthesisof the ultural traditionsof thelo al Mesolithi and theSouthern

Bug--DniesterCulture(BDC)[Telegin1968:49;Danilenko1969:189-190℄,intheresultof

whi ha y leofearly erami taxawasto omeintobeing,in ludingtheDubi hay

andSien hy e-SokoªówektypesinthedrainagesofthePripetsandVistula. Taking

into onsideration more re ent assessments of a essibility of the Linear Pottery

Culture(LBK) to thetaigaontherightbank oftheDnieper, itbe omes justied

to redu e the role of theBDC in thepro ess[ f. Ko±ko 1996℄, i.e. in luding the

territoryin the framework of the Central European ir ulation of early agrarian

ultural patterns.By nomeans doesitmean an obliterationof thee onomi and

so ial pe uliarity of thedevelopment of lo al ommunities, namely their spe i

\EastEuropean"mannerofneolithization(Fig.1:2).

Keepinginmindwhathasbeensaidabove,itmaybesuggestedthatbeginning

alreadyfrom5000BC,i.e. fromtheLBK olonizationofthewesternfringesofthe

taigaor possiblyo asionalpenetrationofitsinterior, whi hmust havehappened

some time later [data from the Pskov region: studies by A.M. Miklayev and his

team, f. Ko±ko1994; 1996℄(Fig. 1:3), thearea between theVistula andDnieper

reveals germs of a ertain pe uliar ultural ommunity. By reason of its lo ation

attheBug-Dniesterfrontier,the ommunitymay be alled a \borderland

ommu-nity".Ar haeologi allymorevisible signsofthisphenomenon omeonlyfromthe

period after a 3600/3500 BC ( f. earlier omments on the opinions of

Belorus-sian and Russian resear hers on theo identalization of development of the NC

andD-DC).

2. \THEBORDERLANDCOMMUNITY".ANOUTLINEOFTHEINITIAL

PHASEOFDEVELOPMENT(PRE-TRZCINIECSTAGE:3600/3500|1900BC)

Inthisstage two phases anbedistinguished: (a)theo identalization ofthe

Vistula-Dnieperbran h oftheComb-likeandStroked ulturalrangeand(b)

two--way transformationsof the ultural environmentsof theCentral EuropeanPlain

andtheEastEuropeantaiga. Thedivisionintothesaidphases wasmarkedbythe

beginningofagreater in uxofNCso ietiesintoterritorieswestoftheVistula(i.e.

after3200/3100BC).

a.Intheperiod3600/3500|3200/3100BCone anobserveapro essof

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Nemen drainage. Taking intoa ount the fa t that the TRB rea hed the Upper

Bugabout3850/3700BC, one anassume thatsoonafterwards ( a 3600/3500BC)

itappearedwestofthe\Bug-Dniesterfrontier"rea hingthedrainageoftheHoryn

River.

Thereare noabsolutedatingsavailable ofTRB materialsfromtheinterior of

thetaiga(e.g. fromtheregionoftheUpperPripets).Certain luesareprovidedby

stylisti datingsof sour esfrom Zedmar andDutka [Gumi«ski, Fiedor zuk 1988℄

whi h anbegenerally alled\Wiórek-type"(i.e. orrespondingtotheturnofphases

IIIB/IIICinKujawyaround3600/3500BC).

Anassessment of the ivilizational ee ts of thesettlement a tivity has been

presented in the quoted worksby Russian and Belorussian s holars. This pi ture

maybe expandedbyidentifyingthewholeNCas ulturally syn reti so ietiesthat

relatedinmanyrespe tstotheBalkan-CentralEuropeantraditions.

Inthesame period, however,we donotobserve anylarger migrations inthe

oppositedire tion, i.e. from thetaigaintothedrainages of theVistula and Oder.

