Widok Bergson o aspektach poznawczych zagadnienia porządku, nieporządku, niebytu, nicości, niczego w systemowym ujęciu rzeczywistości

(1)

-::/7

(2)

(3)

.U]\V]WRI3H]GHN

0*MZO[WVWI[XMS\IKPXWbVI_KbaKP

bIOILVQMVQIXWZbʉLS]VQMXWZbʉLS]

VQMJa\]VQKW[KQVQKbMOW_[a[\MUW_aU

]RʛKQ]ZbMKba_Q[\WˉKQ

8WZbʉLMSIVQMXWZbʉLMS

=DJDGQLHQLHSRU]ąGNX]DMPXMHLVWRWQHPLHMVFHZV\VWHPRZ\PXMĊFLXU]H-F]\ZLVWRĞFL6\VWHP\VNáDGDMąVLĊ]H]KLHUDUFKL]RZDQ\FKVNRRUG\QRZDQ\FK DWDNĪH]VXERUG\QRZDQ\FKNRPSRQHQWyZSRPLĊG]\NWyU\PL]DFKRG]ąĞFL-ĞOHRNUHĞORQHUHODFMH]ZLą]NL]DOHĪQRĞFLRUD]RGG]LDá\ZDQLDZ]DMHPQH,FK FKDUDNWHURUD]]DNUHVRNUHĞODMąSUDZDV\VWHPRZH±VWUXNWXUDOQHIXQNFMRQDO-QHMDNUyZQLHĪUR]ZRMRZH11LHXOHJDZLĊFZąWSOLZRĞFLĪHV\VWHP\VWDQRZLą XSRU]ąGNRZDQHFDáRĞFLZNWyU\FKZV]HONLHQLHXSRU]ąGNRZDQH]DFKRZDQLD HOHPHQWyZRUD]SRGV\VWHPyZ]DJUDĪDMąFHLFKWUZDQLXF]\WHĪUR]ZRMRZLVą zazwyczaj niwelowane. 5yZQLHĪ%HUJVRQZVZHMWZyUF]RĞFLSRĞZLĊFLáZLHOHPLHMVFD]DJDGQLHQLX SRU]ąGNX=DJDGQLHQLHWRZ]QDF]ąF\VSRVyEZSá\QĊáRQDNV]WDáWNRQVWUX-owanych przez niego teorii ontologicznych, kosmogenicznych, kosmologicz-Q\FKMDNUyZQLHĪHSLVWHPRORJLF]Q\FKLPHWRGRORJLF]Q\FK :HGáXJ%HUJVRQDE\WVWDQRZLV\VWHPZ]JOĊGQLHRWZDUW\NWyUHJRSRGVWD-ZRZ\PLSRGV\VWHPDPLVąPDWHULDLGXFK7RZáDĞQLHUHODFMH]ZLą]NLRUD] RGG]LDá\ZDQLD Z]DMHPQH ]DFKRG]ąFH SRPLĊG]\ W\PL VNáDGQLNDPL SU]\- F]\QLá\VLĊGRRUJDQL]DFMLV\VWHPRZHMMDNUyZQLHĪUR]ZRMXZV]HONLFKNRP-SRQHQWyZZV]HFKĞZLDWD6SRZRGRZDá\ĪHU]HF]\ZLVWRĞü]DF]ĊáDWUZDüĪH UR]SRF]ĊáDVLĊMHMKLVWRULD-HGQDNĪHIUDQFXVNL¿OR]RI]D]QDF]DĪHQLHLVWQLHMH Z\UDĨQHUR]JUDQLF]HQLHSRPLĊG]\PDWHULąLGXFKHPSRQLHZDĪSLHUZLDVWNLWH Z\ZRG]ąVLĊ]MHGQHJRĨUyGáDNWyU\PMHVWSĊGĪ\FLRZ\élan vital). Materia LGXFKVWDQRZLąWHQVDPUXFKRSU]HFLZVWDZQ\FKNLHUXQNDFK2WRVWRVRZQ\ fragment Ewolucji twórczej, ZNWyU\P%HUJVRQP\ĞOWĊSUHF\]XMHÄPDWHULD SROHJDQDW\PVDP\PUXFKXGRSURZDG]RQ\PGDOHMLĪH¿]\F]QRĞüMHVWW\O-NRRGZUyFRQąSV\FKLF]QRĞFLą´21DWXUDOQąGąĪQRĞFLąPDWHULLMHVWEH]ZáDGQH RSDGDQLHUR]SUĊĪDQLHQDWRPLDVWQDWXUDOQąGąĪQRĞFLąGXFKDMHVWZ]QRV]HQLH VLĊQDSUĊĪDQLH:]DMHPQHSU]HQLNDQLHVLĊRZ\FKSLHUZLDVWNyZVSUDZLDĪH QDVWĊSXMHVSRZROQLHQLHDQDZHWRGZUyFHQLHNLHUXQNXLFKQDWXUDOQ\FKGąĪQR-ĞFL7DNZLĊFPDWHULDRSDGDMąFÄFLąJQLH´]VREąGXFKDNWyU\]NROHLSUyEXMH RZRRSDGDQLHPDWHULLMDNQDMEDUG]LHMRSyĨQLü:VNXWHNRZHJRGLDOHNW\F]QH-JR ĞFLHUDQLD VLĊ SU]HFLZVWDZQ\FK SU]HELHJyZ (processus), ]QDMGXMąF\FK VLĊ

(4)

ZJáĊELGXFKRZRĞFLspiritualitéLPDWHULDOQRĞFLmatérialité) wraz z umy-VáRZRĞFLą intellectualité PDWHULD SU]HFKRG]L GR GXFKD L QD RGZUyW GXFK SU]HFKRG]L GR PDWHULL 1DVWĊSXMH ]DWHP Z]DMHPQH SR]QDZDQLH Z]DMHPQH SU]HQLNDQLHVLĊRUD]DGRSWRZDQLHZáDĞFLZRĞFLRE\GZXSLHUZLDVWNyZ%HUJ- VRQWZLHUG]LZUĊF]ĪHPDWHULDRUD]GXFKZ\W\F]DMąVRELHJUDQLFHZ]DMHPQH-JRRGG]LDá\ZDQLD:HGáXJQLHJRVWUHIąJUDQLF]QąZ]DMHPQHJRSU]HQLNDQLD VLĊPDWHULLLGXFKDMHVWSU]HVWU]HĔÄ0DWHULDUR]FLąJD VLĊ w przestrzeni, nie EĊGąFZQLHMMHGQDNEH]Z]JOĊGQLHUR]FLąJáą´33U]HVWU]HĔZ\W\F]DJUDQLFĊ UR]FLąJáRĞFLPDWHULLNWyUHMWDQLJG\QLHSU]HNURF]\=NROHLGXFKPDÄ]DZDUWH Z\REUDĪHQLHWHMSU]HVWU]HQLZVDP\PSRF]XFLXVZHJRPRĪOLZHJRUR]SUĊĪH- niaWRMHVWZVZHMPRĪOLZHMUR]FLąJáRĞFL2GQDMGXMHMąZU]HF]DFKDOHRWU]\-PDáE\MąLEH]QLFKJG\E\PLDáZ\REUDĨQLĊGRĞüSRWĊĪQąDE\GRSURZDG]Lü DĪGRNRĔFDRGZUyFHQLHVZHJRUXFKXSU]\URG]RQHJR´4,WDNÄVNRURGXFKUD] SRVLDGáIRUPĊSU]HVWU]HQLSRVáXJXMHVLĊQLąMDNVLHFLąRRNDFKGDMąF\FKVLĊ ]DZLą]\ZDüLUR]ZLą]\ZDüGRZROQLH±VLHFLąNWyUDQDU]XFRQDQDPDWHULĊ G]LHOLMąWDNMDNZ\PDJDMąSRWU]HE\QDV]HMG]LDáDOQRĞFL´5_{. Dla ducha granica}

SU]HVWU]HQQRĞFLMHVWJUDQLFąZ]JOĊGQąXPRZQąNWyUąZNDĪGHMFKZLOLPRĪH RQSU]HNURF]\ü3U]HVWU]HĔSR]ZDODGXFKRZLSRSU]H]LQWHOHNW(intelligence), SRU]ąGNRZDü PDWHULĊ Z\NUDZDü ] QLHM RGSRZLHGQLH V\VWHP\ SRGV\VWHP\ DWDNĪHHOHPHQW\'ODWHJRWHĪÄPDWHULDEĊG]LHVLĊSRVáXV]QLHQDJLQDáDGRQD-V]\FKUR]XPRZDĔ´6_{– konkluduje Bergson.}

: WDNLHM RWR RQWRORJLF]QRNRVPRORJLF]QHM VFHQHULL Z\áRQLá VLĊ SLHUZ- V]\URG]DMSRU]ąGNX-HVWWRSRU]ąGHNNWyU\XáDWZLDF]áRZLHNRZLIXQNFMR-QRZDQLH Z ĞZLHFLH ']LĊNL QLHPX ERZLHP WZRU]\ RQ VFKHPDW\ G]LDáDQLD NWyUHVąSRGVWDZąGRUHDOL]DFMLMHJRSUDNW\F]Q\FKFHOyZ=WHJRWHĪSRZR-GXyZSRU]ąGHNNRQFHQWUXMHVLĊZ]DVDG]LHQDVIHU]H]HZQĊWU]QHM]MDZLVN 8PRĪOLZLD Z\RGUĊEQLDQLH ]MDZLVND ] FDáRĞFL V\VWHPRZHM V]HUHJRZDQLH ZSU]HVWU]HQLPLHU]HQLHLFKPDWHULDOQ\FKZáDĞFLZRĞFLQDVWĊSQLH]DĞXRJyO-QLDQLHZJUXS\URG]DMHF]\JDWXQNL%HUJVRQFKDUDNWHU\]XMHyZSRU]ąGHN XĪ\ZDMąF SLĊNQHJR QLHPDOĪH SRHW\FNLHJR MĊ]\ND Ä7HQ SRU]ąGHN R NWyU\ RSLHUDVLĊQDV]DG]LDáDOQRĞüLZNWyU\PQDV]XP\VáUR]SR]QDMHVLHELHZ\-GDMHVLĊQDPFXGRZQ\P1LHW\ONRWHVDPHFDáNRZLWHSU]\F]\Q\Z\ZRáXMą ]DZV]HWHVDPHRJyOQHVNXWNLDOHSRGZLG]LDOQ\PLSU]\F]\QDPLLVNXWND-PLQDV]DZLHG]DZ\NU\ZDQLHVNRĔF]RQRĞü]PLDQQLHVNRĔF]HQLHGUREQ\FK NWyUHGRVWRVRZXMąVLĊMHGQHGRGUXJLFKFRUD]WRGRNáDGQLHMZPLDUĊMDNVLĊ FRUD]GDOHMSURZDG]LDQDOL]ĊWDNĪHZNRĔFXWHMDQDOL]\PDWHULD]GDMHQDP VLĊE\áDE\VDPąJHRPHWULą´71LHXOHJDZąWSOLZRĞFLĪHSU]HGVWDZLRQ\SU]H] ¿OR]RIDSRU]ąGHNVWDQRZLWDNĪHSRGVWDZĊQDXNL :VSRPQLDáHPSRZ\ĪHMĪHDE\SRU]ąGHNG]LDáDQLDPyJáVLĊXNRQVW\WX-RZDüSRWU]HEQDMHVWIRUPDSU]HVWU]HQL7U]HEDMHGQDN]D]QDF]\üĪH%HUJVRQ

(5)

!

nie traktuje przestrzeni jako formy poznania a priori w takim znaczeniu, jak

WRSRVWXORZDá,.DQWZVZHM.U\W\FHF]\VWHJRUR]XPX3RQLHZDĪDXWRUMa-WHULLLSDPLĊFLWUDNWXMHSU]HVWU]HĔMDNRJUDQLFĊUR]FLąJáRĞFLPDWHULLWRWHĪQLH

