Se p t e m b e r 1 9 4 5 . 30 1 a
ABSTRACTS.
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n d Ex p l o i t a t i o n.
Geology- D rillin g ...
P ro d u c tio n
Oilfield D e v elo p m en t ...
Tr a n s p o r t a n d St o r a g e
Re f i n e r y Op e r a t i o n s.
R efineries a n d A u x iliary R e fin ery P la n t
D istilla tio n
A b so rp tio n a n d A d so rp tio n ...
C racking S pecial Processes
PAG E M etering a n d C o n tr o l... 320 a 302 a Pr o d u c t s.
304 a C h em istry a n d P h y sics 320 a
307 a A nalysis a n d T estin g ... 323 a
316 a C rude Oil 325 a
316 a
G as ... 325 a
E n g in e F u e ls ... 326 a
L u b ric a n ts 326 a
B itu m e n , A sp h alt a n d T ar ... 327 a 317 a
Coal, S hale a n d P e a t ... 328 a 319 a En g i n e s a n d Au t o m o t i v e
319 a
319 a
Eq u i p m e n t . . . 328 a
320 a Mi s c e l l a n e o u s . . . 328 a
A U T H O R IN D E X .
The n u m b ers re fe r to th e A b s tra c t N u m b er.
The original papers referred to in the abstracts marked with an asterisk may be borrowed by members from the Institute Library.
A grass, M. S., 1019 Allen, F . H ., 1074 A ndresen, K . H ., 1019 Badgley, L . C., 1019 B aker, R . C., 1019 B arnes, C. H ., 1019 B arnes, K . B ., 991 B ender, J . C., 1019 Berw ald, W . B ., 1019 Bissell, E . S., 1038 B lair, W . P .. 1019 B lidchenko, I . F ., 10S0 Bond, D . C., 1019 B ridgw ater, R . M., 1045 B ro th m an , 1037 B ollock, H . L ., 1035 B ulnes, A. C., 1008 B u rt, C. E ., 1019 Cam pbell, W . E ., 1019 Carroll, D. L ., 983 C ham berlain, L. C., 1019 C ham oii, I. A., 1005 C hastian, J ., 1019 C hurch, W . L ., 1019 Considine, D. M., 1032 Cook, A. B ., 1003 Coplen, G-., 1019 Crake, W. S t. M. E ., 1019 Crawford, R . M., 1029 Creighton, J . A ., 1019 C nrtis, J . C., 1019 , D avey, W ., 1077, 1078 Dewees, E . J ., 1003 D obryanskii, A. F ., 1050 Douglas, N ., 1019 D iap er, P ., 1069 D yakova, M. K ., 1085 Ellinger, W . H ., 1019 Ellis, W . J ., 1066 Esafov, V. I ., 1061 E very, E . D ., 1019 F ag in , K . M., 989, 990 F earo n , R . E ., 1019 F eld m an , S. M., 1037 F ir th , F . G., 1058 F ittin g , R . IJ., 1008
Y
F lax m an , M. T ., 1019 F o ster, J . L ., 1019 F ren ch , H . C., 1019 F rid m a n , I . Y a, 1050 F ro sch , A ., 1019 Gabriel, Y. G., 973.
G arrison, A. D ., 1019 G artin , E . G., 1019 Gordon, R . R ., 1060 Gould, C. N ., 979 G ray, G. R ., 1019 G underson, N . E ., 1019 H a re, D . G. C., 1019 H a rris, H . M., 1003 H ath co ck , C. D ., 1019 H am er, A. M., 1019 H ay es, H . C:, 1019 H eigl, J . J ., 1019 H etzer, J ., 1058 H odell, L. R ., 1019 H olm es, H . H ., 1019 H u n tin g d o n , R . L ., 1007 In d ra , M. K ., 1063 Jack so n , J . S., 10S3 Jav es, A. R ., 1067 Jo h an sen , H . C., 1019 J o hnson, M. C., 1019 Jo n es, P . H ., 1019 Jo n es, P . J ., 996-1002 K alb , B . J ., 1019 K au fm an , D. S., 1019 K h o tu n tzev , L. L ., 1057 K om arew sky, Y. I ., 1084 K o n stan tin o v , A. A ., 1055 K roch, E ., 1086 K usakov, M. M., 1053 K u sto v , Y. F ., 1057 Lahee, F . H ., 974 L arian , M. G., 1034 L arin , A. Y a, 1043 Law son, W . E ., 1019 L ev erett, M. C., 1019 Logan, L. J ., 975 Lucas, J . E ., 1019 Luger, K . E ., 1038 L y n d , W. E ., 1019
Lyons, E . J ., 1036 M cG ivem , P . V ., 1019 M acM ullin, R . B „ 1030 M argosehes, K . G., 1071 M elent’eva, N . Y ., 1085 M ercier, Y. J ., 995 M errym an, L . R ., 1004 M ihram , R . G., 1010 M iller, B ., 1073 Miller, H .' 0 ., 1019 M iller, R . D u W ayne,
1019
M iner, K . H ., 1011 Moon, J ., 993 Moore, T. V., 1019 M orton, F ., 1072 Muffly, G., 1019 M ukherjee, J . N ., 1063 M ullane, J . J ., 1019 M unn, J . E ., 1019 M uskat, M., 1019 M uzzy, D. S., 1019 N am etkin, S. S., 1044 N atio n , C. S., 1019 N euhaus, R ., 1039 N evill, G. E ., 1019 Oak, D . P ., 1019 O’L eary, 0 . M., 1019 Olsen, J . F ., 1036 Osm un, F . N ., 1019 P anchenov, G. M., 1048,
1049
P atrid g e, E . P ., 1019 Peisakhodina, S. L ., 1075 P h ip p s, J . T ., 1019 Pigam iol, M., 1076 P inkevich, Y u A ., 1052,
1064 Powell,' H ., 1060 P rice, E . F ., 1019 R am aiy a, K . S., 1079 R eed, C. E ., 1019 Reed, C. F ., 1019 R eed, P ., 987, 1009 R eistle, C. E ., 1019 R ichards, A. R ., 1072
R idgw ay, R . S., 1027 R obinson, W . W ., 1019 Rosenberg, L. M., 1044 Row sey, L . B ., 1019 R ussen, G. F ., 1007 Saurenm an, D . F ., 1019 Sawdon, W . A ., 992 Schillinger, W . A ., 1019 Schindler, H ., 1019 Serinis, N . S., 1065 Shreve, R . N orris, 1031 Shneerova, R . N ., 1075 S hort, E . N ., 1017, 1018 Sivertzev, A. P ., 1050 Southw eü, C. A. P ., 1020 Steinw itz, E . W ., 1082 Stokoe, E ., 1047 S tu a rt, A. H ., 1068 S tu a rt, R . W ., 1019 Suen, T . J ., 1042 Sw eetland, L. B ., 1069 Taliaferro, D . B ., 1019 T a rm an y an , G. S., 1075 Thom pson, R ., 1007 Tishkova, V. N ., 1080 Underw ood, A . J . Y., 1041 Y ance, F . P ., 1007 Y arentzov, Y . P ., 1054 Y elikovskii, D. S., 1051,
1056
Yoorhees, Y ., 1019 W arren, G. N ., 1037 W ebber, M. W ., 1081 W eber, M., 1030 W endeln, O. B ., 1040 W illiams, M., 1019 W illiams, N ., 976, 985,
1106 Wise, D. H ., 1019 W rightsm an, G. G., 1019 Y ao, F . H ., 1042 Y u ster, S. T ., 1014 Zacher, Y. B ., 994 Zim m erm an, R. D ., 1019 Zublin, J . A ., 1019
3 0 2 a ABSTRACTS.
Oi l f i e l d E x p l o r a t i o n a n d E x p l o i t a t i o n.
Geology.
973.* Mathematical Chance of Finding Oil. V. G. G abriel. O il W k ly , 21.5.45, 117 (12), 49.— D u rin g th e p e rio d 1938-1943, inclusive, th e p ro b a b ility o f o b ta in in g .a p ro d u c in g w ell fro m e x p lo ra tio n w as 1 : 6 - 1 for w ells b a se d on geology, 1 : 5 for wells b a se d on geophysics, 1 : 4 - 4 for w ells b ase d o n a c o m b in a tio n o f geology a n d geophysics, a n d 1 : 20-6 fo r wells b a se d o n su n d ry , n o n -tec h n ic a l re aso n s. T h e co rresp o n d in g figures fo r T ex as w ere resp ectiv e ly , 1 : 6-4, 1 : 5-2, 1 : 3-7 a n d 1 : 17-9.
A c o n se rv a tiv e a n d in tellig e n t e x p lo ra tio n p ro g ram m e calls fo r a b a la n c e d e stim a te of th e m o st p ro b a b le p ro fit or loss w h ich m ig h t acc ru e as a re s u lt o f success or failu re to discover a n oilfield.
