379 a
ABSTRACTS.
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o b a t i o n a n d Ex p l o i t a t i o n.
G e o l o g y ...
Drilling ...
Production
R e f x n e b y O p e b a t i o n s . Refineries and A u xiliary
finery Plant Distillation
Absorption and adsorption C rackin g...
Special Processes Metering and Control ...
Safety Precautions
R e- 380 a 3 8 1a 386 a
393 a 396 a 396 a 397 a 399 a 4 0 1a 403 a
P A G E Pb o d u c t s.
Chemistry and Physics ... 403 a Analysis and Testing ... ... 405 a Gas ... 408 a Engine Fuels ... ... ... 408 a Gas and Fuel Oil ... ... 409 a Lubricants ... ... ... 4 0 9a Bitum en, Asphalt and Tar ... 411 a D erived Chemical Products ... 411 a Coal, Shale and Peat ... ... 413 a Miscellaneous P rod u cts... ... 413 a E n g i n e s a n d
E q u i p m e n t Miscellaneous
Au t o m o t i v e
413 a 414 a
A U T H O R IN D E X .
The num bers refer to the A b stra ct Number.
Abegg, W . E ., 1313 Agnew, B . D ., 1313 Ainsworth, A . N ., 1361 Anderson, D. E. 1376 Arutanoff, A ., 1313 Babson, E. 0 ., 1306 Badgley, L . 0 ., 1313 Baker, B . C., 1313 Barnes, 0 . H ., 1313 Barnes, K . B., 1301 Bartleson, J. D ., 1382 Beal, C., 1310 Beardmore, H . E ., 1295 Bekkedahl, N ., 1349 Benke, B ., 1313 Bennett, E . O., 1313 Betz, J. D ., 1317 Blankenhom, C. E., 1313 Bogart, G-. L. Y ., 1316 Bowles, B . B ., 1348 Boyd, D . M., 1341 Boyer, B . L ., 1393 Boynton, A ., 1313 Brameld, Y ., 1362 B rick ^ d d e , F . G., 1349 Bridgwater, B . M ., 1336,
1337
Brooks, D . B ., 1366 Broom, W . E. J., 1377 Brown, O. L ., 1328 Brown, G. G., 1351 Bmmmerstedt, E . E.,
1346
Buckley, S. E ., 1313 BueH, A . E., 1333 Burk, B . E ., 1382 Burt, C. E., 1313 Butler, D. E., 1313 Byrd, E. E ., 1313 Cameron, A ., 1354 Caraway, A . E ., 1311 Cavins, O. A ., 1294 Cecil, C. J., 1300 Chamberlain, L . C., 1313 Clinediust, W . O., 1281 Coblenz, \Y. A ., 1293 Colwell, A . T ., 1376 Corcoran, 'W. H ., 1348 Comer, E. S., 1356 Cowan, W . L ., 1338
E E
Crake, W . S., 1274, 1275, 1313
Cummings, B . E ., 1376 Dahlgren, E. G., 1272 D aris, E. L ., 1313 Dawson, B . D ., 1313 D enton, L . E ., 1313 Dismukes, N. B., 1313 D obson, W . M., 1313 D riscoll, D. L., 1313 Durham, J. G ., 1371 E ckel, J. E ., 1313 Elrod, H . G ., 1321 Eagin, E . M., 1271, 1278 Eearon, B . E ., 1313 Eitting, B . U ., 1313 Erenkel, Y a I., 1353 Erye, A . L ., 1313 Gabriel, L . G., 1386 Garrison, A . D ., 1313 Gibbon, A ., 1303 Gillespie, B. W ., 1293 Glicher, S., 1392 Gohr, E. J.,1328 Golener, P. M ., 1365 Griggs, T . A ., 1313 Groote, M. de, 1313 Gross, H . E ., 1270 G uyod, H ., 1288, 1290 Hanson, G. H ., 1351 Hare, D. G. C., 1313 H aynes, C. J., 1313 H ayward, J. T., 1313 H ayward, L . H ., 1313 H epp, H . J., 1370 H erold, J. E., 1313 H erzog, G., 1313 Hess, H . A ., 1277, 1292 H ickel, A . E ., 1364 Hughes, E. B ., 1361 Hughes, E. C., 1882 H ull, B . H ., 1374 H unn, S. A ., 1372 H yam s, H ., 1345 Jackson, J. S., 1385 Jahnig, C. E ., 1328
Javes, A. B ., 1368 Jenson, P. W ., 1313 Johnson, W . H ., 1347 Johnston, J. D ., 1313 Johnston, N ., 1298 Jones, O. S., 1312 Jones, P . H ., 1306 Jordan, J. E., 1375 K alichevsky, Y . A ., 1383 K atz, D . L ., 1304, 1350 K elly, A . E ., 1344 Kershaw, E. G., 1360 Kettenburg, B . J., 1280 K immell, G. O., 1313 K inley, M. M., 1313 Kinnear, 0 . W ., 1313 K obeko, P . P ., 1352,
1381
Komarewsky, Y . I ., 1335 Krasnow, S., 1313 Kunkel, J. H ., 1329,
1331
Kurshinskii, E. Y ., 1352 L acey, W . N ., 1348 Laird, H . C., 1313 Langdon, W . M., 1369 Lawrence, B . B ., 1313 Lehn hard, P . J., 1300,
1313 Logan, L . J., 1273 McEünsey, M. H ., 1313 Maclean, A . D ., 1394 McNamara, J. J., 1313 Macready, G. A ., 1313 Mair, B. J., 1359 Martin, H . Z., 1328 Mauldin, J. L., 1313 Medford, J., 1287 Meut, J. de, 1269 Meyers, C. H ., 1349 Müler, I. A ., 1313 Müler, J., 1313 Müler, L . C., 1313 Miüer, Y . A ., 1357 Mülikan, 0 . Y ., 1295,
1313 £
Millington, X W ., 1313 Mitcheü, B . G., 1372 Mounce, W . D ., 1313
Murphree, E. Y ., 1328 Nelson, W . L ., 1326 Neufeld, J., 1313 Otis, H . C., 1313 Parker, A ., 1391 Parker, B ., 1363 Partridge, E. P., 1313 Pearse, S. L., 1296 Pease, B . N ., 1356 Pettibone, E. E ., 1330 P ignocco, J. M., 1355 Poettmann, E. H ., 1350 Pom eroy, B. D ., 1313 Powers, E. C., 1320 Prosen, E. J., 1347 Barney, M. L., 1313 Bands, B . D ., 1349 Beed, B . M., 1389 Biesz, 0 . H ., 1335 Biise, J. A ., 1313 Bobiuson, M. P., 1318 Boe, E. J., 1313 Book, O. G., 1319 Bosenbusch, B ., 1363 Bossini, E. D ., 1347,
1355 Bzasa, M. J., 1304 Sage, B. H ., 1348 Sanders, C. S., 1313 Scherbatskoy, S. A ., 1313 Schmieder, E. B ., 1280 Schnurmann, B ., 1358 Schutt, H . C., 1327 Scott, B . B ., 1349 Scovül. W . E., 1382 Shanley, J. J., 1313 Shaw, S. P., 1305 Sherboume, E ., 1306 Shishkin, N . I ., 1352,
1381
Süyerman, D ., 1313 Skinner, B ., 1333 Sloan, J. P., 1313 Smith, A . L., 1313 Smith, D. E., 1370 Smith, L . E., 1313
380 a A B ST B A C TS.