We leave out, naturally, the borderland zone whi h omprises the Warsaw Basin

andCheªmnoL and,wheretheimpa tof\Comb-likeandStroked"so ieties anbe

observedrelativelyearly [Kukawka1991℄.

b.Thesituationis hangedafter3200/3100BC.TRB olonizersinthetaigaare

substitutedbyGAC so ietiesaround thattime [ f. Szmyt1996℄. The most re ent

studies of the hronology of the said pro ess show that it took pla e primarily

between2950and2350BC.The GACrea hed asfarasSmole«sk(2476

±

126BC) and its impa t an be easily observed in settlements in the taiga onthe Dnieper

(Middle Dnieper Culture), Fig. 1:5. At the same time, however, ertain \forest"

typologi alfa torsfromthe ir leoftheVistulaGACshowthatsomeparti ipantsof

its\easternexodus"returnedtotheareasofdeparture[Ko±ko1990:316℄.Adeeper

understanding of these pro esses may be of ru ial importan e for \ ommunity"

interpretationsoftheso ietiesoftheVistula-Dnieper range.

Another ourseof ulturalinformation owfromthewestintothetaiga

invo-lved olonizationbythe ir umbalti CordedWare Culture(CWC), loselyrelated

tothetraditionsoftheSingle Grave Culture(SGC) ormorepre isely to awidely

hartered rangewheretheimpa t ofthis groupwas felt [Ko±ko1994;Czebreszuk

1996:93.℄.After2900/2750BC,anumberof ulturalsystemsfromthedrainagesof

theNemen, Dvina, UpperDnieperor eventheVolgashow many\ orded"traits,

tra esoftheso ietiesgeneti allyrelatedtothe at hmentareaofthesouth-western

Balti .TheSGCmaybeassignedanimportantroleofageneratorofneolithization

(Fig.2).

Itisalso fromthe\forest"zoneofthedrainages oftheDnieper, Nemen and

Dvina that olonization movements originated around the same time and moved

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Fig.2.EastEuropeanmovementdire tions(arrows)oftherepresentativesoftheSingleGraveCulture

(a ordingtoI.I.Artemenko).

lesserdegree, thesomewhatlater in ux ofComb Cultureso ieties(Fig. 3). Their

presen eamongCentralEuropeansettlementenvironmentsbearsfar-rea hing

ul-ture-making onsequen es.Thisapplies mainly totheGAC butalso totheCWC.

Theirimpa twouldin reasewiththeapproa hofthe2ndmillenniumBC.Features

of migrants from the taigahave been re ently re orded in ompa t omplexes of

Neolithi settlements (e.g. in thebla k-earth interior of theKujawy Plateau:

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Fig. 3.Spatial relations of \Trz inie "(a ording to S.S.Berezanskaya) andthe range of ultures

withComb-likeandStrokedPottery(NC=NemenCulture;D-D+UDC=Dnieper-DonetsandUpper

DnieperCultures).

BC),whi hshowsthatatleastin theeldofe onomythemigrantshad lose

on-ta tswithagrarianpopulations(presen eofbonesofdomesti animals:Korze znik

6/7,prov.ofKonin,Opatowi e35,prov.ofWªo ªawek)[Olszewski1987:66;Jó¹wiak

1997℄.

L ess learisthe\western" impa toftheso ietieslivingintheborderland

be-tween the taiga andforest-steppe, primarily of theYamnaya Culture (YC) whi h

is identiable in theforest-steppezone asfar as the line of the Dnieper-Ingulets

or more o idental, \Yamnaya-Corded" ones [Shaposhnikova 1985:map 8;

Niko-lova 1992℄. From the Plain areas of the Vistula and Oder drainages, there ome

several sour e omplexes revealing thelatter of thementioned ulturaltraditions

(e.g. Kujawy sites:Bo»ejewi e 8,prov.of Bydgosz z, KruszaZamkowa3, prov.of

Bydgosz z)[Ko±ko,Klo hko1991;Ko±ko1992℄.

A on lusion may be drawnthatin the3rdmillennium BC, in thedrainages

oftheDnieperandVistula (partiallyintheOder's, too),a systemofintensive

ir- ulation of ultural patterns ame into being whi h also fa ilitated the ex hange

of te hni al andutilityexperien es aswell asWeltans hauung models.Theorigins

of this phenomenonmust havebeen related to thein rease in the rate of

neoli-thization, whi hwas typi alof large expanses of theEuropean Plain at thattime.

