• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Opublikowano w: Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Opublikowano w: Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu"

Copied!
15
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

Adam Ploszka 

ÅŮ<&,(52'=,11(µ:35$:,(32/6.,0&=<0-(67$&=<01,(-(67"**

 :VWēS

:]ZLĊ]NX]SRVWęSXMĊF\PL]PLDQDPLVSRâHF]Q\PLUHIOHNVMDQDWHPDWNZHVWLL]ZLĊ]DQ\FK

]UHJXODFMĊů\FLDURG]LQQHJRZ3ROVFHQDELHUDFRUD]ZLęNV]HJR]QDF]HQLDL]DMPXMHFRUD]ZLęFHM

PLHMVFDZGHEDFLHSXEOLF]QHM&HOHPQLQLHMV]HJRRSUDFRZDQLDMHVWSUyEDXG]LHOHQLDRGSRZLHG]L

QDQDVWęSXMĊFHS\WDQLDMDNQDJUXQFLHSUDZDSROVNLHJRGHILQLRZDQHVĊSRMęFLDURG]LQ\Lů\FLD

URG]LQQHJRMDNQDOHů\UR]XPLHýLQVW\WXFMęPDâůHľVWZDF]\SRMęFLHPů\FLDURG]LQQHJRREMęWH

VĊW]Z]ZLĊ]NLSDUWQHUVNLHZUHV]FLHMDNLZSâ\ZQDGHILQLRZDQLHURG]LQ\Z\ZLHUDG]LHFNRLF]\

QDOHů\X]QDýMH]DVXEVWDQFMDOQ\HOHPHQWURG]LQ\"

3UyED XG]LHOHQLD RGSRZLHG]L QD SRZ\ůV]H S\WDQLD ]RVWDQLH GRNRQDQD Z RSDUFLX

RSU]HSLV\SUDZDSROVNLHJRZW\PJâyZQLH.RQVW\WXFMę53MDNLZLĊůĊFH3ROVNęVWDQGD

UG\PLęG]\QDURGRZHZ\QLNDMĊFH](XURSHMVNLHM.RQZHQFML3UDZ&]âRZLHNDLF]âRQNRVWZD

5]HF]SRVSROLWHM3ROVNLHMZ8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM GDOHM8( 

 5RG]LQDMDNRLQVW\WXFMDSUDZQDRUD]PRijOLZHGRZ\RGUēEQLHQLDSRGW\S\²

PRGHOHURG]LQ\

5HJXODFML ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR SRœZLęFRQR V]HUHJ SU]HSLVyZ SUDZD NUDMRZHJR L PLęG]\QD

URGRZHJR&R]DW\PLG]LHSRMęFLHURG]LQ\Lů\FLDURG]LQQHJR]QDOD]âRVZRMHRG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH

ZV]HUHJXSU]HSLVDFK.RQVW\WXFML53Å0DâůHľVWZRLURG]LQDQDOHůĊGRZDUWRœFLVDPRLVWQ\FK

SHâQLĊFMHGQRF]HœQLHUROęLQVWUXPHQWDOQĊZRGQLHVLHQLXGRUHDOL]DFMLâDGXVSRâHF]QHJRLSRU]ĊGNX

SUDZQHJR=W\FKZ]JOęGyZNRQVW\WXFMDMDNRXVWDZD]DVDGQLF]D]DZLHUDVWRVRZQHQRUP\ZVND

]XMĊFHQDVWRVXQHNSDľVWZDGRURG]LQ\D]ZâDV]F]D]DNUHVXMHMRFKURQ\µ1RUP\WHUHNRQVWUX

 $XWRUMHVWVWXGHQWHP9URNXSUDZDQD:\G]LDOH3UDZDL$GPLQLVWUDFML8QLZHUV\WHWX:DUV]DZVNLHJR

 1LQLHMV]\ DUW\NXâ SRZVWDâ G]LęNL ů\F]OLZHM L SU]\MD]QHM SRPRF\ SURI 0LURVâDZD :\U]\NRZVNLHJR ]

=DNâDGX3UDZ&]âRZLHND:\G]LDâX3UDZDL$GPLQLVWUDFML8:PRMHJRWXWRUDUDPDFK&ROOHJLXP,QYLVLELOOH

]DFRPXVHUGHF]QLHG]LęNXMę

 7\WXâHPSU]\NâDGX8VWDZD]GQLD]GQLDOXWHJRU².RGHNVURG]LQQ\LRSLHNXľF]\ ']81U

SR]]H]P XVWDZD]GQLDOLSFDU²RSU]HFLZG]LDâDQLXSU]HPRF\ZURG]LQLH ']81U

SR]  ]H ]P  XVWDZD ] GQLD  F]HUZFD  U R ZVSLHUDQLX URG]LQ\ L V\VWHPLH SLHF]\ ]DVWęSF]HM

']81USR]]H]P 

 7\WXâHP SU]\NâDGX (XURSHMVND .RQZHQFMD R SU]\VSRVRELHQLX G]LHFL ]  U (XURSHMVND

.RQZHQFMD R VWDWXVLH SUDZQ\P G]LHFND SR]DPDâůHľVNLHJR ] U (XURSHMVND .RQZHQFMD R

X]QDZDQLXLZ\NRQ\ZDQLXRU]HF]HľGRW\F]ĊF\FKSLHF]\QDGG]LHFNLHPRUD]RSU]\ZUDFDQLXSLHF]\]

U (XURSHMVND .RQZHQFMD R Z\NRQ\ZDQLX SUDZ G]LHFL ]  U .RQZHQFMH GRVWęSQH QD VWURQLH

LQWHUQHWRZHM5DG\(XURS\KWWSZZZFRQYHQWLRQVFRHLQW GDWDSREUDQLDU 

 ']8]OLSFDU1USR]]H]P

 76P\F]\ľVNL3UDZRURG]LQQHLVWRVXQNLURG]LQQRSUDZQH>Z@6\VWHP3UDZD3U\ZDWQHJR7RP;,:DUV]DZD

Opublikowano w: Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu

Warszawskiego, nr 1-2, rok XII, Warszawa 2013.

(2)

35=(*/ĉ'35$:1,&=<

RZDQHVĊQDSRGVWDZLHQDVWęSXMĊF\FKSU]HSLVyZDUW RNWyU\PSRQLůHM DUWXVW

UyZQRœýNRELHW\LPęůF]\]Q\Zů\FLXURG]LQQ\P DUW RFKURQDSUDZQDSU\ZDWQRœFLů\FLD

URG]LQQHJR DUWXVW RFKURQDSUDZQDSUDZURG]LFLHOVNLFK DUWXVW]GZ]ZLĊ]NX

]DUWXVW SUDZRURG]LFyZGRZ\FKRZ\ZDQLDG]LHFL]JRGQLH]ZâDVQ\PLSU]HNRQDQLDPL

ZW\PGR]DSHZQLHQLDG]LHFLRPZ\FKRZDQLDLQDXF]DQLDPRUDOQHJRLUHOLJLMQHJR DUW RFK

URQDGREUDURG]LQ\LSUDZRURG]LQ\RUD]PDWNLGRSRPRF\]HVWURQ\ZâDG]SXEOLF]Q\FK DWDNůH

DUWXVW]GDUWXVWDUWXVWLDUW RFKURQDSUDZG]LHFND 

7DN OLF]QD JUXSD SU]HSLVyZ RG]ZLHUFLHGOD SRGVWDZRZĊ UROę MDNĊ SHâQL URG]LQD

Zů\FLX VSRâHF]Q\P 'R QDMZDůQLHMV]\FK IXQNFML MDNLH PD VSHâQLDý URG]LQD ]DOLF]D VLę

IXQNFMH SURNUHDF\MQĊ RSLHNXľF]Ċ RUD] Z\FKRZDZF]RVRFMDOL]DF\MQĊ :VSRPQLDQH

IXQNFMH SR]ZDODMĊ X]QDý ]DVDGQRœý SRJOĊGX ůH Å «  WR JâyZQLH RG NRQG\FML URG]LQ\

]DOHů\]DNUHVSUREOHPyZL]DGDľVWRMĊF\FKSU]HGRUJDQDPLSDľVWZDµ

:œUyG ZVND]DQ\FK Z\ůHM SU]HSLVyZ UHJXOXMĊF\FK VWDWXV URG]LQ\ ]D QDMLVWRWQLHMV]\

LQDMF]ęœFLHM SU]\ZRâ\ZDQ\ X]QDMH VLę DUW  NWyU\ VWDQRZL ůH Å>P@DâůHľVWZR MDNR ]ZLĊ]HN

NRELHW\LPęůF]\]Q\URG]LQDPDFLHU]\ľVWZRLURG]LFLHOVWZR]QDMGXMĊVLęSRGRFKURQĊLRSLHNĊ

5]HF]SRVSROLWHM3ROVNLHMµ3U]HSLVWHQMDNRMHG\Q\VSRœUyGJUXS\ZVND]DQ\FKZ\ůHMSU]HSLVyZ

PDMĊF\FKZSâ\ZQDVWDWXVURG]LQ\]RVWDâXPLHV]F]RQ\ZUR]G]LDOHSLHUZV]\P.RQVW\WXFML53

RNUHœODMĊF\P]DVDG\XVWURMX5]HF]SRVSROLWHM3ROVNLHM3HâQLRQGZRMDNĊIXQNFMęSRSLHUZV]H

Å «  MHVW HOHPHQWHP DNVMRORJLL NRQVW\WXF\MQHM RNUHœODMĊF SRGVWDZRZH ZDUWRœFL ]ZLĊ]DQH

]LQVW\WXFMĊURG]LQ\LMHMUROĊZVSRâHF]HľVWZLH « >SRGUXJLH²SU]\S$3@MHVWHOHPHQWHP

Z\]QDF]DQLDFHOyZL]DGDľZâDG]\SXEOLF]QHMERQDNâDGDQDWHZâDG]HRERZLĊ]HN©RFKURQ\

LRSLHNLª « ZDUWRœFLZVND]DQ\FKZW\PSU]HSLVLHµ

3RMęFLD ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR URG]LQ\ VĊ SRMęFLDPL XVWDZRZ\PL NRQVW\WXF\MQ\P  QLH

]GHILQLRZDQ\PLZ ůDGQ\PDNFLH SUDZQ\P :VSRPQLDQ\EUDN ]RVWDâ GRVWU]HůRQ\ SU]H]