I f th e m o st p ro b a b le p re s e n t w o rth o f fu tu re oil d isco v ered in T ex as is $3,000,000, th e co st o f d rilling th e w ell $120,000, th e co st o f p re lim in a ry geological a n d geophysical w o rk $50,000, a n d th e co st o f leasing a n d o th e r expenses $40,000, m a th e m a tic a l e x p e c ta tio n in d ic a te s t h a t th e use o f b o th geological a n d g eo p h y sical in fo rm a tio n in drillin g fo r oil in T ex as w ou ld p ro b a b ly re s u lt in a g a in o f $657,000 ; th e use o f n o n tec h n ica l in fo rm a tio n w ould p ro b a b ly re su lt in a g a in o f o n ly $16,000.
T h e e x p e c ta tio n is giv en b y : E = p a — gb, w h en a is th e su m o f m o n ey w hich can b e w on, a n d p th e p ro b a b ility o f w in n in g it, w hile b is th e su m o f m o n ey w h ich can be
lo st, a n d g th e p ro b a b ility o f losing it. G. D . H .
974.* U.S. Exploratory Drilling in 1944. F . H . L ah ee. Oil W k ly , 14.5.45, 117 (11).
50.-—I n 1944 4796 e x p lo ra to ry w ells w ere d rille d in U .S.A . ; in 1943 th e re w ere 3843, T he 1944 fo o tag e w as 20,225,887 f t . ; in 1943 15,122,364 ft. O f th e 1944 wells 944 w ere p ro d u cers, o f w h ich 844 w ere d rille d o n te c h n ic a l ad v ice, a n d 3007 w ells drilled on su ch advice w ere d ry . 10 p ro d u c ers a n d 110 d ry holes w ere lo ca ted for reasons u n k n o w n .
A t th e b eg in n in g o f 1944 U .S .A . p ro v e d reserv es w ere e s tim a te d to b e 20,064,152,000 b rl., a n d a t th e en d 20,453,231,000 brl.
T ab les give 1944 d a ta on : n u m b e r o f oil, gas a n d c o n d en sate wells a n d d ry holes d rilled as e x p lo ra to ry t e s t s ; b asis fo r lo catin g e x p lo ra to ry h o le s ; s ta tis tic s on e x p lo ra to ry holes in eleven selected s ta te s ; d is trib u tio n of e x p lo ra to ry wells b y classes
a n d re su lts o f drilling. G. D. H .
9,75.* Exploration Falls Short of P.A.W. Programme. L . J . L og an . Oil W kly, 23.4.45, 117 (8), 52.— D u rin g M arch th e U .S .A . e x p lo ra to ry co m p letio n s a v era g ed 71 p e r w eek, th e F e b ru a ry figure w as 78 p e r w eek. F o r th e first q u a rte r th e co m p letio n r a te w as on th e b asis o f 4100 p e r y e ar, w h ereas P .A .W . re q u ire s 5000. A p p a ren tly th e deficiency is d u e to lack o f in c e n tiv e to ta k e risk s, a n d th e re la tiv e ly h ig h p resen t co sts o f w ild ca ttin g . T h e success ra tio o f 19% is h ig h er t h a n la s t y ear, w hen it was 17-6% d u rin g th e first q u a rte r. A n in creased p ro p o rtio n o f th e d rillin g h as ta k e n place in w holly u n p ro v e d areas.
A new gas-field w as fo u n d in C alifornia d u rin g M arch. I t is 4 m l. n o rth o f th e R io V ista field a n d p rom ises to be a m a jo r field. T h e o n ly M arch success in th e R o ck y M o u n tain reg io n w as a well w hich e x te n d e d th e K e v in -S u n b u rst gas a re a 3 m l. east a n d gave 2 8 -g rav ity oil a n d gas. T h e Cap R o c k pool of L e a C o u n ty , N ew M exico, was e x te n d e d I f m l. so u th . Illinois h a d 3 new oil-pools in M a r c h ; 2 w ere e x te n d e d an d in a n o th e r a new p ay -zo n e w as opened. Tw o oilfields a n d a new p a y w ere discovered in M ichigan in M arch. K a n sa s also h a d 3 discoveries ; a n old field w as e x te n d e d , an d a new gas-field w as found. T he U tic a pool o f K e n tu c k y w as ex te n d ed . A sm all new oil-pool w as discovered in O klahom a. F iv e new oilfields w ere fo u n d in L o u isia n a.
T ables su m m arize th e U .S.A . e x p lq ra to ry d rillin g re su lts d u rin g M arch a n d th e first th re e m o n th s o f 1945. M arch discoveries are lis te d w ith p e r tin e n t d a ta a n d are classi
fied according to ty p e , w ith c o m p a rativ e figures fo r F e b ru a ry 1945 a n d th e first q u a rte rs
o f 1944 a n d 1945. (j. E . h.
976. Carthage Area Holds Promise of Becoming World’s Largest Gas Reserve.
N . W illiam s. Oil G a s J ., 19.5.45, 44 (2), 102.— L arg e gas reserves a re b ein g p ro v e d in th e
ABSTRACTS. 3 0 3 A C arth ag e a re a of P a n o la C ounty, E a s t T exas. T he o u tp o st wells o f th e p re sen t p r o du cin g a rea em brace a n a re a o f a b o u t 300 sq. m l. F o u r p ro d u cin g horizons are kn o w n : H ill (4900-5050 ft. deep), U p p e r P e t ti t (5650-6000 ft.), L ow er P e t ti t (5850-6200 ft.), an d T rav is P e a k (6000-6400 ft.). T h eir gas c o n te n t is e s tim a te d to be 4,235,100 m illion cu. ft., a n d th e u ltim a te recovery m ay b e 2-5-3 m illion m illion cu. ft. R eco v er
able c o n d en sate m a y b e 39,500,000 brl. H ig h er figures h av e been giv en fo r th e gas reserves.
T he C a rth ag e a re a is w ell-located w ith resp ec t to v ario u s gas tran sm issio n system s.
T h e field w as discovered in 1936, b u t only 18 wells w ere d rilled u p to 1944, a n d o ver 9 w ere d rilled in 1943. N ow th e re are 54 wells, 33 being com pleted in tw o zones.
A ll th e p ro d u cin g zones are in th e T rin ity G roup o f th e L ow er G len R ose, a n d consist o f oolitic lim estones. T he H ill zone is th e lea st extensive. P o ro s ity v aries w ith in each zone. T he s tru c tu re is a large low -relief dom e, b u t p o ro sity co n tro ls p ro d u ctio n . E v e ry well does n o t necessarily find p ro d u c tio n in all th e zones. W ells in th e H ill zone h av e th e g re ates t open-flow capacities, a n d average 120 m illion cu. ft. /d ay . R ock pressures are ab n o rm ally h ig h for th e d e p th s, a n d in itially ra n g ed 2300-3000 Ib./sq. in.
D ev elo p m en t is on a 640-acre p a tte rn .
A t th e beginning of M arch 1945 th e gas p ro d u c tio n to ta lle d 54,000 m illion cu. ft., a n d th e co n d en sate recovery 834,857 brl. C u rre n tly p ro d u c tio n is a b o u t 130,111,000 cu. ft./d a y . E x is tin g pipe-line o u tle ts h av e a c ap a city o f 100-125 m illion cu ft./d a y . O th er lines are proposed. A gasoline p la n t w ith a th ro u g h p u t o f 25 m illion cu. f t./d a y is operatin g , a n d tw o o th ers are to b e b u ilt w ith tw ice th is c a p a c ity each. A 100-
m illion cu. f t./d a y p la n t is being b u ilt. G. D . H .
977.* San Joaquin Field Shallow Pay to be Investigated. A non. Oil W kly, 16.4.45, 117 (7), 71.— T he S an Jo a q u in , V enezuela, com pletions h av e b een in th e E ocene a t a b o u t 7000 ft., th e in itia l o u tp u ts b ein g a b o u t 1500 b rl./d a y . A n O ligocene p a y a t 3600-3700 ft. is cased off in all b u t one well, in w hich a blow -out occu rred before it w as
ab an d o n ed . G. D . H .
978. Pacific Northwest is Receiving Increased Exploratory Attention. A non. Oil Qas J ., 26.5.45, 44 (3), 116.— A w ild cat being d rilled on th e n o rth side o f G ra y ’s H a r b o u r n e ar A berdeen, W ash in g to n , is re p o rte d to h a v e ru n in to a gas-zone a t a b o u t 3000 ft. O th er w ild cats h av e b een d rilled in th is a re a a n d h av e fo u n d gas, b u t n o t in com m ercial q u a n titie s. Tw o s tru c tu re s are fairly well defined. A deep te s t in th e A berdeen a rea in 1932 w as a b an d o n e d a t 6726 ft., h a v in g en co u n tered a stro n g flow of h o t w ater. Gas w as fo u n d in a shale b etw een 2000 ft. a n d 3000 ft.
T here is leasing a c tiv ity in several a rea s': W h atco m C ounty, W ash in g to n , M u lt
n o m a h C ounty, a n d H a rn e y C ounty, Oregon. G. D . H .