Smith, W . G. L „ 1313 Sneddon, E ., 1308 Spang, F. J., 1313 Staley, F. E ., 1342, 1343 Steinitz, E. W ., 1384 Stephenson, E. A., 1313 Sterrett, E ., 1279, 1283 Stewart, W . H ., 1313 Stossel, E ., 1387,1388 Strafford, N ., 1360 Stuart, A . H ., 1315 Sullivan, E . J., 1313 Swift, G., 1313 Sylvester, N. D ., 1361
Taylor, J. B ., 1339 T aylor, E . G., 1313' T aylor, W . J., 1355 • Terrell, 0 . F., 1307 Thiel, B. 0 ., 1323 Turechek, G. F., 1313 Tutschulte, A. 0 ., 1302 T uttle, E . B ., 1314 Tyson, G. W ., 1328 Uren, L . G., 1313 Y a lb y , E. P ., 1297, 1299,
1340
Yan W ingen, N ., 1298, 1299
Yelikovskii, D. S., 1380 Yerheul, M. M., 1313 Waggener, K . E ., 1313 Walker, C. L ., 1313 W arren, J. B., 1313.
W estfall, G. H ., 1291 W hatley, W . W ., 1313 W hincup, S., 1358 W hite, E . E ., 1325 W ickham , H . P., 1332 W ilde, E. D ., 1313
W ilkinson, E. E ., 1322 W illiams, E. B., 1313 W ineman, W . H ., 1313 W interbum , B ., 1310 W ood , J. T., 1313 W oolslayer, H . J., 1313 W right, K . A ., 1313 Wrightsman, G. G ., 1313 W yatt, P. F., 1360
Y ou ng, J., 1313
Zacher, Y . B ., 1282, 1313
O i l f i e l d E x p l o r a t i o n a n d E x p l o i t a t i o n . G e o lo g y .
1269. Fluorochemistry in Petroleum Science. J. de Ment. Oil Gas J ., 2.6.45, 44 (4), 75.— The slightest .trace o f oil w ill fluoresce even when greatly diluted w ith mud or water, or dispersed in small am ounts through shales or cuttings or cores.
Fluorescence has been used in detecting oil-w a ter and g a s -o il contacts in cores for setting casing. V ery small am ounts o f oil can b e detected b y fluorescence.
Differences in fluorescence are easily n oted and m a y b e o f correlative value. It m a y be possible to determine w hether the produ ction is from one or from several sands. Som e details are given o f the technique used in detecting oil or correlating
sands and shales b y u ltra-violet light. G. D . H.
1270. Marine Petroleum Possibilities. H . E . Gross. Petrol. P n g., July, 1945, 16 (11), 76.— Offshore areas less than 600 ft below sea-level have an extent equal to the area o f U .S .A ., and it does n ot feeem unreasonable to suppose that th ey m a y have oil reserves equal to the ultim ate produ ction o f that cou ntry— i.e., ab ou t 50,000 million brl. The continental shelves are areas where m uch sedim ent has accum ulated. The U .S.S.R . shows the greatest offshore possibilities, and Lake Erie the least.
In the Great Lakes area four localities appear attractive for oil prospecting : (1) west end o f Lake E r ie ; (2) northwest h a lf o f Saginaw B a y ; (3) east side o f Lake Michigan between B en ton H arbour and L u d in g to n ; (4) south end o f Lake Huron.
The Cincinnati A rch extends across Lake Erie. A T renton oil-show has been found on Pelee Island. M uch gas has been produced around Lake Erie, and gas m ay be obtain ed from the lake east o f Pelee Island. The central part o f the lake is 50-75 ft deep.
The trends o f the M ichigan Basin fields run into Saginaw B a y, and oil has been produced from fields near the B ay. Lake H uron has three subm erged ridges, probably m arking escarpments, over w hich the w ater is shallow. T renton oil-wells have been com pleted on M anitoulin Island.
A lthou gh the eastern h alf o f Lake M ichigan m a y h ave num erous accumulations o f Traverse oil, on ly a 3-ml. wide belt is sufficiently shallow to perm it developm ent b y present techniques.
Maps show the continental shelf areas o f the w orld, and the depth o f w ater in the Great Lakes, together w ith n earby oilfields. G. D . H . 1271. Heidelberg— a Major Mississippi Oilfield. K . M. Fagin. Petrol. Eng., Aug.
1945, (16 (12), 6 6.— H eidelberg produces 8000 b rl/d a y from 87 wells. The field is a faulted dom e w ith a graben separating non-com m unicating east and west producing segments. There are four producing sands in the Eutaw . W ater-d rive exists, but its degree o f effectiveness is problem atical. There is little solution gas in the viscous oil and there are n ot m any flow ing wells. Reserve estim ates range 50-105 million brl. W ater production is increasing.
3500 acres produce and 500 m ore have been proved. The average sand thickness m a y b e 130 ft, and the average porosity 2 7 % . Perm eabilities range 5 -3500 mid, and ga s/oil ratios 60-160 cu. ft/b rl. 3,000,000 brl o f oil have been produced, and the current production rate is 3,000,000 brl/year.
The wells are about 5000 ft deep and require 25 -4 5 days to drill. A b o u t h a lf the
A B S T B A C T S . 3 8 1 A
wells are com pleted as weak flowing wells. The original flowing pressure was 2120 lb /sq in. The oil- and gas-fields o f Mississippi are listed with pertinent data.
G. D . H . 1272. Hugoton Gas-field. E . G. Dahlgren. Petrol. Eng., Aug. 1945, 16 (12), 178.—
The H u goton gas-field has 448 wells in Kansas, 229 in Oklahoma, and 64 in Texas.
The developed area is 352,494 acres, but the total area has been estim ated at 3,850,000 acres. A b ou t 850,000 acres are n ot considered to be suitable for com m ercial dev elop
ment at present. Reserve estimates range 20-26 million million cu ft. The largest well gave 52,980,000 cu ft/d a y initially, and has given 4,559,000,000 cu ft.
The well considered to have been the discovery well was drilled in 1927, but some earlier wells had found gas. The gas reservoir rocks form part o f the B ig Blue series o f the Permian, and are dolom ites and sandstones. There is a general eastward- dipping m onocline, a stratigraphic trap being form ed b y pinching out to the west and northwest. The initial pressure was about 440 lb /sq in.
The wells are drilled b y rotary to the top o f the H erington dolom ite, where the first gas is usually found, and after running the producing string cable tools are generally used to com plete the well. N early all recent wells have been acidized.
Numerous pipeline outlets exist. There are three natural gasoline plants. E xcep t in a small area the gas is sweet. There is no oil production. Some details are given o f the w ay in the allowable production o f the gas-wells is determined. G. D. H.
1273. Brazil’s Search for Oil. L. J . Logan. Oil W kly, 11.6.45, 118 (2), 34.— W ild- catting in Brazil has been too lim ited to give more than general knowledge o f the geology, and m uch geological, geophysical, and other work will be necessary before the country can be considered to have been explored. Four small fields have been developed in the Bahia area. In 1940 the average daily oil consum ption was 26,000 b r l ; in 1944 the daily oil production was only 160 brl.
Governm ent con trol w ithout any enlistment o f private industry seems to be a
handicap. ' /
Present production is in a long, narrow belt o f Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments.
The pools are L ob a to, Candeias, Aratu, and Itaparica. There are about twenty wells, m ostly pumpers. The paraffin-base oil causes trouble in pum ping. The producing sands are 1600-3600 ft deep, and are p roba b ly Lower Cretaceous or possibly Jurassic in age.
Farther north, at A racaju in the State o f Sergipe, drilling has revealed a greenish oil in thin layers o f shale interbedded w ith salt deposits. A t Maceio, still farther north, good oil and gas indications have been obtained in deep tests, some as deep as 7000 ft.