7U\EXQDâ.RQVW\WXF\MQ\ZZ\URNXZVSUDZLH6.7U\EXQDâVWZLHUG]LâůHÅ>E@UDN

GHILQLFMLURG]LQ\Z.RQVW\WXFMLQDZHWZœZLHWOHGRNRQXMĊF\FKVLęSU]HPLDQVSRâHF]Q\FK

QLH VNXWNXMH EUDNLHP PRůOLZRœFL ]UHNRQVWUXRZDQLD WHJR SRMęFLD : SLHUZV]\P U]ęG]LH

WU]HED RGZRâDý VLę GR Mę]\NRZHJR MHJR ]QDF]HQLD ª5RG]LQD© ² Z œFLVâ\P WHJR VâRZD

UR]XPLHQLX²WRZVSyOQRWDURG]LFyZQDMF]ęœFLHMPDâůHľVWZDLG]LHFL1DWRPLDVWªURG]LQD

QLHSHâQD©WRURG]LQDZNWyUHMEUDNMHVWMHGQHJR]URG]LFyZ ]RE6âRZQLN-ę]\ND3ROVNLHJR

3:1  1D JUXQFLH SU]HSLVyZ NRQVW\WXF\MQ\FK QLH PD MHGQRF]HœQLH SRGVWDZ GR

RGVWĊSLHQLDRGSRZV]HFKQHJR]QDF]HQLDSRMęýMDNLHXNV]WDâWRZDâ\VLęZMę]\NXSROVNLP

: œZLHWOH SU]HSLVyZ NRQVW\WXF\MQ\FK ]D ªURG]LQę© QDOHů\ ]DWHP X]QDý NDůG\ WUZDâ\

]ZLĊ]HN GZyFK OXE ZLęFHM RVyE VNâDGDMĊF\ VLę ] FR QDMPQLHM MHGQHM RVRE\ GRURVâHM

LG]LHFNDRSDUW\QDZLę]DFKHPRFMRQDOQ\FKSUDZQ\FKDSU]HZDůQLHWDNůHLQDZLę]DFK

NUZL5RG]LQDPRůHE\ýªSHâQD©ZW\PªZLHORG]LHWQD©OXEªQLHSHâQD©5RG]LQDªSHâQD©

VNâDGDVLę]GZRMJDRVyEGRURVâ\FKSR]RVWDMĊF\FKZHZVSyOQRFLHGRPRZHML]ZLĊ]DQ\FK

ZLę]DPL XF]XFLRZ\PL RUD] Z\FKRZ\ZDQHJR SU]H] QLH ZVSyOQHJR G]LHFND G]LHFL 

 / *DUOLFNL .RPHQWDU] GR DUW  .RQVW\WXFML >Z@ / *DUOLFNL UHG .RQVW\WXFMD 5]HF]\SRVSROLWHM 3ROVNLHM

.RPHQWDU]W:DUV]DZD

 Å1D JUXQFLH VRFMRORJLL URG]LQD FKDUDNWHU\]RZDQD MHVW MDNR SHZQD JUXSD VSRâHF]QD R V]F]HJyOQ\FK

FHFKDFKVSHâQLDMĊFDVRELHW\ONRZâDœFLZHIXQNFMHµ²0áĊF]NRZVND=ZLĊ]NLRVyEWHMVDPHMSâFLZœZLHWOH

SUDZDSROVNLHJR>Z@3:LOLľVNL UHG 3UDZRZREHFZ\]ZDľZVSyâF]HVQRœFL3R]QDľ

 0 'REURZROVNL 6WDWXV SUDZQ\ URG]LQ\ Z œZLHWOH QRZHM .RQVW\WXFML 5]HF]\SRVSROLWHM 3ROVNLHM Å3U]HJOĊG

6HMPRZ\µV

 ,ELGHP

(3)

ÅŮ<&,(52'=,11(µ:35$:,(32/6.,0&=<0-(67$&=<01,(-(67" 

5RG]LQęªQLHSHâQĊ©WZRU]\QDWRPLDVWMHGHQGRURVâ\LZ\FKRZ\ZDQHSU]H]QLHJRG]LHFNR

G]LHFL µ

: W\P VDP\P Z\URNX 7U\EXQDâ VSURZDG]Lâ MHGQDNůH URG]LQę GR ]ZLĊ]NX NRELHW\

LPęůF]\]Q\VWZLHUG]DMĊFůHÅRFKURQDURG]LQ\UHDOL]RZDQDSU]H]ZâDG]HSXEOLF]QHPXVL

XZ]JOęGQLDý SU]\MęWĊ Z .RQVW\WXFML ZL]Mę URG]LQ\ MDNR WUZDâHJR ]ZLĊ]NX PęůF]\]Q\

LNRELHW\ QDNLHURZDQHJR QD PDFLHU]\ľVWZR L RGSRZLHG]LDOQH URG]LFLHOVWZR YLGH DUW 

.RQVW\WXFML µ 3RGREQLH SRMęFLH URG]LQ\ GHILQLXMĊ QLHNWyU]\ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH GRNWU\Q\

X]QDMĊF ůH Å>S@UHIHURZDQĊ NRQVW\WXF\MQLH ZL]MĊ URG]LQ\ MHVW WUZDâ\ ]ZLĊ]HN NRELHW\

LPęůF]\]Q\QDNLHURZDQ\QDPDFLHU]\ľVWZRLRGSRZLHG]LDOQHURG]LFLHOVWZRµ

=DSUH]HQWRZDQ\Z\ůHMWU\EUR]XPRZDQLD7U\EXQDâX.RQVW\WXF\MQHJRVWDQRZLHOHPHQW

XWUZDORQHM OLQLL RU]HF]QLF]HM 7U\EXQDâ NRQVHNZHQWQLH Å «  SU]\MPXMH ůH QDOHů\ âĊF]QLH

SRVWU]HJDý]DVDGęRFKURQ\LRSLHNLQDGURG]LQĊZ\QLNDMĊFĊ]DUW.RQVW\WXFML]RSLHNĊQDG

PDâůHľVWZHPPDFLHU]\ľVWZHPLURG]LFLHOVWZHP2]QDF]DWRZV]F]HJyOQRœFLůHRSLHNDQDG

URG]LQĊQLHSRZLQQDE\ýSRMPRZDQDZVSRVyENWyU\QDUXV]DâE\]DVDGęRFKURQ\RRSLHNLQDG

PDâůHľVWZHP ]ZâDV]F]D ]Dœ QDG VWDELOQRœFLĊ PDâůHľVWZD 1D W\P WOH 7U\EXQDâ X]QDâ

UR]ZLĊ]DQLD SROHJDMĊFH QD SUHIHURZDQLX ©RVyE VDPRWQLH Z\FKRZXMĊF\FK G]LHFLª ² SU]H]

SU]\]QDQLHLPGRGDWNXGR]DVLâNXURG]LQQHJR NLHG\WDNLHJRGRGDWNXVĊSR]EDZLRQHRVRE\

Z\FKRZXMĊFHG]LHFNRZURG]LQLH²]D]DFKęFDMĊFHGR]PLDQ\VWDWXVXSUDZQHJRURG]LQ\FR

VWDQRZL]DJURůHQLHGODWUZDâRœFLPDFLHU]\ľVWZDDW\PVDP\PQDUXV]DDUW.RQVW\WXFMLµ

:W\PPLHMVFX]DX]DVDGQLRQHQDOHů\X]QDýSRVWDZLHQLHS\WDQLDF]\ZLVWRFLH]JRGQLH

] SRZ\ůV]\P Z\URNLHP URG]LQę QDOHů\ VSURZDG]Lý GR ]ZLĊ]NX NRELHW\ L PęůF]\]Q\"

3R]\W\ZQD RGSRZLHGŭ QD SRZ\ůV]H S\WDQLH Z\NOXF]D VSRGSRMęFLDURG]LQ\V]HUHJLQQ\FK

]ZLĊ]NyZRFKDUDNWHU]HIDNW\F]Q\P RNWyU\FKV]HU]HMQLůHM 1HJDW\ZQHMRGSRZLHG]LQDWDN

VNRQVWUXRZDQHS\WDQLHPRůQDGRV]XNDýVLęVWDQRZLVNX.RPLWHWX1DXN

3UDZQ\FKZ\UDůRQHZ]ZLĊ]NX]SURMHNWHPXVWDZR]ZLĊ]NDFKSDUWQHUVNLFK

:OLœFLHW\PGRVWU]HůRQRůHÅ>Z@\NâDGQLDDUW.RQVW\WXFMLQLHGDMH « SRGVWDZ\GR

ZQLRVNX ůH PDâůHľVWZR MDNR ]ZLĊ]HN NRELHW\ L PęůF]\]Q\ MHVW MHG\QĊ PRůOLZĊ SRGVWDZĊ

URG]LQ\ZV]F]HJyOQRœFLQLHSU]HNUHœODGRœýRF]\ZLVWHMNRQVWDWDFMLLů²ZP\œOVWDQRZLVND

GRNWU\Q\ SUDZD RU]HF]QLFWZD L EDGDľ QDXN VSRâHF]Q\FK ² ZVSyâF]HœQLH URG]LQę PRJĊ

 :\URN7U\EXQDâX.RQVW\WXF\MQHJR]GQLDNZLHWQLDU6. 27.=8QU$

SR] 

 ,ELGHPSDUDJUDIZ\URNX

 0=XELN3RGPLRW\NRQVW\WXF\MQ\FKZROQRœFLSUDZLRERZLĊ]NyZÅ3U]HJOĊG/HJLVODF\MQ\µQU

 ,ELGHP

 3U]HGPLRWRZHVWDQRZLVNR]GQLDU]DZLHUDâRV\QWHW\F]QH]HVWDZLHQLHZ\SRZLHG]LRSLQLHL

VXJHVWLH F]âRQNyZ .RPLWHWX 1DXN 3UDZQ\FK ZREHF SURMHNWyZ SRVHOVNLFK XVWDZ R ]ZLĊ]NDFK

SDUWQHUVNLFK RUD] SU]HSLVyZ ZSURZDG]DMĊF\FK SU]\JRWRZDQ\ Z ]ZLĊ]NX ] VNLHURZDQLHP SURœE\ GR

3UH]HVD3ROVNLHM$NDGHPLL1DXNRZ\UDůHQLHRSLQLLRZVSRPQLDQ\FKSURMHNWDFKSU]H]0DUV]DâND6HMPX

 7\WXâHPSU]\NâDGX11D]DUSRMęFLHURG]LQ\UHNRQVWUXXMHQDSRGVWDZLHV]HUHJXSU]HSLVyZGRFKRG]ĊF

GRQDVWęSXMĊFHJRZQLRVNXMHVWRQDXMPRZDQDQDJUXQFLHLQQ\FKXVWDZV]HU]HMQLůSU]\MęWHZNRGHNVLH

URG]LQQ\PLRSLHNXľF]\PÅ QSDUWSNW3RP6SRâ8 ZHGâXJNWyUHJRURG]LQęWZRU]ĊWDNůHRVRE\

QLHVSRNUHZQLRQH SR]RVWDMĊFH Z IDNW\F]Q\P ]ZLĊ]NX ZVSyOQLH ]DPLHV]NXMĊFH L JRVSRGDUXMĊFH 

>3RGREQLH ² SU]\ $3@ XVWDZD ]  U R SU]HFLZG]LDâDQLX SU]HPRF\ Z URG]LQLH ² WHUPLQHP

ÅF]âRQHN URG]LQ\µ RNUHœOD RVREę QDMEOLůV]Ċ Z UR]XPLHQLX DUW  †  NN D WDNůH ÅRVREę ZVSyOQLH

]DPLHV]NXMĊFĊOXEJRVSRGDUXMĊFĊµ DUWSNW 8VWDZDV]HURNR]DNUHœODNUĊJURG]LQ\Z\NUDF]DMĊFSR]D

RVRE\ WZRU]ĊFH URG]LQę Z UR]XPLHQLX ]DSHZQLD RFKURQę SU]HG SU]HPRFĊ Z URG]LQLH WDNůH RVRERP

SR]RVWDMĊF\PZNRQNXELQDFLHµ01D]DUUR]G]LDâ;,.RQNXELQDW>Z@3UDZRURG]LQQHLRSLHNXľF]HWRP;,

6\VWHP3UDZD3U\ZDWQHJRUHG76P\F]\QVNLV

(4)