979.* The Red Beds and the Anadarko Basin. C. N. G ould. Oil W kly, 21.5.45, 117 (12), 59.— T he P e rm ia n R e d beds consist of g re a t thicknesses o f red clay shale w ith lenses o f sa n d sto n e a n d o f e v ap o rite s. T he beds are d eltaic or e stu arin e, d ep o sited b y riv ers e m p ty in g in to a so u th w esterly re tre a tin g ocean. In la n d seas w ere form ed a t tim es a n d p ro d u ced th e ev ap o rites. T h ey occur in K a n sa s, O klahom a, T exas, N ew M exico, a n d Colorado. A n acco u n t is giv en of th e ev o lu tio n o f know ledge c o n cerning th e R e d B eds, th e ir relatio n sh ip s a n d s tru c tu re . G. D . H . 980.* Cantagallo Extension Test is Reported Successful. A non. Oil W kly, 7.5.45, 117 (10).— C antagallo 6, a n e as t flank ex tension te s t on th e w est b a n k of th e M iddle M agdalena, o pposite P u e rto W ilches, h as been re p o rte d to b e being com pleted as a flowing well. T ests w ere to b e m ad e in th e U p p e r Cretaceous. T h e field h as tw o o th e r sh u t-in w ells w hich p roduce 2 0 -g rav ity crude a n d h a v e a jo in t c a p a c ity o f over
5000 b rl./d a y . G. D . H .
981.* Santa Barbara Field Gets Extension Development. A non. Oil W kly, 30.4.43, 117 (9), 65.— O p eratio n s b y M ene G ran d e on th e T ravieso 3 concession h a v e considerably e x te n d e d th e S a n ta B a rb a ra field w estw ard. E ffo rts are being m ad e to e x te n d p r o d u c tio n to th e so u th . T he so u th e rn edge o f th e S a n ta B a rb a ra -M u la ta -J u se p in
p ro d u c in g tre n d h a s n o t b e en established. G. D . H .
3 0 4 a ABSTRACTS.
982.* Shell has another Difieil Producer; more Companies Plan Exploration. Anon.
O il W k ly , 7.5.45, 117 (10), 70.— Difieil 4 h a s b e en c o m p leted fo r 500 b r l./d a y o f 44- g r a v ity oil, a fte r tw o acid tre a tm e n ts . D e v elo p m en t to w est a n d s o u th m a y giv e a sizeable com m ercial field.
A fo u rth d ry te s t h a s b e en c o m p leted on th e D oce concession, w hich m a y be su rren d ered .
N o rth o f th e D ifieil t r a c t S an A ngel N o. 1 w as c o m p leted as a goo d g a s -w e ll; a
second w ell w as d ry . G. D . H .
983.* Northern E gypt. D . L . C arroll. Oil W k ly , 16.4.45, 117 (7), 44.— 55 m l. e a s t of Suez, a t E l N ek h l, a te s t h a s b een sto p p e d a t 5570 ft. in th e N u b ia n sa n d sto n e owing to drillin g difficulties. 34 m l. n o rth w e s t o f C airo, a t K h a ta tb a , a n o th e r w ild c a t has re ac h e d 5800 ft. S o u th o f Suez, on th e e a s t side o f th e gulf, a te s t h a s b e en s ta r te d a t A in M usa.
P ro d u c tio n h as ceased in th e G em sah a n d A b u D u rh a fields. A t R a s G h a rib an d H u rg h a d a th e o u tp u t w as fo rced to 25,000 b r l./d a y b e tw ee n 1941 a n d 1944. F a ilu re to find a d d itio n a l p ro d u c tio n in th is a re a is la rg e ly d u e to th e fa c t t h a t o n ly drillin g is lik ely to p ro v id e re liab le in fo rm a tio n o n su b su rfac e co n d itio n s in m o st o f th e area.
S tru c tu ra l m a p p in g b y b o th geological a n d g e o p h y sical m e th o d s is h in d e re d b y th e th ic k m a n tle o f M iocene b ed s o n th e fo ld ed a n d fa u lte d beds c o n ta in in g th e C retaceous a n d C arboniferous N u b ia n sa n d sto n e series in w h ich m o st o f th e oil occurs. T h e M io
cene is th in or a b s e n t in m o st o f th e S inai P e n in su la a n d n o r th e r n E g y p t. T here geological a n d g eophysical w o rk is lik e ly to be m ore successful. T h ere a re p o ssibilities o f fin d in g oil acc u m u la tio n s in sh o relin e w ed g e-o u ts o f T riassic b ed s. T h e E l N ek h l w ild ca t fo u n d good show s in th e C retaceous.
I n th e N ile d e lta th e U p p e r T e rtia ry b ed s a re d eep ly b u rie d b y P leisto ce n e a n d R e ce n t d ep o sits. L ittle in te re s t h a s b e en sh o w n in th is a rea , a p a r t fro m its in te rio r m arg in w h ere th e M iocene is n o t d ee p ly b u rie d . I n N o rth e a s t E g y p t o u tcro p s show th e a ttitu d e o f th e E o cen e a n d M esozoic beds. T h e S inai P e n in su la w ild c a t h a s good show s in th e C retaceo u s U p p e r N u b ia n beds. T h e w ell w as low o n s tr u c tu r e w ith a view to te s tin g w ed g e-o u t c o n d itio n s in th e T riassic a n d Ju ra s s ic , w h ich b ed s a re v e ry th ic k fa rth e r n o rth , b u t a b s e n t in s o u th e rn S inai. T h e well w as inconclusive on th is p o in t. A second w ell is to b e d rilled f a rth e r s o u th a n d h ig h er on s tr u c tu r e w ith a view to te s tin g th e C retaceous fu rth e r. T h e folds r u n n o r th e a s t-s o u th w e s t. To th e s o u th w est, on th e E g y p tia n m ain la n d , th e folds a re m a rk e d b y lines o f b a sa ltic plugs.
G. D . H . 984. New Field Discovered in Arabia. A non. Oil Oas J ., 12.5.45, 44 (1), 86.—I t is re p o rte d t h a t th e A ra b ia n A m e ric an Oil Co. h a s d isco v ered a n ew field. T h e discovery w ell is w e st o f Q a tif on th e c o ast b e tw ee n D a m m a n a n d R a s T a n u ra . G. D. H .
Drilling.
985. New Diesel-Powered Rig Incorporates Advances in Automatic Control.
N . W illiam s. Oil Gas J ., 5.5.45, 43 (52), 97.— T h e d rillin g rig d e scrib ed in th is article is one o f th e larg e st diesel-pow ered assem blies e v e r o p e ra te d in O k lah o m a. P a rtic u la r referen ce is m ad e to th e th re e engines, w h ich in clu d e a n u m b e r o f fe a tu re s developed d u rin g w a r y e a rs b u t n o t p re v io u sly av ailab le to th e d rillin g in d u s try . T h is is th e first h o o k u p o f th re e larg e-sized engines em p lo y in g p n e u m a tic th r o ttle c o n tro ls for
sy n ch ro n izin g engine speed. A. H . N .
986. Modern D rilling. A non. Oil Gas J ., 28.5.45, 44 (3), 150-151.—T h e C ardw ell M odel O T w in-engine draw -w o rk s is d escrib ed a n d its ch ief fe a tu re s d etailed .
A. H. N.
987. Modifications of Standard Methods Achieve Improved Drilling Efficiency. P. R eed.
Oil Gas J ., 21.4.45, 43 (50), 118.— C hanges in d rillin g p ra ctic e s, in clu d in g m odified p la n s fo r rig e q u ip m e n t la y o u t a n d p ip in g , a n d fo r a p p lic a tio n o f s ta rc h d rillin g -m u d tr e a tm e n t a re discussed, as well as r o ta r y speeds em p lo y ed a n d policies a d o p te d for
re d u c in g tim e co n su m ed in drilling. A . H . N .
ABSTRACTS. 3 0 5 A 988. Prefabricated Foundations for Multiple-Engine Setup. A non. Oil W M y, 23.4.45, 117 (8), 72-73.— R e c e n t p ra c tic e in p ro v id in g bases fo r m u ltip le-en g in e rig s h a s b een to m a n u fa c tu re one m assive b ase to ta k e th e w hole u n it. O ne Pacific C oast co n tr a c to r , o p e ratin g several strin g s of r o ta r y to o ls a n d rely in g on diesel p ow er, g ets aw ay fro m th e d raw b ack s o f th e single, c om prehensive b ase b y fa b ric a tin g its e q u al in a n u m b e r o f like sections w hich, ra n g ed to g e th e r a n d tie d w ith 8-beam s o v erh ead , offer th e s ta b ility o f th e single piece, w ith th e a d d e d a d v a n ta g e o f b ein g re ad ily d e m o u n ta b le a n d tra n s p o rta b le on th e tr u c k alo n g w ith o th e r eq u ip m e n t. T he in d iv id u a l or u n it section consists o f p a ire d ch an n el bases, th e ends tu r n e d u p w a rd th ro u g h 30° to p ro v id e skid-shoe for easy sliding o f th e u n it in to p o sitio n o v er th e su b bases or cribbing. These tw o ch an n els are h e ld rig id ly as to sp acing b y m ea n s o f channel spacers, w elded to th e sk id m em b ers ju s t b e h in d th e shoe section. These ch an n els a re in v erted , w ith re sp ect to th e sk id m em bers, so as to afford a fla t surface on w h ich m a te ria l c an b e sta ck ed , if desired, a n d to afford good s ta n d in g w hile aligning th e o v erh ead beam s. O n each skid, a t th e p o in t w here th e sp acer ch an n els a re w elded in, th e c o m e r p o sts are w elded in place. T hese c o m e r p o sts a re m ad e fro m salv ag ed drill-pipe, a n d c u t to u n ifo rm len g th to afford th e desired h e ad ro o m over th e skids before b ein g placed. T h e p a irs o f p o sts on a com m on sk id a re cap p e d w ith sections o f channel, th e flanges bein g tu rn e d do w n w ard to fit over th e p ip e a n d to afford a sm o o th u p p e r surface. B etw een th ese lo n g itu d in a l ch an n els a re w elded a second p a ir of spacers, w ith th e fla t side u p p e rm o st, a n d w ith th e o u te r flange o f th e sp a c er u n it se t flush w ith th e o u te r en d o f th e cap m em b er. T here is th u s fo rm ed a rectan g le o f b eam s, all flat, a n d levelled to a com m on h e ig h t, w h ich serves as b ase o n w h ich to set a n y d esired e q u ip m e n t. O th e r d e ta ils a re giv en a n d illu stra te d . A, H . N . 989. Diamond Bit Cores Hunton Lime Pay in West Edmond. K . M. F a g in . Petrol.