In the southernmost Brazil is a large Permian basin underlain b y Carboniferous and Devonian. There are local coal-basins within the larger basin. In some areas there are indications o f oil in tar-sands, and it is hoped that production m ay be de
veloped from the Permian and D evonian. Tests have been made, but not in good structural positions, so th ey are inconclusive.
A third m ajor province w ith oil possibilities embraces m ost o f the State o f Maranhao and the western half o f the State o f Piaui. N o drilling has been done, b u t it is believed that th ick Mesozoic and Palaeozoic beds are present. In the Low er A m azon Basin is a fourth prospective oil province in the State o f Para. Marine Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous beds are present. Near Santarin tw o wildcats about 1500 ft deep encountered gas. A fifth province with oil possibilities is in the Upper Am azon Basin in the T erritory o f Acre. M esozoic and Tertiary beds are present. I t m ay be related to the Cretaceous and Tertiary fields o f Peru, extending to within 50 ml o f the Pachitea field o f Peru.
A map indicates the more favourable areas. G. D . • H .
Drilling.
1274. Modern Rotary Drilling Machinery and Practices. Part 6. W . S. Crake.
Oil Gas J ., 11.6.45, 44 (14), 103.— Once a given rig, drill-pipe string, and hole size have been selected for the jo b , it becom es the task o f the operating crews to make the hole w ith the m inim um num ber o f bits and in the shortest possible time consistent
3 8 2 a ABST R ACT S.
w ith safety. W hile the original design o f the rig fixes drilling efficiency to a m ajor extent, the final results are largely determ ined b y the intelligence and knowledge o f the driller and the skill o f his crew. It is the driller alone w ho is continually on the jo b to stu dy rig perform ance and behaviour o f the bits in the well. W h ile the tool-pusher and engineers can advise the driller on general terms, facts, and figures, and give suggestions, the ultim ate choice o f proper rotary speeds, weights, b it types, and pum ping rates is, as th ey should be, under the direct con trol o f the driller, the advice o f the tool-pusher being available on call.
Drilling efficiency, defined as the ratio o f the tim e on b ottom drilling, coring, or ream ing on the overall tim e, is analyzed. B it perform ance is studied as a function o f fou r variables : (1) ch aracteristics-of the drilling m u d ; (2) volum e o f circulation;
(3) rotary r .p .m .; (4) weight on the bit. The a bove list assumes th at the im portant variable o f having the best possible ty p e o f bit in the hole for the form ation being drilled has been solved, and that on ly the best quality o f materials and knowledge h ave been built into the bit. D rillpipe torque, w hich is a secondary variable induced b y a com bination o f the last o f listed variables and wall friction caused b y crooked holes, is left out o f this discussion. W h en considering the a bove m ain variables, it is seen th at there can b e a v ery large num ber o f reasonable com binations thereof applied against the bit. This is true, because any significant change o f one o f the variables required com pensatory change o f one or m ore o f the others. I n addition, form ations in the earth are extrem ely changeable in drillable characteristics within short intervals o f depth. F ortu nately for operators, m anufacturers o f bits, particu
larly the m ore expensive hard-form ation bits, m ake broad recom m endations as to circulating values, weights, and revolutions/m inute m ost suitable for their products under ordinary conditions. These recom m endations are usually based on the soundest o f platform s, w hich is long-term experience, and operators w h o n eglect this advice are generally inviting p oor b it perform ances and high drilling costs. E ach o f the four variables is studied separately. A u tom atic controls, instrum entation and records, drilling costs, and safety precautions are detailed. A . H . N.
1275. Modern Rotary Drilling Machinery and Practices. P a rt 7. W . S. Crake.
Oil Gas J ., 18.8.45, 44 (15), 128.— In this, the last o f the series, future trends and suggested im provem ents are discussed. I t is con clud ed th at : (1) the developm ent and im provem ent o f surface equipm ent for oil-w ell drilling have proceeded at a far m ore rapid pace th an the developm ent o f subsurface technique and eq u ip m en t;
(2) low hydraulic efficiencies and consequent high operating costs are due, in many instances, to the use o f to o small drill-pipe sizes, and in som e instances to to o high and wasteful circulation rates ; (3) the b it and its use being the k ey to drilling costs, iSore concentration on its proper use in the field, and subsequent im provem ents in its design in the m anufacturing plant, w ill reduce drilling costs ; (4) stu dy and control o f drilling variables are necessary to kn ow w hat affects b it perform ance— automatic con trol o f the weight or feed rates o f the b it is a necessary step in this d irection ; (5) the m ost im portant energy and effort o f the drilling industry should b e con centrated on im proved con trol m ethods, drilling m ethods, and bit design. Surface m achinery sizes needed, and operating costs, depend entirely on these factors.
A . H . N.
1276. Horizontal Drilling. A non. Oil W kly, 1.10.45, 119 (5), 35 -3 9 .— H orizontal tributary holes m ay be drilled from a central vertical hole b y the m eth od described.
The lower part o f the drill-pipe carries a flexible stationary section, at the end o f which is a curved section o f a drill-pipe to start the deviation. The b it used for drilling horizontal holes is a rotary turbine b it w hich attains a high rotational speed b y means o f pow er derived from the energy o f the fluid pum ped dow n the drill-string to the bit.
The construction is shown in a cross-sectional view . The cu tting a ction o f the bit depends in part on the ten den cy o f the cutter teeth to lift and drop the bit. A highly efficient bearing mechanism is therefore provided to resist the axial loads im posed b y the ten den cy o f the bit to rise and fall and the resistance to such m ovem en t b y the turbine and the drilling string above. Since turbine parts will eventually b e cut aw ay b y abrasive action o f the pow er fluid, the construction o f the b it provides ready disassembling and reassembling for replacem ent o f the parts o f the turbine. The entire bit, including housing, turbine, and cutting m em ber, is m ade as short as possible
A B ST R A C T S. 383 a
to provide for drilling the curved hole with which the horizontal hole takes o ff from the vertical. The overall length is only 20 in. The fluid is discharged as close to the cutting teeth as possible, in order to rem ove cuttings from the b ottom and to keep the bit and w ell-bore clean. The turbine bit assem bly consists o f three main parts : a casing or housing m ade w ith a pin for connection to the drill-string and carrying the nozzles o f the tu rb in e ; a shank mem ber, rotatively m ounted in the housing, carrying the turbine ru n n er; and the cutter element, which is m ounted to rotate on the shank about an axis that is inclined w ith respect to the axis o f rotation o f the shank. The procedure o f drilling horizontal wells is described. A rathole was continued, in one instance, w ith constant deviation until the bit reappeared at
the surface near its predicted position. A . H . N .
1277. Diesel-Electric E ig Employs New Features. H . A . Hess. Oil W kly, 1.10.45, 119 (5), 40-42.— This rig is drilling below 6500 ft on a w ildcat for Quintana Petroleum Co near Gonzales, Texas. B y m anipulation o f three switches on the derrick floor, the driller is able to direct the power output o f three 650-hp diesel engines. Tw o o f these engines are connected directly to a 400-kw generator, and the third is connected directly to a 300-kw generator, and is also connected to a 135-kw generator b y means o f V-belts. This arrangement allows for m axim um pow er output for a round trip, and also allows distribution o f pow er during drilling operations. In this m anner 300 kw can be connected to the rotary table, 135 to the m ud-m ixing pum p, while the two 400-kw generators can be used to operate each o f the other tw o slush-pumps.