PRĪH RQD LVWQLHü MHG\QLH Z LQWHOHNFLH F]áRZLHND :UĊF] SU]HFLZQLH %HUJ-VRQWZLHUG]LĪHWDNUR]XPLDQDSU]HVWU]HĔLVWQLHMHZVSRVyERELHNW\ZQ\MDNR MHGQD ] ZLHOX DWU\EXW\ZQ\FK ZáDVQRĞFL PDWHULL : Ewolucji twórczej czy-WDP\Ä7DNZLĊFSU]HVWU]HĔQDV]HMJHRPHWULLLSU]HVWU]HQQRĞüU]HF]\URG]ą VLĊ QDZ]DMHP SU]H] RERSyOQH G]LDáDQLH L RGG]LDá\ZDQLH GZyFK F]áRQyZ NWyU\FK MHVWHVWZR MHVW WR VDPR DOH NWyUH LGą Z SU]HFLZQ\FK NLHUXQNDFK $QL SU]HVWU]HĔ QLH MHVW WDN REFD QDV]HM QDWXU]H MDN WR VRELH Z\REUDĪDP\ DQLWHĪPDWHULDQLHMHVWWDNFDáNRZLFLHUR]FLąJáDZSU]HVWU]HQLMDNMąVRELH SU]HGVWDZLDQDV]XP\VáLQDV]H]P\Vá\8)UDQFXVNLXF]RQ\SU]HFLZVWDZLDVLĊ

ZLĊFWUDNWRZDQLXSU]HVWU]HQLMDNRKDUPRQLLSU]HGXVWDZQHMF]\WHĪPDWU\F\ LVWQLHMąF\FKZLQWHOHNFLHSU]HGZV]HONLPSR]QDQLHP3U]HFLZVWDZLDVLĊWDN-ĪH XWRĪVDPLDQLX SU]HVWU]HQL UR]XPLDQHM MDNR JUDQLFD UR]FLąJáRĞFL PDWHULL ] SU]HVWU]HQLą KRPRJHQLF]Qą Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQą Z QDXNDFK PDWHPDW\F]QR ¿]\F]Q\FK 7D SLHUZV]D ERZLHP RUJDQL]RZDáD VLĊ ZUD] ] U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLą VDPą L VWDQRZL MHGHQ ] ZDUXQNyZ G\IHUHQFMDFML ZV]HONLFK VNáDGQLNyZ ZV]HFKĞZLDWD 1DWRPLDVW WD GUXJD XNV]WDáWRZDáD VLĊ ZVNXWHN HZROXFML LQWHOHNWXDOQHM F]áRZLHND SRZVWDáD ZLĊF MDNR NROHMQ\ HWDS UR]ZRMX F]áRZLHNDZRJyOH

:¿OR]R¿L%HUJVRQDLVWQLHMHUyZQLHĪGUXJLURG]DMSRU]ąGNXNWyU\DX- WRURNUHĞOLáPLDQHPRELHNW\ZQHJRRUGUHREMHFWLI3RU]ąGHNWHQRGGDMHZáD-VQRĞFL U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL VWDMąFHM VLĊ Z]UDVWDMąFHM QDSUĊĪDMąFHM VLĊ EĊGąFHM ZHZROXF\MQ\PWZyUF]\PUXFKX3RU]ąGHNWHQQLHGRNRQXMHĪDGQ\FKFLĊü PDWHULLDQLWHĪQLHVNáDGDHOHPHQWyZZSU]HVWU]HQLQLHZ\]XZD]U]HF]\ZL- VWRĞFLUXFKXDQLWHĪSU]HNV]WDáFHĔMDNRĞFLRZ\FK:HGáXJIUDQFXVNLHJRODX- UHDWD1DJURG\1REODyZSRU]ąGHNQDOHĪ\XWRĪVDPLü]WZyUF]RĞFLąZROQR-ĞFLąDOERWHĪWUZDQLHP=UHV]Wą%HUJVRQRVWDWHF]QLHQD]\ZDJRSRU]ąGNLHP Ī\FLD i woli9FRVWDQRZLZ\SDGNRZąZ\PLHQLRQ\FKZáDVQRĞFL3RU]ąGNRZL WHPXSU]HFLZVWDZLDRQSRU]ąGHNEH]ZáDGQRĞFL i automatyzmu G]LDáDQLD10_.

3RU]ąGHN Ī\FLD L ZROL PRĪQD ]DREVHUZRZDü Z Ī\FLX F]áRZLHND NLHG\ GR-NRQXMH RQ WZyUF]\FK G]LDáDĔ EĊGąF\FK Z\UD]HP MHJR ZROQRĞFL 2GQDOHĨü JRPRĪQDQDSU]\NáDGÄZV\PIRQLL%HHWKRYHQDEĊGąFHMJHQLDOQRĞFLąRU\-JLQDOQRĞFLą D ZLĊF QLHSU]HZLG\ZDOQRĞFLą VDPą´11 -HGQDNĪH Z Ī\FLX

FR-G]LHQQ\PSRU]ąGHNWHQ]QDF]QLHWUXGQLHM]DREVHUZRZDüJG\ĪÄSU]HMDZLDVLĊ QDPQLHW\OHZVZHMLVWRFLHLOHZQLHNWyU\FKVZ\FKSU]\SDGNRZRĞFLDFK´12_.

1LHPQLHMJG\SU]HNURF]\VLĊRZHSU]\SDGNRZRĞFLJG\VSURZDG]LVLĊVZą ĞZLDGRPRĞü L ZV]HONLH GąĪQRĞFL GR LFK ĨUyGáD PRĪOLZH MHVW LFK ]MHGQDQLH ]WUZDQLHPZV]HFKĞZLDWD$F]NROZLHN%HUJVRQRVWU]HJDĪHMHVWWRÄZ\VLáHN

(6)

EROHVQ\NWyU\PRĪHP\Z\GDü]VLHELHQDJOH]DGDMąFJZDáWQDWXU]HDOHQLH SRGWU]\P\ZDüGáXĪHMQLĪSU]H]NLONDPJQLHĔ:F]\QLHZROQ\PJG\NXU-F]\P\FDáąQDV]ąLVWQRĞüDE\SFKQąüMąQDSU]yGPDP\ĞZLDGRPRĞüPQLHM OXEZLĊFHMMDVQąQDV]\FKSREXGHNLERGĨFyZDQDZHWĞFLĞOHELRUąFVWDZDQLD VLĊSU]H]NWyUHRUJDQL]XMHVLĊ]QLFKF]\QDOHF]\VWDZRODSUąGSU]HFKRG]ą-F\SU]H]WĊWUHĞüLXG]LHODMąF\MHMĪ\FLDMHVWF]\PĞFR]DOHGZLHF]XMHP\FR QDMZ\ĪHMPXVNDP\ZSU]HMĞFLX´13$E\GRĞZLDGF]\üLVWRW\SRU]ąGNXĪ\FLD QDOHĪ\]DVWRVRZDüPHWRGĊNWyUDZ\NUDF]DSR]DSU]HVWU]HQQRĞüQLHPRĪHWR E\üPHWRGDRSDUWDQDLQWHOHNFLH$XWRUEwolucji twórczejSURSRQXMHPHWRGĊ VNRQVWUXRZDQąQDED]LHLQVW\QNWXDPLDQRZLFLHPHWRGĊLQWXLF\MQą %HUJVRQZ\RGUĊEQLá]DWHPGZDURG]DMHSRU]ąGNXSRU]ąGHNEH]ZáDGQR-ĞFLLDXWRPDW\]PXG]LDáDQLDRUD]SRU]ąGHNĪ\FLDLZROLWZRU]HQLD1DOHĪ\ MHGQDN]DS\WDüF]\SRPLĊG]\RZ\PLSRU]ąGNDPL]DFKRG]ąMDNLHĞRGG]LDá\- ZDQLDEąGĨ]DOHĪQRĞFLRUD]MDNLHJRW\SXRQHVą"$WDNĪHF]\]DFKRG]LSRPLĊ-G]\QLPLUyĪQLFDVWRSQLDF]\WHĪUyĪQLFDMDNRĞFL" =GDQLHP%HUJVRQDSRU]ąGHNEH]ZáDGQRĞFLLDXWRPDW\]PXSRZVWDáZVNX-WHN]DQHJRZDQLDSHZQ\FKLVWRWQ\FKZáDVQRĞFLEDGDQ\FK]MDZLVNLSURFHVyZ U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL3RQLHZDĪLVWRWąWHJRSRU]ąGNXMHVWG]LHOHQLHXQLHUXFKDPLD-QLHRUD]XMPRZDQLHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP]HZQĊWU]Q\FKFHFKSU]HGPLRWyZVWąG WHĪ]XSRU]ąGNRZDQ\FKZWHQVSRVyESU]HGPLRWyZXVXZDVLĊUXFKEĊGąF\ SRGVWDZąZV]HONLFK]PLDQ)LOR]RI]DXZDĪ\áĪHLQWHOHNWRVDG]DMąF\SU]HG- PLRW\ZSU]HVWU]HQLSRWUD¿MHG\QLHWZRU]\üNROHMQH]áRĪHQLDÄ,PZLĊFHM]áR-ĪRQRĞFLZNáDGDRQZVZyMSU]HGPLRWJG\JRDQDOL]XMHW\PEDUG]LHM]áRĪRQ\ MHVWSRU]ąGHNNWyU\RGQDMGXMHZW\PSU]HGPLRFLH$WHQSRU]ąGHNLWD]áR-ĪRQRĞüZ\ZLHUDMąQDĔ]NRQLHF]QRĞFLZUDĪHQLHU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLSR]\W\ZQHM SRQLHZDĪPDMąWHQVDPFRRQNLHUXQHN´14-HGQDNĪHZLVWRFLHSRU]ąGHNWHQ X]QDüQDOHĪ\]DQHJDW\ZQ\SRQLHZDĪQLHSU]HGVWDZLDRQZ]UDVWDQLDFDáRĞFL ZV]HFKĞZLDWDÄĩDGQDERZLHP]áRĪRQRĞüSRU]ąGNXPDWHPDW\F]QHJRFKRüE\ QDMXF]HĔV]DQLHZSURZDG]LDQLMHGQHJRDWRPXQRZRĞFLGRĞZLDWD´15:UĊF] SU]HFLZQLHNRQVWUXRZDQLHRZ\FK]áRĪHĔRJRáDFDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞü]LVWRWQ\FK ZáDVQRĞFL JG\Ī DE\ MH XWZRU]\ü ÄQLH SRWU]HEXMĊ QLF GRGDZDü Z\VWDUF]\ DE\P FRĞ XMąá´16 ± WZLHUG]L %HUJVRQ 3RU]ąGHN DXWRPDW\F]Q\ SRZVWDMH

]D- WHPZVNXWHNL]RORZDQLDSHZQ\FKV\VWHPyZSRGV\VWHPyZDWDNĪHHOHPHQ-WyZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL1LHZąWSOLZLHMHVWWR]DELHJV]WXF]Q\JG\ĪU]HF]\ZLVWRĞü QLHVNáDGDVLĊ]L]RORZDQ\FKUR]áRĪRQ\FKZSU]HVWU]HQLHOHPHQWyZOHF]MHVW V\VWHPHPG\QDPLF]Q\PZNWyU\PZV]\VWNLHVNáDGQLNLSRZLą]DQHVąVLHFLą ]ZLą]NyZUHODFMLLRGG]LDá\ZDĔZ]DMHPQ\FK.DĪG\NRPSRQHQWWDNLHMFD-áRĞFLDE\WUZDüLUR]ZLMDüVLĊPXVLQLHXVWDQQLHZ\PLHQLDüPDWHULĊHQHUJLĊ RUD]LQIRUPDFMĊ]RWRF]HQLHP3RU]ąGHNDXWRPDW\]PXNRQFHQWUXMHVLĊZLĊF SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPQD]PLDQDFKLORĞFLRZ\FK

(7)

