J
une1945.
201 aABSTRACTS.
P A G E
Oil f ie l d Ex pl o r a t io na n d Ex p l o it a t io n.
G eology ... 201 a P ro d u c tio n ... ... ... 202 a D e v elo p m en t ... ... ... 202 a R e f e v e r x Op e r a t i o n s.
R efineries a n d Aux i li a r y R e fin e r y P l a n t ... ... . .. 2 0 5 a D is tilla tio n ... ... ... 205 a S o lv e n t R e fin in g a n d D e w a x in g 2 0 6 a C rack in g ... 206 a P o ly m e riz a tio n ... . .. ... 208 a Alk y la tio n ... ... ... 208 a Is o m e riz a tio n ... ... ... 2 0 8a C hem ical a n d P h y s ic a l R efin in g 208 a
p a g e
S p ecial P rocesses ... ... 2 0 9 a S a fe ty P re c a u tio n s ... ... 2 0 9 a Pr o d u c t s.
C h e m istry a n d P h y s ic s ... 2 1 0 a A nalysis a n d T e s tin g ... ... 2 1 1 a C ru d e O il ... ... ... 2 1 3 a G as ... 2 1 4 a
L u b ric a n ts ... 2 1 4 A B itu m e n , A s p h a lt a n d T a r ... 2 1 5 a
S p ecial H y d ro c a rb o n P ro d u c ts 2 1 6 a
D e riv ed C h em ical P ro d u c ts ... 2 1 7 a C oal, S hale a n d P e a t ... ... 2 1 7 a
M iscellaneous P ro d u c ts ... 2 1 9 a M i s c e l l a n e o u s . . . . . . . . . 2 2 0 a Bo o k R e v i e w . . . 2 2 0 a
A U T H O R IN D E X .
T h e n u m b e rs re fe r t o t h e A b s tr a c t N u m b e r.
The original papers referred to in the abstracts marked with an asterisk may be borrowed by Members from the Institute Library.
Alekseevskii, E . V ., 642 B ack, S . C ., 661 BackofL, W . T ., 657 Baranovskaya, 2s. Y ., 648 B arnes, EL, 646 B arron, T . 2L, 631 Bashkirov, A. 2s., 666 Beare, L . E ., 657 B eckman, A. O., 644 Bloch, EL S., 634 Cheng, F a-W n, 653 Chemmshev. A. B ., 670 Clayton, J . O ., 657 Conn, A. L ., 637 Coolson, E . A_, 650, 651 D ay, B . B ., 637 Belm onte, J . , 673 D ’yakova, EL K ., 659 EdeTshiem , 2s. G-., 669 Erm olin, G. EL, 643 E izler, D . E ., 657 F arberov, L L ., 670 F arrin g to n , B. B ., 657 F an st, J ., 657 Folkins, H . O ., 631
F rag en , 2s., 634 F rey , F . E ., 637 Ganriey, B . T ., 624 Gerling, E . El., 648 GDmont, R ., 639 G orchakov, 2s. D ., 642 Gorokholinskava, EL S.,
669 G rib, A . A ., 641 H ale, A . B ., 657 H enderson, L . EL, 636 H ep p , H . T ., 637 H ockenyos, G. 3L-. 663 H o en eh n an , T . EL, 660 H o lt, E . G-, 650, 651 H n S ak er, G. B ., 661 EparieS, Y . 2s., 637 K anhofer, E . R ., 637 K an torovich, B. Y ., 671 Elaravaev, 2s. EL, 666 K lim ov, B . EL, 669, 675 Elnsakov, EL EL, 656 E.anfn, Y . A ,, 667, 669 L arin , A . T a ., 630 Levina, EL E., 647
L n bm an, 2s. EL, 674 EicGrane, F . B .. 660 Eíc2s am ara, T . L ., 636 Eloir, H . L ., 657 2s am etk in , S . S., 629, 665,
675
Xelsom W . L ., 654 X ickle, C. O ., 618, 620 OTLonghlin, T . F ., 657 Owen, T . A ., 633 P arso n s, P . EF., 624 P a tric k , G ., 649 P a tto n , B . L ., 663 P a n l, P . L ., 635 Pines. H ., 634 P ro n in a. El. Y .. 667 P resen , E . T ., 639, 640 P o trillo , Y . G ., 65S R eiS, O. El., 657 B ea ter, B ., 657 B ice, P . L ., 661 R ich ard s, B . B ., 672 Bidgewav. C. EL, 631 B em y, T. P ., 632 Rosenberg, L . EL, 629
Rossini, P . D ., 639, 640 B ony, A . L . EL A ., 652 Sanin, P . L , 658 Schmerling, L ., 637 Schoch, E . P ., 664 Schw int, L A ., 635 Serebrennfkova, A. G ., 665 Sheinm an, A. B ., 628 Shirag, EL 2s., 625 Shnflrin, X . L , 643 Skip ton, T . EL, 638 Sleven, A ., 651 Sonders, EL, 625 S tahly, E . E ., 633 T ananaev, L Y ., 647 T än n ich , R . E ., 626 Thacker, C. EL, 631 Tito v , X . G., 645 Tongberg, C. O., 631 T u ttle , B . B ., 627 Tyson, C. W ., 631 T ritro n , L L ., 659 Tzoiba, A . X ., 628 EFagner, C. E ., 631 TTilliams, X . D ., 657 Zaks, S. L ., 619
Oh j t e l d E x p l o r a t i o n a n d E x p l o i t a t i o n. Geology.
617. Control of World Oil Reserves Certain to he Important Post-war Factor. A no n ., O il W k ly , 11.12.44, 116 (2), 6 8.— W o rld oil reserv es a re v a rio u sly e stim a te d a t 50,000,000,000 to 61,000,000,000 b rl., a m e a n of fo n r e stim a te s giv in g 54,000,000,000 b rl. U .S A .. is c re d ite d w ith 39-6% of th e t o t a l M exico w ith 1-2% , a n d C a n ad a
Q
a ABSTRACTS.
w ith 0-3% . In te n s iv e e x p lo ra tio n is responsible fo r U .S .A .’s larg e c o n trib u tio n , a n d in 1943 i t gav e 66-1% of th e w o rld ’s p ro d u c tio n . A sia h a s 32-8% of t h e w o rld reserves, 3 0 % b e in g in I r a n , I r a q , K u w a it, S au d i A ra b ia , B a h re in , a n d Q a ta r. T h is a re a co u ld s u p p ly m u c h of E u ro p e a n d A frica ’s needs.
R u s s ia is c re d ite d w ith 11-3% of th e w o rld oil reserv es, m o s tly in E u ro p e , th o u g h th e r e a re g r e a t p o ssib ilities in h e r A siatic te r r ito ry , w h ic h is little e x p lo re d . U n d o u b te d ly R u ss ia w ill b e a b le to su p p ly h e r o w n n eed s. R e se rv es in th e r e s t of E u ro p e a re less t h a n 1,000,000,000 b rl., a b o u t h a lf b ein g in R o u m a n ia .
S o u th A m erica h a s re serv es of 6,500,000,000-7,680,000,000 b rl. M o st of th is is in V enezuela.
T ab les give v a rio u s e s tim a te s of oil reserv e s b y c o u n tries, a n d a n in d ic a tio n o f th e
c o u n trie s f u tu r e p ro sp e c ts. G. D . H .
618. Maritime Provinces Favoured in East Canada Prospecting. C. O. N iek le, Oil W h ly, 11.12.44, 116 (2), 100.— M a ritim e p ro v in ce s of C a n ad a h a v e n u m e ro u s seeps, b u t o n ly one sm all oilfield. M uch e x p lo ra tio n is b e in g u n d e r ta k e n h e re a n d in th e G aspe P e n in su la, S o u th e rn Q uebec, in S o u th e rn O n ta rio , a n d t h e M oose R iv e r b a sin a n d J a m e s B a y d is tric t of n o rth e rn O n ta rio . L a rg e a re a s h a v e b e e n leased, a n d geological a n d g eo p h y sica l w o rk is in p rogress.
A w ild c a t b ein g d rilled in H illsb o ro u g h B a y m a y go to 14,000 f t. t o re a c h th e p o te n tia l oil-zones of th e H o r to n Series (L ow er C arb o n ifero u s) a n d th e U p p e r D ev o n ian . T h e w ell is o n th e in d ic a te d c re st of th e s tru c tu re . S o u th of M abou I n le t, C ape B re to n Is la n d , N o v a S cotia, a w ell w a s a b a n d o n e d a t 5579 f t. w ith o u t re ac h in g i ts o b jectiv e. A second w ell h a s b e en s ta r te d in th e sam e a re a , to te s t th e A inslee s a n d a t th e to p of th e H o rto n series, w h ic h s a n d is e x p e c te d a t 6300 ft.
T h e H o r to n series is to b e te s te d b y a w ell n e a r K e n n e te o e k C o m ers, c e n tra l N ova S co tia, 40 m l. n o r th of H a lifa x .