In the general layout the engines are 150-ft from well centre, w ith power-lines leading through the con trol equipm ent to each o f the driving m otors. The control building, located directly in front o f the engine-house, contains the switches b y which the driller is able to direct from the derrick floor the output o f each o f the generators.
Next in line between the derrick floor and the engine-house are the slush-pumps.
Two 400-hp m otors and one 600-hp m otor are used on each o f the slush-pumps. The other lines from the con trol-room lead to the 800-hp m otor on the draw-works and the 300-hp pow er m otor which turns the rotary table. Several innovations are
described and illustrated. A . H . N.
1278. New 2100-Horsepower Diesel-Electric Drilling Rig is Compact and Portable.
K . M. Fagin. Petrol. Engr, A ug. 1945, 16 (12), 194.— The rig is scheduled to drill a 14,000-ft w ild-cat test, and is one o f the largest rigs in the world. Three tu rb o
charged 8-cyl diesel engines that can develop a tota l o f more than 2 1 0 0-hp serve as prime m overs. These are direct-connected through flexible couplings to the main 395-v d.-c. generators. Smaller auxiliary generators driven b y V-belts from the main generator shafts are m ounted on top o f the m ain generators. These auxiliaries in turn are surm ounted b y 4-kw variable voltage exciters. Each o f the three diesel engines, com plete w ith its generator and instrument panel, is m ounted on heavy steel skids for easy handling b y large winch-trucks from one location to another.
The three engine-generator units are situated side b y side and covered w ith specially designed metal roofing units to form a com pact engine generating-house. Electric current from the generators is fed through overhead cables to the central switch and control-house for distribution to the hoisting, rotary table, m ud pum p, auxiliary motors, and lighting system. The switch and control-house is likewise m ounted on skids for easy transfer from location to location. A utility house is situated beside the engine-generator house. This contains diesel u tility engine direct-connected to a 30-kw 125-v 1200-r.p.m. constant-voltage auxiliary gen era tor; an arc-welding current transformer, and a tw o-stage air-compressor driven directly b y a 15-hp electric m otor. The com pressed air is piped through the utility house wall into three 72-gal storage tanks m ounted on the outside. The diesel u tility engine is started b y a 6-cell storage battery.
Details o f the rig are given. A . H . N,
1279. Laying Down Drill-Pipe. E. Sterrett. Oil W kly, 17.9.45, 119 (3), 58.— Use o f a tail-out line in place o f the older m ethod o f supporting the lower end o f a join t o f drill-pipe on a buggy n ot only relieves one m an o f a heavy and at times extra- hazardous jo b as he tries to keep ahead o f the pipe as it slides dow n the ramp-plate, but it also speeds up the work, except actually latching the stand on the support
3 8 4 a .ABSTRACTS.
and the eventual placing o f the last-pulled joint against those already racked. One com pa n y has gone farther in the developm ent and adaptation o f the tailout line m ethod than som e others. I t uses a section o f sand line as the supporting m em ber, w ith tu m -b u ck le attachm ents at b oth ends to perm it accurate spotting, and the m aintenance o f the tension, w hich eliminates undesirable sag in the line as the “ gó- devil ” rolls dow n the slope o f the wire line as it carries the low er end o f the joint o f drill-pipe. W herever possible the line is attached to trees or other natural anchorage at the low er end, or to a bridle on a dead-m an in open country. The upper end, adjacent to the rotary table, passes over a braced post w hich carries a pulley to perm it line direction change w ithout overloading a single strand or a few wires. The end is anchored, through turnbuckle, to a m em ber o f the substructure close up to the rotary m ounting. On the derrick floor, facing and about a fo o t from the steel armour on the ram p, is placed a roller unit w hich prevents drag o f the upper end as the tail
out line carries the lower end. This unit is designed so that it m a y be spiked to the floor, b u t carries little side or end thrust, even when the end o f the pipe nears the poin t where it leaves the roller for the short travel across the planking before the end o f the b o x con tacts the chute on its descent to ground level. The fabrication o f the unit is discussed in som e detail and its use is illustrated photographically.
A . H . N.
1280. O il-W ell Casing Failures. R . J. K etten b u rg and F. R . Schm ieder. Petrol.
Engr. R eference A n n u a l, 1945, 16 (10), 53 -5 8 . P a p er Presented before American Petroleum Institute.— See A bstract 906 (1945). A . H . N.
1281. Collapse Safety Factors for Tapered Casing Strings. W . O. Clinedinst. Petrol.
Engr. R eferen ce A n n u a l, 1945, 16 (10), 59—60.— See A bstract N o. 1097, 1945.
1282. Field Testing of Drilling Fluids. V . B . Zacher. Petrol. Engr. Reference A n n u a l, 1945, 16 (10), 74. P a p er Presented before Am erican Petroleum Institute.— A new m ud-testing kit and filter-press are described in detail. R e p o rt form s for mud testing for routine and special testing system s are presented. A table sum m arizes the usual defects fou n d in m uds and m ethods for their treatm ent. A . H . N.
1283. Rectangular Mixing Tank Simplifies Preparation and Feed of Additives. E.
Sterrett. Oil W kly, 24.9.45, 119 (4), 56 -5 7 .— Blending o f acids, thickeners, and other chem ical ingredients w hich m ust be added to the m u d stream to m eet special form ation conditions, m ost effectively conditions the m ud when a thorough m ix is obtained, and when this m ix is fed to the stream in m etered and equal am ounts. T o obtain these desired results, one tool-pusher designed and had built a rectangular mixing- tank to take the place o f oil-drum s, cylinders, and other vessels usually m ounted astride the m ud line for m ixing and feeding additives. This rectangular tank, skid-m ounted, is set alongside and ju st a bove the rectangular flume w hich is used to dam pen pulsations and present an even flow to the shale-shaker. The tank is w elded from steel plate, h eavy enough to h old its shape on the ends when supported top and b ottom b y welding beads, and large enough to give a tota l ca p a city o f ap
proxim ately 74 brl o f 42 gal. The unit is divided b y cross walls to provide tw o main tanks o f a b ou t 1 2 0 gal ca pa city when filled to 6 in from the top , each o f the other smaller sections having a 40-gal capacity. This kn ow n ca p a city o f each section enables it to be filled to the desired level w ith w ater, and the chem ical then weighed or measured before blending to provide a m ixture o f kn ow n strength. A . H . N.
1284. Shale Shaker Actuates Chemical Mud-Feeder. A n on . Oil W kly, 1.10.45, 119 (5), 55.— B y utilizing available pow er, a con tra ctor in the W est E d m on d field is able to m echanically a dd chem ical to the m ud stream at a con stant rate, thus over
com ing a difficult m ixing problem . In cases where the m u d is con dition ed for specifio form ations b y adding a large num ber o f sacks o f chem ical, the process is carried out m uch the same as in m ixing cem ent. H ow ever, in order to m aintain all the m u d at the required specifications, a small am ount o f chem ical m ust be added continuously.
T o make a feeder, a 50-gal drum was placed over the m ud spillw ay b etw een th e shale- shaker and the pits. In to the b ottom o f the drum was w elded a tw o-in ch nipple w ith a slot to adm it a small piece o f tin for a valve-dise. A rod attached to th e disc
Ab s t r a c t s. 38 5 a
w as run out and a ttached to a fu m bu ck le b y means o f a wire line-elamp. The m ethod
is illustrated. A . 11. N.
1285. The Place of Meehanical Sidewall Coring. A non. Oil W kly, 10.9.45, 119 (2), 54-55.— The use o f sidewall coring for determining subsurface conditions in wells is explained. A fter the eore-tube assem bly has reached its position in the b o d y o f the tool, the process o f extracting a core from the form ation is relatively simple. The tool operator lowers the drill-string slow ly, carefully observes the weight indicator.