W wielu miejscach Ewolucji twórczej %HUJVRQ SRVWXOXMH DE\ XSRU]ąG- NRZDQLHWHJRW\SXX]QDü]DSU]HUZĊEąGĨQDZUyWJG\Ī]RVWDáRRQRQDGEX-GRZDQH Z PLHMVFX JG]LH QDVWĊSXMH QDZUyW QDWXUDOQHJR NLHUXQNX GąĪQRĞFL GXFKD)UDQFXVNL¿OR]RIP\ĞOWĊZ\UDĪDWDNLPLRWRVáRZ\Ä$OHGXFKMDNPy- ZLOLĞP\PRĪHLĞüZGZyFKSU]HFLZQ\FKNLHUXQNDFK&]DVHPLG]LHZSU]\-URG]RQ\P VZRLP NLHUXQNX ZyZF]DV PDP\ SRVWĊS Z SRVWDFL QDSUĊĪHQLD FLąJáąWZyUF]RĞüG]LDáDOQRĞüZROQą&]DVHP]DĞRGZUDFDNLHUXQHNVZyMLWR RGZUyFHQLHSU]HSURZDG]RQHDĪGRNRĔFDGRV]áRE\GRUR]FLąJáRĞFLGRZ]D- MHPQHJRNRQLHF]QHJRXZDUXQNRZDQLDHOHPHQWyZX]HZQĊWU]QLRQ\FKZVWR-VXQNX GR VLHELH QDZ]DMHP VáRZHP ± GR PHFKDQL]PX JHRPHWU\F]QHJR´17_. 3RU]ąGHNEH]ZáDGQRĞFLVWDQRZLMHG\QLHIRUPĊUR]SRĞFLHUDMąFąVLĊSRPLĊG]\ PDWHULąLGXFKHPNWyUąPRĪQDGRZROQLHZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSRWU]HEPRGHOR-ZDü'ODWHJRWHĪIRUPDWDPDFKDUDNWHUZ]JOĊGQ\LSU]\EOLĪRQ\ZVWRVXQNX GRU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL=PLHQLDVLĊRQDZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSRVWĊSXWHRUHW\F]QHJR LWHFKQRORJLF]QHJREDGDF]\6WąGWHĪWDNF]ĊVWR%HUJVRQSRGNUHĞODĪHZLHG]D QDXNRZDMHVWUR]U]HG]RQDLUR]SUĊĪRQD 3RPLĊG]\SRU]ąGNLHPEH]ZáDGQRĞFLLDXWRPDW\]PXDSRU]ąGNLHPĪ\FLD LZROLLVWQLHMHUyĪQLFDLORĞFLRZD3LHUZV]\PDVLĊGRGUXJLHJRWDNMDNF]ĊĞü GRFDáRĞFL3RU]ąGHNEH]ZáDGQRĞFLNRQFHQWUXMHVLĊQDRNUHĞODQLXZáDVQRĞFL F]ĊĞFLNWyUHMHGQDNĪHQDOHĪ\WUDNWRZDüMDNRZ]JOĊGQHJG\ĪXZDUXQNRZD-QH Vą G]LDáDOQRĞFLą VDPHJR EDGDF]D MHJR SU]\JRWRZDQLHP WHRUHW\F]Q\P WHFKQLF]Q\P MDN UyZQLHĪ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\P 1DWRPLDVW SRU]ąGHN Ī\FLD MHVW Z]UDVWDQLHPVDP\PMHVWUyĪQRURGQRĞFLąQLHSRZWDU]DOQRĞFLąLWZyUF]RĞFLą -HGQDNĪH SRPLĊG]\ RZ\PL SRU]ąGNDPL LVWQLHMH WDNĪH UyĪQLFD MDNRĞFLRZD :áDĞFLZRĞFL MDNRĞFLRZH FDáRĞFL Vą RGPLHQQH RG ZáDVQRĞFL MDNRĞFLRZ\FK F]ĊĞFL 6WąG WHĪ VXPD F]ĊĞFL QLJG\ QLH RGGD FKDUDNWHUX FDáRĞFL QLJG\ ER-ZLHP QLH RGWZRU]\ VLĊ ZV]HONLFK UHODFML ]ZLą]NyZ D WDNĪH RGG]LDá\ZDĔ Z]DMHPQ\FK ]DFKRG]ąF\FK SRPLĊG]\ F]ĊĞFLDPL MDN UyZQLHĪ SRPLĊG]\ F]ĊĞFLDPLDFDáRĞFLą

)UDQFXVNL¿OR]RI]DXZDĪ\áLĪEDGDF]HQDRJyáQLHZ\RGUĊEQLDMąGZyFK URG]DMyZ SRU]ąGNX DOER WHĪ PLHV]DMą RQL ZáDĞFLZRĞFL MHGQHJR SRU]ąGNX ]ZáDVQRĞFLDPLGUXJLHJR3RGREQHSRVWĊSRZDQLHSURZDG]LGRSRZVWDZDQLD ZLHOX LVWRWQ\FK SUREOHPyZ -HGQ\P ] QLFK MHVW SRMDZLHQLH VLĊ ]DJDGQLHQLD QLHSRU]ąGNX8F]HQLNWyU]\XZDĪDMąLĪLVWQLHMHMHGHQURG]DMSRU]ąGNX±QD SU]\NáDG SRU]ąGHN JHRPHWU\F]Q\ EH]ZáDGQRĞFL DXWRPDW\]PX MHJR EUDN RGELHUDMąMDNRQLHSRU]ąGHN$]DWHPLFK]GDQLHPQLHSRU]ąGHNLVWQLHMHWDP JG]LHQLHQDSRWNDVLĊSRĪąGDQHJRSU]H]VLHELHURG]DMXXSRU]ąGNRZDQLD1D-OHĪ\MHGQDN]DGDüS\WDQLHF]\PMHVWyZQLHSRU]ąGHN"&]\U]HF]\ZLĞFLHEUDN SRU]ąGNXQDOHĪ\WUDNWRZDüMDNRVZHJRURG]DMXSXVWNĊF]\WHĪZUĊF]SU]H-FLZQLHMHVWWRNRQNUHWQ\E\WNWyU\QDGURG]HSU]\MĊW\FKNRQZHQFML]RVWDá

(8)

RNUHĞORQ\PLDQHPQLHSRU]ąGNX"3LHUZV]ąPRĪOLZRĞü%HUJVRQQDW\FKPLDVW RGU]XFD JG\Ī QLH XOHJD ZąWSOLZRĞFL LĪ Z\PDZLDMąF SRMĊFLH QLHSRU]ąGNX ]DZV]H PD VLĊ FRĞ NRQNUHWQHJR QD P\ĞOL Ä*G\ ZFKRG]Ċ GR SRNRMX L RVą- G]DPĪHMHVWRQªZQLHSRU]ąGNX©FRUR]XPLHPSU]H]WR"3RáRĪHQLHNDĪGH-JRSU]HGPLRWXWáXPDF]\VLĊSU]H]UXFK\DXWRPDW\F]QHRVRE\NWyUDPLHV]ND ZW\PSRNRMXOXESU]H]SU]\F]\Q\VSUDZF]HMDNLHNROZLHNEĊGąRQHNWyUH XPLHĞFLá\NDĪG\PHEHONDĪGHXEUDQLHLWGWDPJG]LHMHVWSRU]ąGHNZGUX- JLP]QDF]HQLXWHJRVáRZDMHVWGRVNRQDá\$OHMDRF]HNXMĊSRU]ąGNXSLHUZ-V]HJRURG]DMXSRU]ąGNXNWyU\ĞZLDGRPLHZSURZDG]DZVZRMHĪ\FLHRVRED SRU]ąGQDVáRZHPSRU]ąGNXFKFLDQHJRQLH]DĞDXWRPDW\F]QHJR1D]\ZDP ZWHG\QLHSRU]ąGNLHPEUDNWHJRSRU]ąGNX:JUXQFLHU]HF]\MHG\QLHUHDOQą SRVWU]HJDQąDQDZHWP\ĞODQąZW\PEUDNXMHGQHJR]GZyFKSRU]ąGNyZMHVW REHFQRĞüGUXJLHJR$OHWHQGUXJLMHVWPLRERMĊWQ\WXWDMzajmuje mnie tylko

pierwszy L JG\ PyZLĊ ĪH WR MHVW QLHSRU]ąGHN Z\UDĪDP REHFQRĞü

GUXJLH- JRSRU]ąGNXZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRGSLHUZV]HJR]DPLDVWJRZ\UDĪDüQLHMDNRZ]D-OHĪQRĞFLRGQLHJRVDPHJR´181LHSU]\SDGNRZR%HUJVRQSU]\WRF]\áSU]\NáDG

] Ī\FLD SRWRF]QHJR XZDĪD ERZLHP ĪH SRPLHV]DQLH SRU]ąGNyZ QDVWąSLáR ZáDĞQLHQDWHMSáDV]F]\ĨQLH=SU]\WRF]RQHJRIUDJPHQWXZ\QLNDĪHF]áRZLHN ]DZV]H PD GR F]\QLHQLD ] MDNLPĞ URG]DMHP SRU]ąGNX -HGQDNĪH XSRU]ąG-NRZDQLH NWyUH DNXUDW QLH ZVSyáJUD ] W\P NWyUHJR RQ RF]HNLZDá QD]\ZD QLHSRU]ąGNLHP*G\PDP\QDP\ĞOLSRU]ąGHNEH]ZáDGQRĞFLLDXWRPDW\]PX QDWRPLDVW]DVWDMHP\SRU]ąGHNĪ\FLDLZROLWRPyZLP\ĪH]DVWDOLĞP\QLHSR- U]ąGHN7\ONRZW\PZ\SDGNXX]DVDGQLRQHMHVWWZLHUG]HQLHĪHMHGHQSRU]ą-GHNMHVWSU]\JRGQ\ZREHFGUXJLHJR.LHG\]DVWDMHP\MDNLĞSRU]ąGHN]DZV]H SRZLQQLĞP\GRSXV]F]DüP\ĞOĪHUyZQLHGREU]HZPLHMVFXW\PPyJáSRMDZLü VLĊSRU]ąGHNLQQHJRW\SX-HĪHOL]JRG]LP\VLĊQD]DSURSRQRZDQHSU]H]%HUJ- VRQDUR]XPLHQLHQLHSRU]ąGNXWR]JRG]LüVLĊPXVLP\UyZQLHĪQDWUDNWRZD-QLHEUDNXSRU]ąGNXMDNRLVWQLHQLDGZyFKSRU]ąGNyZMHGQRF]HĞQLH:HGáXJ IUDQFXVNLHJRP\ĞOLFLHODEUDNSROHJDERZLHPMHG\QLHQDQLHPRĪOLZRĞFLZ\ER-UX2WRVáRZDDXWRUDEwolucji twórczejÄGRPQLHPDQ\EUDNZV]HONLHJRSR- U]ąGNXMHVWZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLREHFQRĞFLąREXZSRáąF]HQLX]ZDKDQLHPGX-FKDNWyU\QLH]DWU]\PXMHVLĊRVWDWHF]QLHDQLQDMHGQ\PDQLQDGUXJLP$QL ZU]HF]DFKDQLZQDV]\PSU]HGVWDZLHQLXU]HF]\QLHPRĪHE\üPRZ\RW\P DE\WHQQLHSRU]ąGHNPyJáE\üGDQ\]DSRGáRĪHSRU]ąGNXSRQLHZDĪ]DZLH-UDREDURG]DMHSRU]ąGNXLSRZVWDá]LFKVNRMDU]HQLD´196WąGWHĪÄSU]\SDGHN LQLHSRU]ąGHNVąZLĊF]NRQLHF]QRĞFLSRMPRZDQHMDNRZ]JOĊGQH´20_{, a zatem} QLHPRJąRQHVWDQRZLüRELHNW\ZQHMSRGVWDZ\GODNRQLHF]QRĞFLLSRU]ąGNX 7DNMDN]QLHUXFKRPHJRQLHZ\WZRU]\VLĊUXFKXWDNL]SXVWHJRQLHZ\WZR-U]\VLĊSHáQHJRDQLWHĪ]SU]\SDGNXNRQLHF]QRĞFL:V]HONLHSU]HPLDQ\ZH

(9)

ZV]HFKĞZLHFLH]DFKRG]ąQDED]LHSRU]ąGNXSHáQLLNRQLHF]QRĞFL%H]]DVDG-

Q\PMHVWZLĊFWZLHUG]HQLHMDNRE\SRU]ąGHNSU]\URG\Z\áRQLáVLĊ]FKDRVX MDNWRSU]HGVWDZLDOLQLHNWyU]\VWDURĪ\WQLSLVDU]HZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL]DĞ+H]MRG 7DNZLĊFZWZyUF]RĞFL%HUJVRQDSRMĊFLHQLHSRU]ąGNXIXQNFMRQXMHQD]D- VDG]LHSRĪ\WHF]QHMNRQZHQFMLNWyUD]QDF]QLHXáDWZLDUHDOL]RZDQLHSUDNW\F]-Q\FKFHOyZF]áRZLHND$]DWHPQDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHRQWRORJLF]QHMSRMĊFLHWRQLH SRVLDGDVZHJRGHV\JQDWX:U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLLVWQLHMHW\ONRSRU]ąGHN±EH]-Z]JOĊGQ\WRMHVWĪ\FLRZ\LZROLMDNUyZQLHĪZ]JOĊGQ\WRMHVWEH]ZáDGQRĞFL LDXWRPDW\]PX7HQSLHUZV]\RUJDQL]XMHVLĊZVSRVyEQDWXUDOQ\ZUD]]LQ-Q\PL VNáDGQLNDPL U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL 1DWRPLDVW WHQ GUXJL ]RVWDá Z\WZRU]RQ\ SU]H]F]áRZLHNDMHVW±MDNE\WRRNUHĞOLá*%DFKHODUG±RND]\ZDQLHPZROL PRF\F]áRZLHNDZREHFĞZLDWDSU]\URG\7\PZHGáXJIUDQFXVNLHJRHSLVWHPR-ORJDMHVWZáDĞQLHQDXND±VZRLVW\PSRU]ąGNRZDQLHPU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL21