E n g r, M ay 1045, 16 (8), 237.— R e co v e ry o f a p p ro x im a te ly 48 ft. o f 2 21/32-in. cores re p re se n tin g 8 4% o f th e B ois d ’A rc p ro d u cin g sectio n o f th e H u n to n lim e fo rm atio n in a well in th e W e s t E d m o n d field, O klahom a, h a s b een a tta in e d b y th e Sohio P e tro le u m Co. th ro u g h th e ex p erim e n ta l em p lo y m en t of a special d iam o n d co re-b it a n d b a rre l suggested b y U .S. B u re a u o f M ines engineers. M ost o f th e cores o b ta in e d w ere fro m 2 to 21-in. long a n d in good c o n d itio n d e sp ite th e fra c tu re d , c ry stallin e, a n d friab le c h ara cte r o f som e o f th e lay e rs. O ne single piece o f core o n th e la s t r u n m ea su re d a p p ro x im ate ly 7 f-ft. in len g th , b u t th e overall reco v ery a m o u n te d to o nly 95% o f 12 ft. c o m p ared w ith 100% reco v ery on th e p re ce d in g 10-ft. ru n . R easo n fo r usin g d iam o n d drillin g a n d d e ta ils o f th e m e th o d a re discussed. P re c a u tio n s to b e ta k e n a n d h a za rd s o f th e m eth o d s a re in d ic a te d . A. H . N . 990-.. Drilling Problems in Mississippi and Alabama Fields. K. M. F a g in . Petrol.
E n g r, M ay 1945, 16 (8), 51.— A b rief su m m ary o f pro b lem s e n co u n tere d in drilling A la b am a fields is given, ra n g in g o ver th e su b je cts o f tra n s p o rt a n d eq u ip m e n t su p p ly difficulties, s c a rc ity o f fuel oil, m u d tro u b le s, a n d sim ilar item s. P ra c tice s a d o p te d in th e fields reg ard in g ty p e o f b its a n d w eights, cem en tin g o p eratio n , a n d com pletion
m eth o d s a re also briefly in d ic a te d . A. H . N .
991. New Types Casing Shoes Paek Off Bottom of Hole during Cementing. K. B.
B arnes. Oil Gas J ., 3.3.45, 43 (42), 57.— Som etim es a fte r c em en tin g a n in te rm ed iate strin g w hich h a s b een su sp en d e d in th e hole, or a n oil strin g on to p o f a p a y , a cem en t p lu g is fo u n d below . W h en th is occurs for th e form er, e x tr a drillin g tim e is re q u ire d ; fo r th e la tte r, som e o f th e pajr-zone m a y re m a in “ sh e a th e d ” or iso late d fro m p ro d u ctio n . I n th is article n ew d ev elo p m en ts fo r p a ck in g off th e low er hole d u rin g cem en tin g a re described. A n ew full-h o le-ty p e shoe is discussed. T h is is com prised o f tw o m a in p a rts . One o f th ese p a rts , in som e resp ec ts, is n o t u n lik e a reg u lar cem en tin g shoe. T h e b o tto m p o rtio n h a s a n in te rn a l b a k e lite guide a n d back -p ressu re v alv e, th e sam e as a c o n v e n tio n al flo at shoe. A bove, on th e ou tsid e, a re tw o p a c k e r ru b b e rs se p a ra te d b y a steel w edge rin g . I n th e sam e u n it, ab o v e th e p a ck e r ru b b ers, a re fo u r k ey h o le-sh ap ed slots. O th e r p rin c ip al u n it o f th e C em entrol shoe consists o f a b a k e lite slid in g c y lin d rical sleeve, w hich, in closed positio n , covers th e fo u r side p o rts o f th e shoe u n it. T h e sliding sleeve c o n ta in s a s e a t for a b all-check v alv e a n d is fa sten e d , w ith fo u r b a k e lite sh ear p in s ex ten d in g th ro u g h th e p o rts, to a n o u te r steel rin g w h ich re sts on to p o f t h e p a c k e r ru b b e rs a n d b y dow n w ard m o v em e n t will, com-
3 0 6 a ABSTRACTS.
p ress a n d e x p a n d th e m o u tw a rd ly . As long a s th e slid in g cy lin d rica l sleeve c o v ers th e fo u r side p o rts , m u d c an p a ss o n ly d o w n w ard ly th ro u g h th e shoe in th e sam e m a n n e r as in a re g u la r flo at or gu id e shoe. R u b b e r g a sk e ts are in s e rte d in th e to p o f th e b a k e lite sleeve to p re v e n t m u d or cem en t b y -p a ssin g i t o n th e o u tsid e. I n s e r te d in th e o u tsid e m e ta l rin g t h a t com presses a g a in st th e to p o f th e p a c k e r ru b b e rs is a slip- ty p e lock to k eep th e ru b b e rs e x p a n d e d a n d th e p o rts o p en once th is a c tio n h a s ta k e n p lace. S e ttin g o f th e shoe a n d op en in g its p o rts a re d e ta ile d a n d re s u lts o f field te s ts
a re discussed. . A. H . N .
992. Casing Methods for Well Completions. W . A. S aw d o n Petrol. E n g r, M ay 1945, 16 (8), 242.— A discussion o f th e u se o f (1) w a te r s trin g a n d lin e r s ; (2) co m b in a tio n s tr in g s ; a n d (3) g u n -p e rfo ra te d b la n k p ip e c e m e n te d th ro u g h th e p ro d u c in g zone.
I t is im possible to la y dow n h a rd -a n d -fa s t ru les fo r th e co m p le tio n m e th o d to b e used u n d e r a n y s e t o f con d itio n s, b u t, b a sin g p ro c e d u re o n th e a d v a n ta g e s a n d d i s a d v a n tag e s o f th e th re e m eth o d s considered, th e follow ing a re g iv en as g e n era l p refere n ces' u n d e r n o rm a l c o n d itio n s. T h e u se o f selectiv e g u n p e rfo ra tin g w h e n series o f p ro d u c tiv e s t r a ta a re to b e p ro d u c e d h a s becom e a r a th e r w e ll-estab lish ed p ractice . E v e n in h ig h ly p ro v e d fields i t is o fte n th e b e s t m e th o d to u se w h e n th e re is a n y s e p a ra tio n b e tw ee n th e o il-b earin g sectio n s o f th e p ro d u c tiv e zone. F o r o th e r co n d i
tio n s (in cluding “ in te rm e d ia te w a te rs ” t h a t m a y s e p a ra te a s a n d b o d y b u t n o t b e an a c tu a l fo rm atio n se p a ra tio n ) th e follow ing ta b u la tio n is g iv en as a s u m m a ry o f m eth o d s fo r g en eral c o n d itio n s : (1) W ildcat and edge wells, (a) C o m b in a tio n s trin g (in e x tre m e ly h ig h -p ressu re areas w a te r s trin g w o u ld b e p referab le ), (6) b la n k casing c em en te d a n d g u n p e rfo ra te d , (c) w a te r s trin g (only w h e n n e ce ssa ry to p ro te c t u p p e r p a r t o f hole or w h en th e re is lik ely to b e co n sid erab le t e s ti n g ) ; (2) P roved field wells.
(а) C o m b in atio n strin g , (6) w a te r s trin g a n d lin e r, (c) b la n k casin g c em en te d a n d gun p e r f o r a te d ; (3) L oss o f circulation or low-pressure zones, (a) W a te r s trin g a n d liner, (б) c o m b in a tio n strin g , (c) b la n k casing c em en te d a n d g u n p e r f o r a te d ; (4) Special d rillin g flu id s , (a) W a te r strin g a n d liner, (6) c o m b in a tio n s trin g po ssib le to some e x te n t w ith c a rb o n a te d m u d a n d acid , (c) b la n k casin g c em en te d a n d g u n p e rfo ra ted p ossible to som e e x te n t w ith c a rb o n a te d m u d a n d ac id ; (5) In term ed ia te waters, (a) B la n k casing cem en te d a n d g u n p e rfo ra te d , (6) w a te r s trin g a n d cem e n te d liner, (c) c o m b in a tio n s t r i n g ; (6) P o ssib ility o f deepening, (a) L arg e size c o m b in a tio n string, (6) larg e size b la n k casin g c em en te d a n d g u n p e rfo ra te d , (c) w a te r s trin g a n d l in e r ; (7) S a n d trouble, (a) W a te r s trin g a n d lin er, (6) c o m b in a tio n strin g , (c) b la n k casing
c em en te d a n d g u n p e rfo ra te d . A. H . N.