T h e S to n y C reek oilfield of N e w B ru n sw ic k h a s p ro d u c e d a b o u t 3 4 4 , 0 0 0 b rl. of oil a n d 2 0 , 0 0 0 m i l l i o n cu. ft. of gas. P ro d u c in g d e p th s ra n g e 1 9 0 0 - 3 1 0 0 f t . , in six sands' of th e A lb e rt Series (L ow er C arboniferous).
A te s t o n th e G asp6 P e n in su la h a s b a ile d oil fro m sh a le a t 1920—1958 f t ., a n d a t 2036 f t. A n o th e r w ell 4 m l. to th e e a s t sh o w ed oil a n d g a s n e a r t h e su rfa ce a n d in a fra c tu re zone a t 833 ft.
I n 1944, as in 1943, e m p h a sis o n d rillin g in S o u th e rn O n ta rio w a s fo r gas. F iv e e x p lo ra to ry w ells w ere d rille d , one g iv in g gas.
T h e re a re n o te s o n th e v a rio u s concessions in E a s te r n C a n ad a . T ab les give
d rillin g a n d p ro d u c tio n d a ta . G. D . H .
Production.
619.* Influence of Temperature on Oil Yield of Uncemented Sands under Gravitational Flow. S. L . Z ak s. B u ll. A ca d . S c i. U .R .S .S ., Cl. S c i. Tech., 1944, 7 2 9-733.— M ain forces re ta in in g oil w ith in s a n d a re su rface ten sio n , v isc o sity , a n d ad h esiv e effects.
A ll th e s e d im m ish w ith in cre ase in t e m p e ra tu re , th e m a in effect of w h ic h is o n visco sity (in th e case of c ru d es c o n ta in in g gas in so lu tio n , h o w ev er, v isc o sity fa ll d u e to a rise in te m p e ra tu re is offset b y rise in v isco sity d u e to loss of gas). A la b o ra to ry set-u p is d e sc rib e d fo r m ea su rin g flow of cru d e th ro u g h sa n d u n d e r v a rio u s co nditions.
S a n d u se d (p o ro sity 4 2 % ) w as of tw o sizes, 0 -0 1 -0 T 0 m m . a n d 0-10-0-25 m m . T e m p e ra tu re in te rv a l s tu d ie d w as 20-100° C. a n d an g le of slope v a rie d fro m 5° to 40°.
C rude em p lo y ed w as a lig h t M aikop cru d e (sp. g r. O'832). M a x im u m rise in oil re co v e ry w as o b se rv ed fo r in cre ases in te m p e ra tu re fro m 20° to 60° C. E ffe c t of te m p e ra tu re a n d slope w as m o re m a rk e d fo r th e finer s a n d . T e m p e ra tu re effect d ecreased w ith in creasin g slope. I t is su g g ested t h a t h e a tin g o il-san d s (m eth o d n o t s ta te d ), p a rtic u la rly th o se re ta in in g visco u s c ru d e s a n d in a re a s w h e re t h e g ro u n d is p e rm a n e n tly frozen, w o u ld b e of v a lu e . R e s u lts a re p re s e n te d ta b u la r ly a n d
g ra p h ic ally . V . B .
Development.
620. Third of Canada is Rated as Potential Oil Area. C. O. N ickle. O il W h ly , 11.12.44, 116 (2), 82.— C a n ad a h a s p ro d u c e d 110,000,000 b rl. of oil, m o re t h a n 70,000,000 b rl.
ABSTRACTS.
203
a fro m T u rn e r V alley. 1944 p ro d u o tio n w ill exceed 10,000,000 b rl., w hile th e c o n su m p tio n is likely to be n e a rly 60,000,000 brl.C a n a d a ’s p o te n tia l oil la n d covers N o v a S cotia, P rin c e E d w a rd Is la n d , N ew B ru n sw ick , th e G aspe P e n in su la of Q uebec, so u th w e ste rn O n tario , n o rth w e st O n tario a n d M an ito b a , th e in te rio r p lain s, n o rth e a s t B ritish C olum bia, th e M ackenzie R iv e r B a sin a n d p a r t of th e W in d R iv e r B asin of th e Y u k o n T errito ry .
T u rn e r V alley gives 8,000,000 b rl. /y e a r fro m d e p th s of 2700-10,000 ft. I t is 22 m l.
long a n d 1-3 m l. w ide. T h e N o rm a n W ells field covers 4500 acres. I t s p o te n tia l is 10.000 b r l./d a y a n d its reserv es a re e stim a te d a t 35,000,000 b rl. I t is p ro d u cin g 3500 b rl./d a y . O f th e sm all oilfields in so u th w e st O n tario , O il Springs is th e b est, a n d h a s p ro d u c ed som e 8,000,000 b rl. of oil. T h e g roup of fields yields a b o u t 150.000 b rl./y e a r. T h ere a re new a n d re la tiv e ly u n d ev elo p ed fields in th e P la in s of A lb e rta (T ab er, V erm ilion, P rincess, C onrad, W ain w rig h t, R e d Coulee, L lo y d m in ster, a n d o th ers). T hese h a v e g iv en a b o u t 1,300,000 b rl. T h e S to n y C reek field of New B ru n sw ick p ro d u ces a b o u t 25,000 b rl./y e a r.
D u rin g la s t five y e ars th e re h a s b e en a w id esp rea d search fo r oil in C an ad a, a b o u t 70% of th e a c tiv ity bein g c e n tre d in A lb e rta . T h e M aritim es P ro v in c es a re th e second m o st activ e area. I n N ew B ru n sw ick a n d W es te rn O n tario c u rre n t d ev elo p m en t is larg ely co n cern ed w ith m ee tin g n eed s fo r n a tu r a l gas. O n th e G aspe P en in su la a well is bein g acidized to develop com m ercial p ro d u c tio n fro m th re e p o ro u s sa n d s in th e L ow er D ev o n ian . E ig h t w ild cats in S a sk a tch e w a n h a v e o nly sh o w n prom ising oil- a n d gas-show s. G eophysical a n d geological w o rk is going on in n o rth e a s te rn B ritis h C olum bia.
I n S ep tem b er th e P rin cess d iscovery w as m ad e in A lb e rta . T h e well cam e in a t 1000 b rl./d a y , fro m 3965 to 3983 f t., w ith fo rm a tio n p ressu re of 1300 lb ./sq . in. I n J u ly th e C o n rad discovery w as m a d e a t 2960-2972 f t. in th e E llis. T h is w ell is 23 m l. so u th e a s t of th e T a b e r pool, w h ich p ro d u c es fro m th e L ow er C retaceous. T he V erm ilion p ool p ro d u ces fro m th e L ow er C retaceous a t 1800 ft. A b o u t 25 m l. to th e e a s t a n d s o u th a L ow er C retaceous oil discovery h a s b een m ad e w hich is sim ilar to V erm ilion.
T h e T u rn e r V alley field h a s b e en e x te n d e d to th e n o r th a n d so u th , a n d w ells h a v e b een co m p leted on a fa u lt-b lo ck e a s t of th e m a in block. I n th e la tte r a re a th e o il-w a te r line is 1200-1500 ft. low er t h a n elsew here. A second te s t h a s b een d rilled on th e J u m p in g P o u n d s tru c tu re , a n d th is fo u n d th e M adison lim estone 400 f t. higher.
T h e H ig h w o o d U p lift w e st of T u rn e r V alley h a s M adison lim estone on a series of n a rro w an ticlin es. T h is a re a is being te s te d . 25 m l. so u th w e st of T u rn e r V alley th e D ev o n ian a n d M adison a re to b e te s te d on th e shallow S u lliv a n C reek an ticlin e, w hile th e Moose D om e 30 m l. n o rth w e st of T u rn e r V alley is also bein g te s te d . On th is s tru c tu re th e D ev o n ian h a s p ro d u c ed a little oil. 100 m l. fa rth e r n o r th along th e fo o thills th e R a m R iv e r a n d S h u n d a C reek a n tic lin es a re being te s te d . L ig h t oil h a s b e en fo u n d . T h e D ev o n ian a n d M adison a re b ein g te s te d in th e F o ld in g M o u n tain a n d C oalspur area s, respectively.
T ab les give p ro d u c tio n a n d drilling d a ta . • G. D . H . 621. Venezuela Production at Peak but Still Short oi Objective. A non. Oil W kly, 11.12.44, 116 (2), 116.— V enezuela’s 1944 p ro d u c tio n w ill be a b o u t 267,000,000 b rl., 87,000,000 b rl. m ore th a n in 1943, a n d 50,000,000 b rl. m ore th a n th e p e a k of 1941.
I n th e th ir d q u a rte r of 1944 th e p ro d u c tio n rose to 790,000 b rl./d a y , a n d is ex p ected to b e 830,000 b rl./d a y in th e fo u rth q u a rte r. T h e P .A .W . goal of 1,000,000 b rl./d a y w ould h a v e b e en a tta in e d if th e re h a d b een sufficient supplies.