35=(*/ĉ'35$:1,&=<

WZRU]\ý L IDNW\F]QLH WZRU]Ċ  RVRE\ IXQNFMRQXMĊFH Z GâXJRWUZDâ\P SRů\FLX SURZDG]ĊFH

ZVSyOQH JRVSRGDUVWZR Z\FKRZXMĊFH G]LHFL L ELRUĊFH ]D QLH ZVSyâRGSRZLHG]LDOQRœý 7DN

SRMPRZDQD URG]LQD PRůH E\ý RSDUWD QD ]ZLĊ]NX RVyE UyůQHM DOER WHM VDPHM SâFLµ

3RPRFQ\P GOD UR]VWU]\JQLęFLD SRZVWDâHM ZĊWSOLZRœFL GRW\F]ĊFHM GHILQLFML URG]LQ\ F]\ ů\FLD

URG]LQQHJR PRJĊ E\ý ZLĊůĊFH 53 VWDQGDUG\ PLęG]\QDURGRZHM RFKURQ\ SUDZ F]âRZLHND

RF]\PV]HU]HMZGDOV]HMF]ęœFLQLQLHMV]HJRRSUDFRZDQLD

.RQVW\WXF\MQDUHJXODFMDLQVW\WXFMLPDãijHĝVWZDLMHMLQWHUSUHWDFMD

3U]\ZRâDQ\ Z\ůHM SU]HSLV DUW\NXâX  .RQVW\WXFML VWDQRZLĊF\ ]DVDGę XVWURMRZĊ ²

DZLęF QRUPĊ SURJUDPRZĊ ² Z MHGQ\PW\ONR IUDJPHQFLHSRVLDGDRGPLHQQ\ FKDUDNWHU²

FKDUDNWHUQRUP\SUDZQHM)UDJPHQWHPW\PMHVWGHILQLFMDPDâůHľVWZDRNUHœODMĊFDMHMDNR

]ZLĊ]HN NRELHW\ L PęůF]\]Q\ .RQVW\WXF\MQD GHILQLFMD PDâůHľVWZD SURZDG]L NRPHQWD

WRUyZGR]JRGQ\FKNRQNOX]ML/*DUOLFNLXZDůDLůÅ]DND]XMHWRXVWDZRGDZF\]Z\NâHPX

QDGDZDQLDFKDUDNWHUXPDâůHľVWZD]ZLĊ]NRPIDNW\F]Q\P NRQNXELQDWRZL PLęG]\NRELHWĊ

L PęůF]\]QĊ MDN WHů ]ZLĊ]NRP SRPLęG]\ RVREDPL MHGQHM SâFLµ 3RGREQLH - %Rý

VWZLHUG]D ůH ÅX]QDQLH Z .RQVW\WXFML PDâůHľVWZD ]D ]ZLĊ]HN NRELHW\ LPęůF]\]Q\

SU]HFLęâRUyZQLHůPRůOLZRœFLLQQHJRIRUPXâRZDQLDLLQQHJRNRQVWUXRZDQLDPDâůHľVWZD

Z VIHU]H SUDZQHMµ : QRZV]\P NRPHQWDU]X % %DQDV]DN Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR GHILQLFMD

PDâůHľVWZDVWZLHUG]DůHÅ « XVWDZRGDZFDQLHPDPRůOLZRœFLDQL]PLDQ\WHMGHILQLFML

DQL IRUPXâRZDQLD LQQ\FK NRQVWUXNFML SUDZQ\FK NWyUH RJUDQLF]Dâ\E\ IXQNFMH ]ZLĊ]DQH

]URG]LFLHOVWZHP UR]XPLDQ\P MDN SURNUHDFMD L Z\FKRZ\ZDQLH G]LHFLµ :SRGREQ\P

GXFKX EU]PL Z\SRZLHGŭ 0 'REURZROVNLHJR NWyU\ NRPHQWXMĊF NRQVW\WXF\MQĊ GHILQLFMę

PDâůHľVWZDVWZLHUG]LâůHÅMHVWWRUR]ZLĊ]DQLHSR]\W\ZQHSRQLHZDůXWUXGQLHZHQWXDOQĊ

SUyEęOHJDOL]DFMLPDâůHľVWZKRPRVHNVXDOQ\FKµ

: SRGREQ\P GXFKX EU]PLZ\SRZLHGŭ 7U\EXQDâX .RQVW\WXF\MQHJR NWyU\ ]ZUyFLâ

XZDJęůHÅ>P@DâůHľVWZR MDNR]ZLĊ]HNNRELHW\LPęůF]\]Q\ X]\VNDâRZSUDZLHNUDMRZ\P

53 RGUęEQ\ VWDWXV NRQVW\WXF\MQ\ ]GHWHUPLQRZDQ\ SRVWDQRZLHQLDPL DUW  .RQVW\WXFML

=PLDQD WHJR VWDWXVX E\âDE\ PRůOLZD MHG\QLH SU]\ ]DFK RZDQLX U\JRUyZ WU\EX ]PLDQ\

.RQVW\WXFMLRNUHœORQ\FKZDUWWHJRDNWX:ůDGQ\PZ\SDGNXWDNůH]HZ]JOęGyZ

IRUPDOQRSUDZQ\FK ]PLDQD FKDUDNWHUX F]\ VWDWXVX PDâůHľVWZD Z SROVNLP V\VWHPLH

SUDZQR NRQVW\WXF\MQ\P QLH PRJâDE\ SU]\MĊý IRUP\ UDW\ILNRZDQHM XPRZ\ PLęG]\QDUR

GRZHM QDZHWUDW\ILNRZDQHMZVSRVyENZDOLILNRZDQ\ µ

3RZ\ůV]H Z\SRZLHG]L NRQFHQWUXMĊ VLę QD ]DJDGQLHQLX ÅSRGPLRWyZµ NWyUH PRJĊ

F]HUSDý]LQVW\WXFMLPDâůHľVWZD7UXGQRGRV]XNDýVLęRGSRZLHG]LF]\PPDâůHľVWZRUyůQL

VLę RG LQQ\FK IRUP SRů\FLD 2GSRZLHGŭ PRůQD Z\ZQLRVNRZDý PLQ ]H VWDQRZLVND

76P\F]\ľVNLHJR NWyU\ VWZLHUG]Lâ ůH Å>W@UZDâH SR]\FLH PęůF]\]Q\ L NRELHW\ SUDZQLH

XQRUPRZDQHMHVWQD]\ZDQHPDâůHľVWZHP « MHVW>RQR²SU]\S$3@HOHPHQWHPâDGX

 6WDQRZLVNR .RPLWHWX 1DXN 3UDZQ\FK  Z\UDůRQH Z ]ZLĊ]NX ] SURMHNWHP XVWDZ R ]ZLĊ]NDFK  SDUWQHUVNLFK

 /*DUOLFNL.RPHQWDU]GRDUW.RQVW\WXFML«

 ,ELGHP

 -%Rý UHG .RQVW\WXFMH5]HF]SRVSROLWHMRUD]NRPHQWDU]GR.RQVW\WXFML53]U:URFâDZUV

 %%DQDV]DN.RQVW\WXFMD5]HF]SRVSROLWHM3ROVNLHM.RPHQWDU]:DUV]DZDV

 0'REURZROVNL6WDWXVURG]LQ\ZœZLHWOH.RQVW\WXFMLÅ3U]HJOĊG6HMPRZ\µV

 :\URN7U\EXQDâX.RQVW\WXF\MQHJR]GQLDPDMDU. 27.$SR] 

(5)

ÅŮ<&,(52'=,11(µ:35$:,(32/6.,0&=<0-(67$&=<01,(-(67" 

LSRU]ĊGNX SUDZQHJR Z SDľVWZLH D SDľVWZR MHVW ]DLQWHUHVRZDQH SUDZLGâRZ\P SRZVWD

QLHPLIXQNFMRQRZDQLHPPDâůHľVWZDLSRZVWDâHMZWHQVSRVyEURG]LQ\1LHMHVWERZLHP

SU]HVDGĊůHSDľVWZR VSRâHF]HľVWZR MHVWSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPVXPĊURG]LQµ:SRZ\ůV]HM

Z\SRZLHG]LDXWRU]GDMHVLęXWRůVDPLDý]HVREĊSRMęFLHPDâůHľVWZDLURG]LQ\'HILQLXMĊF

SRMęFLHPDâůHľVWZDZVSRPQLDQ\DXWRU]DXZDůDÅ0DâůHľVWZRLZVSyOQHSRů\FLHNRELHW\

LPęůF]\]Q\ VĊ ]MDZLVNLHP SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP VSRâHF]Q\P Z\QLNDMĊF\P ] W]Z QDWXU\

U]HF]\ 1DWXUDOQ\ SRSęG SâFLRZ\ Z VWRVXQNDFK PLęG]\ NRELHWĊ L PęůF]\]QĊ MHVW

HOHPHQWHPFDâHJRV\VWHPXSUDZU]ĊG]ĊF\FKœZLDWHPSU]\URG\ZNWyU\PRVREQLNLPęVNLH

âĊF]ĊVLę]RVREQLNLHPůHľVNLP]DSHZQLDMĊFWUZDQLHRNUHœORQHJRJDWXQNXµ

=SRZ\ůV]\FKZ\SRZLHG]LZ\QLNDZVSRVyEMHGQR]QDF]Q\ůHSRMęFLHPDâůHľVWZD

ZNRQVW\WXFML MHVW ]DVWU]HůRQH MHG\QLH GOD ]ZLĊ]NX NRELHW\ L PęůF]\]Q\ 1D JUXQFLH

RERZLĊ]XMĊFHJR VWDQX SUDZQHJR SU]\ Xů\FLX GRVWęSQHJR LQVWUXPHQWDULXP SUDZQHJR QLHPRůOLZ\P Z\GDMH VLę VNRQVWUXRZDQLH LQQHM GHILQLFML PDâůHľVWZD :ĊWSOLZRœý EXG]Lý