993. The Power Tong. J . M oon. Petrol. W orld, M ay 1945, 42 (5), 4 9 -5 1 .—The H illm a n -K e lle y M odel 3000-pow er to n g is d escrib ed a n d its o p e ra tio n s discussed.
D esign o f th e n ew p o w e r to n g is e x tre m e ly sim ple. A s p lit-rin g g e a r c o n ta in in g a self-energizing ja w m ech an ism is d riv e n th ro u g h a g e a r-re d u c tio n a rra n g e m e n t.
T h is is all enclosed in a c o m p a ct case a n d d riv en b y a n a ir m o to r. D riv in g th e ring- g e ar as th e sp lit a re a w h ich is a p p ro x im a te ly 4 in. w ide is a cco m p lish ed b y h a v in g two d riv e r g ears for th e rin g -g ea r so t h a t one w ill alw ay s b e en g ag ed w hile th e o th e r is p a ssin g th e slo t. T h e rin g -g ea r flo ats on six b a ll-b ea rin g m o u n te d guide-rollers lo ca ted ra d ia lly a b o u t th e case a t th e o u tsid e d ia m e te r o f th e g ear. Since th e ring- g e ar h a s no fixed cen tre, th e s e rollers gu id e th e rin g -g ea r a n d to n g jaw s a n ch o red to th e rin g -g ear in a tr u e circle, w hile th e g e ar is bein g d riv e n b y one o r b o th o f th e d riv er gears. T h e po w er is o b ta in e d p n e u m a tic a lly . I n o p e ratio n , th e to n g is h u n g in th e d e rric k b y m ean s o f a lig h t lin e in a p o sitio n w here it c an b e sw ung on to th e pip e. I n th e case o f p o rta b le d erric k s i t is u su a lly le ft h u n g all th e tim e , w h e th e r th e d e rric k is in use or tra v e llin g o v e r-th e -ro ad . I n p e rm a n e n t d e rric k s th e to n g c a n b e h u n g by a line fro m th e crow n a n d c o u n te r-b a la n c e d , if desired. A b a ck -u p line, secu red to th e en d o f th e h a n d le a n d a n ch o red to a d e rric k leg, co m p letes th e in sta lla tio n . I n com ing o u t o f th e hole th e to n g is sw ung a g ain st th e p ip e a fte r a s ta n d h a s b e en lifte d a n d th e slips set— th e jaw s la tc h in g a u to m a tic a lly . T h e s h ift lev e r is p la c e d in low -gear p o sitio n , w h ich w ill sto p u p th e to rq u e d e liv ered to th e p ip e sufficiently to b re a k th e to u g h e s t jo in ts w ith o u t h a m m e rin g th e couplings. A fte r one tu r n , th e to n g -g e a r d riv e is s h ifte d in to h ig h a n d th e p ip e q u ick ly unscrew ed. A rev erse is p ro v id e d on th e a ir m o to r so t h a t th e jaw s m a y be b a ck e d off a n d th e rin g -g ear slo t m a tc h e d w ith th e case slo t to p e rm it re m o v a l of th e to n g fro m A h e pipe. Since d irec tio n o f r o ta tio n w hen
ABSTRACTS. 3 0 7 a
m ak in g u p pip e is o pposite to b reak in g o u t, a roll-over rin g is p ro v id ed so t h a t th e to n g m a y b e tu rn e d over w hen tu b in g is being ru n in th e hole. O p e ratio n al d a ta are
g iv en in som e d etail. A. H . N.
994. Field Testing oi Drilling Muds. V. B. Z acher. Oil O a s J ., 21.4.45, 43 (50), 108.—
P aper Presented before A m erican Petroleum In stitu te .— T h is p a p e r is a tr e a tm e n t of som e asp ects o f in stru m e n ts a n d m eth o d s u se d in m u d te s tin g a n d c o n tro l as a p p lied a t drilling rigs. I n a d d itio n , v ario u s m u d pro b lem s are discussed— th e ir re la tio n to d rilling o p eratio n s a n d th e tre a tm e n t th ereo f. S y m p to m s a n d tr e a tm e n t o f m u d
tro u b le s are ta b u la te d . , A. H . N.
995. Radioactivity Well Logging. V. J . M ercier. Oil Oas </., 5.5.45, 43 (52), 90.—
R a d io a c tiv ity well logging c an b e a p p lied th ro u g h casing a n d cem ent. E x am p les are d escribed of use of ra d io a c tiv ity well logging for d ete c tio n of cased-off p ro d u cin g zones, for purposes o f co rrelatio n , a n d for lo catio n of a casing shoe. G. D . IT.
Production.
996. Mechanics of Producing Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas. P a r t 18. P . J . Jo n es. Oil Gas J ., 3.3.45, 43 (42), 53-54.— T he visco sity o f reserv o ir gases m a y be e stim a te d in term s o f m o lecu lar w eight, reserv o ir te m p e ra tu re , a n d pressure. H o w ever, for reserv o ir gases n e a r th e ir tw o -p h ase regions m ore in fo rm a tio n is needed.
T here seem to be n o g en eral rules for e stim a tin g v isco sity o f reserv o ir liquids. One m eth o d for e stim a tin g v isc o sity is based on th e visco sity o f oil a t s ta n d a rd conditions, reservoir te m p e ra tu re , a n d s a tu ra tio n p ressu re. T h is m e th o d is n o t u n iv ersal because it can b e 100% w rong. B u t it gives re su lts w hich a re a cc u rate enough for p ra ctic a l purposes w h en w o rking w ith reserv o ir liq u id s sim ilar to som e o th e r reserv o ir liq u id
for w hich v isco sity d a ta are know n. A. H . N.
997. Mechanics of Producing Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas. P a r t 24. P . J . Jo n es. Oil Oas J ., 21,4.45, 43 (50), 124.— D isp la cem en t o f oil b y g ra v ity re la tiv e to gas ta k e s place in m a n y reservoirs. E q u a tio n s are d eriv ed w hich m a y be u sed to e stim a te th e r a te o f oil d isp lac em en t b y g ra v ity parallel to b e d d in g in b rls./d a y /a c re . R a te o f oil ad v an c em e n t pa ralle l to b e d d in g in f t./d a y is also considered. G raphs show ing th e effect of dip, p e rm e ab ility , a n d gas s a tu ra tio n b y g ra v ity a re included.
R a te o f a d v an c em e n t dow ndip in f t./d a y of a gas c o n ta c t varies inversely w ith gas sa tu ra tio n . T he low er th e oil reco v ery th e fa ste r th e r a te o f ad v an c em e n t o f a^gas c o n ta c t. T im e is a fa cto r in d isp lac em en t o f oil b y g ra v ity . B ecause of th e tim e facto r, th e fa ste r th e ra te o f oil p ro d u c tio n from a reservoir, th e low er th e oil recovery a t a gas c o n ta c t a n d th e fa ste r th e r a te of ad v an c em e n t dow ndip o f a gas c o n ta ct.
A. H . N . 998. Mechanics of Producing Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas. P a r t 25. P . J . Jo n e s.
Oil Gas J ., 28.4.45, 43 (51), 126.— T his p a r t deals w ith th e disp lacem en t o f w a te r b y g ra v ity re la tiv e to oil a n d gas. T he sh ap e of a n oil-w ater in terface is influenced b y g ra v ity . A n oil-w ater in terface c a n ap p ro a c h a well u p to a p o in t. B ey o n d t h a t p o in t, w a te r is fingered in to a w ell a g ain st g ra v ity b y th e p ressu re draw n -d o w n in th e well. T h e d istan ce over w hich fingering occurs c an be e stim a te d only aside from th e draw -dow n re q u ire d to overcom e th e resistan ce across liners, p erfo ratio n s, plugged screens, a n d th e resistan c e im posed b y m u d a n d paraffin. E q u a tio n s for lin ear a n d ra d ia l d isp lacem en t b y g ra v ity o f w a te r a n d oil re la tiv e to a gas p h ase in ap p ro x im a te ly h o rizo n tal p a y s are included. T he sh ap e or p a tte r n o f oil-w ater a n d gas-w ater in te r face re la tiv e to in je c tio n wells m a y also be influenced b y g ra v ity . H ow ever, in v asio n p a tte rn s re la tiv e to in jectio n wells w ill b e considered in a la te r article. A. H . N.