In the 3rd millennium BC, neolithization rea hed a broad dimension. Agrarian

patternsappeared inhuntingand gatheringzonesof settlements[ f.Kobusiewi z,

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tional penetration is a symptomof an in rease in polylinearity of the e onomi

and settlementdevelopmentand a greater a tivity in thesear h fornew habitats.

Atypi alphenomenonofthisperiodoftheearlyagrarianera onthePlain isa

set-tlementnetwork onsistingofsmallmi roregionsmadeupoflittle amps/bivoua s

andbeing a onsequen e of theprevalen e of diversiedstru tures of theanimal

raising andassimilating(hunting-gathering)e onomy.

Itisonlyagainstthisba kground|onemay allitthe\essen e"ofthe limate

ofthede lineoftheearlyagrarianera|thatone analsonoti ese ondaryfa tors

of ulturalintegration in theterritoryunderinvestigation.Amongthem areother

reasons forsome migratorymovements like limati ones(e.g. \pressure"exerted

bytheYC ontheagrarian ommunitiesoftheBalkanandCentralEuropean

Ene-olithi )[Cheredni henko1980:44℄,ex hange ones(e.g. emergen eofinterregional

trails) or evenproto-tradeones(e.g. far-rea hing initiatives giving riseto a wider

interestin theVolhynia opperoramber, seebelow).

Aproblemremainswhetheritissensibletorefertothe\borderland" ultural

reality under dis ussion here as a \ ommunity", spe i ally in the hronologi al

dimensionofthe3rdmillennium BCwhenaspa eofintensive onta ts ameinto

beingthere.These onta tsdo umentasynthesisofgeneti ally omplextraditions.

IgnoringobviousdiÆ ultiesin identifyingso ial ons iousnesswith ar haeologi al

means (in this very ase: awareness of separate origins, attitude to otherpeople

meaning \strangers" | as generators of \ ommunity feelings" of interest to us

here), it has to be said that even with the use of diagnosti areas available to

us,namely omparisonof stru turesofpattern o-o urren e/ ir ulationandtheir

ontinuity,one annotundertakeanydeeper on eptualizationofthedevelopment

me hanismsofthe\borderland ommunity".Thisproblemshallbedealtwithbelow.

3. \TRZCINIEC"|ASAHYPOTHETICALSTABILIZATIONSTATEOFTHE

\BORDERLANDCOMMUNITY"AFTER1900BC

\Trz inie 's" borderland naturemay be dealt with bothfrom the perspe tive

ofa\ ontinental(global) synthesis"andfromthatofataxonomi analysis.Before

we ontinueourdis ussionweshouldoutlinehowthetwoperspe tives orrespond.

Amongmany attempts to pla e the assumed Trz inie ommunityin

ma ro-spa e, the most spatially \expansive" suggestion has been made by S.

Berezan-skaya [1972:190℄,who indi ated that \the Trz inie -Komarov ommunity formed

part of a great histori al provin e whi h omprised su h ulturesas pre-Lusatian

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Fig.4.Pla ementof\Trz inie "(1)inthe ontextofrangesandin uen ezonesofthe\EarlyBronze

AgeCivilizations":Carpathian-Danube(2-C-DC= enterofCarpathian-DanubeCivilization;3-MC

=MnogovalikovayaCulture)andVolga-Ural(5-V-UC= enterofVolga-UralCivilization;6-AC=

enterofAbashevoCulture),4= enterofVolhynia opperdeposits;7ST=Sosnytsatype.

two large ulture-making enters or \Early Bronze ivilizations":

Carpathian-Da-nube and Volga-Ural (Fig. 4:2, 5). Both enters ame into being at the turn of

the 3rd millennium BC pra ti ally ontemporaneously. The issue of the degree

of autonomy of their origins anddevelopment remains a problem. Next to

hypo-theses in favor of their full independen e [ f. Bo hkarev 1995:18℄ one an noti e

ertainrelationshipswhi h arediÆ ultto lassify solelyasex hange symptoms,as

an example of whi h may serve the hoard of Borodino [Gimbutas 1956℄.