PRůHMHG\QLHDNFHQWRZDQLHSU]H]GRNWU\QęMDNLZ\SRZLHG]L7.DVSHNWXSURNUHDF\MQHJR

3RâRůHQLHQDFLVNX QD WHQ DVSHNW PRůQD X]QDý]D]E\W VLOQĊ LQJHUHQFMę SDľVWZD Z VIHUę

SU\ZDWQRœFLPDâůRQNyZ

,QQHQLijPDãijHĝVWZRIRUP\ZVSyOQHJRSRij\FLD

=SUDNW\NLů\FLDVSRâHF]QHJRZ\QLNDůHSR]DPDâůHľVWZHPLVWQLHMĊWDNůHLQQHIRUP\

ZVSyOQHJRSRů\FLD SR]RVWDMĊFH GH OHJH ODWD SR]D VIHUĊ UHJXODFML SUDZQHM 1DOHůĊ GR QLFK

NRQNXELQDWW]Z]ZLĊ]HNSDUWQHUVNLRUD]LQQHIRUP\ZVSyOQHJRSRů\FLD

7HUPLQNRQNXELQDWMHVWWUDG\F\MQLHRGQRV]RQ\GRRVyENWyUHFRGR]DVDG\PRJĊDOH

]UyůQ\FKSRZRGyZQLHFKFĊ]DZU]Hý]ZLĊ]NXPDâůHľVNLHJRÅ1LHFKRG]LWXRSU]HORWQH

]ZLĊ]NL OHF] R Z MDNLœ VWRSQLX WUZDâH SRů\FLH MHGQDN EH] SRGGDQLD VLę NRQWUROL SUDZD

]DUyZQRSU]\]DZLĊ]\ZDQLXMDNLXVWDQLXSRů\FLDµ:RGQLHVLHQLXGRWHUPLQX]ZLĊ]NX

SDUWQHUVNLHJRQDOHů\]DXZDů\ýůHMHJR]DNUHVMHVWV]HUV]\JG\ůPRůHREHMPRZDý]DUyZQR

RVRE\NWyUHPRJĊ]DZU]HýPDâůHľVWZRDOHVLęQDWRQLHGHF\GXMĊMDNLRVRE\NWyUHWDNLHM

PRůOLZRœFL QLH SRVLDGDMĊ 3RZV]HFKQLH ]ZLĊ]NL SDUWQHUVNLH XWRůVDPLD VLę ]H ]ZLĊ]NDPL

RVyEWHMVDPHMSâFLFKRýWHQVNUyWP\œORZ\QLHMHVWSUHF\]\MQ\ERZLHPMDNMXů]RVWDâR

ZVSRPQLDQH ]ZLĊ]HN SDUWQHUVNL REHMPXMH WDNůH NRQNXELQDW MDN ]ZLĊ]NL RVyE NWyUH

SURZDG]ĊZVSyOQHSRů\FLHSR]EDZLRQHZLę]LVHNVXDOQHM6DPWHUPLQ]ZLĊ]NXSDUWQHU

 76P\F]\ľVNL&]\SRWU]HEQDMHVWUHJXODFMDSUDZQDSRů\FLDNRQNXEHQFNLHJR KHWHURVHNVXDOQHJRLKRPRVHNVXDOQHJR ">Z@

3.DVSU]\N UHG 3UDZRURG]LQQHZ3ROVFHLZ(XURSLH/XEOLQV

 ,ELGHP

 6]HU]HM0:\U]\NRZVNL UHG 5R]XPQRœýUR]XPRZDľSUDZQLF]\FK:DUV]DZD

 76P\F]\ľVNL&]\SRWU]HEQDMHVWUHJXODFMDSUDZQDSRů\FLDNRQNXEHQFNLHJR«V

 8WRůVDPLHQLH ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK ]H ]ZLĊ]NDPL RVyE WHM VDPHM SâFL PD SHZQD SRGEXGRZę

KLVWRU\F]QĊJG\ůMHVWWRLQVW\WXFMDVWZRU]RQDGODWHJRW\SX]ZLĊ]NXZVXEVW\WXFMLPDâůHľVWZD1LHQDOHů\

SU]\W\P]DSRPLQDýůHÅ>P@QLHMOXEEDUG]LHMX]QDZDQHVSRâHF]QLH]ZLĊ]NLRVyEWHMVDPHMSâFLLVWQLDâ\Z

ZLHOX HSRNDFK VSRâHF]HľVWZDFK NXOWXUDFK ]ZâDV]F]D SR]RVWDMĊF\FK SR]D RGG]LDâ\ZDQLHP

FKU]HœFLMDľVWZD %\â\REHFQDQDSU]\NâDGZQLHNWyU\FKNXOWXUDFKD]MDW\FNLFKZW\PSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPZ

&KLQDFK Z DQW\F]QHM NXOWXU]H JUHFNLHM U]\PVNLHM «  NXOWXUDFK LQGLDľVNLFK F]\ DIU\NDľVNLFKµ 7

3LHWU]\NRZVNL(W\F]QHSUREOHP\SUDZD=DU\VZ\NâDGX.DWRZLFH

 7\WXâHPSU]\NâDGXPRůQDZVND]DýURG]HľVWZRPLHV]NDMĊFHUD]HP

(6)

35=(*/ĉ'35$:1,&=<

VNLHJR VWDQRZL WâXPDF]HQLH LQVW\WXFML SUDZQ\FK UHJXOXMĊF\FK Wę SUREOHPDW\Nę NWyUH

]RVWDâ\SU]\MęWHZOLF]Q\FKNUDMDFKJâyZQLH(XURS\=DFKRGQLHM

-DN]RVWDâRZVND]DQHZ\ůHMSU]HGVWDZLRQHIRUP\ZVSyOQHJRSRů\FLDSR]RVWDMĊSR]D

VIHUĊ UHJXODFML : ]ZLĊ]NX ] W\P QD SU]HVWU]HQL RVWDWQLFK  ODW SRGHMPRZDQH E\â\ SUyE\

VWZRU]HQLDLQVW\WXFML]ZLĊ]NXSDUWQHUVNLHJR

-DN ]RVWDâRZ]PLDQNRZDQH SRZ\ůHM GRNWU\QD MHVWZ SU]HZDůDMĊFHM F]ęœFLSU]HFLZQD

UHJXODFML ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK 2VWDWQLPL F]DV\ SRGREQH VWDQRZLVNR ]RVWDâR ]DSUH]HQ

WRZDQHZZ\SRZLHG]LRFKDUDNWHU]HLQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\PDPLDQRZLFLHZRSLQLLRSRVHOVNLP

SURMHNFLHXVWDZ\ÅRXPRZLH]ZLĊ]NXSDUWQHUVNLHJRµSU]\JRWRZDQ\PSU]H]%LXUR6WXGLyZ

L$QDOL]6ĊGX1DMZ\ůV]HJR:RSLQLLWHMVWZLHUG]RQRůHÅ]ZLĊ]HNRVyEWHMVDPHMSâFLQLH

PRůHE\ýPDâůHľVWZHPQLHFKRG]LWXMHG\QLHR]DVWU]HůHQLHVDPHMQD]Z\ªPDâůHľVWZR©GOD

]ZLĊ]NX NRELHW\ L PęůF]\]Q\ DOH R ]DND] ]UyZQDQLD ]ZLĊ]NX RVyE WHM VDPHM SâFL

]PDâůHľVWZHP ]ZLĊ]HN RVyE UyůQHM SâFL NWyUH QLH ]DZDUâ\ PDâůHľVWZD QLH PRůH

Z\ZRâ\ZDý DQL WDNLFK VDP\FK VNXWNyZ MDNLH Z\ZRâXMH PDâůHľVWZR DQL WHů VNXWNyZ

]EOLůRQ\FKGRPDâůHľVWZD]ZâDV]F]DEęGĊF\FKNRQVHNZHQFMĊSUHIHUHQF\MQHJRWUDNWRZDQLD

PDâůHľVWZD DQL ]ZLĊ]HN RVyE UyůQHM SâFL DQL RVyE WHM VDPHM SâFL SR]RVWDMĊF\FK ZH

ZVSyOQ\P SRů\FLX QLH Z\ZRâXMH QLH SR]RVWDMH SRG RFKURQĊ L RSLHNĊ 5]HF]SRVSROLWHMµ

:RSLQLL6ĊGX1DMZ\ůV]HJRMDNDNROZLHNUHJXODFMD]ZLĊ]NXSDUWQHUVNLHJRRVyEWHMVDPHMOXE

UyůQHMSâFLMHVWVSU]HF]QD].RQVW\WXFMĊ

2GPLHQQLHRUHJXODFML]ZLĊ]NyZRVyEWHMVDPHMOXELQQHMSâFLVWDQRZLZVSRPQLDQH

Z\ůHM VWDQRZLVNR .RPLWHWX 1DXN 3UDZQ\FK Z\UDůRQH Z ]ZLĊ]NX ] SURMHNWHP XVWDZ

R]ZLĊ]NDFKSDUWQHUVNLFK6WDQRZLVNRWRUR]SRF]\QDVLęRGVIRUPXâRZDQLDůHÅZ\UDůRQ\

]RVWDâ SRJOĊG ůH XVWDZRZD UHJXODFMD ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK VWDQRZL XU]HF]\ZLVWQLHQLH

ZDUWRœFL L QRUP .RQVW\WXFML RUD] RGSRZLDGD ZVSyâF]HVQ\P VWDQGDUGRP SDľVWZD

GHPRNUDW\F]QHJRLSUDZQHJRµ'DOHMSRWZLHUG]RQRůH.RQVW\WXFMDVWDQRZLSHZLHQZ\UD]

V]F]HJyOQHM DILUPDFML W]Z WUDG\F\MQHM URG]LQ\ ZVND]XMĊF MĊ MDNR SUHIHURZDQ\ Z]RU]HF

URG]LQ\&RLVWRWQHZOLœFLHW\PZ\UDůRQRůHÅGODªů\FLDURG]LQQHJR©QLHMHVWNRQLHF]QD

LQVW\WXFMD PDâůHľVWZD DOERZLHP PRůH RQR UHDOL]RZDý UyZQLHů SR]D PDâůHľVWZHP

8VWDZRZH XQRUPRZDQLH ]ZLĊ]NyZSDUWQHUVNLFK E\âRE\ FHORZH L ]DVDGQH GR LQVW\WXFMR

QDOL]DFML GRRNUHœOHQLD L SRV]DQRZDQLD IDNW\F]QLH Z\VWęSXMĊF\FK IRUP ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR

=ZLĊ]HN SDUWQHUVNL MDZL VLę ]DWHP QLH MDNR DOWHUQDW\ZD GOD PDâůHľVWZD OHF] MDNR QRZD

IRUPD URG]LQ\ SR]ZDODMĊFDRVRERP SR]RVWDMĊF\P SR]DPDâůHľVWZHP UHDOL]RZDý VZRMH

IXQGDPHQWDOQHDVSLUDFMHů\FLRZHµ

:DUWR]ZUyFLýXZDJęZW\PPLHMVFXQDMHGQĊ]WH]SRVWDZLRQ\FKZHZVWęSQHMF]ęœFL

VWDQRZLVND .RPLWHWX 1DXN 3UDZQ\FK 3$1 GRVWU]HJD ůH SURSR]\FMD SUDZRGDZF\ PD

ÅSRGVWDZRZĊ GRQLRVâRœý Z W\P DNVMRORJLF]QĊ PD ªZâĊF]DMĊFD© QLH ]Dœ ©Z\NOXF]DMĊFDª

 1D WHPDW ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK V]HU]HM 0 6WXV ,QVW\WXFMRQDOL]DFMD ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK L PDâůHľVWZ

VHNVXDOQ\FKZXVWDZRGDZVWZLHSDľVWZHXURSHMVNLFK3L3V²0ŒZLGHUVND&\ZLOQ\SDNWVROLGDUQRœFL

Z SUDZLH F\ZLOQ\P )UDQFML 3L3  V ² % -DQRZVNL 5HMHVWUDFMD Z 5)1 ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK

Å5HMHQWµ  - )DOVNL .RQVW\WXF\MQH DVSHNW\ UHIRUP\ SUDZD PDâůHľVNLHJR Z +LV]SDQLL 3L3 

:-DF]HZVNL3UREOHPDW\ND]ZLĊ]NyZSDUWQHUVNLFKZ8(Å-XU\VWDµV²33LOFK0RGHOHUHJXODFML

SUDZQ\FK GRW\F]ĊF\FK ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK RERZLĊ]XMĊFH Z NUDMDFK HXURSHMVNLFK ² U\V KLVWRU\F]Q\ >Z@

5:LHUXV]HZVNL0:\U]\NRZVNL UHG 2ULHQWDFMDVHNVXDOQDLWRůVDPRœýSâFLRZD²DVSHNW\SUDZQHLVSRâHF]QH

:DUV]DZDV²

 6\JQDWXUDSLVPD%6$,

 ,ELGHPV

 ,ELGHP

(7)

ÅŮ<&,(52'=,11(µ:35$:,(32/6.,0&=<0-(67$&=<01,(-(67" 

SRVWDZDSUDZRGDZF\3RůĊGDQHMHVWSU]\W\PWDNLHVWDQRZLVNRMDNLHWRZDU]\V]\FKDUDNWHURZL

SUDZ F]âRZLHND ]DVSRNDMDQLH DVSLUDFML VWDWXVRZ\FK ZROQRœý RVRELVWD  Z\PDJD W\ONR LFK

X]QDQLD ]DVSRNDMDQLH DVSLUDFML SRPRFRZ\FK œZLDGF]Hľ 'ODWHJR SU]\ NV]WDâWRZDQLX

NRQNUHWQ\FKUHůLPyZSUDQ\FKNRQLF]QHVĊUR]ZDJLSRZœFLĊJOLZRœý]ZâDV]F]DZWHMGUXJLHM

VIHU]Hµ

3RZ\ůV]\ SRJOĊG PRůH Z]PRFQLý DUJXPHQWDFMD Z\QLNDMĊFĊ ] DUW  .RQVW\WXFML

VWDQRZLĊFHJR ůH 5]HF]SRVSROLWD MHVW GREUHP ZVSyOQ\P ZV]\VWNLFK RE\ZDWHOL Å:REHF

F]ęœFL RE\ZDWHOL WD ]DVDGD NRQVW\WXF\MQD QLH MHVW UHDOL]RZDQD ] SRZRGX SRJOĊGyZ

XNV]WDâWRZDQ\FK Z ]XSHâQLH LQQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK VSRâHF]Q\FK F\ZLOL]DF\MQ\FK L SUDZQ\FK

=SRZRGX XSU]HG]Hľ RSLQLL Z\SRZLDGDQ\FK SU]H] SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL NRœFLRâyZ SU]HNRQDľ

PRUDOQ\FK ZâDG]\ 7DNLH SU]HNRQDQLD QLH PRJĊ VWDQRZLý X]DVDGQLHQLD GR QLHUyZQHJR

WUDNWRZDQLD RE\ZDWHOL Z UHDOL]DFML W\FK VDP\FK SRWU]HE L SUDZ : ]JRG]LH ] NRQVW\WXFMĊ

RGPyZLý OHJDOL]DFML ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK PRůQD E\âRE\ MHG\QLH X]QDMĊF ůH KRPRVHN

VXDOL]P MHVW ]DJURůHQLHP GOD EH]SLHF]HľVWZD SDľVWZD SRU]ĊGNX PRUDOQRœFL F]\ ]GURZLD

SXEOLF]QHJR DOER SUDZ L ZROQRœFL LQQ\FK RVyE .RQVW\WXFMD W\ONR ] WDNLFK  Z]JOęGyZ

SR]ZDODRJUDQLF]Dý]DZDUWHZQLHMSUDZDLZROQRœFLµ

3HUVSHNW\ZDPLēG]\QDURGRZD

$QDOL]RZDQLH SR]\FML SUDZQHM URG]LQ\ Z SUDZLH SROVNLP QLH PRůH RGE\ZDý VLę

ZRGHUZDQLXRGVWDQGDUGyZRFKURQ\SUDZF]âRZLHNDZ\QLNDMĊF\FK]FRQDMPQLHMGZyFK

SRU]ĊGNyZ SUDZQ\FK .RQLHF]QRœý XZ]JOęGQLHQLD W\FK V\VWHPyZ Z\QLND ] SU]\MęFLD

]DâRůHQLD R PXOWLFHQWU\F]QRœFL SRU]ĊGNX SUDZQHJR Z 3ROVFH : GDOV]HM F]ęœFL QLQLHM

V]HJRRSUDFRZDQLD]RVWDQĊXZ]JOęGQLRQHVWDQGDUG\Z\QLNDMĊFH]HXURSHMVNLHM.RQZHQFML

R2FKURQLH3UDZ&]âRZLHNDL3RGVWDZRZ\FK:ROQRœFL GDOHMMDNR(.3&OXE.RQZHQ

FMD RUD]SUDZRGDZVWZD8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM:\EyUW\FKV\VWHPyZMHVWSRG\NWRZDQ\W\P

ůHWHGZDSRU]ĊGNLSUDZQHZ\ZLHUDMĊQDMZLęNV]\ZSâ\ZQDNV]WDâWRZDQLHVLęVWDQGDUGyZ

SUDZF]âRZLHNDZ3ROVFH

3HUVSHNW\ZD(XURSHMVNLHM.RQZHQFML3UDZ&]ãRZLHND

:SLHUZV]\P]W\FKSRU]ĊGNyZů\FLXURG]LQQHPX]RVWDâ\SRœZLęFRQHGZDDUW\NXâ\

.RQZHQFML3LHUZV]\DUW(.3&]DW\WXâRZDQ\Å>S@UDZRGRSRV]DQRZDQLDů\FLDSU\ZDW

QHJRLURG]LQQHJRµVWDQRZLĊF\ZXVWęSLHSLHUZV]\PůHÅ>N@DůG\PDSUDZRGRSRV]DQR

ZDQLD VZRMHJR ů\FLD SU\ZDWQHJR L URG]LQQHJR VZRMHJR PLHV]NDQLD L VZRMHM NRUHVSRQ

 ,ELGHP

 0:\U]\NRZVNLZZ\ZLDG]LH](6LHGOHFNĊ=ZLĊ]NLSDUWQHUVNLHRERZLĊ]NRZH*:]GQLD

 6]HU]HM ( áęWRZVND 0XOWLFHQWU\F]QRœý ZVSyâF]HVQHJR V\VWHPX SUDZD L MHM NRQVHNZHQFMH 3L3 

LSROHPLNL : /DQJ :RNyâ ÅPXOWLFHQWU\F]QRœFL V\VWHPX SUDZDµ 3L3  $ .XVWUD 3ROHPLND :RNyâ

PXOWLFHQWU\F]QRœFLV\VWHPXSUDZD3L3

 ']8]U1USR]]H]P

 8VWęS GUXJL ]DZLHUD NODX]XOę LPLWDF\MQĊ VWDQRZLĊFĊ ůH Å>Q@LHGRSXV]F]DOQD MHVW LQJHUHQFMD ZâDG]\

SXEOLF]QHM Z NRU]\VWDQLH ] WHJR SUDZD ] Z\MĊWNLHP SU]\SDGNyZ SU]HZLG]LDQ\FK  SU]H] XVWDZę

LNRQLHF]Q\FKZGHPRNUDW\F]Q\PVSRâHF]HľVWZLH]XZDJLQDEH]SLHF]HľVWZRSDľVWZRZHXEH]SLHF]Hľ

VWZR SXEOLF]QH OXE GREURE\W JRVSRGDUF]\ NUDMX RFKURQę SRU]ĊGNX L ]DSRELHJDQLH SU]HVWęSVWZRP

RFKURQę]GURZLDLPRUDOQRœFLOXERFKURQęSUDZLZROQRœFLRVyEµ

(8)