W hen the indicator shows weight being taken, the eore-tube is beginning to “ bite ” into the w alls o f the hole. D ependent on th e form ation, the am ount o f w eight taken b y the to o l will rem ain fairly constant unless the operator continues to lower until the tu be is pushed dow n through the form ation. T o prevent this happening, the distance o f safe travel is carefully m arked on the pipe a bove the rotary t a b le ; the operator knows exactly how far to lower the string to obtain the core. The core
tube m a y b e fractured i f excessive w eight is placed u pon it, and generally a force o f 11 “ poin ts ” is considered m axim um . A fter the core has been cut, the drill-stem is raised to its original position and the eore-tube assem bly withdrawn through means o f a wire line overshot . A n upw ard pull releases the latchin g device o f this assembly, perm itting it to b e w ithdraw n through the drill-pipe. A t the rig floor the core is extracted b y means o f a hydraulic ja ck . A . H . N .
1286. Hardfacing and Rebuilding Bits—A New Material Developed in Britain. Anon.
Petrol. Tim es, 18.8.45, 49, 659.— “ Tungsit ” w hich is a hard-facing material, is de
scribed and its use in oil-well drilling bits is discussed in some detail. “ Tungsit ” is basically a cast tungsten carbide— a scientifically controlled m ixture o f W 2C and W C, taking advantage o f th e properties peculiar to each— and is one o f the hardest products kn ow n after th e diam ond, the hardness o f pure p Tungsit ” reaching 1900 D .P .H . Pure “ Tungsit ” is hom ogeneous in structure. The deposit from the welding rods is heterogeneous, and for purposes where a m ore homogeneous structure is preferred various special grades o f “ Tungsit ” tubular welding rods have been developed, b u t pure “ Tungsit ” remains the basic and m ain constituent o f all th e standard grades produced. I t is also m ade as pow der, and as rectangular and angular inserts developed principally for use on rotary well-drilling eq u ip m en t;
owing t o extrem e hardness, th e standard insert is brittle, b u t when w elded into position exposure to im pa ct results on ly in the flaking o ff o f small fragments from the surface, leaving sharp edges.
The econom ies attendant on th e use o f “ Tungsit ” in hard-facing hits are detailed, together w ith th e advantages accruing from keeping full records. T ypical record
sheets are presented. A . H . N.
1287. Fishing Tools, their Production, Precision, and Design. J. M edford. Petrol.
World, A ug. 1945, 42 (6), 51—53.— The developm ent, design, and use o f the Bow en overshot are briefly discussed. I n operating this tool, to take hold, the operator rotates the string slow ly to th e righ t as the overshot is low ered over the fish. This aids in the expansion o f the grapple and allows the to o l to m ov e dow n over the fish easily. W hen upward pull is exerted the grapple is contracted b y the taper in the bow l and th e h old is secured. This means that the grapple has a h old as soon as it is over the fish, elim inating the usual slip travel in the b ow l before gripping. I f desired, releasing from the fish is simple. A bum p-dow n breaks the h o ld ; a simul
taneous rotation o f the string to the right, and the drill-pipe m ay b e slow ly raised clear o f the fish. This simple releasing feature is as im portant part o f the to o l’ s constriction. The fa c t th at this overshot requires right-hand rotation on ly b oth for setting and releasing is equally im portant, because, n ot having to turn the string to the left or unscrewing direction, avoids m an y possible hazards, also it is a vital
safety measure. A . H . NT.
1288. Caliper W ell Logging. Part 2. H . G uyod. Oil W kly, 3.9.45, 119 (1), 5 7 - 61.— The determ ination o f well diameters b y travelling calipers w hich record their disposition autom atically and continuously at the surface is discussed. T ypical logs are presented and their significance is explained. A . H . N .
3 8 6 a A B ST R A C T S.
1289. Caliper W ell Logging. P art 3. H . G uyod. Oil W kly, 10.9.45, 119 (2), 65.—
The physical properties o f shales associated w ith oil reservoirs is review ed. The cavin g o f shales is discussed. I t is postulated that the presence o f oil or gas deposits causes caving. This aspect is to b e discussed in future parts. A . H . N.
1290. Caliper W ell Logging. Part 4. H . G uyod. Oil W kly, 17.9.45, 119 (3), 52.— A correlation betw een abnorm al cavin g in shales and the h ydroca rb on concentration in the beds overlying and underlying the oil horizon is attem pted. Patterns o f h y d ro
carbon concentration in vertical planes and records o f abnorm al cavings are presented.
A fter the discussion it is concluded th at there is so m uch m on ey in volved in the drilling o f a deep well that any inform ation w hich is susceptible o f yielding a clue on the presence o f oil or gas is w orth securing if the resulting expense is reasonable.
F or this reason it is thought that caliper data should b e secured in each w ildcat well, and also in field wells where electrical data alone are unable to solve the problem o f fluid identification. E ven i f fluid inform ation is n ot obtain ed from these data, the m on ey invested is n ot lost because o f the m an y other applications o f a caliper log. It is n oted th at caliper logging is still im perfect. A . H . N.
1291. Drilling Cost Accounting. C. H . W estfall. Oil W kly, 1.10.45, 119 (5), 4 3 - 45.— The system o f accounting follow ed b y one com pa n y is discussed in detail. W ork er’s cards w ith data and the accounting system are illustrated. Concise data about the drilling and costing o f a discovery well are included. A . H . N.
1292. Quad Landing-Craft Engines Drill Deep W ell. H . A . Hess. Oil W kly, 10-9.45, 119 (2), 56 -5 7 .— The use o f m ultiple engine com binations, d eveloped for invasion,
in oilfield operations is discussed. A . H . N.
1293. Drilling in Alaska. B . W . Gillespie and W . A . Coblenz. Oil W kly, 3.9.45, 119 (1), 54-56.— The rigours o f the clim ate 5° north o f the A rctic Circle added greatly to the difficulties o f transportation and drilling activities o f the Seabees o f the N avy in their search for Alaskan oil. These difficulties are described. A . H . N.
1294. California’s New W orld Record Hole. O. A . Cavins. Petrol. Engr. Reference A n n u a l, 1945, 16 (10), 61. P a p er Presented before Am erican Petroleum Institute.—
The drilling o f Standard Oil Co’ s K C L — 20 N o. 3 to 16,246 ft (b y drill-pipe measure
ments) in 516 days is briefly described. The precautions taken are outlined.
A . H . N.
Production.
1295. Significance of Declining Productivity Index. C. V . M illikan and H . F. Beard- m ore. Petrol. Tech., 1945, 8 (4), A .I .M .M .E . Tech. Pub. N o. 872, 1-10.— A p ro
d u ctiv ity in dex th at has a substantially and consistently decreasing value when measured over a period o f a few hours is described as a (declining p rod u ctiv ity index.
I f its nature is n ot recognized it m a y be interpreted as representing an unsettled or unstable con dition in a producing well. Its kn ow n existence perm its certain pre
dictions regarding future perform ance as com pared w ith the perform ance o f wells n ot showing a declining p rod u ctivity index. The m ore im portant predictions include : (a) the rate o f oil production will decline m ore rapidly ; (6) the ga s/oil ratio will usually increase abnorm ally ; (c) the am ount o f w ater u ltim ately p rodu ced w ill b e negligible, if a n y ; (d) stop-cocking w ill increase current produ ction and decrease ga s/oil ratio.