Atten-tionisdrawnbyalleged easternborrowings inthesepul hral andmilitaryspheres

(kurgans, a riding horse, a wagon) in theCarpathian-Danube enter or

hypothe-ti ally western onesin metallurgi al designs (two-pie e spiralbulae, \My enaean

patterns"in ornamentation)in theVolga-Ural enter.The issue ofthetransferof

these patternshas notbeen suÆ iently investigatedyet while \Trz inie " itself |

whi h must be stressed | does not orroborate, in our opinion, so far ranging

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Taking a more analyti al (taxonomi ) look at theproblem, one has to

obse-rve that the two ir les learly dier in metallurgi al produ tion proles bothin

respe tof form andte hnology. Thisallows us to pre isely delineate theareas of

distribution of their artifa ts with a relatively stable borderline | in the period

when \Trz inie " existed | onthe Dnieper. Inthe early period, the

Mnogovali-kovaya Culture was theCarpathian-Danube outpost in the borderland,while the

AbashevoandEarly SrubnayaCulturesservedasVolga-Uraloutposts.Inthelater

periodthissystemwasrepla edbythefollowing ultures(types):Noua-Sabatinovka

and eastern \Trz inie ", as representatives of the West,as well as L ateSrubnaya

andSosnytsaproper,i.e.left-bank[ f.adierentviewpointinArtemenko1987℄as

representatives of theEast.Ithas to bementioned thattheabove on lusionsdo

not ontradi t theresultsof a omparative analysis of thepottery of the ultures

involved(Fig.4:3,6, 7).

Whileassessing\Trz inie 's"metallurgy,attentionisbeingdrawntoits

embry-oni hara ter, \reprodu tionofforeignpatterns" anda la kof \modi ationsby

lo alartisans"[D¡browski1972:96℄.Inthe aseofthewesternbran h,thesour esof

thesaid\foreignpatterns"aretheCarpathianTumulusandPilinyCultures[ f.

Mi±-kiewi z1978:195℄.Asimilarlystrongdependen eonthemetallurgi alexperien eof

theCarpathian-Danube enter ismanifested bytheeastern bran h [Berezanskaya

1972:189; 1985:443℄.To be more spe i , in thesaid territoryone an en ounter

ornamentsofCarpathiantypes( hara teristi oftheKomarovCulture) made,

ho-wever,in\Trz inie "environments.Thisiseviden edbyadierentte hnologyused

to makethem. Otherartifa ts of thisorigin in lude weapons hara teristi of the

Noua-Sabatinovka Culture.There are, however, arguments in favor of their lo al

origin[Klo hko1993:20-24;1994:119℄.Artifa tsoftheKardashinkatype,i.e.

origi-natinginthelo al,Middle-Dniepermetallurgi al enter[Klo hko1994:117-118℄and

artifa tsof theL oboikivkatype,relatedto theSrubnayaCulture andtheSosnytsa

type[Klo hko1994:119℄,alsobelongtothesame groupofnds.

While assessing thegeneti pe uliarity ofbronze artifa ts, as outlined above,

re ordedintheterritoryofeastern\Trz inie ", onsiderable importan eshouldbe

atta hedtotheveri ationofthehypothesisabouttheexisten eoflargedepositsof

opperin Volhyniaavailable forprehistori exploitation[Maªkowski1931℄.A

on-rmation ofthehypothesis| as ithas already beenobserved | should\ hange

ourview oftherole ofthisarea intheBronzeAge" [D¡browski1972:87-88℄.This

task was undertaken by N.V. Ryndina[1980℄ whoestablished by physi o hemi al

methodsthat opperwas exploitedin Volhyniaas earlyasintheCWCstage.

Fur-therresear h, arriedout urrentlybyaninterdis iplinaryteamofUkraine'sNAS,

justies the broadening of the hronologi al s ale and the size of ex avating and

pro essinga tivitiesinVolhynia.Asaresultoftheresear hlargedepositsofvirgin

(19)

intwhose depositsattra ted Eneolithi settlementsof theTripolye Culture (Fig.