-HGQDNĪH SU]H] GáXJL F]DV QDXNRZF\ VFHSW\F]QLH RGQRVLOL VLĊ GR VSRVREX %HUJVRQRZVNLHJR UR]XPLHQLD ]DJDGQLHQLD SRU]ąGNX L QLHSRU]ąGNX 6áXV]- QRĞüRZ\FKUR]ZDĪDĔZSHáQLGRVWU]HĪRQRGRSLHURZGUXJLHMSRáRZLHGZX-G]LHVWHJRVWXOHFLDNLHG\WRZP\ĞOLQDXNRZHMQDGREUH]DGRPRZLá\VLĊXMĊFLD V\VWHPRZHDWDNĪHQDMQRZV]HWHRULHPDWHPDW\NLZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL]DĞWHRULD FKDRVX:NRQFHSFMDFKV\VWHPRZ\FKSRU]ąGHNWUDNWXMHVLĊMDNRXNáDGHOH-PHQWyZSRGV\VWHPyZLV\VWHPyZNWyU\PRĪQDSU]HNV]WDáFDüLPRGHORZDü ]JRGQLH]SUDZDPLV\VWHPRZ\PL8MĊFLHV\VWHPRZHZJUXQFLHU]HF]\VWDQR-ZLZLĊFZLHG]ĊRSU]HNV]WDáFDQLXRZ\FKXNáDGyZ$E\VNáDGQLNLV\VWHPyZ PRJá\WUZDüLUR]ZLMDüVLĊLFKWUHĞüPXVLE\üVWDOHZ\PLHQLDQD]RWRF]H- QLHPÏZSURFHVZ\PLDQ\PDWHULLHQHUJLLLLQIRUPDFMLZVSRVyEQLH]Z\-NOHREUD]RZ\SU]HGVWDZLá0DULDQ0D]XU$XWRUCybernetyki i charakteru, VSDUDIUD]RZDáPLWRSRZURFLH7H]HXV]DQD.UHWĊ2WyĪ7H]HXV]SU]\E\áGR VZHJR URG]LQQHJR GRPX VWDWNLHP NWyU\ QD]ZDá Ä$ULDGQD´ =DQLP MHGQDN VWDWHNGRWDUáGRFHOXSRGURG]H]SHZQRĞFLąVSRWNDáRJRZLHOHSU]\JyG0R- Já\QDSU]\NáDG]RVWDüZ\PLHQLRQHGHVNLSRNáDGXPRJá\]RVWDüZ\PLHQLR-QH ZV]\VWNLH HOHPHQW\ VWDWNX PyJá QDZHW ]RVWDü ]EXGRZDQ\ QRZ\VWDWHN NWyU\SU]HMąáVWDUąQD]ZĊDOERWHĪ7H]HXV]PyJáSU]HVLąĞüVLĊQDLQQ\VWDWHN NWyU\QD]ZDáÄ$ULDGQD´-HGQDNĪHJG\E\ĞP\]DáRĪ\OLĪHSRNDĪGHMSU]HUyE- FHVWDWHNGRSá\ZDáE\GRSRUWX]SHZQRĞFLąWZLHUG]RQRE\WDPĪHSU]\Sá\-QĊáDÄ$ULDGQD´223U]\NáDGWHQGRVNRQDOHLOXVWUXMHIDNWLĪSU]HNV]WDáFHQLD

NWyU\P XOHJDá VWDWHN SRGF]DV VZHM SRGUyĪ\ ]DFKRG]Lá\ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHPDWHULLHQHUJLLLLQIRUPDFML%\á\RQHNRQLHF]QHSRWRDE\ PyJá]RVWDü]DFKRZDQ\SRU]ąGHNJZDUDQWRZDQ\SU]H]VWUXNWXUĊMDNąVWDQR-ZLVWDWHNÄ$ULDGQD´MDNRV\VWHP $]DWHPV\WXDFMDSU]HGVWDZLRQDSU]H]00D]XUDSU]\SRPLQD]DOHĪQR- ĞFLZ\VWĊSXMąFHSRPLĊG]\Z\RGUĊEQLRQ\PLSU]H]%HUJVRQDGZRPDURG]DMD-

(10)

PLSRU]ąGNXQLHXVWDQQLH]PLHQLDMąFDVLĊWUHĞüWRQLHZąWSOLZLHSRU]ąGHNĪ\-

FLDLZROLQDWRPLDVWZ]JOĊGQLHQLH]PLHQQDIRUPDWRXVWUXNWXURZDQ\V\VWHP VNRQVWUXRZDQ\ SU]H] F]áRZLHND QD ED]LH NRQNUHWQ\FK ]DáRĪHĔ 3RZVWDá RQ ZVNXWHNRGMĊFLDSHZQ\FKLVWRWQ\FKFHFKU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLZVNXWHNZ\NURMHQLD ]FDáRĞFLRNUHĞORQ\FKF]ĊĞFL %HUJVRQRZVNLHUR]ZDĪDQLDQDGQDWXUąSRU]ąGNXLQLHSRU]ąGNXDQW\F\- SXMąWDNĪHQLHNWyUHDVSHNW\ZVSyáF]HVQHMWHRULLFKDRVX2WyĪNROHMQHGH¿QL-FMHFKDRVXZFRUD]ZLĊNV]\PVWRSQLXRNUHĞODMąJUDQLFHZ\VWĊSRZDQLDWHJR ]MDZLVND7\PVDP\PFKDRVFRUD]F]ĊĞFLHMSU]\SRPLQDVSHF\¿F]Q\URG]DM SRU]ąGNXQLĪQLHRNLHá]QDQ\Ī\ZLRá]NWyUHJR±MDNVąG]LOLVWDURĪ\WQLPĊGUF\ ±VWRSQLRZRZ\áRQLáVLĊFDá\ZV]HFKĞZLDW,WDNGH¿QLFMDFKDRVXGHWHUPLQL- VW\F]QHJR]ZUDFDV]F]HJyOQąXZDJĊQDUXFK\NWyUHFKRFLDĪ]GHWHUPLQRZD-QHPRJą]DFKRG]LüZNDSU\ĞQ\LQLHSU]HZLG\ZDOQ\VSRVyE-HGQDNĪHRZD QLHSU]HZLG\ZDOQRĞüUXFKyZQLHR]QDF]D]DFKRZDQLDFKDRW\F]QHJRSRQLH- ZDĪZ\QLND]RNUHĞORQ\FKZDUXQNyZSRF]ąWNRZ\FKV\VWHPXEąGĨSRGV\V-WHPXZNWyU\PRQH]DFKRG]ą6WąGWHĪGH¿QLFMDWDZSURZDG]DUR]UyĪQLHQLH SRPLĊG]\ NRPSOHWQ\P QLHSRU]ąGNLHP D ]MDZLVNDPL QLHUHJXODUQ\PL OHF] jednoznacznymi23 : WDNL RWR VSRVyE FKDRV ]DF]ąá SU]\ELHUDü SRVWDü

VSH-F\¿F]QHJR URG]DMX SRU]ąGNX G\QDPLF]QHJR QLHVWDELOQHJR QLHOLQLRZHJR : XMĊFLX GHWHUPLQLVW\F]QHM GH¿QLFML FKDRVX SRU]ąGHN RNUHĞODQ\ ]JRGQLH ]]DVDGąMHGQR]QDF]QHJRGHWHUPLQL]PXGRW\F]\MHG\QLHSRGVWDZRZ\FKSUR-FHVyZ]DFKRG]ąF\FKQDSR]LRPLHVNáDGQLNyZRGL]RORZDQHJRRGRWRF]HQLD SRGV\VWHPXEąGĨV\VWHPX3URFHV\WHVą]D]Z\F]DMSURVWHGRRSLVDQLD1DWR- PLDVWZXMĊFLXFDáRĞFLRZ\PSRGV\VWHP\LV\VWHP\G]LDáDMąZVSRVyEGRNRĔ-FDQLHGDMąF\VLĊSU]HZLG]LHüQLHRF]HNLZDQLHDZLĊF]JRGQLH]SRU]ąGNLHP nieliniowym.

%DGDQLHP SRU]ąGNX QLHOLQLRZHJR ]DMPXMH VLĊ ZVSyáF]HVQD WHRULD FKD- RVX3R]ZDODRQDLQWHUSUHWRZDüV\VWHP\G\QDPLF]QHRGZRáXMąFVLĊGRPR- GHOLPDWHPDW\F]Q\FKNRQVWUXRZDQ\FKQDED]LHUyZQDĔQLHOLQLRZ\FK7HR-ULD WD ]QDF]QLH SRZLĊNV]\áD ]DNUHV VWRVRZDOQRĞFL SRMĊFLD FKDRVX Z QDXFH L ¿OR]R¿L ']LĊNL QLHM GR REV]DUX EDGDĔ ZHV]á\ ERZLHP V\VWHP\ Z]JOĊG-QLH RWZDUWH D ZLĊF Z\PLHQLDMąFH PDWHULĊ HQHUJLĊ L LQIRUPDFMĊ ] RWRF]H-QLHP 7HRULD FKDRVX RSLVXMH V\VWHP\ G\QDPLF]QH NWyUH SRG ZSá\ZHP RWRF]HQLD VWDOH PRG\¿NXMą VZH G]LDáDQLH RUD] ZáDĞFLZRĞFL $ ]DWHP SU]H-NV]WDáFHQLD V\VWHPX PRJą PLHü FKDUDNWHU QLHRGZUDFDOQ\ MDN WZLHUG]Lá %HUJVRQ-HGQDNĪHZHGáXJQLHNWyU\FKZVSyáF]HVQ\FKWHRULLQLHMHVWZ\NOX-F]RQHĪHSU]HNV]WDáFHQLDV\VWHPXPRJąPLHüFKDUDNWHUUyZQLHĪRNUHVRZ\ L SRZWDU]DOQ\ 2Zą RNUHVRZRĞü QDMZ\UDĨQLHM XND]XMH FLąJ )HLJHQEDXPD =JRGQLH ] QLP GOD RNUHĞORQHJR V\VWHPX SU]HNV]WDáFDMąFHJR VLĊ Z RNUHVLH UyZQ\P7SRSU]HNURF]HQLXWHJRSU]HG]LDáXZDUWRĞFLRNUHVSRZWDU]DOQRĞFL

(11)

Z\GáXĪDVLĊGRF]DVXUyZQHJR7]NROHLDE\]DLVWQLDáQDVWĊSQ\RNUHVSR-

WU]HEQ\MHVWMXĪF]DVU]ĊGX7247DNZLĊFV\VWHPFKDUDNWHU\]XMHVLĊFLąJLHP NROHMQ\FKELIXUNDFMLNWyU\PWRZDU]\V]\VXNFHV\ZQHSRGZDMDQLHVLĊRNUHVX 1DWRPLDVWLVWQLHMąWDNĪHWHRULH]JRGQLH]NWyU\PLKLVWRULDV\VWHPXVNáDGDVLĊ ]RNUHVyZZNWyU\FKVNáDGQLNL]DFKRZXMąVLĊ]DUyZQRZVSRVyE]GHWHUPL-QRZDQ\MDNUyZQLHĪZVSRVyEVWRFKDVW\F]Q\7R]DĞNWyU\VSRĞUyGRZ\FK RNUHVyZV\VWHPÄZ\ELHU]H´MHVWVSUDZąGRNRĔFDQLHGDMąFąVLĊSU]HZLG]LHü25_. :LGDü]DWHPMDNZUD]]SRVWĊSHPZQDXFHZV]F]HJyOQRĞFL]DĞZPD-WHPDW\FH ]DFLHUD VLĊ JUDQLFD SRPLĊG]\ SRU]ąGNLHP D QLHSRU]ąGNLHP ,O\D 3ULJRJLQHL,VDEHOOH6WHQJHUV]DXZDĪ\OLĪHÄZZLHOXZ\SDGNDFK]QDF]HQLD VáyZªSRU]ąGHN©LªFKDRV©VąWDNVSOąWDQHĪHWUXGQRMHRGVLHELHRGG]LHOLü´26_. 7UXGQR ]DWHP MHGQR]QDF]QLH VWZLHUG]Lü F]\ Z GDQ\P Z\SDGNX PD VLĊ GR F]\QLHQLD]SRU]ąGNLHPF]\]FKDRVHP 'RSRGREQ\FKZQLRVNyZGRV]HGá]QDF]QLHZF]HĞQLHMWDNĪH%HUJVRQGOD- WHJRWHĪSRSU]HSURZDG]HQLXJUXQWRZQHMDQDOL]\SRMĊFLDSRU]ąGNXLQLHSR-U]ąGNXVWZLHUG]LáRQĪHZSU]\URG]LHLVWQLHMHW\ONRLZ\áąF]QLHSRU]ąGHN

:MTIKRI XWUQʛLba Ja\MU I VQMJa\MU X][\Sʉ

VQKWˉKQʉVQK

=DJDGQLHQLHUHODFMLSRPLĊG]\E\WHPDQLHE\WHPMHVWMHGQ\P]F]ĊĞFLHM SRUXV]DQ\FKDVSHNWyZWZyUF]RĞFL%HUJVRQD1DWHPDWSUREOHPXE\WXQLH-E\WXSXVWNLQLFRĞFLQLF]HJRZ¿OR]R¿LDXWRUDEwolucji twórczej napisano ZLHOHUR]SUDZQDXNRZ\FKRUD]DUW\NXáyZ=DV]F]HJyOQLH]QDF]ąFHQDOHĪ\ X]QDüSUDFH9-DQNppOppYLWFKD27_{, G. Bachelarda}28DWDNĪH*'HOHX]H¶¶D29_.

