The emergence of regional networked governance

The emergence of

regional

governance

Challenge the future

Sp

atialPlanning

Consolidation of objectives in Spatial

Planning around the notion of sustainability:

•

Delivery of sustainable and fair

futures

•

Increased public goods

•

Redistribution of gains

•

Increase life chances and

‘Enhanced’ Sustainability

“For sustainability to occur, it must occur simultaneously in each of its three dimensions” (economic, social and

environmental) Larsen, 2012

sustainability

social economic

The rise of the city

region as a relevant unit

for planning

Randstad

BosWash

These new kinds of cities

present new challenges

Planning happens in

much more complex socio

political arenas

Governance (normative)

Private Sector Civil Society Public Sector

Governance (descriptive)

Private Sector Civil Society Public Sector Civil Public Sector Coalitions between sectors and within sectors

Urban planners &

Governance entails

an understanding of how policy making and implementation happens in complex societies

Changes in governing

(& planning)

Emergence of a particular style of governing where there must be

sustained co-ordination and

coherence among a wide variety of actors with different purposes and objectives from all sectors of

society.

Multilevel governance

‘Involves a large number

of decision-making

arenas, differentiated

along both functional and territorial lines and

interlinked in a non-hierarchical way’

Network governance

Policy-making and implementation is ‘shared’ by

politicians, technocrats, experts,

dedicated agencies, authorities, semi private and private companies, the

public, NGOs, etc

which constitute NETWORKS of policy and decision making across levels,

Sao Paulo in South America

Pacific A m a z o n B a s i n Andes Mountains Mato Grosso Plateau A n d e s M o u n t a i n _s A ta ca_m a D e se rt P a m p a s Macapa Antofagasta Arica Concepcion Iquique Valparaiso Cucuta Mitu Puno Talara Bahia Blanca Mendoza Resistencia Salta San Miguel De Tucuman SanRafael San Salvador De Jujuy Tarija Aracaju Boa Vista Campo Grande Cuiaba Imperatriz Porto Velho Rio Branco Santarem Tarauaca Teresina Pasto Apoteri Bluefields Concepcion C. Oviedo Arequipa Ayacucho Cerro De Pasco Cocama Cuzco Huanuco Ica Iquitos Orellana Sullana Tacna Durazno Paysandu Tacuarembo Ciudad Bolivar Maturin Puerto Ayacucho San Cristobal Foz Do Iguacu Puerto Cabezas Barquisimeto Brazil Argentina Uruguay Paraguay Bolivia Peru Chile Ecuador Colombia Venezuela Guiana

Suriname French Guiana

> than 10 million inh.(megalopolis)

> than 5 million inh.(continental metropolis)

> than 3 million inh.(metropolis)

> than 1 million inh.(big city)

São Paulo > than 18 million inh.

Bogota Medellin Lima Cali Maracaibo Caracas Belem

Sao Luis _Fortaleza

Recife Salvador Goiania Belo Horizonte Rio de Janeiro São Paulo Curitiba Buenos Aires Montevideo

Florianopolis Porto Alegre Manaus Brasilia Vitoria Santos Campinas Natal Maceio Joinville Cordoba Rosario Santiago La Paz Santa Cruz Asuncion Barranquilla Quito Guayaquil Valencia Callao

Please,

Sao Paulo is a divided global city

in a fast growing developing country

Human Development

Compared

0 20km N Anhanguera Perus Jaragua S. D omingos Pirituba Freguesia do O Brasilandia Limao Cachoei-rinha M andaqui Casa Verde Santana Trememb e Tucuruvi Jacana Vila M edeiros Vila Maria Vila Guilherme Cangaiba Penha Tatuape Carrao Belem M ooca Agua Rasa Vila Matilde Vila Formosa Ermelino M atarazzo Itaquera Ponte Rasa Artur Alvim Cidade Lider Parque do Carmo Jose Bonifacio Cidade Tiradentes Guaianases Lajeado Vila Curuca Itaim Paulista Jardim Helena Sao M iguel Vila Jacui Iguatemi Sao Rafael Sao Mateus Sapopopembaemba Aricanduva Sao Lucas Vila Pruden te Ipiranga Sacoma Cursino Jabaquara Cidade Ademar Pedreira Cidade D utra Grajau Socorro Camp o Grande Santo Amaro Parelheiros M arsilac Jardim A ngela Jardim Sao Luis Capao Redondo Camp o Limp o Vila Andrade Vila Sonia M orumbi Raposo Tavares