1:4). Ona similar level depositsof amber were also found.Preliminary results of

omparative analysesofearlylo alformsofTripolye opperartifa ts withsamples

ofVolhyniaraw-materialturnedouttobepositive.Itis, therefore,highlyprobable

thatintheareaalongtherightbankoftheMiddleDnieperlo aldepositsof opper

were used formaking bronze artifa ts. This, in turn, ould havegiven riseto the

so- alledSkvirametallurgi al regionwithintheboundariesoftheUkrainianCrystal

Shield.

Fromtheabove dis ussion, three on lusionsshouldbedrawn:(a) lookingat

thesystemof ir ulationof ulturalpatternsfromtheperspe tiveofthewatershed

of \Early BronzeCivilizations", one annotre ognize \Trz inie " as a borderland

phenomenon;(b) itsrangeislo atedatthenorth-easternfrontier ofthein uen e

oftheCarpathian-Danube enter; ( )however,itmaintains ertain autonomythat

anbehypotheti allyrelatedtothe ulturally reativeroleoftheVolhyniadeposits

of opperandquite possiblyamber.

a. The borderland hara ter of\Trz inie " depends on ertain geneti issues

of the \borderland ommunity" dis ussed earlier ( hie y from the standpoint of

the3rdmillennium BC).Thisspe i ally delineated areaof ir ulationof ultural

patternskeptitsboundariesafter1900BC,however,we donotknowtherateand

dire tionofits\EarlyBronzeAgetransformation"ora ulturation,whi hisrelated

totheabsen eofradio arbondatingofthebeginningsoftheeasternbran h.Inthe

developmentof \Trz inie " one an nd, tobe sure,a numberofsigni ant

refe-ren estothesaid ommunity.Theyareparti ularly learinthesphereofsettlement

ande onomyor,toputitbroadly,inte hni alorutilityaspe ts.Theseso ieties

ad-opted ertainstandardsofmorestableformsofexisten eonlyduringthemigration

outsidethe\northernden", whentheyen ounteredthetraditionsofEarly Bronze

populationsinhabitingOldPlateausintheCir um arpathianzone[Górski,Kadrow

1996:24℄.Itseems,too,thatyetanotherheritageofthe\borderland ommunity"is

thespreadingof ertainideologi al andritual standardsinthe\Trz inie 's" range.

Amongthemare remation a tive traditionsofthe Soevka-Middle-Dnieper

re-mation enter anbeobservedhere[Ko±ko,Videiko1995℄orevenkurganbuilding

[fora similarpointofdepartureofre eption see Artemenko1967℄.

Thus,itisa omplexofpatternswhi hformed|originally|onthePlainin

theVistuladrainageandinthetaigainthewesternpartoftheDnieper'sdrainage.

Itisonlyfromtherethatthe omplexexpandedprimarilytothewestandsouth.The

expansion to the southseems to have generated an entirely new ultural quality,

namely\Trz inie 's"loessgroupsandtheKomarovCulture.Thisphenomenonhas

beenre entlysystemati allystudiedbyJ. GórskiandS.Kadrow[1996℄.Theee ts

ofthesestudiesmay serveasareferen e pointforaspatiallywider interpretation.

(20)

doesnotjustifyenlargementofthe ommunityintheeasterndire tion,beyondthe

Dnieper,i.e. intotheareawhereVolga-Uralbronzeobje tsdominated.

Consequen-tly,anytieswiththesystemofpattern ir ulationofthe\left-bank"Sosnytsatype,of

primaryinteresttoushere, traditionally,albeit with ertainhesitation,in ludedin

\Trz inie " seemhighlydisputable. EarlyBronzepatternsrea hed the\borderland

ommunity" travelling along theVistula, Dniester and SouthernBug. Inthelight

ofthemost re entresear h(thisapplies tothe emeteryin Gordiyevka),thetrail

alongtheSouthernBugRiver|treatedasanambertrailfrom1500BC[Klo hko

1996℄ | takes onparti ular importan e. It onne ts theterritories of interest to

us here, through the Volhynia deposits, not only with the Balkans but also with

Anatolia andwith theeastern Mediterranean in general. The multipli ityof trails

isborne outbythegeneti stru tureofbronze obje tsin the area of east \T

rz i-nie ". Forthisreason,it an hardlybe assumedthatwithinitsrangethereexisted

any uniform ir ulationsystem of patternsand artifa ts of theEarly Bronze Age

Carpathian-Danube Civilization. \Trz inie " was madeupofdierentbran hes of

this enterwhosedevelopmentwasrelativelyhighlyautonomous.