A t p re se n t th e M aracaibo a re a p ro d u ces o ver tw o -th ird s of th e oil o u tp u t. T h is is ro u g h ly th e re g io n ’s o p tim u m cap a c ity . E a s te rn V enezuela is p ro d u cin g well below its p o te n tia l, b u t a t th e r a te e q u iv a len t to th e ex istin g pipe-line capacities.
A new 16-in. pipe-line fro m P u e rto L a Cruz to th e Ju s ep in -M u la ta fields is being c o n stru c te d . C om pletion of th is lin e w ill re su lt in th e te s tin g of p ro m isin g areas w est of th e S a n ta B a rb a ra -M u la ta r-M u ri-J u se p in p ro d u c in g d istric ts. I n th e G re ate r Oficina a re a v a rio u s fields a re bein g ex ten d ed .
F u r th e r d e v elo p m en t in E a s te rn V enezuela is m o st likely to b e c o n c e n tra te d along t h e tw o m a in tr e n d lines m a rk e d b y p re se n t p ro d u c in g fields in M onagas a n d A n zo ateg u i, w h ich e x te n d w est th ro u g h G uarico. T h e region fa rth e r so u th is less accessible, a n d discoveries so fa r h a v e p ro v e d o nly h e a v y oil. '
Q 2
204
a ABSTRACTS.T ex a s h a s a p ro d u c e r a t C a rito s a n d fo u r d ry holes. A d ry w ild c a t h a s b e en d rille d in D e lta A m a cu ro . T h e M ercedes field h a s six closed-in p ro d u c in g w ells, a n d i t is u n lik e ly to h a v e a p ip e-lin e fo r som e tim e u n less its p o te n tia l is g re a tly e n h an c ed . I t is 130 m l. fro m th e n e a re s t p ro d u c tio n to th e e ast.
A deep te s t, R in co n L arg o 3, is b ein g d rilled b y T ex a s, b e tw e e n p ro d u c in g a rea s in th e S a n ta A n a d is tric t.
A t e s t is b ein g d rille d 2 m l. e a s t of th e L ag u n illa s field. T h e P a n d o w ild c a t w as a b a n d o n e d a t 6900 f t. I t lies 5 m l. s o u th e a s t of th e lim its of O ficina p ro p e r.
I n W e s te rn V en ezu ela concessions a re b e in g s o u g h t i n th e A p u re B a sin of A p u re a n d Z am o ra. G eological a n d g e o p h y sical su rv e y s h a v e b e e n in p ro g ress.
G. D . H . 622. Russian Developments in Both Producing and Refining are Important Despite War. A no n . O il W k ly , 11.12.44, 116 (2), 108.— U .S .S .R . p ro d u c tio n fo r 1944 w ill p ro b a b ly b e 275,000,000 b rl. I n re c e n t y e a rs g re a te s t c o n c e n tra tio n of oilfield effort a n d g re a te s t r e tu r n fro m su c h effo rt, h a s b e en in th e a re a ly in g b e tw e e n th e U ra l M o u n ta in s in th e e a s t a n d t h e V olga, ru n n in g fro m th e C a sp ian to t h e P e c h o ra region in th e n o r th . T h e m o st im p o r ta n t fin d s h a v e b e e n in a 500-m l. s trip in th e cen tre.
T h is a re a h a s p ro d u c e d c o n sid erab le a m o u n ts of oil since t h e d isco v ery of Ish im b ae v o in 1932, a n d 1944 o u tp u t is e s tim a te d a t 200,000 b r l./d a y , c o m p a re d w ith 75,400 b r l./d a y in 1941. T h e B a k u fields a re n o w g iv in g 5 9 % of th e R u s s ia n o u tp u t.
Since 1932 100 n ew p ro d u c in g a re a s h a v e b e en fo u n d in th e U ra l-V o lg a a re a , a n d th is a re a h a s reserv es e s tim a te d b y th e R u ss ia n s a t m o re t h a n 20,000,000,000 brl., o r 3 2 % o f t h e U .S .S .R . to ta l. M ost U ra l-V o lg a c ru d es h a v e 2 - 3 % of su lp h u r, a n d th is .h as called fo r special refin e ry e q u ip m e n t. T o ta l g a soline y ield s r u n as h ig h as 5 2 % , a n d som e cru d es a re sa id to b e go o d fo r m a k in g h ig h -o c ta n e gasolines.
M ost of th e im p o r ta n t n ew p ro d u c in g fields a re in t h e K u ib y s h e v C om bine area, e x te n d in g fro m th e M iddle V olga e a s t to th e U ra ls. T h e oil is a t d e p th s of 300—1000 f t. in m o s t of th e fields, a n d so S y z ra n , Y ab lo n o v o y , K ra z n y a r, K in e l, B u g u raslan , S te rlita m a k a n d Ish im b a e v o a re b e in g d e v elo p ed ra p id ly .
V ario u s m e th o d s of s tim u la tin g p ro d u c tio n fro m w ells h a v e b e en ap p lie d . I n som e cases soluble c o m p o u n d s a re in se rte d in w ells to in cre ase flow . Som e b o tto m - ho le e le ctrical p u m p s h a v e ca p a citie s of 700 b rl./d a y .
A m o n g th e U ra l-V o lg a fields d isco v ered since th e w a r b e g a n a re S a b o r, K ra sn o y a r, A m m o n a k , E ls h a n , a n d K a rlin s k . M uch gas h a s b e e n fo u n d in th e B u g u ru sla n an d S a ra to v regions. T h is g a s is b ein g u se d in d u s tria lly . O n t h e K a m a riv e r m ajo r oilfields h a v e b e e n d e v elo p ed d u rin g th e w a r a t P o la z n a a n d K ra sn o k a m s k . T he U c h ta field of th e P e c h o ra b a sin , d isco v ered in 1931, is r e p o rte d to h a v e been e x te n siv ely d ev elo p ed in re c e n t y e ars.
I n th e U r a l-E m b a reg io n th e fields of N a rm u n d a n a k , G a ld y b ay , K u ls a ry , Sagiz, a n d Isk in e h a v e b e en d eveloped, a n d n e w discoveries a re r e p o rte d a t A lty k u l, Bek- B ek e a p d Is p u la y . T h e E m b a reg io n is d o m in a n tly a s a lt d om e a re a w ith g re at p o s s ib ilitie s ; p re s e n t p ro d u c tiv e c a p a c ity m a y b e 25,000,000 b rl./y e a r.
I n T u rk e s ta n oil a n d g as d iscoveries a re r e p o rte d a t P a lv o n ta s h a n d K o k a y ta , w h ile th e r e h a v e b e e n e x te n sio n s a n d n e w s a n d d iscoveries a t N e b it D ag , Chelikov, S a m a rk a n d , A n d e jo n (F e rg h an a ) a n d B u k h a ra . T h is a re a is r a th e r iso late d .
S a k h a lin p ro d u c tio n is sa id to h a v e b e e n ra is ed in 1944, a n d d e v elo p m en t h a s b een s ta r te d o n sev eral discoveries on th e K a m c h a tk a P e n in u sla . S a k h a lin is e s tim a te d to p ro d u c e 15,000 b rl./d a y .
A field is re p o rte d to h a v e b e e n fo u n d re c e n tly a t K a s h k a ra , a few m iles w e st of A s tra k h a n in th e V olga d e lta region. F iv e p ro d u c e rs h a v e b e e n c o m p le te d a t d e p th s of 750 ft. Som e d e v elo p m e n t h a s b e e n do n e o n n ew fields b e tw e e n th e A ra x e s a n d K u r riv e rs of th e C aucasus region. T h ree m a jo r fields a re sa id to h a v e b e e n fo u n d n e a r K iro v o b a d a n d in th e K h ilin a n d T a ly a n o v d is tric ts . A n u m b e r of fa v o u ra b le s tru c tu re s a re r e p o rte d in th e s o u th e rn K h ilin reg io n alo n g t h e A ra x es riv er. T h is p o te n tia l p ro d u c in g reg io n e x te n d s s o u th w a rd in to P e rs ia n te r r ito ry a n d e a s t to th e
sh o re of th e C aspian. - G. D . H .
623. World Oil Industry Looks Ahead to a Busy Future. A n o n . O il W k ly , 11.12.44, 116 (2), 6 6.— W o rld oil p ro d u c tio n in 1944 is h ig h er t h a n e v e r b efo re, a n d f u r th e r in crease is e x p e c te d in 1945, fo r a p a r t fro m w a r n e ed s oil w ill p la y a le a d in g p a r t in
ABSTRACTS.