35=(*/ĉ'35$:1,&=<

GHQFMLµ RUD] GUXJL ² DUW  ]DW\WXâRZDQ\ Å>S@UDZR GR ]DZDUFLD PDâůHľVWZDµ (.3&

VWDQRZLĊF\ ůH Å0ęůF]\ŭQL L NRELHW\ Z ZLHNX PDâůHľVNLP PDMĊ SUDZR GR ]DZDUFLD

PDâůHľVWZDL]DâRůHQLDURG]LQ\]JRGQLH]XVWDZDPLNUDMRZ\PLUHJXOXMĊF\PLNRU]\VWDQLH

]WHJRSUDZDµ

3HZQ\P WUXL]PHP NWyU\ QDOHů\ MHGQDNůH Z W\P PLHMVFX SRGQLHœý MHVW IDNW ůH

VWUDVEXUVNLV\VWHPRFKURQ\SUDZF]âRZLHNDMHVW]EXGRZDQ\ZRSDUFLXRIXQGDPHQWDOQĊ

GOD PLęG]\QDURGRZHM RFKURQ\ SUDZ F]âRZLHND ]DVDGę VXEV\GLDUQRœFL WRWHů LQJHUHQFMD

RUJDQyZ VWRVXMĊF\FK .RQZHQFMę QD SU]HVWU]HQL ODW PLDâD PLHMVFH GRSLHUR ZWHG\ JG\

NUDMRZHœURGNLGRFKRG]HQLDQDUXV]RQ\FKSUDZLZROQRœFLRND]\ZDâ\VLęQLHVNXWHF]QH

3RZ\ůV]D XZDJD ]QDMGXMH VZRMH RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH Z Z\URNX Z VSUDZLH )UDVLN

SU]HFLZNR3ROVFH:Z\URNXW\P7U\EXQDâVWZLHUG]LâůHÅ>D@UW\NXâ.RQZHQFML]DSHZQLD

SRGVWDZRZH SUDZR PęůF]\]Q\ L NRELHW\ GR ]DZDUFLD PDâůHľVWZD L ]DâRůHQLD URG]LQ\

:\NRQDQLH SUDZD GR ]DZDUFLD PDâůHľVWZD URG]L VNXWNL Z Z\PLDU]H VSRâHF]Q\P

RVRELVW\PRUD]SUDZQ\P=DUyZQRZ]DNUHVLHSURFHGXUDOQ\PMDNLZRGQLHVLHQLXGRMHJR

WUHœFLSUDZRWRMHVWSU]HGPLRWHPUHJXODFMLSUDZDNUDMRZHJR8NâDGDMĊF\FKVLę3DľVWZOHF]

RJUDQLF]HQLD QD WHM SRGVWDZLH ZSURZDG]RQH QLH PRJĊ RJUDQLF]Dý OXE XPQLHMV]Dý WHJR

SUDZD Z WDNL VSRVyE OXEZ WDNLP]DNUHVLH Lů VDPD LVWRWD WHJR SUDZD MHVW XSRœOHG]RQD

:NRQVHNZHQFML NZHVWLD ZDUXQNyZ ]DZDUFLD PDâůHľVWZD Z SUDZLH NUDMRZ\P QLH MHVW

]XSHâQLHSR]RVWDZLRQDZ]DNUHVLHPDUJLQHVXX]QDQLD8NâDGDMĊF\FKVLę3DľVWZ6SURZD

G]DâRE\VLęWRGRVWZLHUG]HQLDLůZDFKODU]PRůOLZRœFLSR]RVWDZLRQ\FK8NâDGDMĊFHPXVLę

3DľVWZX REHMPXMH VNXWHF]QH RJUDQLF]HQLD NDůGHJR Z\NRQ\ZDQLD SUDZD GR ]DZDUFLD

PDâůHľVWZD:VND]DQ\PDUJLQHVX]QDQLDQLHPRůHUR]FLĊJDýVLęWDNGDOHNRµ

1D]DVDGQLF]HS\WDQLHMDN]GHILQLRZDýSRMęFLHů\FLDURG]LQQHJR7U\EXQDâSU]H]ZLHOH

ODWRGSRZLDGDâZQDVWęSXMĊF\VSRVyEGHF\GXMĊFF]\GDQ\]ZLĊ]HNPRůQD]DNZDOLILNRZDý

MDNRÅů\FLHURG]LQQHµQDOHů\XZ]JOęGQLýZLHOHF]\QQLNyZZW\PF]\GDQDSUDFDPLHV]ND

UD]HP MDND MHVW GâXJRœý LFK ]ZLĊ]NX RUD] F]\ ]H ]ZLĊ]NX SRFKRG]Ċ ZVSyOQH G]LHFL

7DNLH UR]XPLHQLH ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR NWyUH HOLPLQXMH ] MHJR ]DNUHVX QLHKHWHURVHNVXDOQH

]ZLĊ]NL ]GDMH VLę SR]RVWDZDý Z ]JRG]LH ] RPyZLRQ\P Z\ůHM VWDQRZLVNLHP 7U\EXQDâX

.RQVW\WXF\MQHJR

,QWHUSUHWDFMD(.3&GRNRQ\ZDQDSU]H](XURSHMVNL7U\EXQDâ3UDZ&]âRZLHNDQLHMHVW

QLH]PLHQQDL]F]DVHPPRůQDGRVWU]HF]PLDQęF]ęVWRGRœý]DVDGQLF]ĊZSRGHMœFLXGRGDQHM

SUREOHPDW\NLF]HJRSU]\NâDGHPE\âDSUDZDRVyEWUDQVVHNVXDOQ\FK3HZQHV\PSWRP\RZHM

HZROXFML Z LQWHUHVXMĊF\P ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD QLQLHMV]HJR RSUDFRZDQLD ]DNUHVLH GRVWU]HJD

 1DWHPDWVWUDVEXUVNLHJRSRMPRZDQLDURG]LQ\ F]\WDM7-DVXGRZLF]3UDZDURG]LQ\²SUDZDZURG]LQLH

ZœZLHWOH VWDQGDUGyZ PLęG]\QDURGRZ\FK 2U]HF]QLFWZR VWUDVEXUVNLH 7RUXľ  7 -DVXGRZLF] 3UDZD RMFyZ Z

RU]HF]QLFWZLHVWUDVEXUVNLP7RUXľ

 /LF]EDPQRJDZ\QLND]IDNWXůHGRF]DVXUHIRUP\PHFKDQL]PXNRQWUROQHJR.RQZHQFMLGRNRQDQHM

ZGURG]H SURWRNRâX QU  NWyUD ZHV]âD Z ů\FLH  OLVWRSDGD  U RUJDQHP RU]HNDMĊF\P RERN

(XURSHMVNLHJR 7U\EXQDâX 3UDZ &]âRZLHND E\âD WDNůH (XURSHMVND .RPLVMD 3UDZ &]âRZLHND .RPLVMD

]DNRľF]\âDVZRMĊG]LDâDOQRœý]GQLHPU

 6NDUJDQUZ\URN]GQLDVW\F]QLDURNX

 6]HU]HMQDWHPDWNRQFHSFMLPDUJLQHVXX]QDQLDZ$:LœQLHZVNL.RQFHSFMDPDUJLQHVXRFHQ\ZRU]HF]QLFWZLH

(XURSHMVNLHJR7U\EXQDâX3UDZ&]âRZLHND*GDľVN

 7âXPDF]HQLHZ\URNX]DED]ĊSUDZQĊ/(;20(*$

 3DUDJUDIZ\URNX]GQLDOLVWRSDGDZVSUDZLHúHULIH<LøLWSU]HFLZNR7XUFMLVNDUJDQU

 6]HU]HM . 2VDMGD 2U]HF]QLFWZR (XURSHMVNLHJR 7U\EXQDâX 3UDZ &]âRZLHND GRW\F]ĊFH WUDQVVHNVXDOL]PX >Z@

$ŒOHG]LľVND6LPRQ UHG 3UDZDRVyEWUDQVVHNVXDOQ\FK5R]ZLĊ]DQLDPRGHORZHDV\WXDFMDZ3ROVFH:DUV]DZD

(9)

ÅŮ<&,(52'=,11(µ:35$:,(32/6.,0&=<0-(67$&=<01,(-(67" 

:%U]R]RZVNL Z JORVLH GR Z\URNX (73& Z VSUDZLH 6FKDON L .RSI SU]HFLZNR $XVWUL

:VNDUG]HGR(73&GZyFKPęůF]\]Q]DU]XFLâRPLQQDUXV]HQLHDUW.RQZHQFMLSRSU]H]