.Isittruethusthatafter1900BCthe\borderland ommunity"rea hedastate

of stabilization whosegenerating for e musthave been thetraditionof theEarly

Bronze Age Carpathian-Danube Civilization? We believe that the essen e of the

hangestakingpla ethenisbetterdes ribedbythehypothesisassumingautonomy

of development of vast expanses of the Central European Plain or the Eastern

European taiga as far as the ba kground is on erned. The Carpathian-Danube

enter hypotheti ally taking over the exploitation of Volhynia depositsof opper

and quite possiblyamber ame into onta t with theso ieties of the\borderland

ommunity".Thismayhaveresultedinasele tiveadaptationbythelatterofentirely

dierent te hni al, utility andideologi al patternsgenerated byelitist so ieties of

theSouth.Itseems thattheOld Plateau exodus of\Trz inie " was a responseto

this ivilizationalleaven.

Around1300-1200BCthe\borderland ommunity"graduallydisappeared

whe-reasthe\Bug-Dniesterborderline" progressivelyre overeditslegibility.

CONCLUSIONS

To on ludeletusgoba ktothequestionformingthetitleofthissymposium:

What was \Trz inie "? Was it a stable ultural ommunity, whi h is implied by

(21)

the so ieties of the so- alled borderland ommunity, i.e. an entity of a relative

ompa tnessformedonthebasisofa tive, multidire tional onta tsofpopulation

groupsofdierentgeneti traditions?

Itseemsthatthisdilemma maybe illustrated withan oppositionknownfrom

histori aland omparativelinguisti s,namelylanguagefamily(group)andlanguage

league (orgeneti kinship vs. typologi al kinship). Aleague is a form ofa looser

asso iation of languages than a family, it is made up of languages of dierent

origin\whi hasaresultoftheir enturies-longandmutual onta tsandin uen es

havebe ome verymu h alike" [Milewski 1965:153℄.Thistype ofa quired kinship

o ursatmanylevelsoflanguagestru tureanddoesnothavene essarilytoleadto

adeeperidenti ation,i.e. hangingintothestateoflinguisti , ulturalandethni

ommunity. As an illustration an serve the history of one of the more telling

examples ofsu hlanguage leagues, i.e. theBalkanL eague [Milewski1965:135℄.It

was formed by su h diverse languages as Greek [ f. Malmberg 1969℄, Albanian,

Bulgarian or Romanian. Consequently, it bound together ethni identities from

theso- alled Balkan Cru ible where synthesesand disintegrationsof ultural and

politi al areasareparti ularlyfrequent.

Itshouldbe onsideredwhetherthedeepeningofthere eptionofthatlinguisti

opposition reatesaninterestingexpli atoryperspe tiveforprehistory.Allthedata

presented in this paper lead to su h a on lusion, i.e. to the re ognition of the

\borderland ommunity"and onsequently\Trz inie "asa aseofthedevelopment

ofa\ ulturalleague"that ameintobeinginape uliar ivilizational limateofthe

north-easternfrontieroftheBalkan-CentralEuropeanprovin e.

(22)

AP { Ar heologia Polski,Warszawa

APL { Ar haeologia Polona,Warszawa

AR { Arkheologia,Kiev

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«

ESA { EurasiaSeptentrionalisAntiqua,Helsinki

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USRR,

Kiev

MANH { Materiaªy Ar heologi zne NowejHuty,Kraków

MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii SSSR,Moskva

PBF { Praehistoris heBronzefunde,M un hen

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SPA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

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