W hen such well perform ance is indicated it follow s that certain reservoir perform ance and operating practices m a y be anticipated : (1) the ultim ate oil recovery w ill be low er than that expected for a gas-drive reserv oir; (2) wells will flow naturally to a lower reservoir pressure and to a lower rate o f p r o d u c tio n ; (3) there will be no active w a ter-d riv e; (4) acidizing, shooting, and reworking can be b etter ev a lu a te d ; (5) wells will produce currently and proba b ly ultim ately as m u ch oil, and often m ore, when shut in from 10% to 3 0 % o f the tim e ; (6) smaller lifting equipm ent w ill be req u ired ; (7) wells can be operated alternately. These im portant predictions can be m ade from bottom -h ole pressure data obtained im m ediately after com pletion o f the wells.
The phenom enon is p roba b ly associated w ith a particular ty p e o f reservoir porosity.
G. D . H .
ABSTRACTS. 3 8 7 a
1298. A Method of Determining Fluid Movement in W ells. S. L . Pearse. Petrol.
Tech., 1945, 8 (4), A .I .M .M .E . Tech. Pub. N o . 1911, 1 -3.—I t is often desirable to determine whether any fluid transfer is taking place in a shut-in well, and the rate o f such transfer. A relatively rapid and inexpensive method has been devised which can be used b y field crews with a minimum o f technical supervision.
F luid m ovem en t is determined b y releasing a tracer (dye) in the well at a pre
determined depth and, after an interval o f time, sampling the well fluid at another level. The testing equipm ent consists o f a com bined crusher and sampler unit that is run in to the well on a wire line. The rate o f m ovem ent can b e calculated from
tim e-volum e relationships. G. D . H .
1297. Fractional Analysis o f W ell Effluents to Trace Migration of High-pressure Reservoir Gas. E . P. V a lb y. Petrol. Tech., J u ly 1945, 8 (4), 1 -7.— A m ethod is described in which the h ydrocarbon w eight fractional analyses o f the well effluents from a true gas-cap-portion well and a true dark-oil-ring well furnish the basic data for determining the properties o f any m ixture o f p rodu ction from these tw o sources.
The effect o f in jected gas on these properties can b e com puted. Comparison o f similar properties o f a given well effluent a n d the properties o f m ixtures o f the basic well effluents w ill give the relative am ounts o f production from the tw o sources and injected gas.
The m ethod can show m igration o f gas th at m a y represent a serious loss o f reservoir energy, and m a y show the am ount o f in jected gas w hich is n ot considered to b e enriched, thus aiding in rem edial w ork to con trol the m igration o f in jected gas. G. D . H .
1298. Reservoir Fluid-Flow Research. X . John ston and X . V an W ingen. Petrol.
Engr. R eference A nn ua l, 1945,16 (10), 108. P a per presented before Am erican Petroleum
Institute.— See A b stra ct N o. 910, 1945. A . H . N .
1299. Control and Detection of Reservoir Gas Movement in Pressure-Control Opera
tions. N . V a n W in gen and E . P . V a lb y. Petrol. Engr. R eference A nn ual, 1945, 16 (10), 116. P a per Presented before California Natural Gasoline Association.— See
A bstract N o. 730, 1945. A . H . N .
1300. Application of the Eleetrie Pilot to W ell Completions, Acidizing, and Production Problems in Permian Basin. P . J . Lehnhard and C. J . Cecil. Petrol. Engr. R eference A nn ual, 1945, 16 (10), 98. P a per Presented before Am erican Institute o f M ining and Metallurgical Engineers.— See A bstract 284 (1945). A . H . N.
1301. Paloma Unit— An Advanced Oil, Gas, and Products Producing Operation. Part l . K . B . Barnes. Oil Gas J ., 18.3.45, 44 (15), 112.— A pictorial presentation o f the activities o f the Palom a U nit is m ade. In this part the drilling o f 1 0,000-12,000-ft wells a n d the w ell-head and field equipm ent are described. Gas con trol manifolds
and m etering are briefly discussed. A . H . N . •
1302. Performance of Gas Lift through Small Tubings. A . C. Tutschulte. Petrol.
Engr. R efe r e n c e A n n u a l, 1 9 4 5 ,16 (10), 84. P a p e r P r e s e n te d b efo re Am erican Petroleum Institute.— E xtensive data are presented in the form o f charts on the operation o f gas-lift system s for lifting oils. In studying the results the follow ing conclusions are reached : W efl-perform ance characteristics, particularly static form ation pressure, productivity index, and form ation gas-oil ratio, should be fully determined when the application o f gas lift through small tubing is being considered. The factors that affect interm ittent gas-lift perform ance through l|--in tubing have been developed and are illustrated on the accom panying charts. Through the use o f these charts, and provided th at the well characteristics are know n, it should b e possible to predict the perform ance to be obtained b y gas lift through 11-in tubing. I t should b e possible in m any eases to effect considerable savings in the quantities o f gas used, w ith resultant reduction in operating costs i f careful and com plete testing o f gas-lift wells is con ducted and proper analysis is m ade o f the factors concerning th e applications o f gas
lift through m acaroni tubing. A . H . N .
1303. W est Edmond Needs Pressure Maintenance. A . G ibbon. Oil W kly, 3.9.45, 119 (1), 48.— The general characteristics o f reservoirs producing under different
3 8 8 a ABST R ACT S.
drives are explained. The behaviour o f the p o o l to date strongly indicates that w ater encroachm ent w ill n ot be a m ajor factor in oil recovery or pressure m aintenance in the H u n ton Lim estone, since the w ater produ ction in som e o f the older wells has a b ou t levelled off. As a corollary, there should n ever be a serious w ater-production problem in the W est E d m on d field, as there is n o w ater table underlying the pay- zone. This has been p rov ed b y wells drilled com pletely through the B ois d ’A rc section. B u t the w ater-drive along the western fringe o f the structure definitely w ill n ot furnish sufficient energy to replace that w hich has been depleted from the dissipation o f the gas dissolved in the oil itself. A n oth er im portan t fact is the evident lack o f an initial gas-cap. W ells drilled high on structure encountered no free gas
zone, nor were these wells high gas-oil ratio wells. The absence o f an initial gas- cap is confirm ed p ositively b y the results o f analyses o f a num ber o f bottom -hole samples o f the reservoir liquid. A ll samples show ed som e degree o f under-saturation o f gas initially. In the absence o f a free gas-cap it is quite evident, therefore, that recovery from the W est E d m on d p ool w ill be obtain ed alm ost entirely from the energy represented b y the gas originally dissolved in the under-saturated crude oil. The results o f the b ottom -h ole sample analyses m ade b y the U .S.B .M . show the solution gas to be initially 1000 cu. ft/b r l o f stock-tan k crude. The reservoir volu m e factor is 1-55 under initial conditions. T h at fa ctor is the ratio o f the volu m e o f reservoir liquid to the volu m e o f the corresponding stock tank oil, and is a relatively high value.
This, in part, accounts for the rapid reservoir pressure decline to b e had in such pools as the W est E dm on d -H u n ton Lim e. The possibilities afforded b y pressure maintenance
are discussed. A . H . N.
1304. Calculation of Static Pressure Gradients in Gas W ells. M. J. R za sa and D. L.
K a tz . Petrol. Engr. R eference A n n u a l, 1945, 16 (10), 148.— See A b stra ct No.
1111/1945.
1305. Air-Lift Research Project of the A . & M. College of Texas. S. F . Shaw. Petrol.
Engr, A ug. 1945, 16 (12), 105.— A n air-lift research p roject as instituted at the A . & M.
