Soil Chem istry
KAZIMIERZ BORATYŃSKI, KAZIMIERZ WILK
B O RA TY Ń SK I AND W IL K ’S M ETHOD O F FR A CTIO N A L A N A LY SIS O F HUM US COM POUNDS, AND ITS U SA BILITY
FO R D ETER M IN IN G HUM US CO M PO SITIO N IN M IN ERA L SO ILS O F VA RIOU S A G RICU LTU R A L U T ILIZA TIO N
Departm ent of Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture, W rocław
F o rm a tio n of v ario u s h u m u s fractio n s in soil depends — am ong o th e rs — in a g re a t m easu re on th e w a y of utilization. This p ro blem is o fte n m en tio n ed in specialistic lite ra tu re , b u t th e e x p e rim e n tal d ata m o stly re fe r to to ta l carbon conten ts in soil. The ex istin g m etho ds of d ete rm in in g th e com position of h u m u s in soils, w hich in th is resp e c t ch ara c te riz e d iffe re n t soil ty p es fa irly w ell, do n o t m o stly give sa tisfa c to ry resu lts, w h en applied to c h a ra c te ristiz a tio n of soils w ith in th e ran g e of one and th e sam e soil ty p e. T hese m ethods, em ploying for e x tra c tio n o n ly m ore o r less c o n c en tra te d alkali solutions, are too cru de in th e ir actio n a n d do n o t allow to observe slig h t v ariatio n s in h u m u s fractio n s in soils u n d e r d iffe re n t c u ltu re conditions.
F o r th is reaso n we hav e been stu d y in g th e effect of com plexing solutions and d ilu ted alk ali solutions in e x tra c tio n of hu m u s com pounds fro m soil [1]. T hese in v estig atio n s re su lte d in elab o ratio n of a new m eth od of fractio n al analysis of h u m u s com pounds [2, 3], consisting in successive e x h a u stiv e e x tra ctio n from soil of h u m u s com pounds bound stro n g e r an d stro n g e r w ith th e clayey p a rt of soil (see th e schem e).
Follow ing th e above schem e th e re w as d e te rm in e d th e fra c tio n a l com position of h u m u s in accum u latio n horizons of soils of variou s a g ri c u ltu ra l utilization . A ll th e exam in ed soils are form ed of hom ogeneous m a te ria l th e ir accu m u latio n horizons h av e n e u tra l reactio n and, w ith in th e ran g e of a given soil typ e, th e y have a p p ro x im ate ly sim ilar m ech an i cal com position. T hese soils d iffer by th e contents of exchangeable cations in dependence on th e ir utilization. C ation contents in m ea d o w -p astu re
Scheme ! Soil ! Cut. determined Ф j j ■ A lcohol -f benzene (1:1) | j С in extract calculated ! Exhaustive extraction 0.1 N Na4P 207 I С in extract determined i ____________________
soils is m uch g re a te r th a n in a ra b le soils. S h o rt ch a ra c te ristic s of th e s e soils1 a re g iven in Tab. 1.
The w ay of a g ric u ltu ra l u tiliz a tio n exercises a m ark e d influence on th e h u m u s co n te n t in soil. In m ed o w -p astu re soils, in w hich ex ist fav o u rab le conditions for org anic su b stan ce accum ulation, c o n ten t of h u m u s w ere 2— 3 tim es h ig h er th a n in a ra b le soils. N itro g en co nten ts in m ead ow - p a s tu re soils w ere also g rea ter, an d th e ratio C: N. h ig h er th a n in ara b le soils (Tab. 2).
D iffe re n t soil u tiliz a tio n has a p ron o unced in fluen ce n o t o nly o n th e to ta l h u m u s co n ten ts in soil, b u t also on th e fo rm atio n of th e d e te rm in e d
h um u s fractio n s (Tab. 3).
1 D etailed investigation results concerning these soils w ill be presented in a m ore am ple publication.
j Exhaustive extraction _ .