205
a p o st-w a r re c o n stru c tio n . M any regions h ith e rto u n e x p lo re d or superficially te s te d w ill b e ex p lo red th o ro u g h ly . B o th th e C a rib b e an a n d th e M iddle E a s t h a v e larg e oil reserv es a n d w ill b e larg e e x p o rte rs. T h e C arib b ean reg io n h a s th e larg e st e s ta b lish ed facilities fo r p ro d u c tio n a n d re fining, a n d V enezuela, w h ich p ro d u c es 800,000 b r l./d a y , w ill rise to 1,000,000 b rl./d a y , w hile C olom bia e x p ec ts to p ro d u ce 80,000 b r l./d a y in 1945. M iddle E a s t p ro d u c tio n is e x p ec te d to b e in creased to a b o u t 500.000 b r l./d a y th ro u g h th e a d d itio n a l refining facilities bein g co m p leted , a n d p la n s a re b ein g co n sid ered fo r ra isin g th e p ro d u c tio n to 1,0 0 0 , 0 0 0 b rl./d a y a f te r th e w ar, su c h a p ro d u c in g p o te n tia l a lre a d y bein g av ailab le. I n 1944 U .S .A . p ro d u c e d a b o u t 4.500.000 b rl./d a y .U .S .A . h a s p u sh e d p ro d u c tio n to th e lim its of efficient reco v ery , a n d m u s t now b u ild u p reserv es. W h ile drillin g h a s b een su b n o rm a l fo r th re e y e ars, th e c o u n try ’s p ro d u c tio n h a s b e e n in creased . I t is believed t h a t reserves c an b e e x p an d ed , a lth o u g h oil-finding p o ssib ilities a re less a ttr a c tiv e t h a n th o se of th e M iddle E a s t, etc.
R u ss ia h a s h a d a n o ta b le success in e stab lish in g n ew reserv es in th e U ra l-V o lg a area. C u rre n tly R u ss ia h o ld s 11% of th e w o rld ’s reserves, a n d p ro d u ces a b o u t 11% . T h e p o sitio n is sim ilar in S o u th A m erica, w hile th e M iddle E a s t, w ith n e a rly a th ird of th e reserves, gives o n ly 6% of th e o u tp u t, a n d U .S .A . w ith 4 0 % of th e reserves p ro v id es 6 5% of th e oil.
A rg e n tin a a n d B o liv ia s till re q u ire to im p o rt oil desp ite som e w a r-tim e d ev elo p m e n t of th e ir G o v e rn m en t-o p era ted oil in d u strie s. P e r u ’s p ro d u c tio n h a s risen to a new h ig h ; oil is e x p o rte d . E c u a d o r p ro d u ces a b o u t 5000 b rl./d a y . M exico’s o u tp u t h a s risen. C a n ad a h a s ex ten siv e a rea s in w h ic h oil m a y b e fo u n d , afid m u ch p ro sp e ctin g is going on.
N ew Z ealan d h a s one field w ith a few w ells, b u t co m m ercial p ro d u c tio n h a s n o t y e t b e en o b ta in e d in A u s tra lia . J a p a n h a s b een ab le to re-develop som e of th e F a r E a s t fields.
T h e w o rld p ro d u c tio n fo r 1944 is p ro b a b ly 2,621,734,000 b rl., 14-7% m ore th a n in 1943, a n d 31-5% m o re t h a n in 1938.
A ta b le gives th e a n n u a l p ro d u c tio n b y c o u n tries fro m 1938, a n d th e cu m u la tiv e
p ro d u c tio n u p to th e e n d of 1944. G. D . H .
R e f i n e r y Op e r a t i o n s. Refineries and Auxiliary Refinery Plant.
624. New Basis Developed for Comparing Heat Transfer Fluids. P . W . P a rso n s a n d B . J . G affney. Chem. M e t. E n g ., 1945, 52, 100.— A new ap p ro ac h to th e p ro b lem of h e a t ex change o n th e b asis of th e re la tio n sh ip of film co-efficient to en erg y consum ed in c irc u la tin g th e fluid p e r u n it H .E . surface.
F lo w inside tu b e s o nly is considered, eq u atio n s bein g d eriv ed fo r b o th viscous a n d tu rb u le n t flow. T h e b e h a v io u r o f 19 fluids a t 8 6° F . is show n g rap h ically . T hese in clu d e D o w th e rm , w a te r, glycerol, e th an o l, h y d ro g e n , m erc u ry , a n d lu b ric a tin g oil.
T he m a n n e r in w h ich th e rela tio n sh ip is affected b y te m p e ra tu re is also illu stra te d . I t is co n clu d ed t h a t o p e ratio n in reg io n of tu r b u le n t flow is to b e re c o m m e n d e d ; t h a t in a p p a ra tu s of e q u a l surface, film coefficient in tu r b u le n t reg io n decreases as d iam e te r increases, p ro v id e d en erg y in p u t is c o n sta n t. F o r stre am lin e flow, th e
rev erse is tr u e . L . B .
Distillation.
625. Patent on Distillation. R . N . S h ira s a n d M. S onders (Shell D ev elo p m en t Co.), U .S .P . 2,350,256, 30.5.44. A p p l. 8.6.42. A process is d escribed fo r s e p a ra tin g a re la tiv e ly n a rro w b oiling ra n g e m ix tu re com prising tw o co m ponents, A a n d B . A h a s a re la tiv e ly low er v a p o u r p ressu re in presence of a re la tiv e ly h ig h-boiling selective so lv en t th a n co m p o n e n t B . O riginal m ix tu re is d istilled in a first d istilla tio n zone in p resen ce of th e so lv e n t u n d e r c o n d itio n s designed to p ro d u ce a first o v erh ead v a p o u r fra c tio n ric h in B a n d leav e a first b o tto m fra c tio n com prising so lv en t p lu s d issolved A a n d a m in o r p o rtio n of B . F ir s t b o tto m p ro d u c t is f u rth e r d istilled in a second zone in presen ce of a d d itio n a l so lv en t a n d u n d e r co n ditions designed to
206
a ABSTRACTS.p ro d u ce a second o v e rh ea d p ro d u c t, com p risin g v a p o u rs of A a n d B , a n d to lea v e a second b o tto m p ro d u c t co m p risin g so lv e n t ric h in d issolved A . T h is p r o d u c t is d istilled in a th ir d zone to s e p a ra te A fro m so lv e n t. A t le a st p a r t of re co v e red so lv e n t is r e tu rn e d to first a n d se cond d istilla tio n zones a n d som e of second o v e rh e a d p ro d u c t
is r e tu rn e d to first d istilla tio n zone. H . B . M.
Solvent Refining and Dewaxing.
626. Patent on Solvent Extraction. R. E . T a n n ie h (S ta n d a rd O il D e v elo p m en t Co.).
U .S .P . 2,349,473, 23.5.44. A p p l. 14.9.42. A n o x id a tio n in h ib ito r is a d d e d to a p e tro le u m fra c tio n c o n ta in in g olefins b efo re e x tr a c tio n w ith s u lp h u r d io x id e. I n h ib ito r is m a in ta in e d in th e m ix tu re u n til s u lp h u r d io x id e is .sep a ra te d fro m th e
h y d ro c a rb o n s. H . B . M.
Cracking.
627. Houdry Cycle-Timing System. R . B . T u ttle . O il Gas J ., 24.2.45, 43 (42), 120.—
A long w ith u su a l devices fo r a u to m a tic a lly c o n tro llin g p ro cess v a ria b le s is th e v a ria b le cycle tim e r. T h is c an b e u se d in a n y p ro cess w h ic h d ep en d s u p o n a fix ed cycle.
T h is tim in g device re su lte d in th e H o u d ry process d ev elo p in g in to th e first c o n tin u o u s c a ta ly tic crac k in g in s ta lla tio n in co m m ercial use.
Socony V a cu u m O il Co., a t its L u b rite refin e ry , E a s t S t. L o u is, 111., o p e rate s a six-case H o u d ry in sta lla tio n . T h ese cases a re in te rp o s e d b e tw ee n a c o n tin u o u s th r o u g h p u t v a p o u r h e a te r a n d a sy s te m of fra c tio n a to rs . E a c h case is co n n ected in to th e sy s te m th ro u g h tw o v a lv e m an ifo ld s, e ac h of w h ic h m o u n ts fo u r m otor- o p e ra te d v a lv e s ; a n d in a d d itio n th e r e a re six m o re m o to r-o p e ra te d v alv es, th e o p e ra tio n of w h ic h is co m m o n to a ll th e cases. T h u s a c o n sid erab le n u m b e r of v a lv e s a re in v o lv ed , a n d th e o p e n in g a n d closing of a ll e x c e p t th r e e is c o n tro lled b y th e v a ria b le cy cle-tim er.
A ll v a lv e s a re e le ctrica lly in te rlo ck e d , a n d lim it-s w itc h c o n ta c ts a re also u se d to o p e ra te th e v a lv e -p o sitio n in d ic a tin g lig h ts, a u x ilia ry e q u ip m e n t, a n d to fu rn ish te s t c o n ta c ts so t h a t th e cy cle-tim er c a n ch eck a ll v a lv e o p e ra tio n s a f te r th e y h a v e been in itia te d . T w o id e n tic a l lin e a r m o tio n tim e rs a re in sta lle d , one b e in g m a in ta in e d fo r em e rg en cy service. T o ta l cycle tim e c a n b e v a rie d fro m 30 to 60 m in u te s as desired. A s e t of sig n al lig h ts is c o n n ec te d in to th e v a rio u s o p e ra tin g circuits, in d ic a tin g to th e o p e ra to r th e p o sitio n of a ll m o to r-o p e ra te d valv es.