College o f Texas in 1942, for the purpose o f determ ining the m axim u m capacities o f pipes o f 1-in, l|-in, 2-in, and 2J-in diam for b oth w ater and oil, w ith lengths o f pipe ranging from 11 to 80 ft. E xperim ents w ith app roxim ately 11 ft o f pipe were con du cted in the gas laboratory ; those w ith greater lengths were carried ou t in a derrick in the field laboratory o f the Petroleum Engineering D ept. The purpose was to determine, so far as practicable, the m axim u m capacities o f these flow -pipes for both oil and water, and, i f possible, to derive a factor that w ould perm it the conversion o f capacities o f w ater to those o f oil, using w ater as a standard. The facilities o f the college did n ot perm it using pipes o f greater diam eter than in, or lengths greater than 80 ft, b u t it was h oped th at experim ents under these con ditions w ould develop trends o f such nature that th ey w ould p oin t the w a y tow ards a means o f determining capacities for m uch larger diam eters and for lengths ranging up to 5000 or even 10,000 ft. The tests were sufficient to indicate that w ith adequate facilities experi
m ents cou ld be m ade that w ould determ ine the capacities o f flow -pipes under any and all conditions, as well as the quan tity o f com pressed air or gas required to lift a unit quan tity o f liquid under these conditions. E xten sion o f the p roject should consist o f carrying on the tests in wells to depths o f 5000 ft or m ore, in w hich com pletions were m ade w ith casing o f 9J in or even larger, and where there is available an adequate quantity o f gas from a gas-well, or from a com pressor plant, at the pres
sures necessary to handle subm ergences o f 3 0 % or m ore. Graphs are presented o f
the data already obtained. A . H . N.
1306. Experimental W ater-flood in a California Oil-Field. E . C. B abson, E . Sherborne, and P. H . Jones. Petrol. Engr. R eference A n n u a l, 1945, 16 (10), 128. Paper Presented before Am erican Institute o f M in in g and Metallurgical Engineers.— As a result o f an investigation o f subsurface conditions in the Chapm an zone o f the R ich field field, it was concluded that ultim ate oil recovery from this zone w ould proba b ly be low and th at natural w ater encroachm ent was so localized as to bp o f little im portance from a recovery standpoint. Furtherm ore, it was foun d th at in m any portions o f the zone the wells were approaching an unprofitable level o f produ ction . A fter som e investigation, it was decided th at w ater-flooding offered the m ost likely
ABSTRACTS. 3 8 9 a
means o f accom plishing this end, but reservoir conditions in the Chapman zone differ so w idely from those encountered in any o f the flooding projects described in the literature th at it was difficult to evaluate the probability o f success. Despite en
couraging results from laboratory tests, it was n ot even certain that water w ould displace an appreciable volum e o f oil from the Chapman sand under reservoir co n ditions. Therefore it was decided to initiate a small-scale project, for tw o purposes : First, to determine whether water w ould displace oil from the Chapman sand and, second, to obtain inform ation and experience for future operations i f w ater-flooding appeared to be a prom ising m ethod o f secondary recovery.
The paper describes the reservoir, giving significant data, its developm ent and the experimental water-flood and its results. I t is foun d that while it cannot be stated positively at this tim e that water-flooding w ill be econom ically successful in the Chapman zone at Richfield, it has dem onstrated that water can be injected into the zone on a sustained basis and that this water will displace appreciable quantities o f
oil from the sand. A . H . N.
1307. W ater Injection in the Cabin Creek Field, W est Virginia. C. F . Terrell. Petrol.
Engr. R eference A nn ua l, 1945, 16 (10), 188.—The geographical, topographical, and geological dispositions o f the field are given, followed by a history o f its development.
A somewhat detailed description o f the water-flooding operations and water treat
ment— including a system of deærating the water to remove all the oxygen— is
presented. A . H . N .
1308. Union’ s Secondary Recovery Experiment Develops Valuable Operating Data.
R . Sneddon. Petrol. World, A ug. 1945, 42 (8), 39-42.— The results o f studies on cores to obtain data on displacem ent o f oil b y water and vice versa for a basis o f large- scale water flooding operations, are given. The project is discussed in brief.
A . H . N .
1309. Salt W ater Disposal in East Texas. Anon. Petrol. Enqr, Aug. 1945, 16 (12), 22.— Filters for w ater disposal in East Texas are discussed in some detail, citing different types. Centrifugal pumps b oth single- and multi-stage types are studied
and illustrated. A . H . N.
1310. A Review of Performance of M ulti-Zone W ells in the Wilmington Field, California. C. Beal and R . W interburn. Petrol. Engr. R eference A nn ual, 1945, 16 (1 0), 6 6.— The field and the producing horizons are described and multizone practices are discussed. I t is found that use o f multizone com pletions has been useful in providing for developm ent o f several zones where lim ited surface locations are available, and has afforded means o f controlling gas-oil ratios, water production, oil gravity, and pool-produ ction rates b y selective production. In some wells repair work has been facilitated b y the presence o f cem ented blank sections. In co m petitive areas operators have been able to gain advantage through selective production in this type o f com pletion. H ow ever, under conditions obtaining in the W ilm ington field it has been the general practice to revert to single or com bination zone p r o duction at the end o f the flowing life, principally because o f the m any mechanical difficulties encountered, which act as serious obstacles to m ultizone production b y artificial lift. Leaks developing between zones, and production o f wells as com bination wells have led to non-uniform and undesirable com binations o f zones in m any o f the wells under conditions which m ay eventually reduce oil-recovery efficiency.
Considering the conditions that exist in the field, and assuming that it is desirable to develop and produce all zones simultaneously, it is concluded that developm ent could have been m ore econom ically effected and the various zones m ore efficiently produced if uniform developm ent had been accom plished b y single wells to each zone (or in some areas to a com bination o f tw o zones) throughout each fault-block.
Wells drilled on this basis could be equipped w ith cem ented blank sections i f it were anticipated that selective production o f a zonal subdivision m ight eventually becom e necessary. As far as obtaining the m axim um econom ic recovery from the field is concerned, the com petitive advantages gained b y m ost o f the operators who have com pleted m ultizone wells have not contributed to overall recovery efficiency, and greater recovery m ight have resulted from single-zone developm ent using cem ented
3 9 0 a ABST R ACT S.
blank sections where necessary to control production . I t is em phasised that c o n clusions in regard to W ilm in gton are in no w ay intended to reflect on decisions to use m ultizone com pletions in other fields where m echanical problem s are less serious, drilling m ore expensive, and recovery from individual zones relatively low.
A . H . N.
1311. Portable Base Pumping Units. A. E . Caraway. Oil W hly, 1.10.45, 119 (5), 4 6 -4 7 .— The use o f a base to carry the whole pum ping unit, w ith a sub-base to provide clearance for the crank, is discussed and a ty p ica l unit is illustrated. This system eliminates the need for a concrete base. The outside m em bers o f the base serve well as support for guards i f these are desired. H oles m a y be cut in flanges o f beam s, or sockets m a y be w elded on to beam s in to w hich the legs o f the guards are dropped, furnishing a sturdy and self-contained system o f guards. The sturdy construction o f such a base makes it convenient to m ove from location to location w ith ou t tearing dow n, and re-erecting at each m ove. This ease o f p orta b ility makes such a unit a m oney-saver for the larger operator w ho likes to test the well b efore a decision is made on perm anent equipm ent to produce. Som e wells are n ot p rodu ctive enough after their natural flow has ceased to m ake artificial lift profitable. A portable base unit m a y save several hundred dollars in the checking and testing o f such a well.
A . H . N.