Rio Pequeno Butanta

Jaguare Vila Leopoldina Lapa Jaragua Alto de Pinheiros Itaim Bibi M oema Camp o Belo Saude Vila M ariana Jardim Paulista Pinheiros Perdizes Barra Funda Consolacao Santa Cecilia Bela Vista Lib erdade Cambuci Bras Pari Bom Retiro Se republica Norway Norway Iceland Iceland Australia Australia SWEDEN SWEDEN Netherlands Japan Denmark Finland FRance Austria Austria New Zealand germany spain spain Hong kong Hong kong singapore singapore slovenia s.Korea kyrgyztan Dominican Rep. S. Korea S.KOrea Cyprus cyprus cyprus cyprus cyprus cyprus cyprus Czech Rep. Malta MALTA MALTA Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina poland poland chile chile estonia slovakia qatar bahrain bahrain croatia cyprus uruguay latvia st kitts bahamas bahamas bahamas seychelles seychelles cuba cuba cuba mexico bulgaria Panama Panama lybia lybia lybia Malaysia Malaysia Russia mauritius bosnia oman Albania thailand venezuela saudi arabia ukraine ukraine ukraine ukraine peru _kazakhstan Dominican republic China sri lanka sri lanka turkey bulgaria

Sky high: SWEDEN Very high: Spain high: Czech republic

moderately high: mexico Medium: thailand

Medium to low: kyrgystan

HDI Human development index (2007( city of sao paulo districts compared

data source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007

there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701

0 _20km N Anhanguera Perus Jaragua S. D omingos Pirituba Freguesia do O Brasilandia Limao Cachoei-rinha M andaqui Casa Verde Santana Trememb e Tucuruvi Jacana Vila M edeiros Vila Maria Vila Guilherme Cangaiba Penha Tatuape Carrao Belem M ooca Agua Rasa Vila Matilde Vila Formosa Ermelino M atarazzo Itaquera Ponte Rasa Artur Alvim Cidade Lider Parque do Carmo Jose Bonifacio Cidade Tiradentes Guaianases Lajeado Vila Curuca Itaim Paulista Jardim Helena Sao M iguel Vila Jacui Iguatemi Sao Rafael Sao Mateus Sapopopembaemba

Aricanduva Sao Lucas Vila Pruden te Ipiranga Sacoma Cursino Jabaquara Cidade Ademar Pedreira Cidade D utra Grajau Socorro Camp o Grande Santo Amaro Parelheiros M arsilac Jardim A ngela Jardim Sao Luis Capao Redondo Camp o Limp o Vila Andrade Vila Sonia M orumbi Raposo Tavares

Rio Pequeno Butanta

Jaguare Vila Leopoldina Lapa Jaragua Alto de Pinheiros Itaim Bibi M oema Camp o Belo Saude Vila M ariana Jardim Paulista Pinheiros Perdizes Barra Funda Consolacao Santa Cecilia Bela Vista Lib erdade Cambuci Bras Pari Bom Retiro Se republica Norway Norway Iceland Iceland Australia Australia SWEDEN SWEDEN Netherlands Japan Denmark Finland FRance Austria Austria New Zealand germany spain spain Hong kong Hong kong singapore singapore slovenia s.Korea kyrgyztan Dominican Rep. S. Korea S.KOrea Cyprus cyprus cyprus cyprus cyprus cyprus cyprus Czech Rep. Malta MALTA MALTA Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina Argentina poland poland chile chile estonia slovakia qatar bahrain bahrain croatia cyprus uruguay latvia st kitts bahamas bahamas bahamas seychelles seychelles cuba cuba cuba mexico bulgaria Panama Panama lybia lybia lybia Malaysia Malaysia Russia mauritius bosnia oman Albania thailand venezuela saudi arabia ukraine ukraine ukraine ukraine peru kazakhstan Dominican republic China sri lanka sri lanka turkey bulgaria

Sky high: SWEDEN Very high: Spain

high: Czech republic

moderately high: mexico Medium: thailand

Medium to low: kyrgystan

HDI Human development index (2007(

city of sao paulo districts compared

data source: PMSP and IBGE/PNUD 2007

there are no districts that score less than 0.7, therefore no district with low HDI the lowest HDI index belongs to marsilac (0.701

Sao Paulo is the financial and managerial

centre of South America. It is also its hugest hub for advertising and fashion.

An extended metropolitan complex with 5

contiguous metropolitan areas

The metropolitan area

The metropolitan area

The municipality

Main municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex Other municipalities in the Expanded Metropolitan Complex Other municipalities in the State of Sao Paulo

Main highway Regional highway

Viracopos Airport

Sorocaba Airport Congonhas Airport

Campo de Marte Airport

Sao Paulo International Airport

Ernesto Stumpf Airpot

Port of Santos

11. Alto Paraiba

5. Paraiba Macro- Axis

13. Mantiqueira 10. Bocaina 14. Litoral Norte 3. Santos 1. Core _{2. MASP} 4. Campinas 6. Sorocaba 7. Jundiai 8. Bragantina 9. Sao Roque