XQLHPRůOLZLHQLHLP]DZDUFLDPDâůHľVWZDRUD]EUDNXUHJXODFMLSUDZQHMZVSyOQHJRSRů\FLD

LQQHM QLů PDâůHľVWZR 7U\EXQDâ QLH GRSDWU]\â VLę QDUXV]HQLD .RQZHQFML : %U]R]RZVNL

]QDF]HQLDWHJRZ\URNXGRSDWUXMHVLęZF]ęœFLMHJRX]DVDGQLHQLDNWyUDPyZLR(XURSHMVNLHM

.RQZHQFML 3UDZ &]âRZLHND MDNR ů\Z\P QDU]ęG]LX DQJ OLYLQJ LQVWUXPHQW  Å-DN ]DXZDůD

(73& IDNWHP MHVW ůH VSRœUyG  SDľVWZ ² VWURQ (.3& MXů  SU]\]QDMH SDURP

MHGQRSâFLRZ\PSUDZRGR]DZDUFLD]ZLĊ]NXPDâůHľVNLHJROXESDUWQHUVNLHJRDZNROHMQ\FK

GZyFK  WRF]Ċ VLę ]PLHU]DMĊFH GR WHJR SUDFH OHJLVODF\MQH «  =GDQLHP (73& VNRUR

GRVWU]HJDOQDMHVWWHQGHQFMDGRDNFHSWRZDQLDSU]H]VSRâHF]HľVWZDHXURSHMVNLHIDNW\F]QHJR

SRů\FLDSDURVyEWHMVDPHMSâFLWRV]WXF]QHE\âRE\SRGWU]\P\ZDQLHSRJOĊGXůHSDU\WDNLH

QLH NRU]\VWDMĊ ] SUDZD GR SRV]DQRZDQLD ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR 6Ċ RQH WDN VDPR ]GROQH GR

XWZRU]HQLDVWDELOQHJR]ZLĊ]NXRSDUWHJRQDZ]DMHPQ\PRGGDQLXMDNSDU\KHWHURVHNVXDOQH

DZNRQVHNZHQFMLVĊZSRGREQHMV\WXDFMLJG\FKRG]LRSRWU]HEęX]QDZDQLDLRFKURQ\LFK

]ZLĊ]NXSU]H]SUDZRµ:VSUDZLHWHMMDN]D]QDF]RQRZ\ůHMQLHVWZLHUG]RQRQDUXV]HQLD

.RQZHQFML MHGQDNůH ]DSUH]HQWRZDQD DUJXPHQWDFMD PRůH SURZDG]Lý Z SU]\V]âRœFL GR

VWZLHUG]HQLD ůH Z SU]\SDGNX EUDNX UHJXODFML WUZDâHJR ]ZLĊ]NX RSDUWHJR QD Z]DMHPQ\P

RGGDQLXGRFKRG]LGRQDUXV]HQLDSUDZDGRRFKURQ\ů\FLDURG]LQQHJR

:RFHQLHDXWRUDQLQLHMV]HJRRSUDFRZDQLDQLHVSRVyESU]HZLG]LHýF]\ZVSRPQLDQH

RU]HF]HQLHQDOHů\X]QDý]D]DSRZLHGŭ]PLDQ\OLQLLRU]HF]QLF]HM=ZâDV]F]DůHZ\URNWHQ

]RVWDâZ\GDQ\ZUDPDFKMHGQHM]L]EWU\EXQDâXQLH]DœZLHONLHML]E\1DGWRUHJXODFMD

ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR PLHœFL VLę Z UDPDFK NRQFHSFML PDUJLQHVX X]QDQLD L QLH VSRVyE

SU]HZLG]LHýF]\MHGHQ]HOHPHQWyZWHMNRQFHSFMLMDNLPMHVWZVND]DQ\Z\ůHMGRPLQXMĊF\

WUHQGZœUyGSDľVWZF]âRQNRZVNLFKSU]HZDů\QDGLQQ\PLHOHPHQWDPL=ZâDV]F]DůHÅ « 

>W@U\EXQDâ QLH VWZRU]\â GRWĊG L QLH ]DPLHU]D WHů WHJR F]\QLý Z SU]\V]âRœFL  JHQHUDOQHM

WHRULLªPDUJLQHVXVZRERG\©µ

 :\URN (XURSHMVNLHJR 7U\EXQDâX 3UDZ &]âRZLHND ] GQLD  U Z VSUDZLH 6FKDON L .RSI

SU]HFLZNR$XVWULLVNDUJDQU

 6]HU]HMWDWHPDWVSHF\ILF]Q\FKPHWRGZ\NâDGQL(.3&Z0$1RZLFNL:SURZDG]HQLHGRLQWHUSUHWDFML

(.3&]>Z@(36$:LœQLHZVNL8ZDJLRWHRULLLQWHUSUHWDFML(XURSHMVNLHM.RQZHQFML3UDZ&]âRZLHND

>Z@.*DâND&0LN UHG 0LęG]\Z\NâDGQLĊDWZRU]HQLHPSUDZD7RUXľV

 :%U]R]RZVNL0DâůHľVWZRů\FLHURG]LQQH]ZLĊ]NLRVyEWHMVDPHMSâFL²JORVDGRZ\URNX(73&]]

UZVSUDZLH6FKDONL.RSIY$XVWULD(36V

 :]ZLĊ]NX]W\PQDV]F]HJyOQĊXZDJę]DVâXJXMHVSUDZDZQLHVLRQDZHZU]HœQLXEUSU]H]+HOVLľVNĊ

)XQGDFMę 3UDZ &]âRZLHND GR (XURSHMVNLHJR 7U\EXQDâX 3UDZ &]âRZLHND +)3& Z\VWęSXMH Z LPLHQLX

GZyFKVNDUůĊF\FKNWyUHRGRœPLXODWWZRU]ĊVWDELOQ\]ZLĊ]HNSDUWQHUVNLZ\VWĊSLâ\GR(73&]HVNDUJĊ

SU]HFLZNR 3ROVFH : VNDUG]H WHM GRPDJDMĊ VLę X]QDQLD ůH ] (XURSHMVNLHM .RQZHQFML 3UDZ &]âRZLHND

Z\QLNDSUDZR]ZLĊ]NyZMHGQRSâFLRZ\FKGRX]\VNDQLDRFKURQ\SUDZQHM:\URNZWHMVSUDZLH]DSDGQLH

SUDZGRSRGREQLH ]D RNRâR WU]\ ² F]WHU\ ODWD QLHPQLHM EęG]LH WR SLHUZV]D WHJR W\SX VSUDZD Z NWyUHM

7U\EXQDâ EęG]LH PLDâ RND]Mę RFHQLý ]JRGQRœý ] .RQZHQFMĊ EUDNX UHJXODFML ]ZLĊ]NyZ SDUWQHUVNLFK

Z3ROVFH6]HU]HMKWWSZZZKIKUSOVSUDZDGRWRFKURQ\SUDZSDUMHGQRSOFLRZ\FKSU]HGHWSF] GDWD

SREUDQLDU 

 3U]\NâDGHP MDN EDUG]R PRJĊ UyůQLý VLę Z\URNL Z\GDQH SU]H] ,]Eę L :LHONĊ ,]Eę 7U\EXQDâX MHVW

VSUDZD/DXWVLSU]HFLZNR:âRFKRPVNDUJDQU:Z\URNXZ\GDQ\PSU]H],]EęGQLDOLVWRSDGD

 U 7U\EXQDâ VWZLHUG]Lâ QDUXV]HQLH DUW  SURWRNRâX QU  GR (.3& Z ]ZLĊ]NX ] DUW  (.3&

.RQZHQFMLSRSU]H]REHFQRœýNUXF\ILNVXQDœFLDQLHZNODVLHV]NRâ\::\URNXZ\GDQ\PSU]H]:LHONĊ

,]EęPDUFDU7U\EXQDâVWZLHUG]Lâ]HGRQDUXV]HQLDZVSRPQLDQ\FKSU]HSLVyZQLHGRV]âR

 / *DUOLFNL :DUWRœFL ORNDOQH D RU]HF]QLFWZR SRQDGQDURGRZH ² ÅNXOWXURZ\ PDUJLQHV RFHQ\µ Z RU]HF]QLFWZLH

VWUDVEXUVNLP"V(36

(10)

35=(*/ĉ'35$:1,&=<

 1LHPQLHM ] XZDJL QD SRZ\ůV]H RU]HF]HQLH DNWXDOQLH SRMęFLH ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR QD

JUXQFLH(XURSHMVNLHM.RQZHQFML3UDZ&]âRZLHNDMHVWSRMęFLHPV]HUV]\PQLůNRQVW\WXF\MQH

SRMęFLHů\FLDURG]LQQHJR

8QLD(XURSHMVND

3RGVWDZRZĊUHJXODFMĊQRUPDW\ZQĊ]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDQLQLHMV]HMSUDF\MHVW.DUWD3UDZ

3RGVWDZRZ\FK 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM : DUW\NXOH  ]DW\WXâRZDQ\P Å3UDZR GR ]DZDUFLD

PDâůHľVWZDLSUDZRGR]DâRůHQLDURG]LQ\µVWDQRZLRQDůHÅ3UDZRGR]DZDUFLDPDâůHľVWZD

LSUDZRGR]DâRůHQLDURG]LQ\VĊJZDUDQWRZDQH]JRGQLH]XVWDZDPLNUDMRZ\PLUHJXOXMĊF\PL

NRU]\VWDQLH]W\FKSUDZµ3U]HSLVWHQMXůZFKZLOLRJâRV]HQLDZ]EXG]LâNRQWURZHUVMH

:ĊWSOLZRœFL W\FK QLH UR]VWU]\JQęâ\ WDNůH RILFMDOQH Z\MDœQLHQLD GR .33 8(

:GRNXPHQFLH W\P VWZLHUG]RQR Å>S@RGVWDZĊ WHJR DUW\NXâX MHVW DUW\NXâ  (.3& Z

EU]PLHQLXª0ęůF]\ŭQLLNRELHW\ZZLHNXPDâůHľVNLPPDMĊSUDZRGR]DZDUFLDPDâůHľVWZD

L]DâRůHQLD URG]LQ\ ]JRGQLH ] XVWDZDPL NUDMRZ\PL UHJXOXMĊF\PL NRU]\VWDQLH ] WHJR SUDZD©

%U]PLHQLHDUW\NXâX]RVWDâR]DNWXDOL]RZDQHDE\REMĊýSU]\SDGNLZNWyU\FKXVWDZRGDZVWZR

NUDMRZHX]QDMHLQQHPRůOLZRœFLXWZRU]HQLDURG]LQ\QLů]DZDUFLHPDâůHľVWZD$UW\NXâWHQQLH

VWDQRZLRQDGDQLXVWDWXVX]ZLĊ]NXPDâůHľVNLHJR]ZLĊ]NRPRVyEWHMVDPHMSâFLDQLWHJRQLH

]DND]XMH3UDZRWRMHVWZLęFSRGREQHGRSUDZDSU]HZLG]LDQHJRSU]H]HXURSHMVNĊ.RQZHQFMę

R RFKURQLH SUDZ F]âRZLHND L SRGVWDZRZ\FK ZROQRœFL MHGQDN MHJR ]DNUHV PRůH E\ý

UR]V]HU]RQ\MHůHOLXVWDZRGDZVWZRNUDMRZHWDNSU]HZLGXMH

3U]HSLVWHQRGMHJRXFKZDOHQLDEXG]Lâ]DVDGQLF]HNRQWURZHUVMHZGRNWU\QLH:ĊWSOLZRœFL

SRGQRV]RQH SU]H] GRNWU\Qę ZLĊ]Dâ\ VLę ] W\P ůH ÅZ RJyOH QLH ZVSRPLQD >RQ@ «  RSRGPLRWDFK XSUDZQLRQ\FK œZLDGRPLH XQLNDMĊF ]ZURWX ªPęůF]\ŭQL L NRELHW\ Z ZLHNX

PDâůHľVNLP© 3R SLHUZV]H UH]\JQDFMD ] XPRFRZDQLD NU\WHULXP ZLHNX PDâůHľVNLHJR PRůH

]DQDGWRSRV]HU]DýG\VNUHFMRQDOQĊNRPSHWHQFMęSDľVWZDLPRůHQSE\ýZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQDSU]H]