A sy s te m a tic id e n tific atio n schem e re n d e rs a n y w o rk w ith th e lead s a n d term in als a n o rd e rly p ro c ed u re , a c h a r t b e in g p ro v id e d w h ich in clu d e s te rm in a l a n d tim e r se g m en t id e n tific atio n codes. A n illu s tra tio n of sequences is t h a t tw o cases are a lw a y s on re g e n e ra tio n a t a t i m e ; one of th e cases w ill b e o n s tre a m a n d th e fo u rth w ill b e o n oil o r a ir e v a c u atio n , oil o r a ir re p re ssu re, d e p en d in g o n th e p a rtic u la r in s ta n t t h a t th e seq u en ce is cheeked.
T h e L u b rite cycle-tim e rs h a v e b e e n w ire d fo r m o re th a n 25 d iffere n t o p eratin g
sequences. G. A. C.
628.* Vapour Phase Oxidative Cracking of Gas Oil and Naphtha in Presence of Air Enriched with Oxygen. I. A. B . S h e in m a n a n d A. N . T z u ib a , B u ll. A cad. Sci.
U .R .S .S ., Cl. S c i. Tech., 1944, 716-723.— T h e p ro cess of o x id a tiv e crac k in g h a s been p ro v e d effective, b u t h a s h ith e rto o n ly b e e n a p p lie d u sin g a ir. I n d u s tr ia l a v a il
a b ility of c h ea p 02 (K a p itz a process) m ak e s use of a i r / 02 m ix tu re s feasible. L a b o ra to r y scale e x p erim e n ts w ere u n d e rta k e n u sin g en ric h ed a ir, so t h a t th e 02 c o n te n t w as 3 7 -4 0 % . C racking w a s c a rrie d o u t, o v er a c h a rc o a l c o n ta c t, a t 540-560° C., u sin g 6 0-70 litre s of a i r / 02 m ix tu re p e r kg . of ch arg e. R e a c tio n tim e w a s 2 8-41 sec.
A s ch arg in g sto ck s, th e r e w ere e m p lo y ed a n a p h th a (d2 0 0-788, 105-218° C.) a n d a g as oil (d2 0 0-858, I .B .P . 203° C., 95% a t 360° C.). O n c e-th ro u g h c rac k in g yielded 3 0 -3 5 % of 150° C. e n d -p o in t g a so lin e ; th e to ta l y ie ld of liq u id p ro d u c ts , in clu d in g gasoline, re co v e red b y g a s-strip p in g , w as 6 3 -8 6 % . In s p e c tio n s of c h arg in g sto ck s a n d p ro d u c ts a re given. O f th e 02 e n te rin g th e re a c tio n 3 7 % is a c c o u n te d fo r as C 02 a n d CO (m ain ly th e fo rm er), 3 4 % b y H aO a n d excess 0 2, a n d 2 9 % b y O-eon- ta in in g liq u id p ro d u c ts , a n d loss. A d v a n ta g e s claim ed fo r th is p ro cess include ab sen ce of coke fo rm a tio n (below 0-1% ), th u s p e rm ittin g c o n tin u o u s o p e ra tio n
ABSTRACTS. 207 a w ith o u t n e ed fo r re g en e ratin g th e c a ta ly s t, a calorific v a lu e of 7000 c a l./m. 3 fo r th e gas p ro d u c ed , a s c o m p ared to 4000 w h en a ir is used, a n d a n increase in a ro m a tic c o n te n t of th e gasoline. C om busion or explosion do n o t occur in th e re a c tio n space, a n d th e process is sm o o th a n d con tro llab le. U se of a ir e n ric h ed w ith 02 en ab les th e p la n t v o lu m e to b e red u ced b y 50% , w ith co n se q u en t im p ro v e m en t in h e a t b alance.
V. B . 629.* Data Regarding Problem of Chemistry of Oxidative Cracking of Hydrocarbons in Vapour Phase. HI. S. S. N a m e tk in a n d L. M. R osenberg. B u ll. A cad. S c i.
U .R .S .S ., Cl. S ci. Tech., 1944, 709-715.— T h e crack in g of p u re re-octane w as ex am in ed in N2 a n d in N2/ 02 m ix tu re s c o n ta in in g u p to 40% 0 2 ; a h ig h er c o n te n t of 02 leads to co m b u stio n . R e a c tio n c o n d itio n s w ere a te m p e ra tu re of 575° C. a n d a d u ra tio n of 24—29 sec. A nalyses a re given of liq u id a n d gaseous re a c tio n p ro d u c ts , am o n g w hich w ere h e x an e , h ex en e, h e p ta n e , h e p te n e, benzene, to lu en e, a n d fo rm ald eh y d e.
In c re a se in 02 c o n c e n tra tio n leads to in cre asin g fo rm atio n of aro m a tic s, u n s a tu ra te d s , a n d O -co n tain in g bodies. W h ilst p ero x id es co u ld n o t be id en tified in th e c rack ed m a te ria l, it is n e v erth ele ss sug g ested t h a t th e y a re th e in itia l re a c tio n p ro d u c ts . 0 2 co n ce n tra tio n s >2 0% r e ta r d deco m p o sitio n of o c ta n e to h y d ro c a rb o n s a n d fa v o u r p ro d u c tio n of ald eh y d es a n d acids. M ost c ritical co n d itio n of re a c tio n is te m p e ra tu re . I t is conclu d ed t h a t p rim a ry d e com position of th e re-octane, b o th in p resen ce a n d absence of 0 2, is to h e p te n e -j- m e th a n e a n d to h ex en e + e th a n e . P ro b a b le f u rth e r
reactio n s a re suggested. V . B .
630.* Cracking of Fuel Oils over Alumino-Silicate Catalyst. A . Y a. L a rin . B u ll.
Acad. S ci. U .B .S .S ., Cl. S ci. Tech., 1944, 724-728.-—L a b o ra to ry crac k in g ex p erim e n ts a t 300-350° C. (a t atm o sp h e ric pressure) show ed t h a t th e new ty p e of alu m in o -silicate c a ta ly s t em ployed h a d considerable a c tiv ity a t th e s e c o m p a rativ ely low te m p e ra tu re s . C a ta ly st w as re g en e rated b y ste am in g a n d air-b lo w in g a t 450-475° C . ; a c tiv ity w as still v e ry m a rk e d a f te r 37 cycles. G eneral a c tio n of th e c a ta ly s t is of a sim ilar n a tu re to t h a t of A1C13. C racking of v a rio u s fuels (S.G. a t 20° C, 0-900-0-930, I.B .P . 220-300° C.) y ield ed u p to 80% of c rac k ed d istillate . A verage gasoline y ield s w ere, 150° C. e n d -p o in t (O.N. w ith 3 m l. T .E .L ./K g . = 89) 15% ; 200° C. e n d -p o in t 26% . Io d in e v alu es (M argosches) of th e c rac k ed gasolines w ere 17-29. V. B.
631. Patents on Cracking. C. W . T y so n a n d C. O. T o n g b erg (S ta n d a rd Oil D e v elo p m e n t Co.). U .S .P . 2,349,478, 23.5.44. A p p l. 12.6.40. D u rin g th e c a ta ly tic c ra c k ing of h y d ro c a rb o n oil it h a s b e en fo u n d a d v an ta g e o u s to m a in ta in b o th crack in g a n d reg en e ratin g zones u n d e r a to ta l p ressu re in excess of tw o a tm s ., a n d to keep a p a rtia l p ressu re of oil v a p o u rs w ith in th e crac k in g zone a t n o t s u b s ta n tia lly g re a te r th a n one a tm o sp h e re.
J . M. B a rro n (T exas O il Co.). U .S .P . 2,349,603, 23.5.44. A p p l. 2.7.43. I n a com bined th e rm a l a n d c a ta ly tic c rac k in g process, h y d ro c a rb o n oil is p a sse d th ro u g h a h e a tin g zone a n d th e rm a lly cracked. R e s u lta n t h e a te d p ro d u c ts a re in tro d u c e d in to low er p o rtio n o f a v e rtic a lly disposed re a c tio n c h am b er in w h ich se p a ra tio n of v a p o u rs fro m liq u id resid u e ta k e s p lace. A re sid u al sto c k is p asse d to u p p e r p o rtio n of th e c h am b er to flow c o u n te rc u rre n tly to u p w a rd risin g v ap o u rs. A crack in g te m p e ra tu re is m a in ta in e d in re ac tio n ch am b e r a n d th e rm a l c rac k in g ta k e s place.