1312. Good Housekeeping on the Oil Lease. O. S. Jones. Oil Gas J ., 23.7.45, 118 (8), 36-39.— The losses th at m a y occu r from b a d ly kept oilfields are discussed. I t is suggested th at the m odern technical school in the training program m es set up for oilfield personnel should make it clear th at clean leases are a definite asset, and that dirty leases are a decided liability. This p oin t also should be stressed in the com pany schools con du cted for oilfield workers. Officials in the policy-determ in ing branch o f the oil com pany m ust realize that adverse criticism brou ght ab ou t b y pollution litigation is n ot g ood advertizing. G ood w ill has a cash value, and it can b e enhanced b y keeping oil properties clean and orderly. I t w ill be further enhanced b y making sure that the mineralized w ater p rodu ced w ith the oil is so handled as n ot to constitute a threat to the fresh water which is a ranking natural resource. A . H . N.
1313. Patents on Drilling and Production.—J. A . R iise, jr., assr to Phillips Petroleum Co. U .S .P . 2,370,814, 6.3.45. A pp l. 26.6.41. M ethod o f well logging.
J. J. Shanley, assr to Phillips Petroleum Co. U .S .P . 2,370,817, 6.3.45. A p p l.
13.2.41. M ethod and apparatus for treating drilling fluid.
D . Silverman, assr to Stanolind Oil & Gas Co. U .S .P . 2,370,818, 6.3.45. Appl.
30.7.42. W ell measurement.
R . C. Baker, assr to Baker Oil Tools In c. U .S .P . 2,370,832. 6.3.45. A pp l. 19.8.41.
R em ova b le w ell-packer.
R . C. Baker, assr to Baker Oil Tools In c. U .S.P . 2,370,833, 6.3.45. A pp l. 16.3.42.
Apparatus for cem enting well-bores.
C. H . Barnes, assr to Lane-W ells Co. U .S .P . 2,370,929, 6.3.45. A pp l. 22.12.41.
F orm ation packer.
L . C. B adgley. U .S.P . 2,370,019, 6.3.45. A pp l. 28.8.40. J et-ty p e pum p.
J. J. McNam ara. U .S.P . 2,371,248, 13.3.45. A pp l. 22.4.42. W ell-drilling tool.
A . L. Smith. U .S.P . 2,371,270, 13.3.45. A pp l. 29.7.40. E lectrica l logging o f well-bores.
N . B . Dismukes, assr to Standard Oil D evelopm en t Co. U .S .P . 2,371,383, 13.3.45.
A ppl. 6.12.41. Plugging strata in bore-holes.
J . E . E ckel, assr to Standard Oil D evelopm en t Co. U .S .P . 2,371,385, 13.3.45.
A ppl. 14.2.42. G ravel-packed liner and perforation assem bly.
C. J. H aynes, assr to Standard Oil D evelopm en t Co. U .S .P . 2,371,391, 13.3.45.
A ppl. 2.1.43. Screen for wells.
E . B . W illiam s, jr., assr to H ow ard C. G rubb. U .S.P. 2,371,488, 13.3.45. A pp l.
6.5.43. Core-bit.
E . B . W illiam s, jr., assr to o f one-third to S. P. Daniel and one-third to H . C. G rubb.
U .S.P. 2,371,489, 13.3.45. A ppl. 9.8.43. D rill-bit.
E . B . W illiam s, jr. U .S.P. 2,371,490, 13.3.45. A ppl. 10.4.44. Step-cut drill-bit.
A . B oyn ton . U .S.P. 2,371,398, 13.3.45. A ppl. 27.9.41. A utom atically rotable b it for cable well-hole.
S. Krasnow . U .S.P. 2,371,628, 13.3.45. A ppl. 31.12.40. M ethod and apparatus for dynam ic measurement o f bore-hole radio-activity.
W . H . Stewart, assr to Sun Oil Co. U .S.P . 2,371,658, 20.3.45. Appl. 27.3.41.
M ethod and apparatus for determining current flow in bore-hole casing or the like.
J. D . J o hnston. U .S.P. 2,371,824, 20.3.45. A ppl. 20.9.41. Oil-well bailer.
H . C. Otis. U .S.P . 2,371,840, 20.3.45. A pp l. 3.12.40. W ell device.
W . St. Maur E . Crake, assr to Shell D evelopm ent Co. U .S.P. 2,371,953, 20.3.45 Appl. 24.7.42. D rilling w eight-control system.
R . D . Daw son and C. F. Blankenhorn, assr to Shell Developm ent Co. U .S.P.
2,371,955, 20.3.45. A ppl. 31.8.43. W ell drilling fluid.
L. C. Uren, assr to The Texas Co. U .S.P. 2,372,361, 27.3.45. A ppl. 26.5.42.
Apparatus for placing gravel in wells.
J. T. H ayw ard. U .S.P. 2,372,575, 27.3.35. A ppl. 10.10.38. M ethod o f freeing pipe jam m ed in a well.
A . B oyn ton . U .S.P. 2,372,656, 3.4.45. A ppl. 29.9.41. F low intermitter.
P. W . Jenson. U .S.P . 2,372,785, 3.4.45. A ppl. 25.1.44. Oil-well pump.
R . Benke, assr to A tlantic Refining Co. U .S.P. 2,372,875, 3.4.45. A ppl. 6.6.44.
Coring device.
R . C. Baker, assr to Baker Oil Tools, In c. U .S.P. 2,373,005, 3.4.45. Appl. 19.8.41.
Retrievable well-packer.
R . C. Baker, assr to Baker Oil Tools, In c. U.S.B. 2,373,006, 3.4.45. A ppl. 15.12.42.
Means for operating well apparatus.
H . C. Laird and H . C. Otis, said Laird, assr to said Otis. U .S.P. 2,373,034, 3.4.45.
A pp l. 5.9.41. W ell-con trol device.
F . J. Spang. U .S.P. 2,373,061, 3.4.45. Appl. 24.1.42. D evice for determining the condition o f a w ell-bore from an etched acid bottle.
G. A . M acready. U .S.P. 2,373,323, 10.4.45. A ppl. 21.11.41. Process and a p paratus for pressure core drilling.
J. B. W arren, jr. U .S.P. 2,373,795, 17.4.45. A ppl. 6.5.38. Specific gravity indicator for drilling mud.
D . L. Driscoll, assr to L . F. Baash. U .S.P. 2,373,880, 17.4.45. Appl. 24.1.42.
Liner hanger.
D. G. C. Hare, assr to Texaco D evelopm ent Corpn. U .S.P. 2,373,197, 24.4.45.
Appl. 15.1.42. Borehole logging m ethod and apparatus.
A . B oyn ton . U .S.P. 2,374,169, 24.4.45. Appl. 14.10.41. Means for cem enting between multiple sands.
K . A . W right. U .S.P . 2,374,317, 24.4.45. A ppl. 10.12.40. W ell-production equipment.
C. V . Millikan, assr to G eophysical Research Corpn. U .S.P. 2,374,557, 24.4.45.
A ppl. 5.10.42. Oil-well testing device.
J. L. Mauldin. U .S.P. 2,374,765, 1.5.45. Appl. 30.6.42. H oist-type pump.
E. E. B yrd, assr to Standard Oil D evelopm ent Co. U .S.P. 2,374,922, 1.5.45.
Appl. 5.10.42. M ethod o f com pleting wells.
L. C. Miller, assr o f one h alf to Eastm an Oil W ell Survey Co, and one half to Eastm an Oil W ell Survey Corpn. U .S.P. 2,375,313, 1.5.45. Appl. 7.2.41. W ell tool.
C. L. W alker. U .S.P. 2,375,335, 8.5.45. A ppl. 17.9.41. Collapsible drilling tool.
ABSTR ACTS. 391 A