Na-WRPLDVW ZĞUyG SROVNLFK EDGDF]\ QD XZDJĊ ]DVáXJXMą PLĊG]\ LQQ\PL SUDFH :6WUyĪHZVNLHJR30_{, B. Skargi}31/.RáDNRZVNLHJR32_{oraz S. Borzyma}33_.

W literaturze przedmiotu zagadnienie niebytu rozpatrywane jest zazwy-F]DMRGVWURQ\RQWRORJLF]QHMMDNUyZQLHĪHSLVWHPRORJLF]QHMLPHWRGRORJLF]QHM .LHG\UR]SDWU]\VLĊ%HUJVRQRZVNąUHODFMĊSRPLĊG]\E\WHPDQLHE\WHP RGVWURQ\RQW\F]QHMRND]XMHVLĊĪHSUREOHPQLHLVWQLHMHJG\ĪUHODFMDWDQLH PRĪH ]DFKRG]Lü ] SRZRGX EUDNX MHGQHJR ] MHM F]áRQyZ ± QLHE\WX 7U]HED ERZLHP SDPLĊWDü ĪH %HUJVRQ XZDĪDQ\ MHVW ]D ¿OR]RID SHáQL34_{, a z tej}

per-VSHNW\Z\WZLHUG]HQLHRLVWQLHQLXQLHE\WXMHVW]JUXQWXQLHGRU]HF]QH$E\VLĊ R W\P SU]HNRQDü Z\VWDUF]\ SU]HĞOHG]Lü ]DSURSRQRZDQą SU]H] IUDQFXVNLH-JR¿OR]RIDNRQFHSFMĊNRVPRORJLF]QąZV]HFKĞZLDWD:HGáXJDXWRUDEwolucji

twórczej E\W VWDQRZL ZV]\VWNR WR FR VLĊ VWDMH35_{, co nieustannie organizuje}

VLĊZVNXWHNGLDOHNW\F]QHJRĞFLHUDQLDVLĊRUD]SU]HQLNDQLDVLĊPDWHULDOQRĞFL LGXFKRZRĞFL:V]HFKĞZLDWVWDQRZLFDáRĞüZ]JOĊGQLHRWZDUWąZNWyUHMLVW- QLHMHFLąJáRĞüPDWHULLRUD]GXFKD(ZROXFMDRGE\ZDVLĊZLĊFQD]DVDG]LHZ\-WZDU]DQLDQRZ\FKRNUHĞORQRĞFLSU]H]HOHPHQW\SRGV\VWHP\F]\WHĪV\VWHP\ ZFKRG]ąFH Z VNáDG WHM G\QDPLF]QHM FDáRĞFL 5R]SDWUXMąF MHM VWUXNWXUĊ QLH

(12)

PRĪQD PyZLü R MDNLFKNROZLHN U]HF]\ZLVW\FK ]HUZDQLDFK NWyUH PRĪQD E\ X]QDü]DQLHE\WJG\ĪSRPLĊG]\ZV]HONLPLVNáDGQLNDPLFDáRĞFL]DFKRG]LVLHü UHODFML]ZLą]NyZRUD]RGG]LDá\ZDĔZ]DMHPQ\FK']LĊNLQLPSRV]F]HJyOQH VNáDGQLNL WZRU]ą ]LQWHJURZDQH ]KLHUDUFKL]RZDQH D WDNĪH ]VXERUG\QRZDQH FDáRĞFL:\MDĞQLDMąFRZąP\ĞO%HUJVRQRGZRáXMHVLĊGRSU]\NáDGX]DF]HUS-QLĊWHJR]Ī\FLDFRG]LHQQHJRÄ-HĪHOL]DJRWXMĊZRGĊZURQGOXXPLHV]F]RQ\P QDPDV]\QFHF]\QQRĞüLSRGWU]\PXMąFHMąSU]HGPLRW\VąZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL SRáąF]RQH]PQyVWZHPLQQ\FKSU]HGPLRWyZL]PQyVWZHPLQQ\FKF]\QQR-ĞFLSU]HFKRG]ąFRGRJQLZDGRRJQLZD]QDOD]áRE\VLĊĪHFDá\QDV]V\VWHP VáRQHF]Q\MHVW]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\ZW\PFRVLĊRGE\ZDZW\PMHGQ\PSXQNFLH SU]HVWU]HQL´36=JRGQLH]XMĊFLHPV\VWHPRZ\PMHVWWDNZLVWRFLHSRQLHZDĪ SRPLĊG]\HOHPHQWDPLGDQHJRV\VWHPX]DFKRG]ąRGG]LDá\ZDQLDEH]SRĞUHG-QLHRUD]SRĞUHGQLHPRĪQDZLĊFVWZLHUG]LüĪHQLHW\ONRV\VWHPVáRQHF]Q\DOH FDá\ZV]HFKĞZLDWXF]HVWQLF]\ZSURFHVLHJRWRZDQLDZRG\5]HF]\ZLVWRĞüUR- ]XPLDQDMDNRV\VWHPZ]JOĊGQLHRWZDUW\MHVWZLĊFFLąJáDG\QDPLF]QD]KLH-rarchizowana, skoordynowana i zsubordynowana.

-HGQDNĪH Z QLHNWyU\FK G]LHáDFK %HUJVRQD PRĪQD ]QDOHĨü IUDJPHQW\ ZNWyU\FKVWZLHUG]DRQĪHVDPDHZROXFMDSU]HELHJDZVSRVyEQLHFLąJá\37_.

W 'ZyFKĨUyGáDFK PRUDOQRĞFLLUHOLJLL%HUJVRQSLV]HÄ3RGąĪDMąF]DQLFLą SU]HZRGQLąIDNWyZLDQDORJLLGRFKRG]LVLĊUDF]HMGRHZROXFMLQLHFLąJáHMNWy-UD GRNRQXMH VLĊ SRSU]H] VNRNL RVLąJDMąF QD NDĪG\P SU]\VWDQNX GRVNRQDáH ZVZRLPURG]DMXSRáąF]HQLHSRUyZQ\ZDOQHGR¿JXUQDVWĊSXMąF\FKSRVR-ELHJG\REUDFDP\NDOHMGRVNRSHP´38 &]\]DWHPPDWHULĊLGXFKDWDNĪHQDOH-Ī\X]QDü]DQLHFLąJáHVNRURSĊGĪ\FLRZ\EĊGąF\Z\SDGNRZąSURFHVXLFK ĞFLHUDQLDVLĊZ\WZDU]DHZROXFMĊVNRNRZąLZZLHOXPLHMVFDFKSU]HUZDQą" 2WyĪZV]\VWNRQDWRZVND]XMHĪHSRGREQHUR]XPRZDQLHMHVWEáĊGQH1DOHĪ\ ERZLHP]ZUyFLüXZDJĊQDIDNWLĪZ\SRZLHG]L%HUJVRQDRQLHFLąJáRĞFLHZR- OXFMLGRW\F]ąSáDV]F]\]Q\HSLVWHPRORJLF]QHMLPHWRGRORJLF]QHMDQLHRQWROR-gicznej. Z punktu widzenia teorii poznania oraz metodologii ewolucja fak-W\F]QLHMDZLVLĊMDNRSURFHVQLHFLąJá\VNRNRZ\7U]HEDMHGQDN]DXZDĪ\üĪH WDNLHMHMSRVWU]HJDQLHX]DOHĪQLRQHMHVWRGVDPHMRUJDQL]DFMLF]áRZLHNDNWyU\ DE\G]LDáDüDZLĊFWDNĪHSR]QDZDü]NRQLHF]QRĞFLPXVLG]LHOLüL]RORZDü SRV]F]HJyOQHIUDJPHQW\FDáRĞFLZV]HFKĞZLDWD=NROHLSDWU]ąFZVWHF]QDZ\-RGUĊEQLRQHF]ĊĞFLWUXGQRMHVW]RZ\FKNDZDáNyZQDSRZUyW]UHNRQVWUXRZDü FLąJáąFDáRĞü.DĪGDWHRULDRF]\P%HUJVRQZLHORNURWQLHSLVDáNRQFHQWUXMH VLĊQDSU]HV]áRĞFLMHVWSUyEąRGWZRU]HQLDWHJRFR]RVWDáRMXĪ]RUJDQL]RZDQH (OHPHQW\MDNLHMNROZLHNWHRULLZW\PWDNĪHHZROXFMLNUHDW\ZQHMPRJą]RVWDü zanegowane przez elementy innej teorii. A zatem wiedza naukowa stanowi NRKHUHQWQ\ZGDQ\PF]DVLHLSU]HVWU]HQL]ELyUZ]JOĊGQLHL]RORZDQ\FKSUDZ WZLHUG]HĔLKLSRWH]NWyU\FKSRV]F]HJyOQHF]ĊĞFLPRĪQDZGRZROQHMFKZLOL

(13)

]DQHJRZDüEąGĨ]DVWąSLüLQQ\PL1DWRPLDVWZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLE\QDMPQLHMWDN QLHMHVW0RĪQDWHJRGRĞZLDGF]\üPLĊG]\LQQ\PLVWRVXMąFPHWRGĊLQWXLF\MQą NWyUDSR]ZDOD]MHGQDüVLĊ]WUZDQLHP]FLąJáRĞFLąZV]HFKĞZLDWD3R]ZDOD ]DWHPSU]HNURF]\üZV]HONLHSR]RUQH]HUZDQLDZ\VWĊSXMąFHQDSáDV]F]\ĨQLH HSLVWHPRORJLF]QHMLPHWRGRORJLF]QHM0HWRGDLQWXLF\MQDXPRĪOLZLDGRĞZLDG-F]DQLHSHáQLZNWyUHMMDNLHNROZLHN]HUZDQLDQLHPDMąUDFMLE\WX'ODWHJRWHĪ ZHGáXJ%HUJVRQDQDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHRQWRORJLF]QHMQLHE\WQLHLVWQLHMH

$F]NROZLHN LVWQLHMą EDGDF]H NWyU]\ QLH ]JDG]DMą VLĊ ] ]DSURSRQRZDQą SU]H]%HUJVRQDRQWRORJLF]QąNRQFHSFMąFLąJáRĞFL1DM]DJRU]DOV]\PSU]HFLZ-QLNLHPX]QDQLDFLąJáRĞFLZVIHU]HRQW\F]QHMMHVW*%DFKHODUG:HGáXJQLHJR QDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHWHMLVWQLHMH]DUyZQRE\WMDNLQLHE\W$XWRU/DGLDOHFWLTXHGH

la

durééeWH]ĊWĊVWDUDVLĊXGRZRGQLüSU]HSURZDG]DMąFNU\W\NĊ%HUJVRQRZ-VNLHM NRQFHSFML WUZDQLD UR]XPLDQHJR MDNR FRĞ EH]SRĞUHGQLR GDQHJR ĞZLD- GRPRĞFL2WyĪ%DFKHODUGWZLHUG]LĪHW\PFREH]SRĞUHGQLRGDQHMHVWĞZLD-GRPRĞFL QLH MHVW WUZDQLH FLąJáH OHF] MHVW QLą V]HUHJ QLHFLąJá\FK FKZLO 7R ZáDĞQLHWHMQLHFLąJáRĞFLNDĪG\PRĪHGRĞZLDGF]\üGRNRQXMąFJáĊERNLHMDXWR-UHÀHNVML1DWRPLDVWWUZDQLHFLąJáHMHVWGRSLHURNRQVWUXRZDQHSU]H]EDGDF]\ QDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHHSLVWHPRORJLF]QHMLPHWRGRORJLF]QHM39_{. Teza Bachelarda jest}