Humic acids L л i nr Fulvic acids
0.1 N NaOH — —> _ , , , , C determ ined j c i;, extract determ lned С calculated
4
-S in g ’e extraction 0.5 ÏÏ H2SO4 С in extract determined I I Exhaustive extractionI Hum ic acids ^ о 1 N NaOH __ Fulvic acids I C determined c in extract determined С calculated
!
i С non-hydrolizing С in soil determined
Humus fractionation w ith the B oratyński-W ilk method 35
B rief c h a r a c te r is tic o f the examined s o i l s S o il Way of u t i l i za tio n PH Exchan geable bases m e / 100 g. s o i l Samp lin g depth cm. L ocality Nr.of s o i l Type Mechanical group P a r ti c le s < 0.02mm. h2o KC1
Podsols lig h t loamy 12 fallow 7.7 7.1 14.66 4-18 P sie 1
sand 12 arable 7.3 6.9 11.44 5-20 Pole la
S lig h tly glajed lig h t loam 26 meadow 6.7 6 .2 27.16 5-15 Olszyca 2 podsols stron gly sandy 24 arable 6.7 6.3 9.42 4-20 2a Brown from lig h t loam. 28 meadow 6.7 6.4 16.88 5-20 Ramiszów 3 heavy clay s lig h t ly sandy 26 arable 6.5 6.0 8.22 4-15 3a Brown from medium loam 34 pasture 7.2 6.7 14.66 4-10 Trzebic- 4
heavy clay 34 arable 7.2 6.5 10.64 4-15 ka 4a
Very heavy clay 66 meadow 6.2 5.7 34.68 3-15 Stary 5
a llu v ia l s o i l 70 arable 7.2 6.6 24.54 3-20 Korczyn 5a
T a b l e 2 Contents of humus and nitrogen in the examined s o i l s
S o il Total С % tiumus (C. 1.724) Total N % С : N 1 0.89 1.53 0.10 8 .9 la 0.71 1.22 0.08 9 .0 2 3.21 5.53 0 .32 10.0 2a 0 .9 2 1.59 0.11 8.4 3 2.05 3.53 0.17 11.7 3a 0.93 1.60 0.10 9.3 4 1.21 2.09 0.13 9 .3 4a 0.89 1.53. 0.11 8 .0 5 3 .21 5.53 0.35 9 .2 5a 1.81 3 .12 0.21 8 .6
fr a c tio n a l composition o f humus in s o i l s o f d iffe r e n t a g r ic u ltu r a l u tiliz a t io n
S o il Total С in % 0.89 0 .71 3 .21 0.92 2.05 0.93 1.21 0.89 3 .2 1 1.81 Extraction * 1 la 2 2a 3 3a 4 4a 5 5a С bitumen 0 .1 N Na4P207 - pH - 7 0 .1 К NaOH - I 0.5 N H2 S04 0 .1 N NaOH - II 4 .5 * 14.6 13.5 2.4 15.7 4 .2 11.3 22.5 1.4 21.1 7.2 20.2 16.2 1.5 4 .3 7.6 10.9 3 8.0 1 .1 13.0 2.4 23.4 17.6 1.5 7.8 7.5 14.0 37.6 1 .1 10.8 1 .6 18.2 14.8 1.6 5 .8 2 .2 13.5 29.2 2 .2 7.9 7 .2 10.3 23.0 1.9 9.0 3 .3 6 .1 36.0 1 .1 12.1 ^ С extracted 50.7 60.5 49.4 70.6 52.7 71.0 4 2 .0 55.0 51.4 58.6 С non h y d ro lizing determined 4 9 .1 3 8 .2 50.1 3 0 .2 48.5 28.1 57.3 4 3 .6 48.3 40.3 С humic acids ^ С fu lv ic acids 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.3 2.0 1.7 1.2 1 .0 1.0 1 .0 С humic acids ^ С f u lv ic acids 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.0 1 .0 1.0 * in per cent of t o ta l С 3*