999. Mechanics of Producing Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas. P a r t 26. P . J . Jo n e s. Oil Gas J 5.5.45, 43 (52), 103.— T his article is lim ite d to reservoirs h a v in g no p rim a ry gas-cap. I f a reserv o ir liq u id is u n d e r-s a tu ra te d , a c o m p a rativ ely sm all p e rce n ta g e o f th e oil in place can b e recovered b y exp an sio n of th e reserv o ir liq u id in absence o f w a te r en cro ach m en t. W h en reservoir p ressu re declines below s a tu ra tio n pressu res, oil is recoverable b y gas expansion. I f a d eclining reserv o ir p ressu re is
\
3 0 8 a A BSTRACTS.
acco m p an ied b y w a te r e n c ro a ch m e n t, gas in je c tio n , o r w a te r in je c tio n , th e r a te of p ressu re decline /brl. o f oil p ro d u c ed is re d u ce d a n d oil re co v e ry is h ig h er, re la tiv e to a giv en reserv o ir p ressu re, th a n if th e re w ere n o re d u c tio n in re serv o ir sp ace. M eth o d s fo r e stim a tin g oil reco v ery b y e x p an sio n a re d e riv e d a n d illu s tra te d b y ex am p les.
Oil reco v ery is ex p ressed in te rm s o f reserv o ir p re ssu re a n d g a s -o il ra tio s. E x a m p le s o f oil reco v ery v. d eclining reserv o ir p ressu re a re in clu d ed for (1) no w a te r en cro a ch m e n t a n d no gas in je c tio n ; (2) no w a te r e n cro a c h m e n t w ith g as in je c tio n , a n d (3) w a te r e n cro a ch m en t. T he n e ed fo r c o n tro llin g g a s-o il ra tio s in p ro d u c in g oil e x p a n s io n is illu s tra te d b y curves. O il re co v e ry b y g as ex p an sio n a n d gas in je c tio n is v e ry sen sitiv e to g a s-o il ra tio s. U n d e r som e c o n d itio n s a 30% increase in g a s -o il ra tio c a n red u ce
oil reco v ery b y 100% . A . H . N .
1000. Mechanics of Producing Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas. P a r t 27. P . J . Jo n e s. O il Oas J ., 12.5.45, 44 (1), 124.— T h is a rtic le con sid ers oil re co v e ry b y e x p a n sion fro m reserv o irs h a v in g a p rim a ry g as-cap. M eth o d s fo r e s tim a tin g oil reco v ery b y e x p an sio n o f ev o lv ed so lu tio n gas a n d p rim a ry g as-cap a re d e riv e d a n d illu s tra te d b y exam ples. T h e b en efits re su ltin g fro m n o n -p ro d u c tio n o f g a s-cap g as a re th r e e fold : (1) M uch h ig h er oil re c o v e ry /rm it decline in p r e s s u r e ; (2) f a s te r r a te o f recovery, a n d (3) larg e r fra c tio n o f u ltim a te re co v e ry is flow ed r a th e r t h a n p u m p e d . I n n u m e r
ous cases g as-cap gas is p ro d u c e d b ecau se o f a d v e rse econom ic c o n d itio n s. R o y a lty a n d w o rk in g in te re s ts u n d e rla in b y g as a re n o t g iv en sufficient e q u ity in a re serv o ir by th e r o y a lty a n d w o rk in g in te re s ts u n d e rla in b y oil. T h e differences co u ld b e a d ju s te d a n d conflicting in te re s ts reconciled if th e r o y a lty a n d w o rk in g in te re s ts u n d e rla in b y oil w ou ld realize t h a t in m o st in stan c es th e v a lu e o f th e ir p ro p e rtie s is in cre ased a n y w h ere fro m 50 to 150% b y n o t p ro d u c in g gas-cap gas. I f a fa ir s h a re o f th e increase in v a lu e w ere assigned to ro y a lty a n d w o rk in g in te re s ts u n d e rla in b y gas, benefits w ould accru e to b o th p a rtie s . A n e x am p le is in clu d e d to show th e a d v a n ta g e s resu ltin g
fro m n o n -p ro d u c tio n o f g as-cap gas. A. H . 1ST.
1001. Mechanics of Producing Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas. P a r t 28. P . J . J o n e s. Oil Oas J . , 19.5.45, 44 (2), 128.— R e co v e ry o f c o n d en s ate b y cycling is e x pressed in te rm s o f th e in v asio n fa c to r a n d th e d isp la c em e n t fa c to r. T h e in vasion fa c to r is th e fra c tio n o f re se rv o ir sp ace in v a d e d b y in je c te d gas. T h e d isp lacem en t fa c to r is th e fra c tio n o f th e c o n d en sate in itia lly in p lace d isp laced b y in je c te d gas w ith in th e in v a d e d region. B a sed on field experience w ith re co v e ry o f co n d en sa te to d a te , te n ta tiv e d a ta o n re la tiv e p e rm e a b ility a re in clu d ed . T hese d a ta a re su b je ct to rev isio n in th e lig h t o f f u rth e r experience. R e co v e ry o f c o n d en sa te fro m 1 b rl. of re serv o ir space, p o in t d a ta , is ex p ressed in te rm s o f th e p e rc e n ta g e d ry o r w e t gas in th e p ro d u c tio n from a p o in t. T hese d a ta m a y b e u se d to e s tim a te co n d en sate recovery fro m th e region in v a d e d b y d ry gas u p to th e tim e d ry g a s first a p p ea rs in a pro d u cin g well. A s m ore gas is in je c te d , th e follow ing co n d itio n s o b ta in : (1) reco v ery fro m th e region in v ad e d u p to th e tim e d ry gas first a p p ea rs in a p ro d u c in g w ell is in c re a s e d ; (2) p e rce n ta g e o f d ry gas in th e p ro d u c tio n increases, a n d (3) th e a re a in v a d e d b y d ry gas also increases. T h e a d d itio n a l reco v ery fro m th e re g io n in v a d e d u p to th e tim e g as first a p p e a rs in a p ro d u c in g w ell c an b e e s tim a te d fro m p o in t d a ta in te rm s o f th e p e rc e n ta g e d ry gas t h a t w ou ld b e in th e p ro d u c tio n if th e in v a d e d a re a does increase.' T h erefo re re la tio n s h ip b e tw ee n c o n d en sate re co v e ry a n d co m p o sitio n o f p ro d u c tio n
also d ep en d s on th e in v a d e d a rea . A. H . N .
1002. Mechanics of Producing Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas. P a r t 29. P . J . J o n e s. Oil Oas J ., 28.5.45, 44 (3), 139.— D eals w ith d isp lac e m e n t fa c to rs. O th e r th in g s eq u al, recoveries o f oil b y d isp lac em e n t w ith gas o r w a te r a n d recoveries of co n d en sate b y d isp lac em e n t w ith gas are p ro p o rtio n a l to d isp la c e m e n t fa cto rs. A d isp lac em e n t fa c to r is e q u a l to th e av erag e v a lu e o f th e reco v eries fro m th e in d iv id u a l p o in ts w ith in a reg io n in v a d e d b y a d isp lac in g fluid. T h e p a th alo n g w h ic h a n in te r face b e tw ee n a disp lacin g fluid a n d a re serv o ir fluid a d v an c es is called a d isp lac em e n t line. R e co v e ry fro m p o in ts along a d isp lac em e n t lin e v a rie s w ith d is ta n c e fro m th e source o f a disp lacin g fluid. F o r ex am p le, re c o v e ry o f oil or c o n d en s ate fro m p o in ts in th e v ic in ity o f a n in je c tio n w ell is h ig h er t h a n fro m p o in ts m o re re m o te . A n e q u a tio n is d eriv ed w hich en ab les e stim a tio n o f reco v ery fro m a n y sectio n (1) b e tw ee n th e source o f a disp lacin g fluid a n d th e p o sitio n o f a n in te rfac e , a n d (2) b e tw ee n th e
ABSTRACTS. 3 0 9 A source o f a displacing fluid an d a n y section for w hich co m position o f th e p ro d u c tio n is know n. P ro c e d u re for e stim a tin g recoveries is illu s tra te d b y exam ples on disp lacem en t o f co n d en sate b y d a y gas an d on d isp lacem en t o f oil b y w a ter. A. H . N.
1003. Bureau of Mines Analysis of Subsurface Oil Samples. A. B. Cook, E . J. D ew ees, a n d H . M. H a rris. Petrol. Engr, M ay 1945, 16 (8), 85.— W ith th e view of securing subsurface oil sam ples, th e a u th o rs stu d ie d th e b o tto m -h o le p re ssu re d a ta on th e W est E d m o n d field t h a t h a d been com piled b y th e C o rp o ratio n C om m ission o f th e S ta te of O klahom a a n d selected 2 wells in w idely s e p a ra te d areas of th e field w here flowing pressu res a t th e b o tto m s o f th e holes seem ed to b e n e a r th e in itia l reserv o ir pressure. P re lim in ary tes ts , w hich inclu d ed m easu re m en ts o f g a s-o il ra tio s, d e p th pressures, a n d d e p th tem p e ra tu res , in d ic a te d t h a t th e reserv o ir oil in th e vicin ities of th e tw o wells w as n o t s a tu ra te d in itially w ith gas. T he a n n u li b etw een th e tu b in g s a n d casings of b o th wells w ere full of oil w hen th e te s ts w ere m ad e. T a b u la te d a n d g rap h ical d a ta are p re sen te d re g ard in g volum es o f oil, gas, a n d th e ir m ix tu re s, a n d o f th e field a n d reserv o ir ch aracte ristics. These are briefly discussed. A. H . N.