12. Water Sources Circuit

Santos

Sao Roque

Jundiai Campinas

Sorocaba

Sao Jose dos Campos

Multilevel governance in emerging city-regions

0 15 30 45 km 1: 1 500 000

1 CM = 15 KM

11. Alto Paraiba

5. Paraiba Macro- Axis

13. Mantiqueira 10. Bocaina 14. Litoral Norte 3. Santos 1. Core _{2. MASP} 4. Campinas 6. Sorocaba 7. Jundiai 8. Bragantina 9. Sao Roque

12. Water Sources Circuit

Santos Sao Roque

Jundiai Campinas

Sorocaba

Sao Jose dos Campos

1. Core Municipality 2. Greater Sao Paulo (MASP) 3. Metropolitan Santos 4. Metropolitan Campinas 5. Paraiba Macro Axis Proto Metropolis 6. Sorocaba Proto Metropolis 7. Jundiai Peri-Metropolitan Regional Unit

8. Bragantina Peri-Metro Regional Unit 9. Sao Roque Peri-Metro Regional Unit 10. Bocaina Peri-Metro Regional Unit

12. The 'Water Circuit' Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit 13. Mantiqueira Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit 14. Litoral Norte Homogeneous Outer Metro Unit 11. Alto Paraiba Peri-Metro Regional Unit

Main unit urban node Other important urban node Airport

Core: 11.3 million (31 sub-municipalities) Metro: 19.9 million (39 municipalities)

175 km Ph ot o by Sã o Pa ulo , B ra zil , a t N igh t - NA S A Earth Observatory

Example of a

city-region in a

middle-income

country

Who plans the region?

The State of Sao Paulo

Secretary of Metropolitan Development

State System of Metropolitan Development Chamber of Metropolitan Development

Ministry of Cities: The Statute of Cities +Ministry of Planning and Development

Secretary of Metropolitan Development (+EMPLASA)

95 municipalities of Macro-metropolis + 5 metropolitan councils+ sectorial enterprises

Secretary of Metropolitan Development Paulista Enterprise for Metropolitan Development Metropolitan Fund for Investment and Finance 5 Metropolitan Councils

Main partner

EMPLASA: Paulista Enterprise for

Metropolitan Planning

Main tasks

Institutional organisation

Coordination and feasibility Planning foundations

Territorial Planning

Areas where multi-level

networked governance is

+ 928 local bus lines on core municipality

Metropolitan mobility

S ao P au lo Co mpn hi a Me tr opo lit an a d e Tr an spo rt es

Water and waste

management

Source: Google Earth

Informal development around one of Sao Paulo’s water reservoirs

Large Regional Infrastructure

Source: Google Earth

Congonhas: the busiest airport in South America and its integration in the city

Large Regional Infrastructure

Source: http://upgradesemanal.blogspot.nl/2011/04/trem-bala-no-brasil.html

The route of the proposed speed train between Rio de Janeiro and the city of Campinas

Environmental protection and

management

Source: Google Earth

The new external ring road of Sao Paulo crossing the water reservoirs of the city and large parts of the

Main challenges of city

regions:

•

Mobility/ Interconnectivity

•

Environmental protection

•

Governance

•

Resources management

Integrated water

resources management

Perhaps the most urgent regional

governance challenge is the management of

water

Water management :

organisecd in river basin

committees

Governance (normative)

Private Sector Civil Society Public Sector

Alto Tiete River Basin Committee River Basin Committee Plenary Executive Board Technical Committees Area Subcommittees

State

Cities

Civil Society

Civil

Composition of the River Water basin

Committee Plenary

16 municipalities representatives 16 State agencies or departments 16 Civil Society representatives

Civil Society?

Slum Federation of the State of Sao Paulo >

Industry Federation of the State of Sao Paulo

Features

A literal translation of the governance model, with integral participation of

stakeholders (including the private initiative) in the decision making

process, but...

Metropolitan

mobility and

World Cup Stadium

click for movie Source: http://esportes.r7.com/futebol/fotos/r7-exclusivo-fotos- aereas-revelam-como-estao-os-novos-estadios-de-sp-e-os-ultimos-dias-do-pacaembu-20130115-4.html#fotos

Main problems in regional

planning and design

1. GOVERNANCE

a. excessive sectorialization: lack of integration of policies

b. lack of transparence and accountability

c. too many levels of decision

making + too many administrative units: bureaucratic nightmares

Main problems in regional

planning and design

2. LACK OF REGIONAL STRATEGIC VISION

Reactive planning rather than active planning

The regions develops faster than planners can plan it

Policy formulation and implementation

Networks involving:

•

public actors (politicians and

administrators) in different decision levels

•

technocrats

•

economic agents

•

interest representatives (civil + corporate)

•

other stakeholders

New forms of steering complex governance

networks

Deliberation Bargaining

Thanks for listening!

Prepared by Roberto Rocco

Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy, TU Delft

for information, please contact r.c.rocco@tudelft.nl