B y com paring re sp e c tiv e p a irs of soils (1 and la, 2 and 2a, etc., Tab. 3) it is found th a t in m ea d o w -p a stu re soils th e re a re tw ice as m uch m obile h u m u s com pounds passing into 0.1 N N a4P207 solu tion th a n in a rab le soils. M obile h u m u s com pounds a re b ou nd in com plexes w ith cations, th e ir co ntents being th e h ig h er th e ric h e r in ex ch ang eable cations in th e soil (com pare d a ta for 0.1 N N a4P207 in T able 3 w ith those for exch an geab le bases in T able 2). W h en iso lating h u m u s com pounds m ore stro n g ly bound w ith th e clayey p a rt of th e soil, by successive e x tra ctio n w ith 0.1 N NaOH, w e ob tain also p ron ou nced d iffe re n tia tio n in th e co n tents of th e h u m u s fraction , re la te d to a g ric u ltu ra l utilization . In th is e x tra c tio n alm ost tw ice m o re h u m u s com pounds are iso lated fro m a ra b le th a n from m ea d o w -p a stu re soils (Tab. 3). Also in th e n e x t e x tra c tio n w ith 0.1 N NaOH, a fte r p rev iou s decom position of clay -h u m u s com plexes by m eans of su lp h u ric acid, w e o b tain p ron o unced d ifferences in th e am oun ts of isolated h u m u s com pounds a t v ariou s a g ric u ltu ra l utilization. In e v ery case m ore of th ese h u m u s com pounds w ere isolated from th e arab le soils th a n form th e m ea d o w -p a stu re soils.
T he above rese a rc h re su lts as w ell as those prev io u sly pu b lish ed [3, 4] fu lly confirm th e usab ility of o u r m eth o d for d e term in in g th e com po sition of h u m u s in soils of v ario u s a g ric u ltu ra l u tilization . W ith th is m eth o d e v e ry e x tra c tio n shows a d istin et difference in th e am o unts of hu m u s com pounds isolated from soil, w hich is re la te d to th e w ay of soil utilization.
REFERENCES
[1] В о г а Гу ń s к i K., W i l k K.: Badania na próchnicą. III. Ekstrakcja zw iązków organicznych z m ineralnych gleb kom pleksujących roztworami NaF, (NH4)2F 2, Na4P 20 7, N a2C;>04 Studies on humus. III. Extraction of organie compounds from m ineral soils by use of com plexing reagents NaF, (NH4)2F 2, N a4P 20 7, N a2C20 4. R oczniki Gleboznawcze t. XIV, 1964, z. 1.
[2] B o r a t y ń s k i K., W i l k K.: Investigations in com plex use of different extractans (NaF, (NH4)2F 2, Na4P 20 7, NaOH) for extraction of organic com plexes from soil. Studies about humus. Symposion hum us and plant. 1961, Praha 1962, s. 27.
[3] B o r a t y ń s k i K., W i l k K.: Nowa m etoda analizy frakcjonow anej zw iązków próchnicznych w glebach m ineralnych. (A new method of fractional analysis of humus compounds in m ineral soils). Zeszyty Problem owe Postępów Nauk Roln., 40a, 1963, s. 157.
[4] W i l k K.: Porównanie polskiej i radzieckiej m etody oznaczania składu próchni cy w glebach o różnym stanie kultury. (Comparison of a polish and USSR m ethod for determ ination of hum us com position in soils w ith different states of cultivation). Roczniki Gleboznawcze, Dodatek do tomu 13, 1963, s. 181.