ZLĊFGRNáDGQąRGZURWQRĞFLąWH]\%HUJVRQD'ODDXWRUD0DWHULLLSDPLĊFL na SáDV]F]\ĨQLHRQW\F]QHMGRĞZLDGF]\üPRĪQDMHG\QLHFLąJáRĞFLNWyUą]NROHL QDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHHSLVWHPRORJLF]QHMRUD]PHWRGRORJLF]QHMSRGGDMHVLĊV]WXF]-Q\PLZ]JOĊGQ\PSRG]LDáRP

1DWRPLDVW]GHF\GRZDQ\P]ZROHQQLNLHPDWDNĪHREURĔFąNRQFHSFMLWUZD-QLD%HUJVRQDMHVW*'HOHX]H:HGáXJDXWRUDBergsonizmu trwanie w swej LVWRFLHMHVWFLąJáHLW\PVDP\PVWDQRZLRQRUyZQLHĪJZDUDQFMĊFLąJáRĞFLPD-WHULL6ZąLQWHUSUHWDFMĊ%HUJVRQRZVNLHJRWUZDQLD'HOHX]HRSDUáQDSRMĊFLX UyĪQLF\QDWXU\LUyĪQLF\VWRSQLD=DELHJWHQVSRZRGRZDáĪHPRĪOLZHVWDáR VLĊ]MHGQDQLHZLHORĞFLWUZDĔUyĪQLąF\FKVLĊ]DUyZQRSRGZ]JOĊGHPMDNRĞFL MDNLLORĞFL7\PVSRVREHPÄWUZDQLHMHVWW\ONRQDMEDUG]LHM]DFLHĞQLRQ\PVWRS-QLHPPDWHULLPDWHULD]DĞQDMEDUG]LHMUR]OXĨQLRQ\PVWRSQLHPWUZDQLD´40_. Na-WRPLDVWÄZV]\VWNLHVWRSQLHZVSyáLVWQLHMąZWHMVDPHM1DWXU]HNWyUDZ\UDĪD VLĊ]MHGQHMVWURQ\ZUyĪQLFDFKQDWXU\]GUXJLHM]DĞZUyĪQLFDFKVWRSQLD2WR PRPHQWPRQL]PXZV]\VWNLHVWRSQLHZVSyáLVWQLHMąZMHGQ\P&]DVLHNWyU\ MHVWQDWXUąZVRELH´41$E\GRĞZLDGF]DüNRQNUHWQHJRVWRSQLDWUZDQLDQDOHĪ\ RGZRá\ZDüVLĊEąGĨGRDNWXDOQRĞFL±WUZDQLHQDMEDUG]LHM]DFLHĞQLRQHEąGĨ WHĪGRPRĪOLZRĞFL±WUZDQLHQDMEDUG]LHMUR]OXĨQLRQHXSU]HVWU]HQQLRQH42_. =NROHLQDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHHSLVWHPRORJLF]QHMLPHWRGRORJLF]QHMV\WXDFMDQLHE\WX SU]HGVWDZLDVLĊ]JRáDRGPLHQQLH2WyĪ%HUJVRQ]DXZDĪ\áĪHSRMĊFLHQLFRĞFL RGJU\ZDLVWRWQąUROĊZSURFHVLHSR]QDZDQLDU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLÄMHVWRQRF]ĊVWR

(14)

VSUĊĪ\QąXNU\WąQLHZLG]LDOQąSREXGNąP\ĞOL¿OR]R¿F]QHM2GFKZLOLSLHUZ-

V]HJRSU]HEXG]HQLDVLĊUHÀHNVMLWRSRMĊFLHSFKDQDSU]yGSURVWRSRGVSRMU]H-QLHĞZLDGRPRĞFLSUREOHPDW\GUĊF]ąFH]DJDGQLHQLDZNWyUHQLHPRĪQDGáXJR SDWU]HüEH]]DZURWXJáRZ\´43:NODV\F]Q\FKNRQFHSFMDFKPHWD¿]\F]Q\FK DZLĊFW\FKXJUXQWRZDQ\FKQDSDUDG\JPDFLHE\WXQLH]PLHQQHJRLZLHF]QH-JRSRMĊFLHQLHE\WXVWDQRZLMHJRSRGVWDZĊ±ÄSHáQLDMHVWMDNJG\E\KDIWHPQD NDQZLHSXVWNL´440\ĞOLFLHOHXSUDZLDMąF\WHJRW\SX¿OR]R¿ĊWUDNWXMąE\WMDNR ZV]\VWNRWRFRMHVW:HGáXJQLFKWRFRWUZDMHVWPQLHMGRVNRQDáHRGWHJR FRMHVWQLH]PLHQQH'ODWHJRWHĪ]OXERĞFLąQDGDMąRQLE\WRZLFHFK\LVWQLHQLD ORJLF]QHJRDQLHSV\FKRORJLF]QHJREąGĨ¿]\F]QHJR1DVXZDVLĊMHGQDNS\-WDQLHFRF]áRZLHNVRELHZ\REUDĪDP\ĞOąFRQLFRĞFL"&]\RZRZ\REUDĪHQLH QDOHĪ\X]QDü]DREUD]F]\WHĪ]DSRMĊFLH"45 3U]HSURZDG]LZV]\JUXQWRZQąDQDOL]ĊPHFKDQL]PyZSHUFHSFMLRUD]DSHU- FHSFML%HUJVRQGRFKRG]LGRZQLRVNXĪHF]áRZLHNQLHMHVWZVWDQLHZ\HOLPL-QRZDüZV]HONLFKGRFLHUDMąF\FKGRĔZUDĪHĔ:PRPHQFLHZ\HOLPLQRZDQLD ZUDĪHĔ]HZQĊWU]Q\FKZLFKPLHMVFXQDW\FKPLDVWSRMDZLDMąVLĊZUDĪHQLDZH-ZQĊWU]QH7DNZLĊFZĞZLDGRPRĞFLF]áRZLHND]DZV]HLVWQLHüEĊG]LHREUD] F]HJRĞQLJG\]DĞQLHX]\VNDRQREUD]XQLF]HJRÄZáDĞFLZ\REUD]XVXQLĊFLD ZV]\VWNLHJR QLH E\ZD ZLĊF QLJG\ Z\WZDU]DQ\ SU]H] P\ĞO :\VLáHN SU]H] NWyU\GąĪ\P\GRVWZRU]HQLDWHJRREUD]XGRSURZDG]DQDVSRSURVWXGRZD-KDQLDVLĊSRPLĊG]\ZLG]HQLHPU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL]HZQĊWU]QHMLU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL ZHZQĊWU]QHM´46_{. Niemniej autor 0DWHULL L SDPLĊFL XZDĪD ĪH PRĪOLZH MHVW}

GR]QDQLH SHZQHJR ]áXG]HQLD QLFRĞFL 3RMDZLü VLĊ RQR PRĪH ZyZF]DV JG\ ZLQWHOHNFLHMHGQRF]HĞQLH]QDMGąVLĊRE\GZDREUD]\&KZLODZ\ERUXMHGQHJR ] QLFK yZ PRPHQW ZDKDQLD VLĊ SRZRGXMH ĪH SRGPLRW PRĪH GRĞZLDGF]\ü ]áXG]HQLDQLFRĞFL7\PF]DVHPIDNW\F]QLHLQWHOHNWNRQVWUXXMHZyZF]DVREUD] SHáQL]DZLHUDMąF\ÄZVRELHMHGQRF]HĞQLHREUD]SRGPLRWXLREUD]SU]HGPLR-WXLSRQDGWRMHV]F]HZLHF]QHSU]HVNDNLZDQLH]MHGQHJRQDGUXJLLRGPRZĊ ]DWU]\PDQLDVLĊRVWDWHF]QHJRQDMHGQ\POXEQDGUXJLP´477DNZLĊF%HUJVRQ NDWHJRU\F]QLH]DSU]HF]DMDNRE\PRĪOLZHE\áRVNRQVWUXRZDQLHSU]HGVWDZLH-QLD REUD]X QLFRĞFL QDWRPLDVW GRSXV]F]D RQ PRĪOLZRĞü RGF]XFLD SHZQHJR ]DNáRSRWDQLD NWyUH ZVNXWHN EUDNX LQQHJR NRQNUHWQHJR RNUHĞOHQLD ]Z\NáR QD]\ZDüVLĊQLFRĞFLą

-HĪHOL]DĞUR]ZDĪ\VLĊPRĪOLZRĞüZ\REUDĪHQLDSRMĊFLDQLFRĞFLWRVSUD-ZDSU]HGVWDZLDVLĊQDVWĊSXMąFR:HGáXJ%HUJVRQDSRGVWDZąDQDOL]\NDĪGHJR SRMĊFLD MHVW VNRQIURQWRZDQLH WHJRĪ SRMĊFLD ] RNUHĞODMąF\PL JR DWU\EXWDPL 'ODSU]\NáDGXNLHG\Z\REUDĪDVLĊSRMĊFLHNRáD]DZV]HPDVLĊQDP\ĞOLMD-NLHĞNRQNUHWQHNRáRSDSLHURZHGUHZQLDQHPHWDORZHLWDNGDOHM:XNáDG]LH NRáR±SDSLHURZHNRáR±GUHZQLDQHNRáR±PHWDORZHQLHZ\VWĊSXMH]DWHP VSU]HF]QRĞü -HGQDNĪH QLH PRĪQD WHJR SRZLHG]LHü R XNáDG]LH NRáR ± NZD-

(15)

GUDWRZHJG\ĪQLNWQLHSRWUD¿VRELHZ\REUD]LüNZDGUDWRZHJRNRáD3RGRE-!

QLHSU]HDQDOL]RZDüPRĪQDUyZQLHĪSRMĊFLHQLFRĞFL.LHG\P\ĞOLVLĊRSRMĊFLX QLFRĞFLZVHQVLHU]HF]RZQLNRZ\PQLHPRĪOLZHMHVWGRSDVRZDQLHGRĔMDNLH-JRNROZLHN RNUHĞOQLND NWyU\ GDáE\ NRQNUHWQH Z\REUDĪHQLH 1LH PD QLFRĞFL GUHZQLDQHMF]HUZRQHMF]\WHĪEH]EDUZQHM(OHPHQW\RZ\FK]áRĪHĔQLHWZR- U]ąNRKHUHQWQ\FKFDáRĞFL6\WXDFMDMHVWSRGREQDJG\SRMĊFLHQLFRĞFLUR]SD-WU]\VLĊZVHQVLHF]DVRZQLNRZ\P5yZQLHĪZyZF]DVQLHPRĪQDJRVNRMDU]\ü ]NRQNUHWQąF]\QQRĞFLąGRSURZDG]DMąFąGRX]\VNDQLDEH]Z]JOĊGQHMSXVWNL 3RMĊFLHQLFRĞFLPRĪQDFRQDMZ\ĪHMNRMDU]\ü]F]\QQRĞFLąXVXZDQLDMDNLHJRĞ NRQNUHWQHJRSU]HGPLRWX]MDNLHJRĞNRQNUHWQHJRPLHMVFDZNWyU\PRGUD]X SRMDZLVLĊLQQ\NRQNUHWQ\SU]HGPLRWXVXQLĊW\]LQQHJRNRQNUHWQHJRPLHMVFD i tak DGLQ¿QLWXP'ODWHJRWHĪ%HUJVRQGRFKRG]LGRZQLRVNXĪHQLFRĞüQLH LVWQLHMHMDNRSRMĊFLHOHF]]DOHGZLHMDNRVáRZRÄSRMĊFLHQLFRĞFLEH]Z]JOĊGQHM UR]XPLDQHZ]QDF]HQLX]QLZHF]HQLDZV]\VWNLHJRMHVWSRMĊFLHPNWyUHVDPR VLHELHXQLFHVWZLDSRMĊFLHPSR]RUQ\PSURVW\PVáRZHP´48_.