1004. Application of Alignment Chart to Solving Rapidly Production Fore-casting Problems. P a r t 4. L . R . M errym an. Petrol. E ngr, M ay 1945, 16 (8), 68.— T he c h a rt d escribed is designed to d e te rm in e th e n u m b er o f y e ars re q u ire d to p ro d u ce a given am o u n t o f oil w hen th e in itial ra te o f p ro d u c tio n a n d decline r a te s a re k n o w n or assum ed.
Like th e oth ers, it can also be u sed im rev erse to solve o th e r problem s. I t is b a se d on th e law s o f th e g eom etrical progressions. T he general series a n d th e d eriv ed formulae were show n in th e preceding articles. T he p rin cip al ap p lic atio n o f th is c h a r t is th e d e te rm in a tio n o f th e econom ic life o f a p ro p e rty w h en th e to ta l fu tu re com m ercial p ro d u c tio n h a s b een d e term in e d b y a v o lu m etric e stim a te a n d to m ak e a q u ick check on th e reasonableness o f e stim a te s o f reserves m ad e b y v o lu m etric m eans. T y p ical
exam ples a re w orked o u t for a h y p o th e tic a l case. A. H . N.
1005.* Method for Evaluating Available Oilfield Reserves. I. A. C h am u ii. B u ll.
A cad. S c i. U .B .S .S . Cl. S c i. Tech., 1943, (11-12), 15-21.— R eserves are calcu la te d b y th e relatio n sh ip b etw een to ta l flow of th e field a t a g iv en tim e a n d su m o f liq u id w ith d raw n, reck o n in g fro m som e d a tu m line prev io u s to th is giv en tim e. F ollow ing a m a th e m a tic a l discussion, tw o ty p e s o f p ro d u ctio n , in volving w e t oil, w ith a c o n sta n t p ressure a t th e flow level a n d w ith a d im inishing p ressure, a re d e alt w ith . M ethod o f calcu latio n is a p p lied to one field in th e G rozny region a n d re su lts agree well w ith th o se fo u n d b y a n o th e r a u th o r usin g a differen t m eth o d . V. B.
1006. Completion Practice in Heidelberg Field are Undergoing State of Evolution.
N . W illiam s. Oil Gas J ., 3.3.45, 43 (42), 50-52.— T he d ev elo p m en t o f th e H e id elb erg F ield a n d its s tru c tu ra l c h ara cte ristics are briefly discussed. T he field is o n ly a y e a r old. W ith th e co m pletion o f th e second well, a diag o n al n o rth -e a s t offset, th e p ra c tic e w as in itia te d o f ta k in g in th e e n tire section, p e rfo ra tin g casing in all san d s show ing s a tu ra tio n . T his inclu d ed a to ta l 15 sa n d levels w ith 12 in th e E u ta w a n d 3 strin g ers in th e u p p e r p a r t o f th e T uscaloosa, com prising a section of m ore th a n 5000 ft. to p p e d a t 4414 ft. I n it th e re w as 200 ft. of n e t san d , a n d a to ta l o f 852 casing p e rfo ra tio n s w as m ad e. T he re latio n sh ip o f th e v a rio u s sa n d groups in th e E u ta w w as n o t u n d e r
sto o d a t t h a t tim e, a n d th e p la n ’w as to ta k e in e v ery th in g show ing likely s a tu ra tio n . T he well flowed a t th e r a te o f 1000 brls. of clean oil d aily th ro u g h a 22/64-in. choke.
Som e of th e su b seq u e n t early wells w ere p e rfo ra te d w ith as m a n y as 1000—1200 shots.
O ften n o t o nly w ere th e s tric tly sand-zones p e rfo ra te d , b u t also som e o f th e sh aly sands, a n d ev en shale. N o rm ally th e shale w ould b e too im p erv io u s to give u p a n y oil, b u t occasionally it w ould show signs of som e s a tu ra tio n a t places, a n d to av o id th e chance o f passin g a n y th in g som e shale zones also w ould b e ta k e n in. T h e p ra ctic e w as to core a n d d rill th ro u g h th e section, se t a n d c em en t casing on b o tto m , a n d th e n , w ith th e a id of electric log d e te rm in a tio n s o f zones of p o ro sity a n d s a tu ra tio n , s u p p o rte d b y core records, p e rfo ra te ev e ry th in g w hich gave a n y in d ic a tio n o f possible p ro d u c tio n . I n re ce n t p ra ctic e s less p erfo ra tio n is affected. U su ally 2£-in. tu b in g is s e t n e a r b o tto m w ith a p ro d u c tio n p a ck e r a fte r p e rfo ra tio n . T he m a jo rity of w ells
are p u m p e d from th e s ta r t. A. H . N.
3 1 0 a ABSTRACTS.
1007. Experimental Determinations oî Water-Vapour Content oî a Natural Gas up to 2000 lb. Fressure. G. F . R ussell, R . T h om pson, F . P . V ance, a n d R . L . H u n tin g d o n . P etrol. Tech., J a n u a r y 1945, 8 (1), A .I . M .M .E . , Tech. P u b . N o. 1792, 1—7.— W ith th e a d v e n t o f h ig h er p ressu res in th e o p e ra tio n o f n atu x al-g as tra n s m iss io n lines, th e rem o v al o f w a te r v a p o u r fro m th e gas h a s becom e in creasin g ly im p o rta n t, in o rd e r to p re v e n t c o n d en satio n or fo rm a tio n o f g as h y d r a te fro m slow ing d o w n o r sto p p in g th e flow o f gas. In te llig e n t d esign o f th es e d e h y d ra tio n o r g a s-d ry in g p la n ts h a s been h a m p e red b y th e lac k o f e x p erim e n tal d a ta o n w a te r-v a p o u r c o n te n t o f n a tu r a l gas a t h ig h pressu res.
P rev io u s w ork h a s b e e n a t p re ssu res u p to 600 lb ./sq . in ., a n d a t h ig h er p re ssu res a t te m p e ra tu re s exceed in g 100° F . T h e a p p a r a tu s a n d te c h n iq u e em p lo y ed in new in v es tig a tio n s a t 600-2000 lb ./sq . in. a t a tm o sp h e ric te m p e ra tu re a re d escribed. T he w a te r w as a b so rb ed in a n h y d ro u s m ag n esiu m p e rch lo ra te . T h e r a te o f gas-flow w as 6 e u .ft./h r.
P lo ts o f th e lo g arith m o f w a te r c o n te n t v. te m p e ra tu re give s u b s ta n tia lly s tra ig h t lines fo r c o n s ta n t p ressu res fro m 1000 to 2000 lb ./sq . in. O n p lo ttin g w a te r c o n te n t a g a in st p ressu re a t c o n s ta n t te m p e ra tu re s th e re is d e v ia tio n fro m th e lines calcu lated fro m th e v a p o u r p re ssu re o f w a ter, assu m in g id ea l gases. A p lo t o f th e ra tio of a c tu a l to c alcu lated ^ w ater c o n te n t a g a in st p re ssu re fo r c o n s ta n t te m p e ra tu re s shows t h a t th e d e v ia tio n fro m th e id ea l increases w ith a decrease in te m p e ra tu re .
G. D. H . 1008. An Introductory Discussion of the Reservoir Performance of Limestone Forma
tions. A . C. B u ln es a n d R . U . F ittin g . P etrol. Tech., J a n . 1945, 8 (1), A .I .M .M .E . Tech. P u b . N o. 1791, 1-23.— F ie ld exp erien ce w ith lim esto n e a n d s a n d sto n e p ro d u c tio n in d ic a te s th e e x isten ce o f w ide differences b e tw ee n th e re serv o ir b e h av io u r of th ese tw o ty p e s o f fo rm atio n . L ittle a tte n tio n seem s to h a v e b e e n g iv en to the s e p a ra te s tu d y o f th e flow a n d re te n tio n o f flu id s in lim estones.
T h ere a re tw o k in d s o f p o ro u s m ed ia— in te rg ra n u la r a n d in te rm e d ia te . In te r- g ra n u la r ro ck s a re th o se in w h ich th e p o ro s ity a n d p e rm e a b ility a re d e te rm in e d by th e g e o m e tric al p ro p e rtie s a n d so rtin g o f th e s e d im e n ta ry u n it s ; in te rm e d ia te rocks a re th o se in w h ich th e re is no d ire c t re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n g ra in p ro p e rtie s a n d p o ro sity a n d p e rm e ab ility . L im e sto n es in g en eral a re in te rm e d ia te m ed ia . T h e p a rtia l re la tio n s h ip b e tw ee n p o ro sity a n d p e rm e a b ility in a n y class o f p o ro u s m e d ia is re p re se n te d b y a n a re a o f fin ite e x te n t a n d definite sh ap e o n th e p e rm e ab ility -p o ro s ity p lan e.
T h e h o riz o n ta l a n d v e rtic a l v a ria tio n s o f p o ro s ity a n d p e rm e a b ility in lim estones a n d sa n d sto n e s a re discussed an d .c o m p a red . C om parisons a re m a d e o f eo n n ate-w ate r c o n te n t, th e re la tiv e p e rm e a b ility —sa tu r a tio n re la tio n s h ip , a n d c ap illa ry p h en o m en a in th e tw o k in d s o f rocks.