L iq u id resid u e is w ith d ra w n a n d su b je cted to coking. V ap o u rs a re fra c tio n a te d to s e p a ra te low er fro m h ig her-boiling fractio n s, a n d high er-b o ilin g fra c tio n s a re recycled to h e a tin g zone. L ow er-boiling frac tio n s a re w ith d ra w n fro m fra c tio n a tin g zone a n d co m b in ed w ith a s tra ig h t-ru n co n d en sate stock. T h e m ix tu re is th e n c ataly tic - a lly cracked. R e s u lta n t p ro d u c ts of c a ta ly tic crack in g a n d a p e tro le u m sto c k a re com bined w ith v a p o u rs fro m th e coking o p e ra tio n a n d a d m ix e d c o n s titu e n ts are fra c tio n a te d to o b ta in a c o n d en sate fra c tio n a n d a re sid u al fra c tio n . R esid u al fra c tio n is u se d as sto c k in tro d u c e d to u p p e r p o rtio n of th e v e rtic a lly disposed re actio n ch am b er, a n d co n d en sate fra c tio n is p asse d to fra c tio n a tin g zone.
H . O. F o lk in s a n d C. M. T h a c k e r (P u re Oil Co.). U .S .P . 2,350,159, 30.5.44. A ppl.
19.10.42. I n a co nversion process, h y d ro c arb o n s a re c rack ed in p resen ce of m erc u ry a n d a n a lip h a tic h alid e u n d e r con d itio n s of te m p e ra tu re a n d p ressu re a t w hich m e rc u ry a n d a lip h a tic h a lid e a re in v a p o riz ed s ta te .
208
A ABSTRACTS.C. R . W a g n e r a n d C. M. R id g ew ay (P u re Oil Co.). U .S .P . 2,350,204, 30.5.44.
A ppl. 18.3.39. I n a pro cess fo r c o n v e rtin g h y d ro c a rb o n oil to gaso lin e b o ilin g h y d ro c arb o n s, oil v a p o u rs a re ra p id ly h e a te d in a re s tric te d s tre a m in th e ab se n ce of a c a ta ly s t b y m ean s of h ig h te m p e ra tu re gases to a p p ro x im a te ly d e sired c ra c k in g te m p e ra tu re . H e a te d v a p o u rs a re p a sse d to a c a ta ly tic c rac k in g zone s u b s ta n tia lly fu ll of solid, c o m m in u te d c a ta ly s t. V a p o u rs a re p a sse d th ro u g h th is c rac k in g zone a t a low er v e lo c ity th a n in h e a tin g zone. C a ta ly s t in c ra c k in g zone is m o v ed m ec h an ically fro m in le t to o u tle t in a h o riz o n ta l d irec tio n , a n d is c o n tin u o u sly a g ita te d . T h e zone is m a in ta in e d a t c rac k in g te m p e ra tu re b y m ea n s of c o m b u s tio n gases h a v in g a low er te m p e ra tu re t h a n gases u se d to h e a t th e v a p o u r s tre a m in ab se n ce of c a ta ly s t. M o v em en t o f c a ta ly s t is re g u la te d in crac k in g zone so t h a t its s ta y th e re in d oes n o t s u b s ta n tia lly ex ceed its efficient life. H . B . M.
Polymerization.
632. Patent on Polymerization. T . P . R e m y , U .S .P . 2,350,330, 6.6.44. A p p l. 28.9.38.
A h y d ro c a rb o n m ix tu re rich in olefins a n d a ro m a tic s is m a in ta in e d in c o n ta c t w ith a finely d iv id ed ra d io -a c tiv e m a te ria l a t a h ig h , n o n -c ra c k in g te m p e ra tu re . I n th is w a y p o ly m e riz a tio n a n d c o n d e n s a tio n a re effected. H . B . M.
Alkylation.
633. Patent on Alkylation. J . A . O w en a n d E . E . S ta h ly (S ta n d a rd O il D e v elo p m e n t Co.). U .S .P . 2,349,458, 23.5.44. A p p l. 26.11.38. T o p re p a re a m ix tu re c o n sistin g p re d o m in a n tly of s a tu ra te d , b ra n c h e d ch ain , n o rm a lly liq u id h y d ro c a rb o n s bo ilin g in th e gasoline ra n g e , a t le a s t one low b o ilin g fsoparafffn is r e a c te d w ith a t le a s t one n o rm ally liq u id p a raffin of d ifferen t m o le c u la r w e ig h t. R e a c tio n is carried o u t u n d e r a lk y la tio n c o n d itio n s in p re sen c e of a m e ta l h a lid e -a lu m in im n h alid e d o uble s a lt com plex in w h ich th e m e ta l is o th e r th a n alu m in iu m . H . B . M.
Isomerization.
634. Patents on Isomerization. H . P in e s a n d H . S. B loch. U .S .P . 2,349,516, 23.5.44.
A ppl. 31.5.41. P araffin s a re p a sse d in series th r o u g h a n u m b e r of solid m asses c o m p risin g a n isom erizing c a ta ly s t, th e m asses b e in g m a in ta in e d a t successively low er isom erizing te m p e ra tu re s in d ire c tio n of flow of th e p araffin s. M asses increase in v o lu m e a s te m p e ra tu re decreases to p ro v id e a lo n g er p e rio d of c o n ta c t in th e last t h a n in th e first m ass of th e series.
N . F ra g e n (S ta n d a rd O il Co. C hicago). U .S .P . 2,349,821, 30.5.44. A p p l. 15.12.41.
I n a n iso m eriz atio n p ro cess fo r c o n v ersio n of s tra ig h t-c h a in h y d ro c a rb o n s to b ra n c h e d -c h a in h y d ro c a rb o n s, th e a lu m in iu m h a lid e-p araffin ic h y d ro c a rb o n com plex e m p lo y ed a s c a ta ly s t in creases s u b s ta n tia lly in v isc o sity w ith u se. T o re g en e rate t h e com plex i t is c o n ta c te d w ith a t le a s t one ■isoparaffin h y d ro c a rb o n in p resen ce of a n a c tiv a to r affo rd in g a h y d ro g e n h a lid e u n d e r th e re a c tio n c o n d itio n s. I n th is w a y its v isco sity is s u b s ta n tia lly re d u c e d a n d it c a n b e r e tu r n e d to th e iso m erizatio n
process. H . B . M.
Chemical and Physical Refining.
635. Application oi Contact Filtration in Refining High-Quality Lubricating Oils.
P . L . P a u l a n d I . A. S ch w in t. Oil Gas J ., 3.2.45, 43 (39), 38.— B ritish -A m e ric a n ’s n ew refin ery a t C larkson h a s a c o n ta c t filtra tio n u n it u sin g a c tiv a te d cla y fo r p r o cessing m o to r a n d a v ia tio n lu b ric a tin g oils. C o n tin u o u s o p e ra tio n , fle x ib ility in sw itch in g fro m one sto c k to a n o th e r, low o v er-all process lossses, a n d low la b o u r cost in o p e ra tin g th e lOOO-brl.-per-day u n it a re fe atu res .
B asic e q u ip m e n t fo r c o n ta c tin g w ith a c tiv a te d c la y co n sists o f a m ix ta n k , h e a te r, c o n ta c t, a n d strip p in g to w e r a n d filte rin g e q u ip m e n t to s e p a ra te th e c la y fro m th e oil.
T h e su p e r-p etro l fine-m esh c la y is d isc h a rg e d in to a 2 0 0 -to n b u lk c la y s to ra g e b in a n d g r a v ita te d fro m a se c o n d ary 1 0-ton b in to a S y n tro n w e ig h t-fe ed e r w h ic h d is ch arg es th e c la y fro m a n endless b e lt in to th e m ix in g ta n k , th e a m o u n t bein g
ABSTRACTS.
209
a a u to m a tic a lly co n tro lled . Charge oil a t th e r a te of 1000-1500 b rl. p e r d a y is p u m p e d to th e m ix -ta n k w ith th e re q u ire d cla y a n d m ix ed a t a te m p e ra tu re of 180° F . T h e slu rry is c o n tin u o u sly p u m p e d th ro u g h a h e a t-ex c h a n g er to th e L u m m u s ra d ia n t-ty p e h e a te r a n d th e n c e to th e v a c u u m c o n ta c t to w er, w h ere th e oil is strip p e d to rem ove v o latile im p u rities, im p ro v e th e em ulsion ch a ra cte ristic s, a n d en su re a colour sta b le a n d o d o u r-free p ro d u c t.T h e clay is rem o v ed fro m th e oil in a c o n tin u o u s O liver v a c u u m p re c o a t filter b y m ean s of a k n ife-b lad e o p e ra tin g a g a in st a revolving d ru m . H o t flue gases fro m a n in e rt g a s g e n e ra to r b la n k e ts th e filter shell to p re v e n t o x id atio n a n d red u ce fire h azard s.
Oil flows fro m th e filter th ro u g h a h e a t ex ch an g er to a b lo tte r p ress fo r se co n d ary filtra tio n a n d th e n th ro u g h a final cooler to th e finished oil ru n d o w n ta n k .