:G]LHOH]DW\WXáRZDQ\PTo samo i inne9LQFHQW'HVFRPEHVSLV]HÄ%\W DE\E\üRE\ZDVLĊEH]QLFRĞFLQLFRĞü]DĞWHQSDVRĪ\WĪ\MHNRV]WHPE\WX´49_. -HGQRF]HĞQLH ]DĞ GRGDMH ĪH ÄMHĞOL QLFRĞü ]DNáDGD QHJDFMĊ QHJDFMD ]H VZHM VWURQ\]DNáDGDQHJXMąFHJR+XPDQL]DFMDQLFRĞFLMHVWFDáNRZLWD´50_{. Podobnie} XZDĪDUyZQLHĪ%HUJVRQ-DNZLDGRPR¿OR]RISRGZDĪDPRĪOLZRĞüLVWQLHQLD REUD]XQLHE\WXRUD]LVWQLHQLDGHV\JQDWXWHJRĪSRMĊFLDQDWRPLDVWQLHVSU]HFL-ZLDVLĊRQXWRĪVDPLDQLXQLFRĞFL]QHJDFMą:UĊF]SU]HFLZQLHSRVWĊSRZDQLH WDNLHXZDĪD]DZDUWRĞFLRZHLSRPRFQHZNRQVWUXRZDQLXWHRULL¿OR]R¿F]Q\FK DWDNĪHQDXNRZ\FK5R]XPRZDQLH%HUJVRQDVFKDUDNWHU\]RZDüPRĪQDZQD-VWĊSXMąF\ VSRVyE VNRUR SRMĊFLH ÄQLHLVWQLHMąF\´ QLH MHVW Z VWDQLH Z VSRVyE FDáRĞFLRZ\LRVWDWHF]Q\XMąüFRĞ]REUD]XU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLWRQDOHĪ\SRWUDN-WRZDü MH QLH MDNR RGHMPRZDQLH F]\ WHĪ ]PQLHMV]DQLH OHF] MDNR GRGDZDQLH L ]ZLĊNV]DQLH 6WZLHUG]Lü R MDNLPĞ SU]HGPLRFLH ĪH LVWQLHMH WR ]QDF]\ RG- QLHĞüVLĊGRNRQNUHWQHJRIDNWXLQLFSRQDGWRÄPLĊG]\P\ĞOHQLHPSU]HGPLR-WXLP\ĞOHQLHPJRMDNRLVWQLHMąFHJRQLHPDEH]Z]JOĊGQLHĪDGQHMUyĪQLF\´51_. 1DWRPLDVWVWZLHUG]LüĪHMDNLĞSU]HGPLRWQLHLVWQLHMHWR]QDF]\RGQLHĞüVLĊGR NRQNUHWQHJRIDNWX±LVWQLHQLDWHJRĪSU]HGPLRWXDOHWDNĪHZ\UD]LüFRĞSRQDG-WROĊNREDZĊĪH]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDSRGPLRWXV\WXDFMDRNUHĞORQDSU]H]RZR VWZLHUG]HQLHQLHMHVWNRKHUHQWQD]VDPąU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLą1HJDFMDMHVWZLĊF áąF]QLNLHPSRPLĊG]\U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLąG\QDPLF]QąVWDMąFąVLĊDMHMVWDW\F]-Q\PWHRUHW\F]Q\PPRGHOHP-HVWV\JQDáHPĪHSRPLĊG]\ĞZLDWHPDWHRULą QLHPRĪQDVWDZLDü]QDNXUyZQRĞFLĪHVąG\QDOHĪ\VWDOH]PLHQLDü%HUJVRQ XZDĪDĪHÄSU]HF]HQLHUyĪQLVLĊZLĊFRGWZLHUG]HQLDZáDĞFLZHJRW\PĪHMHVW

WZLHUG]HQLHP Z GUXJLP VWRSQLX WZLHUG]L FRĞ R WZLHUG]HQLX NWyUH ]H VZHM VWURQ\WZLHUG]LFRĞRSU]HGPLRFLH´52

(16)

Q\ MHVW SU]HVáDQNą NX WHPX DE\ XV\VWHPRZDQLH U]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL WUDNWRZDü ZVSRVyEZ]JOĊGQ\)RUPXáRZDQLHVąGyZSU]HF]ąF\FKMHVWNRQLHF]QH]SUDN-W\F]QHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLD&]áRZLHNQLHMHVWZVWDQLHZVSRVyESRMĊFLRZ\ XMąüZV]HONLFK]PLDQ]DFKRG]ąF\FKZSU]\URG]LH6áRZQLNSRMĊüMHVW]E\W XERJLDE\Z\UD]LüERJDFWZRVDPHMU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL'ODWHJRWHĪSHZQHQRZH ]MDZLVNDEąGĨSURFHV\]NRQLHF]QRĞFLWU]HEDRNUHĞODüRGZRáXMąFVLĊGRVWD-U\FK]QDF]HĔ-HGQDNĪHQDOHĪ\SDPLĊWDüĪHF]áRZLHNWDNĪHMHVW]LQWHJURZDQą F]ĊĞFLąHZROXXMąFHJRZV]HFKĞZLDWDSRGOHJDWDNLPVDP\PUHODFMRP]ZLą]-NRP L RGG]LDá\ZDQLRP Z]DMHPQ\P MDN SR]RVWDáH MHJR VNáDGQLNL ']LĊNL WHPXSRWUD¿RQLQWXLF\MQLH]MHGQ\ZDüVLĊ]WUZDQLHPU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL:LHG]Ċ ZWHQVSRVyEX]\VNDQąVWDUDVLĊSU]HWUDQVSRQRZDüQDSáDV]F]\]QĊZHUEDOQą WHRUHW\F]Qą1DWRPLDVWQLHPDGRWHJRRGSRZLHGQLFKĞURGNyZGODWHJRWHĪMH-G\QHFRF]áRZLHNPRĪH]URELüWRVWRVRZDüQHJDFMĊGRLVWQLHMąF\FKMXĪSRMĊü :WHQVSRVyEVNáDQLDVLHELHEąGĨWHĪVZRLFKLQWHUORNXWRUyZGRSURZDG]HQLD FLąJá\FK SRV]XNLZDĔ EDGDĔ LQWHUSUHWDFML F]\ Z\NáDGX 7DN ZLĊF %HUJVRQ WZLHUG]LĪHSU]HF]HQLHMHVWÄ]LVWRW\VZHMSHGDJRJLF]QHLVSRáHF]QH3URVWXMH RQR D UDF]HM RVWU]HJD FKRü RVREą NWyUą VLĊ RVWU]HJD OXE NWyUHM ]GDQLH VLĊ SURVWXMHPRĪHE\üG]LĊNLSHZQHPXURG]DMRZLUR]GZRMHQLDWDVDPDRVRED NWyUDPyZL´53_.

-HGQDNĪH%HUJVRQUR]SDWUXMHMHV]F]HMHGHQDVSHNW]DJDGQLHQLDQLHE\WX QLFRĞFLQLF]HJRDPLDQRZLFLHUHODFMĊ]DFKRG]ąFąSRPLĊG]\SU]HV]á\PDN- WXDOQ\PDPRĪOLZ\P-HVWWR]KXPDQL]RZDQDSáDV]F]\]QDLQWHUSUHWDFMLQLH-E\WX JG\Ī GRW\F]\ W\ONR L Z\áąF]QLH VIHU\ G]LDáDOQRĞFL WHRUHW\F]QHM L Z\-WZyUF]HM F]áRZLHND &]áRZLHN MHVW MHG\Q\P PLHV]NDĔFHP =LHPL NWyUHJR G]LDáDOQRĞüREHMPXMHVZ\P]DVLĊJLHPQLHW\ONRJDWXQHNOXG]NLDOHSRQDGWR FDáąSODQHWĊDQDZHWLQQHSODQHW\6WDáRVLĊWDNSRQLHZDĪSRWUD¿RQUHDOL]R-ZDüRNUHĞORQHFHOHSUDNW\F]QH$NW\ZQRĞüF]áRZLHNDXNLHUXQNRZDQDMHVWRG SU]HV]áRĞFLLDNWXDOQRĞFLGRSU]\V]áRĞFLUR]XPLDQHMMDNRPRĪOLZRĞü:W\P VHQVLH NDĪG\ NRQVWUXRZDQ\ SU]H] QLHJR SODQ ]QDMGXMH VLĊ Z VIHU]H PRĪOL-ZRĞFL D ]DWHP MHJR UHDOL]DFMD Z\GDMH VLĊ IDNW\F]QLH ]DSHáQLDQLHP SHZQHM SXVWNL1DOHĪ\MHGQDNSDPLĊWDüĪHQLHMHVWWRSXVWNDLVWQLHMąFDRELHNW\ZQLH MDNREUDNQDWXUDOQHMU]HF]\OHF]MHVWWRSXVWNDLVWQLHMąFDMHG\QLHZLQWHOHNFLH DZLĊFVXELHNW\ZQLHLR]QDF]DRQDEUDNSRĪąGDQHMXĪ\WHF]QRĞFL2WRFRQD WHQWHPDWSLV]H%HUJVRQÄ1DV]HĪ\FLHSU]HFKRG]LW\PVSRVREHPQD]DSHá- QLDQLXSXVWHNNWyUHQDV]XP\VáSRMPXMHSRGZSá\ZHPSR]DXP\VáRZ\PSUD-JQLHQLDLĪDOXSRGQDFLVNLHPNRQLHF]QRĞFLĪ\FLRZ\FKMHĞOLVLĊWHG\UR]XPLH SU]H] SXVWNĊ QLHREHFQRĞü XĪ\WHF]QRĞFL QLH ]DĞ U]HF]\ PRĪQD SRZLHG]LHü ZW\P]QDF]HQLXF]\VWRZ]JOĊGQ\PĪHVWDOHLG]LHP\RGSXVWNLGRSHáQL7R MHVWNLHUXQHNZNWyU\PSRVWĊSXMHQDV]DG]LDáDOQRĞü´54_.

(17)

VSRĞUyGĪ\MąF\FKRUJDQL]PyZSRWUD¿ZVSRVyEWDN]QDF]ąF\SU]HWZDU]Dü QDWXUDOQHHOHPHQW\SRGV\VWHP\RUD]V\VWHP\-HJRZLHONRĞüSROHJDERZLHP SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPQDW\PĪHQDVZyMXĪ\WHNSRWUD¿RQVNRQVWUXRZDüQLHE\W NWyU\QDVWĊSQLHVWRSQLRZR]DPLHQLDZE\W±F\ZLOL]DFMĊNXOWXUĊQDXNĊ1LH-VWHW\QLHMHVWWREH]SRĞUHGQLHSR]QDZDQLHE\WXNWyUH]RVWDQLHXZLHĔF]RQH ]UR]XPLHQLHP MHJR LVWRW\ 0\ĞOĊ ĪH X]DVDGQLRQ\P WXWDM EĊG]LH RGZRáDQLH VLĊGRVáyZ0DUWLQD+HLGHJJHUDNWyU\WZLHUG]LÄĪHQDXNDQLHP\ĞOL2QD QLH P\ĞOL ER SU]H] VZRMH SRGHMĞFLH L SU]H] VZH SRPRFH QLJG\ P\ĞOHü QLH PRĪH ± P\ĞOHü WDN MDN P\ĞOLFLHO 7R ĪH QDXND P\ĞOHü QLH PRĪH ± QLH MHVW EUDNLHPDOH]DOHWą=DOHWDWDMHG\QLH]DSHZQLDQDXFHPRĪOLZRĞüZNURF]HQLD ZNDĪGRUD]RZ\REV]DUSU]HGPLRWRZ\LRVLHGOHQLDVLĊZQLPVWRVRZQLHGR VSRVREX EDGDĔ 1DXND QLH P\ĞOL´55 %HUJVRQ ] SHZQRĞFLą ]JRG]LáE\ VLĊ ]H