Humus fractionation w ith the Boratyński-W ilk method 37
К . B O R A T Y Ń S K I , К . W I L K
EINE METHODE DER FRAKTIONSANALYSE VON HUMSUVERBINDUNGEN VON BORATYŃSKI UND WILK UND VERWENDUNG DER METHODE ZUR
BESTIMMUNG DER HUMUSZUSAMMENSETZUNG VON MINERALBÖDEN VERSCHIEDENER LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHER NUTZUNG
L e h r s t u h l f ü r l a n d w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e C h e m i e d e r L a n d w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n H o c h s c h u l e , W r o c ł a w
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
Eine neue M ethode zur Fraktionierung der H um usverbindungen in Böden w urde bearbeitet und das Schem a der A nalyse angegeben. D ie Bestim m ung der Fraktions zusam m ensetzung des Humus in Böden desselben Bodentypes, aber von verschie dener landw irtschaftlicher N utzung (Tab. 1, 2) w urde durchgeführt. Es wurde an gezeigt, dass diese M ethode deutlich den U nterschied des prozentualen A nteils ein zelner H um usfraktionen in Abhängigkeit von der Nutzungsart des Bodens erken nen lässt.
K . B O R A T Y Ń S K I , K . W I L K
MÉTHODE D ’ANALYSE FRACTIONNÉE DES COMPOSÉS HUMIQUES DE BORATYŃSKI ET WILK ET SON UTILITÉ PRATIQUE
POUR DÉTERMINER LA COMPOSITION DE L’HUMUS D A N S LES SOLS DE DIFFÉRENTE UTILISATION AGRICOLE
C h a i r e d e C h i m i e A g r i c o l e d e l ’E c o l e S u p é r i e u r e d ’A g r i c u l t u r e à W r o c ł a w
R é s u m é
U ne m éthode nouvelle d’analyse fractionnée des com posés hum iques dans les sols a été élaborée. Le schéma de cette analyse a été indiqué. On procéda à la déterm ination de la com position fractionnée de l ’humus dans les sols appartenant du m êm e type, m ais de différente u tilisation agricole (tabl. 1 et 2). On a pu dém ontrer que l ’em ploi de la m éthode en question perm et une différenciation distincte du pour centage de la teneur en différentes fractions humiques, suivant la m anière d’u tili sation du sol (tabl. 3).
K . B O R A T Y Ń S K I , К . W I L K
METODA FRAKCJONOWANEJ ANALIZY ZWIĄZKÓW PRÓCHNICZNYCH BORATYŃSKIEGO I WILKA I JEJ PRZYDATNOŚĆ DO OZNACZANIA
SKŁADU PRÓCHNICY W GLEBACH O RÓŻNYM UŻYTKOWANIU ROLNICZYM
K a t e d r a C h e m i i R o l n e j , W S R W r o c ł a w
S t r e s z c z e n i e
Opracowano nową m etodę analizy frakcjonow anej zw iązków próchnicznych w glebach i podano schem at tej analizy. Przeprowadzono oznaczenie składu frak cyj nego próchnicy w glebach należących do tego samego typu glebowego, ale o różnym
użytkow aniu rolniczym (tab. 1 i 2). Wykazano, że zastosow anie tej m etody daje w y raźne zróżnicowanie w procentowym udziale poszczególnych frak cji próchnicznych w zależności od sposobu użytkow ania gleby.
К . Б О Р А Т Ы Н Ь С К И , К . В И Л Ь К МЕТОД ФРАКЦИОНИРОВАННОГО АНАЛИ ЗА ГУМУСОВЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ ПО БОРАТЫНЬСКОМУ И ВИЛЬКУ И ЕГО ПРИГОДНОСТЬ ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ СОСТАВА ГУМУСА В МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ ПОЧВАХ РАЗЛИЧНОГО СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ К а ф е д р а А г р о х и м и и В р о ц л а в с к о й С е л ь с к о х о з я й с т в е н н о й А к а д е м и и Р е з ю м е Разработан новый метод фракционированного анализа гумусовых соедине ний в почвах и показана схема этого анализа. Проведено определение состава фракций гумуса в почвах принадлежащ их к одному почвенному типу, но отли чающихся различным сельскохозяйственным использованием (таб. 1 и 2). Обна ружено, что применение этого метода дает возможность учесть различия во фракциях гумуса, в зависимости от способа использования почв (таб. 3).