G. A. C.
636. Patent on Chemical and Physical Refining. T . L . M cN am ara a n d L . M. H e n d e r son (P u re O il Co.). U .S .P . 2,350,176, 30.5.44. A ppl. 30.12.40. W eak ly acidic s u b sta n ce s a re rem o v ed fro m h y d ro c a rb o n liq u id s b y c o n ta ctin g th e liq u id s w ith a q u eo u s alk ali m e ta l h y d ro x id e so lu tio n to w h ich h a s b een a d d e d m a te ria l selected fro m th e g ro u p co n sistin g of a cid oil a n d th e re ac tio n p ro d u c t of a lk a li m e ta l h y d ro x id e a n d acid oil. C o n stitu e n ts soluble in aq u eo u s a lk a li so lu tio n h a v in g a p H b e tw ee n 7 a n d 9 a re rem o v ed fro m th e a cid oil p rio r to c o n ta c t w ith th e h y d ro c a rb o n liquids.
H . B . M.
Special Processes.
637. Patents on Special Processes. A . L . C onn (S ta n d a rd Oil Co., Chicago), U .S .P . 2,349,574, 23.5.44. A ppl. 21.8.40. I n a conversion process, h y d ro c a rb o n oil v a p o u rs a re c o n ta c te d w ith a p o w d ered c a ta ly s t in a n u m b e r of stag es, em plo y in g different g rad es a n d p a rtic le sizes of c a ta ly st. I n a t le a st tw o stag es en larg ed re a c tio n zones are em p lo y ed a n d u p w a rd flow of v a p o u rs is p ro c u re d th ro u g h th ese zones. C on
d itio n s of c a ta ly s t s e d im e n tatio n a re re g u la te d to p ro v id e a different tim e of exposure of c a ta ly s t to oil v a p o u rs in th e differen t zones.
R . B . D a y a n d E . R . K a n h o fe r (U n iv e rsal O il P ro d u c ts Co.). U .S .P . 2,349,812, 30.5.44. A p p l. 14.4.41. To im p ro v e a gasoline fra c tio n of relatively' low a n ti kn o ck v a lu e i t is in tro d u c e d in to a re a c tio n ch am b er c o n ta in in g (a) a p araffin d eh y d ro g en atio n c a ta ly s t a n d (6) a n olefin isom erizing c a ta ly s t. F ra c tio n is p assed th ro u g h (a) a t a sp ace v e lo c ity sufficient to effect s u b s ta n tia l d eh y d ro g en atio n a n d afte rw a rd s th ro u g h (6) a t a space v e lo city designed to isom erize olefins fo rm ed b y d eh y d ro g en atio n .
L. Schm erling a n d V. N . Ip a tie ff (U n iv ersal Oil P ro d u c ts Co.). U .S .P . 2,349,834, 30.5.44. A ppl. 12.4.41. T o p ro d u ce a s u b s ta n tia l y ield of m o n o -alk y l aro m a tic h y d ro c arb o n fro m a p o ly -alk y l aro m a tic h y d ro c arb o n , th e la tte r is su b jected , to g e th e r w ith a n o n -a lk y la te d a ro m a tic h y d ro c arb o n , h y d ro g e n a n d h y d ro g e n chloride, to c o n ta c t w ith a zinc ch lo rid e-co n tain in g c a ta ly s t. P ro cess is c arrie d o u t a t a de- a lk y la tin g te m p e ra tu re b etw een 100° a n d 500° C.
F . E . F re y a n d H . J . H e p p (P hillips P e tro le u m Co.). U .S .P . 2,350,501, 6.6.41.
A ppl. 19.10.36. S y n th e tic , p re d o m in a n tly b ra n c h e d paraffins w ith in th e m o to r-fu el boiling ra n g e a re p ro d u c ed fro m paraffins a n d olefins of low er m o lecu lar w eig h t as follows. A stre a m of paraffin s is m a in ta in e d a t a p re ssu re ab o v e 1000 Ib ./sq . in.
a n d a t a re a c tio n te m p e ra tu re a t w h ich o nly slig h t c rac k in g occurs. A low -boiling olefin h y d ro c a rb o n m a te ria l is d ispersed in th e stre a m in such a w a y t h a t concen
tra tio n of u n re a c te d olefin does n o t exceed 10% b y w eig h t. A fte rw ard s a second a n d d ifferen t low -boiling olefin m a te ria l is dispersed in th e stre a m in su ch a w a y t h a t th e c o n c e n tra tio n of u n re a c te d olefin does n o t exceed 10% b y w eig h t. S y n th e tic paraffins a re th u s fo rm ed b y re a c tio n of olefins w ith paraffins, a n d th ese c an be
se p a ra te d fro m th e re a c tio n m ix tu re . H . B . M.
Safety Precautions.
638. Safety in the Refinery. J . K . Sk ip to n . Petrol. E ngr., J a n u a ry , 1945, 16 (4), 190.— D e sp ite th e co n tin u in g in te re s t of m an a g em e n ts in th e p re v e n tio n of acc id e n ts,
ABSTRACTS.
th e stre ss of w a r c o n d itio n s h a s cau sed a n increase in m is h ap s , w ith c o n se q u e n t in ju ry a n d d e ath s.
A sa fe ty en g in eer in w h a te v e r o rg a n isatio n al se t-u p u se d sh o u ld w o rk closely w ith a ll d e p a rtm e n ta l h ead s, le a rn th e ir p ro b lem s, a n d c o n trib u te to th e s o lu tio n of sam e.
S a fe ty c a n n o t b e e stab lish e d b y special cam p aig n s fro m o u tsid e th e d e p a rtm e n t, b u t m u s t b e su p p le m e n ted b y a p ro g ram m e w ith in e ac h sec tio n . N ew p ro b lem s a re a lw ay s arisin g . F o r ex am p le, th e e m p lo y m en t of s u b s titu te m a te ria ls w ith less re sistan c e to corrosion t h a n th o se fo rm erly e m p lo y ed sh o u ld giv e rise to in te n sifica tio n of in sp ectio n a n d re p la ce m en t a ctiv itie s. C o n sta n t checks a re re q u ire d w h ere m a te ria ls a re u se d w h ich h a v e n e v e r b e e n em p lo y ed p re v io u sly u n d e r th e co n d itio n s n o w faced.
P re c a u tio n s ta k e n to p re v e n t a n d c o m b a t fires a re, in th e m ain , effective. W h ere a fire is c au sed b y carelessness th e re is also ev id en ce of m a n a g e m e n t fa ilu re. S a fe ty tra in in g m u s t b e c o n s ta n t, a n d a p la n t e n v iro n m e n t c re a te d in w h ic h carelessness h a s th e le a s t ch an ce to cau se serious fires. S ta tic c h arg e s a n d e le ctrica l e q u ip m e n t c an cause fires, a n d ste p s m u s t b e ta k e n to p re v e n t th es e. H a z a rd s c au sed b y sp ark s fro m steel to o ls m u s t b e stu d ied .
G ood housek eep in g — t h a t is, cleanliness in th e refin ery , u se o f c o rre c t cleaning m a te ria ls , a n d clearan ce of p assa g e-w ay s— m u s t b e in siste d u p o n . A ll lea k y fittin g s sh o u ld b e p ro m p tly re p aired . T h e c o n d itio n s in sid e vessels s h o u ld b e v isu a lly in sp e c te d to d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e y a re re a lly safe, e v en w h e n th e a tm o sp h e re h as b e en fo u n d so b y a g as in d ic a to r. C a n is te r-ty p e m as k s h a v e a tim e lim it o n th e ir effectiveness, d ep en d in g o n c o n c e n tra tio n of gas, a n d th e y p ro v id e no p ro te c tio n a t a ll a g a in s t a n a tm o sp h e re d eficient in oxy g en . N o m a n s h o u ld e n te r a d an g ero u s atm o sp h e re u n less h e lp is a t h a n d to re m o v e h im in case of a c c id e n t, a n d life-lines sh o u ld b e w orn.
W eld in g o p e ra tio n s sh o u ld b e k e p t as m u c h a s p ossible a w a y fro m d a n g e r spots, a n d no su ch jo b sh o u ld b e s ta r te d w ith o u t th e p e rm issio n of a s a fe ty official.
T h e h a z a rd s of ste am -raisin g p la n t, w alk w ay s, a n d in th e u se of in te rn al-c o m b u s tio n engines sh o u ld b e stu d ied . A ll em p lo y ees sh o u ld b e re q u ire d to o b ta in first-aid tr e a tm e n t fo r e v en th e slig h te st in ju ry . T h e A m erican P e tro le u m I n s t i tu t e a n d th e N a tio n a l S a fe ty C ouncil p u b lis h m u c h h e lp fu l in fo rm a tio n o n th e p ro b lem s, w hich
is a v ailab le to sa fe ty officers. G. A. C.
'I Pr o d u c t s. Chemistry and Physics.