VáRZDPLQLHPLHFNLHJR¿OR]RIDSRQLHZDĪREDMF]ĊĞFLRZRSRGREQLHXFKZ\-FLOLNLHUXQHNZNWyU\PSRGąĪDF]áRZLHN:HGáXJQLFKLPZLĊFHMF]áRZLHN Z\WZDU]DW\PEDUG]LHMRGGDODVLĊRGLVWRW\E\WXLW\PZLĊNV]\RJDUQLDJR OĊNSU]HGQLFRĞFLąZNWyUHMVLĊSRJUąĪD-HGQDNĪH%HUJVRQZSU]HFLZLHĔ-VWZLHGR+HLGHJJHUDZLG]LPRĪOLZRĞüSRZVWU]\PDQLDDQDZHWRGZUyFHQLD WHJRVWDQXÄWU]HEDVLĊSU]\]Z\F]DLüGRP\ĞOHQLDRE\FLHEH]SRĞUHGQLRQLH LGąFXERF]Q\PLGURJDPLQLH]ZUDFDMąFVLĊZSU]yGGRZLGPDQLFRĞFLNWyUH VWDMHSRPLĊG]\QDPLDQLP7U]HEDWXWDMVWDUDüVLĊZLG]LHüGODZLG]HQLDQLH ]DĞ ZLG]LHü GOD G]LDáDQLD :yZF]DV DEVROXW VLĊ REMDZLD EDUG]R EOLVNR QDV L Z SHZQHM PLHU]H Z QDV VDP\FK ,VWRWD MHJR MHVW SV\FKRORJLF]QD QLH ]DĞ PDWHPDW\F]QDOXEORJLF]QDĩ\MHRQZUD]]QDPL-DNP\DOHSRGSHZQ\PL Z]JOĊGDPLQLHVNRĔF]HQLHEDUG]LHM]HĞURGNRZDQ\LVNXSLRQ\ZVRELHDEVROXW WUZD´56%HUJVRQQDZRáXMHZLĊFGRWHJRDE\F]áRZLHNSUyERZDáEH]SRĞUHGQLR GRVLĊJQąüWUZDQLDDEVROXWX:yZF]DVE\üPRĪH]DXZDĪ\RQNRQWUDVWSRPLĊ- G]\ĞZLDWHPQDWXUDOQ\PDĞZLDWHPZ\WZRUyZOXG]NLFKSRPLĊG]\DNWXDO-Q\P D PRĪOLZ\P 1DVXZD VLĊ MHGQDN S\WDQLH F]\ F]áRZLHND VWDü QD WDNL Z\VLáHN F]\ SRWUD¿ RQ MHV]F]H SU]HG]LHU]JQąü VLĊ SU]H] JąV]F] V\VWHPyZ LVWUXNWXUNWyU\PL]GąĪ\áVLĊRSOHĞüNURF]ąFZHZROXF\MQ\PSRFKRG]LH"

8ZbaXQ[a"

11DWHPDWSUDZV\VWHPRZ\FKSLV]HPLĊG]\LQQ\PL+HQU\N3LVDUHNProblematyka

sys-WHPRZRĞFLZ¿OR]R¿L+HJOD:URFáDZ8QLZHUV\WHW:URFáDZVNLV±

2_{Henryk Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza SU]Há )ORULDQ =QDQLHFNL :DUV]DZD .VLąĪND}

i Wiedza 1957, s. 181.

3_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 182.} 4_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 181.} 5_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 181.} 6_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 183.}

(18)

7_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 193.} 8_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 182.} 9_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 199 – 200.} 10_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 200.} 11_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 200.} 12_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 205.} 13_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 211.} 14_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 187.} 15_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 194.} 16_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 187.} 17_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 199.} 18_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 207.} 19_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 208.} 20_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 208.}

21

1DDVSHNWWUDNWRZDQLDQDXNLSU]H]*%DFKHODUGDMDNRUHDOL]RZDQLDZROLPRF\]ZUy-FLáRXZDJĊZLHOXEDGDF]\MHJRWZyUF]RĞFLPLĊG]\LQQ\PL5RPXDOGàR]LĔVNLGastona

Ba-FKHODUGDNRQFHSFMDSR]QDQLDL¿OR]R¿L6WXGLD)LOR]R¿F]QH 1969, (2), s. 111 – 122.

22_{Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter:DUV]DZD3DĔVWZRZ\,QVW\WXW:\GDZQLF]\}

1976, s. 52 – 53.

230LFKDá7HPSF]\N7HRULDFKDRVXD¿OR]R¿D:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR&L6V 24_{Ilya Prigogine, Isabelle Stengers,}

=FKDRVXNXSRU]ąGNRZL1RZ\GLDORJF]áRZLHND]SU]\-URGąSU]Há.DWDU]\QD/LSV]\F:DUV]DZD3DĔVWZRZ\,QVW\WXW:\GDZQLF]\V

25_{Prigogine, Stengers, =FKDRVXNXSRU]ąGNRZLs. 184 – 185.} 26_{Prigogine, Stengers, =FKDRVXNXSRU]ąGNRZLs. 183.}

279ODGLPLU-DQNppOppYLWFKHenri Bergson3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH

s. 200 – 228.

28_{Gaston Bachelard, /DGLDOHFWLTXHGHODGXUppH3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH}

1963, s. 1 – 30.

29_{Gilles Deleuze, BergsonizmSU]Há3LRWU0UyZF]\ĔVNL:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR.5}

1999, s. 93 – 119.

30 :áDG\VáDZ 6WUyĪHZVNL Ä.U\W\ND SRMĊFLD QLFRĞFL Z Ä(ZROXFML WZyUF]HM´ +HQU\ND

%HUJVRQD´Z8SURJXZVSyáF]HVQRĞFL=G]LHMyZGRNWU\QDQW\SR]\W\ZLVW\F]Q\FK, red. Bar-EDUD6NDUJD:URFáDZ=DNáDG1DURGRZ\LP2VVROLĔVNLFKV±

31_{Barbara Skarga, Czas i trwanie. Studia o Bergsonie, Warszawa, PWN 1982, s. 180 – 205.} 32/HV]HN.RáDNRZVNLBergson, Warszawa, PWN 1997, s. 83 – 89.

336WDQLVáDZ%RU]\P%HUJVRQDSU]HPLDQ\ĞZLDWRSRJOąGRZHZ3ROVFH:URFáDZ=DNáDG

Narodowy im. 2VVROLĔVNLFKV±

34_{7ZLHUG]L WDN PLĊG]\ LQQ\PL * %DFKHODUG Ä/D SKLORVRSKLH GH 0 %HUJVRQ HVW XQH}

SKLORVRSKLH GX SOHLQ HW VD SV\FKRORJLH HVW XQH SV\FKRORJLH GH OD SOpQLWXGH´ Bachelard,

/DGLDOHFWLTXH«, s. 1.

35 * %DFKHODUG WZLHUG]L ZUĊF] ĪH %HUJVRQ MHVW SLHUZV]\P ¿OR]RIHP NWyU\ SRVWDZLá

]QDNUyZQRĞFLSRPLĊG]\E\WHPDVWDZDQLHPVLĊÄ$YDQW0%HUJVRQMDPDLVRQQ¶DYDLWVLELHQ UpDOLVpO¶pTXDWLRQGHO¶rWUHHWGXGHYHQLU´%DFKHODUGV$FRZWDNLPUD]LH]+HUDNOLWHP F]\Ī¿OR]RIWHQQLH]URELáWHJR]QDF]QLHZF]HĞQLHM"

(19)

36_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 191.}

37_{1DNZHVWLĊQLHFLąJáRĞFLHZROXFMLNUHDW\ZQHM%HUJVRQD]ZUyFLáDXZDJĊPLĊG]\LQQ\PL}

%6NDUJDÄ&]\PRĪQDPyZLüRFLąJáRĞFLHZROXF\MQHJRSURFHVX"6DP%HUJVRQZ'ZyFK

ĨUyGáDFKZRODáXĪ\üWHUPLQXÄHZROXFMLQLHFLąJáHM´LMDNWRSRGNUHĞOLá*RXKLHUQLHSU]HF]\á

VRELH2EVHUZXMHP\]MHGQHMVWURQ\WZRU]HQLHLQRZRĞüDZLĊFQLHFLąJáRĞü]GUXJLHMVWURQ\ ]DPLHUDQLH UyĪQ\FK IRUP LFK ÄVROLG\¿NDFMĊ´ NWyUH Vą MDNE\ FLĊFLDPL Z W\P NRVPLF]Q\P F]DVLHMHJR]DWU]\PDQLHPXQLFHVWZLHQLHP1LHMHVWZLĊFWRF]DVSU]\URGQLNyZ¿]\NDOQ\ PLDURZ\RERMĊWQ\QDZ\GDU]HQLDF]DVZ\]QDF]DMąF\SUDZDDQLF]DV¿OR]RIyZNWyU]\X]QD- MąF]PLHQQRĞüU]HF]\QLHUH]\JQRZDOLQLJG\]PRĪOLZRĞFLRNUHĞOHQLDĞFLVá\FKSUDZWHM]PLHQ-QRĞFL&]DV%HUJVRQDMHVWVSRVREHPLVWQLHQLDZV]HFKĞZLDWDSyNLZQLPWUZDĪ\FLHLWDP JG]LHRQR]DPLHUD]DPLHUDLRQ´

B. Skarga, Czas i trwanie…, s. 204.

38_H. Bergson,'ZDĨUyGáDPRUDOQRĞFLLUHOLJLLSU]Há3LRWU.RVW\áRL.U]\V]WRI6NRUXO-VNL.UDNyZ:\GDZQLFWZR=QDNV±DWDNĪHV 39_{Bachelard, /DGLDOHFWLTXH«s. 31 – 52.} 40_{Deleuze, Bergsonizm, s. 95.} 41_{Deleuze, Bergsonizm, s. 95.} 42_{5HODFMH]DFKRG]ąFHSRPLĊG]\DNWXDOQ\PDPRĪOLZ\PUR]ZDĪDüEĊGĊZGDOV]HMF]ĊĞFL} DUW\NXáX

43_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 241.} 44_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 242.}

45

:6WUyĪHZVNLWZLHUG]LĪHÄUR]SDWUXMąFU]HF]DSULRULRGVWURQ\Z\áąF]QLHHSLVWHPR- ORJLF]QHMPLHOLE\ĞP\SUDZRGRPDJDüVLĊZ]LĊFLDSRGXZDJĊDĪF]WHUHFKPRĪOLZ\FK]DJDG-QLHĔVSUDZ\PRĪOLZRĞFLLQWXLFMLQLFRĞFLZ\REUDĪHQLDQLFRĞFLMHMSRMĊFLDDZUHV]FLH HZHQWXDOQ\FK LQQ\FK VSRVREyZ MHM GRĞZLDGF]HQLD SU]HNUDF]DMąF\FK GRPHQĊ F]\VWHJR SR]QDQLD´:6WUyĪHZVNLÄ.U\W\NDSRMĊFLDQLFRĞFLZ«´V3RGREQHUR]UyĪQLHQLHĞURG-NyZSR]QDQLDQLFRĞFLE\áRE\PRĪOLZHZyZF]DVJG\E\%HUJVRQX]QDZDáLVWQLHQLHQLHE\WX QDSáDV]F]\ĨQLHRQW\F]QHM1DWRPLDVWWDNQLHMHVWGODWHJRWHĪ%HUJVRQRGU]XFDPRĪOLZRĞü SLHUZV]ąLRVWDWQLą

46_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 245.} 47_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 245.} 48_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 248.}

49_{Vincent Descombes, 7RVDPRLLQQH&]WHUG]LHĞFLSLĊüODW¿OR]R¿LIUDQFXVNLHM–}

1978)SU]Há%RJGDQ%DQDVLDNL.U]\V]WRI0DWXV]HZVNL:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR63$&-$

1996, s. 61.

50_{Descombes, To samo i inne, s. 62.}

51_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 249 – 250.} 52_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 252.} 53_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 253.} 54_{Bergson, Ewolucja twórcza, s. 260 – 261.}

55

0DUWLQ+HLGHJJHUÄ&R]QDF]\P\ĞOHü´SU]Há-DQXV]0L]HUDL-y]HI7LVFKQHUZFilozo-¿DZVSyáF]HVQDWUHG=ELJQLHZ.XGHURZLF]:DUV]DZD:LHG]D3RZV]HFKQDV

(20)

Widok Bergson o aspektach poznawczych zagadnienia porządku, nieporządku, niebytu, nicości, niczego w systemowym ujęciu rzeczywistości

-::/7



.U]\V]WRI3H]GHN

0*MZO[WVWI[XMS\IKPXWbVI_KbaKP

bIOILVQMVQIXWZbʉLS]VQMXWZbʉLS]

VQMJa\]VQKW[KQVQKbMOW_[a[\MUW_aU

]RʛKQ]ZbMKba_Q[\WˉKQ

8WZbʉLMSIVQMXWZbʉLMS



!







ZV]HFKĞZLHFLH]DFKRG]ąQDED]LHSRU]ąGNXSHáQLLNRQLHF]QRĞFL%H]]DVDG-

PLSRU]ąGNXQLHXVWDQQLH]PLHQLDMąFDVLĊWUHĞüWRQLHZąWSOLZLHSRU]ąGHNĪ\-

Z\GáXĪDVLĊGRF]DVXUyZQHJR7]NROHLDE\]DLVWQLDáQDVWĊSQ\RNUHVSR-

 :MTIKRI XWUQʛLba Ja\MU I VQMJa\MU X][\Sʉ

VQKWˉKQʉVQK





VSUĊĪ\QąXNU\WąQLHZLG]LDOQąSREXGNąP\ĞOL¿OR]R¿F]QHM2GFKZLOLSLHUZ-

GUDWRZHJG\ĪQLNWQLHSRWUD¿VRELHZ\REUD]LüNZDGUDWRZHJRNRáD3RGRE-!