T h e a p p lic a tio n o f classical m a th e m a tic a l a n aly sis o f flow t o in te rm e d ia te lim estones is o f d o u b tfu l v alu e— in h ig h ly in te rm e d ia te lim esto n es b ecau se th e gen eraliz ed form o f D a rc y ’s law does n o t h o ld , a n d in m o d e ra te ly in te rm e d ia te lim e sto n es because i t is p ra c tic a lly im possible to ta k e in to a cc o u n t th e g e o m e try o f th e sy s te m o f in te rn a l b o u n d a rie s w h ich d iv id e th e re se rv o ir in to n u m e ro u s (p ro b ab ly d e p le tio n ty p e ) sub- reserv o irs o f low p e rm e a b ility . T h e e n tire p ro d u c in g fo rm a tio n m u s t b e considered as th e irred u cib le u n it, r a th e r t h a n core b e h a v io u r in te g ra te d to re p re s e n t th e w hole fo rm atio n . T he m a te ria l-b a la n c e m e th o d fails to b e e n tire ly s a tis fa c to ry in m o d er
a te ly in te rm e d ia te lim esto n es because th e slow a p p ro a c h o f su ch re serv o irs to e q u ili
b riu m p re ssu re re n d ers it difficult to d e te rm in e th e tr u e p re ssu re o n th e b asis o f sh u t- in p erio d s o f p ra c tic a b le d u ra tio n . C om plete c o -o rd in a tio n o f geological a n d p h y sical re serv o ir d a ta is n ecessary in o rd e r to u n d e rs ta n d th e re serv o ir p e rfo rm a n ce o f lim e
sto n e fo rm atio n s.
I n m a n y lim esto n e fields a co n sid erab le p a r t o f th e oil a p p e a rs to b e h e ld in an d p ro d u c e d fro m th ic k zones o f p e rm e a b ility less t h a n 0-1 m d. T h e r a te a t w h ich th ese regions p ro d u c e in to th e p e rm e ab le zones c o n n ectin g th e m w ith th e w ell d epends, am o n g o th e r th in g s , on th e p re ssu re g ra d ie n t across th e b o u n d a ry b e tw ee n th e tw o.
I t is th ere fo re a d v an tag e o u s to m a in ta in th is g ra d ie n t a t a h ig h v a lu e if p rim a ry d ep le tio n o f th e lo w -p erm e ab ility zones is to b e com plete. Since p re ssu re m a in te n a n c e w ou ld h a v e th e effect o f p a r tly o r w h olly n u llify in g th is g ra d ie n t, su c h se c o n d ary reco v ery o p eratio n s sh o u ld n o t b e a p p lie d in d iscrim in a tely . G. D . H .
ABSTRACTS. 3 1 1 A 1009. Special Technique Promises to Change Future Lime-Completion Practices.
P . R eed. Oil Oas J ., 19.5.45, 44 (2), 137.— D u rin g th e p a s t sev era l m o n th s th e m eth o d o f reco m p letin g wells p ro d u cin g from th e P e t ti t lim e in th e H ay n esv ille field ind icates t h a t a m o re u n ifo rm d rain a g e o f th e p ro d u cin g zones in t h a t fo rm atio n can be o b tain e d from p ro d u cin g wells. In je c tio n wells c an be im p ro v ed b y a m ore u n ifo rm d istrib u tio n o f th e in jectio n gas in to th e reservoir-. B riefly, th is m eth o d o f reco m p letio n Consists of : (1) electric p ilo t d e te rm in a tio n o f th e lo ca tio n a n d m a g n itu d e of th e p e rm e ab ility in p la c e ; (2) use o f sa n d to block o u t th e p a r t of th e zone h a v in g th e h ig h est p e r m ea b ility ; (3) use o f p lastic -co n tain in g fillers to cap th e sa n d a n d seal off b etw een th e p ip e an d th e fo rm atio n th e section h a v in g th e b u lk o f th e p e rm e ab ility ; (4) use o f th e electric p ilo t to co n tro l th e in jec tio n o f a cid in to th e tig h te r zone above th e p lastic bridge.
P ro d u c tio n a n d d ev elo p m en t o f th e field are discussed in som e d etail.
A. H . N . 1010. Detection oi Spent Acid after Acidizing. R . G. M ihram . Petrol. Engr, M ay 1 9 4 5 ,16 (8), 64.— Two sim ple m eth o d s h a v e been developed for d e te rm in in g th e a m o u n t of sp e n t acid being p ro d u ced a t a n y tim e follow ing a n acid tre a tm e n t. T h e tim e req u ired to m ak e th ese d e te rm in a tio n s is also show n. T h e tw o m eth o d s are : p H m easu rem en t, a n d d e te rm in a tio n o f ra tio o f calcium c o n te n t to chloride co n te n t.
V alues o f p H a n d ra tio o f calcium to chloride are ta b u la te d ag a in st p e rce n ta g e o f sp e n t acid. F ro m th e ta b le it is e v id e n t t h a t fa irly q u a n tita tiv e resu lts dow n to m ix tu re s co n tain in g a b o u t 1 % sp e n t acid c an be o b tain e d b y one m e th o d or th e other.
D eterm in a tio n s below th is v alu e c an be m ad e, b u t m u ch skill a n d care, as well as b lan k d e te rm in a tio n s, are n ecessary. F o r field use, a n in d ic a tin g p a p e r is re co m m ended, for no special e q u ip m e n t is n ecessary. F o r la b o ra to ry use, b o th th e p H a n d calciu m /ch lo rid e ra tio m eth o d s a re recom m ended, dep en d in g on tim e av ailab le a n d accu racy desired. I n th e la b o ra to ry th e p H is u sed to in d ic a te th e presence o f sp e n t acid, a n d th e ra tio is u sed to o b ta in th e re la tiv e d ilu tio n w ith fo rm atio n w a te r I t is e v id en t t h a t th e calciu m /ch lo rid e ra tio m eth o d is a little m ore sensitive to sp e n t acid in th e low er c o n ce n tra tio n s (1% ) th a n th e p H m eth o d . F a irly good w orking c u rv es are o b tain e d b y p lo ttin g th e p e rc e n ta g e sp e n t acid lo g arith m ically a g a in st th e calciu m / chloride ra tio or th e p H p lo tte d arith m etic a lly . (The use o f sem i-log p a p e r fa cilitates th is , for i t is n o t n ecessary to look u p lo g arith m s.) A w orking cu rv e th u s m ad e u p can be u sed on a n y giv en fo rm atio n , a n d if necessary can b e u sed on a n y fo rm atio n w a ter to give a p p ro x im ate re su lts. A sam ple curve d ra w n fro m th e d a ta in th e tab le
is show n. A. H . N.
1011. Protecting Formations with Packers during Salvage Operations. K . H . M iner.
Oil Wlcly, 7.5.45, 117 (10), 46.— M any o p erato rs h av e h elp ed solve th e ir w ar-tim e casing-shortage p ro b lem b y p u llin g u n n eed ed in n er strin g s fro m old wells. T h is h as been successfully accom plished on wells w hich are still p ro d u cin g . W h ere casing is salv ag ed from wells t h a t are to b e re tu rn e d to p ro d u c tio n ev ery p re c a u tio n m u s t be ta k e n to p re v e n t d am ag e to th e p ro d u cin g fo rm atio n . P a c k ers a re one m ean s u sed to keep m u d from clogging th e p e rfo ra tio n s below th e p o in t w here th e u p p e r p o rtio n of th e casing w as rem oved. T he p ro ced u re h a s been u sed successfully in m an y shallow C alifornia fields, a n d is applicable in o th e r areas. M any wells in C alifornia w ere co m p leted b y th e early p ra ctic e o f ru n n in g full oil-strin g s for p ro d u c tio n , a n d th ese wells h av e p ro v id ed a v a lu a b le source o f seco n d -h an d casing. T h o u san d s of to n s o f good casing h a v e been recovered in C alifornia d u rin g th e w ar. One large c o m p an y p u lled a p p ro x im ate ly 150,000 ft. o f th is pip e d u rin g 1942, a n d m ore th a n 200,000 ft. d u rin g 1943. A n e x a m in atio n o f th e co m p a n y ’s p ro p e rties re v ea le d it m ig h t reco v er 1,150,000 ft. o f casing of v ario u s sizes fro m old wells. A n u m b er of o th e r large com panies h a v e p u lled a p p ro x im a te ly e q u al a m o u n ts d u rin g th e p a s t tw o y ears. P ro c e d u re of u sin g th e p ack ers a n d p u llin g th e casing is briefly discussed a n d
illu stra te d . A. H . N.
1012. Plastics Now Adapted to Remedial Work in Kansas Wells. A non. Oil Gas J ., 28.4.45, 43 (51), 117.— T he p lastic u sed in K a n sa s h as been developed especially for w ells w ith low b o tto m -h o le te m p e ra tu re s . I t is a bifluid chem ical, m ix ed a t lo catio n a n d in tro d u c e d in to th e well b y m ean s of a special b ailer. I t is co m pounded to se t