639. Heats of Combustion of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, o-Xylene, «¡-Xylene, p-Xylene, n-Propylbenzene, and Styrene. E . J . P ro sen , R . G ilm o n t, a n d F . D . Rossini.
B u r. S ta n . J . Res. W ash., J a n u a r y , 1945, 34 (1), 65.— H e a ts of c o m b u s tio n in kilo- calories p e r m ole a t 25° C. a n d a t c o n s ta n t p re ssu re of th e a b o v e liq u id h y d ro c arb o n s in gaseous o x y g en to fo rm gaseous c a rb o n d io x id e a n d liq u id w a te r h a v e b e e n d e te r
m in e d a s fo llo w s: b en ze n e 780-98 ± 0 - 1 0 , to lu e n e 934-50 i 0-12, e th y l benzene 1091-03 ± 0-17, o-xylene 1088-16 ± 0-24, m -xylene 1087-92 i 0-15, p -x y le n e 1088-16 ± 0-22, n -p ro p y l ben zen e 1247-19 ± 0-16, a n d s ty re n e 1050-40 ± 0-20. C. L . G.
640. Heats of Formation and Combustion of 1 : 3-Butadine and Styrene. E . J . P ro sen a n d F . D . R o ssin i. B u r. S ta n . J . R es. W ash., J a n u a r y , 1945, 34 (1), 59.— H e a ts of fo rm a tio n a n d c o m b u s tio n of gaseous a n d liq u id 1 : 3 -b u ta d ien e a n d sty re n e a t 25° C. in kg . c al./m o le h a v e b e en d e te rm in e d a s follow s :—
H e a t o f c o m b u stio n . H e a t o f fo rm atio n . 1 : 3 -B u tad ie n e (gas). . . 607-907 ± 0-225 26-748 ± 0-233
(liquid) . . 602-788 ± 0-226 21-629 ± 0-234
S ty re n e (gns). . . 1060-79 ± 0-22 35-106 ± 0"243
(liquid) . . 1050-40 ± 0-20 24-716 ± 0-221
C. L . G.
641.* Influence of Point of Initiation on Parameters of an Air Impact Wave on Detona
tion of Explosive Gaseous Mixtures. A . A. G rib. Applied, M a th s a n d M ech., (U .S .S .R .) , 1944, 8, 273-286.— T h e p a p e r d eals w ith th e u n id im e n sio n al d e to n a tio n
ABSTRACTS.
211
A of a n explosive gas m ix tu re a n d w ith th e a ir im p a c t w ave g e n era te d b y d e to n a tio n . P a ra m e te rs co nsidered a re v e lo city of d e to n a tio n , p ressu re, d e n sity , v e lo c ity of g aseous co m p o n en ts a n d te m p e ra tu re . M a th em atic a l discussion is d iv id e d in to th re e p a r ts , dealin g w ith d e te rm in a tio n of p a ra m e te rs of th e d e to n a tin g w ave, w ith a ir im p a c t w a v e d u e to d e to n a tio n , a n d w ith th e case w here a n explosive m ix tu re is in itia te d a t th e m id -p o in t of th e space it occupies. A c tu a l ex am p les a re w o rk ed o u t, fro m e x p e rim e n ta l d a ta o b ta in e d fo r m ix tu re s of oxygen w ith m e th a n e , e th y len e, a n d a cety len e, b o th fo r in itia l p ressu res e q u al to a tm o sp h eric a n d to 600 a tm . V. B.642.* Investigations on Recovery of Vapours of Volatile Solvents on Solid Sorbents. VI.
Heat Effects on the Sorbtion of Vapours of Volatile Solvents under Conditions of their Recovery. Sorbtion of Vapours of Benzene and Ethyl Alcohol on Charcoal. E . V.
A lekseevskii a n d N . D . G orchakov. J . A p p l. Chem. [ U .S .S .R .), 1944, 17, 289-298.—- E x p erim en ts w ere m ad e w ith lay e rs of a c tiv a te d ch arco al v a ry in g fro m 10 to 40 cm.
in len g th a n d w ith v a p o u r co n ce n tra tio n s of 10-9 to 29 m g ./litre . C harcoal used, dried a t 120° C., h a d a d iam e te r of 3 m m . a n d a d en sity of 0-5. V elocity of v a p o u r w as 1-5 litre s /m in ./c m .2. T em p era tu re rises of u p to 40-5° C. w ere observed. T e m p e ra tu re d istrib u tio n is u n e v en alo n g th e ch arco al la y e r a n d te m p e ra tu re rise m oves b ack w ard s fro m fro n t lay ers. R ise of te m p e ra tu re is sufficient m ark e d ly to affect d y n am ic coefficients of th e sy ste m a n d also degree of p ro te c tio n afforded ; a c c o u n t of such “ th e rm a l e rro rs ” sh o u ld th ere fo re be ta k e n in v ap o u r-reco v ery p la n t design.
R e su lts a re p re sen te d g ra p h ic ally . R ise in te m p e ra tu re is a p p ro x im a te ly lin early p ro p o rtio n a l to co n ce n tra tio n of v a p o u r w h e n th is la tte r exceeds a b o u t 15 m g ./litre.
V. B . 643. New Observations on Contact-Catalytic Transformations of Six-membered Rings into Five-membered. N . I . S huikin. B u ll. A cad. S ci. T J.R .S.S., Cl. S c i. C him ., 1944, 440— 445.— I t is k n o w n t h a t isom erizing a c tio n of A1C13 increases in presence of tra c e s of H20 . T h is is p ro b a b ly due to n a sc e n t HC1 fo rm ed b y h yd ro ly sis. Chloro- cyeZohexane, o b tain e d b y d irec t p h o to ch em ical c h lo rin atio n of cj/cZohexane, w a s passed, in a slig h t c u rre n t of N2 a t 300° C., o ver a c a ta ly s ts com posed of 90% A1203 a n d 10% F e20 3. (Chlorocyctohexane w as also p re p a re d fro m th e 76-82° C. fra c tio n of S u ra k h a n i a n d M aikop s tra ig h t-ru n gasolines, w h ic h frac tio n s w ere fo u n d to co n ta in 42% a n d 30% , resp ectiv ely , of eycZohexane.) O ver 99% of th e chlorocycZohexane loses HC1. P rin c ip a l re a c tio n p ro d u c t (app. 33% ) w as 1-m ethyl-cycZopentene-l, form ed b y iso m erizatio n of eycZohexene (ap p . 13% ) w h ich is also p ro d u ced . A sm aller q u a n tity (app. 7% ) of l-m ethylcycZopentene-2 w as also form ed. I t is concluded t h a t isom erization is cau sed b y n a sc e n t HC1 sp lit off fro m th e chlorocycZohexane.
V. B.
Analysis and Testing.
644. Hydrocarbon Analysis with Infra-red Spectrophotometer. A. O. B eck m an . Petrol. E ngr, J a n u a ry , 1945, 16 (4), 173.— T h e sp e c tro p h o to m eter, a n in s tru m e n t designed tb m easu re a c c u ra te ly r a d ia n t e n erg y of a giv en sp e c tra l q u a lity a s defined b y its w av e-len g th , consists in its sim p le st fo rm of a lig h t-so u rce, a n e n tra n ce -slit, a concave m irro r, a p rism , a n e x it slit, a sam ple cell, a n d a p h o to tu b e a n d am plifier circu it fo r m ea su rin g r a d ia n t energy. W ith th e sam p le cell e m p ty a n d th e s p e c tro p h o to m e te r se t fo r th e d esired w av e-le n g th , th e slit openings m a y b e a d ju s te d u n til a re ad in g of 1 0 0% is o b ta in e d on th e lig h t-m easu rin g scale, corresp o n d in g to no a b so rp tio n o r 100% tran sm issio n of th e ra d ia tio n . W ith a sam ple in th e cell, th e a m o u n t of lig h t tra n s m itte d w ill be decreased if th e sam ple ab so rb s som e of th e lig h t, a n d a b so rp tio n w ill v a ry w ith th e w av e-len g th . B y p lo ttin g p e rce n ta g e t r a n s m ission v ersu s w av e-len g th , th e lig h t-a b so rp tio n p a tte r n fo r th e sam ple c an b e d e p icte d . N o tw o p a tte rn s a re e x ac tly alike ; th u s p o sitiv e id en tificatio n of chem ical co m p o u n d s is possible.
I t is n ecessary to use a n in fra-re d sp e c tro p h o to m ete r fo r th e a n aly sis of m o st h y d ro c arb o n s, b ecau se s a tu ra te d h y d ro c a rb o n s a n d m ono-olefins do n o t a b so rb in th e u ltra -v io le t region, a n d a visible sp ec tro p h o to m ete r is of n o value.
I n c o n v en tio n al sp e c tro p h o to m eters th e w av e-len g th s e ttin g is a d ju s te d c o n tin u ously b y th e ro ta tio n of a screw m echanism , b u t in a n in s tru m e n t designed p rim arily