Z\]QDZFyZLVODPXZ(XURSLHGRQDFLVNXQDXVXQLęFLHWHJRNU\WHULXPEĊGŭREQLůHQLHZLHNX

PDâůHľVNLHJR3RGUXJLHXů\FLH]ZURWXªW\FKSUDZ©]DPLDVW²MDNWRMHVWZDUW(.3&²

ªWHJRSUDZD©GRNRQXMHQLHVâXV]QHJRUR]ELFLDQDGZDSUDZDWHJRFRPDE\ýMHGQRœFLĊL]F]\P

(73&ZLĊůHNRQFHSFMęURG]LQ\RSDUWHMQDPDâůHľVWZLH3RWU]HFLH²LWRMHVWQDMLVWRWQLHMV]H²

RSXV]F]HQLH]ZURWXªPęůF]\ŭQLLNRELHW\©VâXů\RGHMœFLXRGPRGHOXPDâůHľVWZDMDNR]ZLĊ]NX

ªGZRMJD RVyE SU]HFLZVWDZQHM SâFL ELRORJLF]QHM© L ZVSDUFLX ² PRLP ]GDQLHP QLHGREU\FK

DQDVLODMĊF\FKVLęZ(XURSLH²WHQGHQFMLNUDMRZ\FKGROHJDOL]DFMLQDZHWF]DVHPMDNRPDâůHľVWZ

ªPDâůHľVWZ©]ZLĊ]NyZKRPRVHNVXDOQ\FKµ

2EDZLDMĊFVLęÅQDU]XFHQLDµ]ZLĊ]NyZSDUWQHUVNLFKSU]H]8QLę(XURSHMVNĊSU]\Xů\FLX

LQVWUXPHQWX MDNLP MHVW .DUWD 3UDZ 3RGVWDZRZ\FK 8( 3ROVND SU]\VWĊSLâD GR 3URWRNRâX

QU GR 7UDNWDWX /L]ERľVNLHJR Z VSUDZLH VWRVRZDQLD .DUW\ 3UDZ 3RGVWDZRZ\FK 8QLL

(XURSHMVNLHMGR3ROVNLL=MHGQRF]RQHJR.UyOHVWZD]ZDQHJR]Z\F]DMRZRW]ZSURWRNRâHP

SROVNREU\W\MVNLP &HOHP ZVSRPLQDQHJR SURWRNRâX PLDâR E\ý RJUDQLF]HQLH VWRVRZDQLD

 ']8U]8(]U&

 ']8U]8(]U&

 7 -DVXGRZLF] =DJDGQLHQLH HXURSHMVNLHM NRQVW\WXFMRQDOL]DFML SUDZ F]âRZLHND >Z@ % *URQRZVND

7-DVXGRZLF]LLQQL3UDZD&]âRZLHNDLLFKRFKURQD7RUXľV

 :DUWRSU]\W\P]DXZDů\ýůHSU]\VWĊSLHQLHSU]H]3ROVNęGRSU]HGPLRWRZHJRSURWRNRâXQDOHů\X]QDý]D

Z\MœFLH SR]D XVWDORQ\ SU]H] 6HMP PDQGDW SDUODPHQWDUQ\ XG]LHORQ\ 5]ĊGRZL 53 Z GURG]H XFK ZDâ\ 6HMPX

]U0DQGDWWHQQLH]DZLHUDâůDGQHMZVND]yZNLGRW\F]ĊFHM.DUW\1DGWRMDNZ\QLND]MHJRWUHœFL

]RERZLĊ]\ZDâ RQ QHJRFMDWRUyZ GR GEDQLD R UHDOL]DFMę SROVNLHM UDFML VWDQX 5HNRQVWUXNFMę UDFML VWDQX QDOHů\

(11)

ÅŮ<&,(52'=,11(µ:35$:,(32/6.,0&=<0-(67$&=<01,(-(67" 

.DUW\ Z VWRVXQNX GR ZVSRPQLDQ\FK GZyFK SDľVWZ = XZDJL QD GRGDQLH SU]H] U]ĊG53

GZyFKGHNODUDFMLGR7UDNWDWX/L]ERľVNLHJR GHNODUDFMDQUL LQWHUSUHWDFMDVNXWNyZMDNLH

Z\ZLHUDZVSRPQLDQDUHJXODFMDVWDâDVLęXWUXGQLRQD

:LQWHUHVXMĊF\P]SXQNWXZLG]HQLDQLQLHMV]HMSUDF\]DNUHVLH]DVDGQLF]H]QDF]HQLHPD

GHNODUDFMD QU  NWyUD WR RGGDMH LVWRWę SURWRNRâX 6WDQRZL RQD ůH .33 8( Z ůDGHQ

VSRVyEQLHQDUXV]DSUDZDSDľVWZF]âRQNRZVNLFKGRVWDQRZLHQLDSUDZDZ]DNUHVLHPRUDO

QRœFLSXEOLF]QHMSUDZDURG]LQQHJRDWDNůHRFKURQ\JRGQRœFLOXG]NLHMRUD]SRV]DQRZDQLD

IL]\F]QHMLPRUDOQHMLQWHJUDOQRœFLF]âRZLHND

0DMĊF QD XZDG]H SRVWDQRZLHQLD SURWRNRâX MDN L ZVSRPQLDQHM GHNODUDFML QDOHů\

X]QDý ůH RE\ZDWHOH 5]HF]SRVSROLWHM 3ROVNLHM PRJĊ NRU]\VWDý ] LQVWUXPHQWX MDNLP MHVW

.338(QDW\FKVDP\FK]DVDGDFKFRRE\ZDWHOHLQQ\FKSDľVWZF]âRQNRZVNLFK8(

$EVWUDKXMĊFRGV\WXDFMLRE\ZDWHOLSROVNLFKDNWXDOQLHQLHLVWQLHMHXQLMQ\QDND]UHJXODFML

LQQ\FKPRůOLZRœFLXWZRU]HQLDURG]LQ\ZVSRVyELQQ\QLůSRSU]H]]DZDUFLHPDâůHľVWZD-DN

]RVWDâD Z]PLDQNRZDQH Z\ůHM JâyZQĊ GRPHQĊ 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM Z NWyUHM SRZLHU]RQR MHM

NRPSHWHQFMHMHVWSUDZRJRVSRGDUF]H&RV]F]HJyOQLHLQWHUHVXMĊFH7U\EXQDâ6SUDZLHGOLZRœFL

8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM GDOHM768( RU]HNDMĊFZWHMG]LHG]LQLHX]QDâůHÅQLHUyZQHWUDNWRZDQLH

RVyESR]RVWDMĊF\FKZ]ZLĊ]NDFKWHMVDPHMSâFLZSRUyZQDQLXGRPDâůHľVWZPRůHVWDQRZLý

SRœUHGQLĊ G\VNU\PLQDFMę ]HZ]JOęGX QD RULHQWDFMę VHNVXDOQĊµ 'R WHJR ZQLRVNX 76 8(

GRV]HGâDQDOL]XMĊFVSUDZęSR]RVWDMĊFHJRZ]DUHMHVWURZDQ\P]ZLĊ]NXSDUWQHUVNLPRE\ZDWHOD

1LHPLHFNWyU\SRœPLHUFLVZRMHJRSDUWQHUDQLHPyJâX]\VNDý]DVLâNX UHQW\ZGRZLHM SR

]PDUâ\P SDUWQHU]H 3RGVWDZĊ SUDZQĊ GOD Z\URNX VWDQRZLâD G\UHNW\ZD :(

RGQRV]ĊFDVLęGR]DND]XG\VNU\PLQDFMLZVIHU]H]DWUXGQLHQLDLSUDF\PLQ]HZ]JOęGXQD

RULHQWDFMę VHNVXDOQĊ 7U\EXQDâ PDMĊF QD XZDG]H ůH Z 1LHPF]HFK ZSURZDG]RQH ]RVWDâR

XVWDZRGDZVWZRUHJXOXMĊFH]ZLĊ]NLSDUWQHUVNLH]DXZDů\â]HXSUDZQLHQLHGRUHQW\ZGRZLHM

PRFĊXVWDZ\]PLHQLDMĊFHMXVWDZęRXEH]SLHF]HQLDFKVSRâHF]Q\FK]RVWDâRSU]\]QDQHWDNůH

RVRERPKRPRVHNVXDOQ\PSR]RVWDMĊF\PZ]ZLĊ]NDFKSDUWQHUVNLFK:WHQVSRVyE7U\EXQDâ

6SUDZLHGOLZRœFLX]QDâůHGRV]âRGRG\VNU\PLQDFML

=D RWZDUWH QDOHů\ X]QDý S\WDQLH MDNLH MHVW ]QDF]HQLH QLQLHMV]HM VSUDZ\ GOD SROVNLHJR

SRU]ĊGNX SUDZQHJR 2EHFQLH ² ]QDF]HQLH WHM VSUDZ\ MHVW QLHZLHONLH Å0RůH RQR MHG\QLH

SRœUHGQLRSRPyFZVWDUDQLDFKZNLHUXQNXSU]\MęFLDZ3ROVFHXVWDZRGDZVWZD]PLHU]DMĊFHJR

GRXUHJXORZDQLD]ZLĊ]NyZRVyEKRPRVHNVXDOQ\FK3R]DW\PLQWHUSUHWDFMDSRGDQDSU]H](76

>REHFQLH768(²SU]\S$3@RGQRV]ĊFDVLęGRUR]XPLHQLDG\UHNW\Z\:(PRůH

SURZDG]Lý GR X]QDZDQLD SUDZ ]ZLĊ]DQ\FK ]H VIHUĊ SUDFRZQLF]Ċ  RVyE NWyUH SR]RVWDMĊ

ZQLHIRUPDOQ\FK]ZLĊ]NDFKSDUWQHUVNLFK&RZLęFHMMDN]RVWDâRZVND]DQHZ\ůHMZVSRPQLDQD

GRNRQDý SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD SRGVWDZLH .RQVW\WXFML 53 Z V]F]HJyOQRœFL ]Dœ Z RSDUFLX R UR]EXGRZDQ\

UR]G]LDâ,,GRW\F]ĊF\SUDZLZROQRœFLF]âRZLHNDLRE\ZDWHOD7\PVDP\PPRůQDRFHQLýůHG]LDâDQLH5]ĊGX53

SROHJDMĊFH QD SU]\VWĊSLHQLX GR SURWRNRâX F]HJR NRQVHNZHQFMĊ MHVW RJUDQLF]HQLH ZROQRœFL L SUDZ RE\ZDWHOD

SROVNLHJR Z VWRVXQNX GR RE\ZDWHOL SDľVWZ F]âRQNRZVNLFK LQQ\FK NUDMyZ 8( MHVW VSU]HF]QH ] WDN

]UHNRQVWUXRZDQĊSROVNĊUDFMĊVWDQX6]HU]HMQDWHQWHPDW0:\U]\NRZVNL:LHOH+DâDVXRQLF"5DFMRQDOL]RZDQLH

LUUDFMRQDOQHJR QD SU]\NâDG]LH SURWRNRâX 3ROVNR %U\W\MVNLHJR GR .DUW\ 3UDZ 3RGVWDZRZ\FK 8( >Z@ ,QVW\WXFMH SUDZD

NRQVW\WXF\MQHJRZGRELHLQWHJUDFMLHXURSHMVNLHM.VLęJDMXELOHXV]RZDGHG\NRZDQD3URI0DULL.UXN-DURV]:DUV]DZD

 0 :\U]\NRZVNL :SURZDG]HQLH JUDQLFH ZâDG]\ L JUDQLFH LQWHUSUHWDFML >Z@ - %DUF] UHG  2FKURQD 3UDZ

3RGVWDZRZ\FKZ8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM:DUV]DZDUV

 :\URN7U\EXQDâX6SUDZLHGOLZRœFL8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM]GQLDUZVSUDZLH&7DGDR

0DUXNRSU]HFLZNR9HUVRUJXQJVDQVWDOWGHUGHXWVFKH%XHKQHQ

 $%RGQDU=DND]G\VNU\PLQDFMLRVyEKRPRVHNVXDOQ\FKSR]RVWDMĊF\FKZ]ZLĊ]NDFKSDUWQHUVNLFK²JORVDGRZ\URNX

(76]UZVSUDZLH&7DGDR0DUXNRSU]HFLZNR9HUVRUJXQJVDQVWDOWGHUGHXWVFKH%XHKQHQ(36

V

(12)

35=(*/ĉ'35$:1,&=<

LQWHUSUHWDFMDQLH]RVWDâDXF]\QLRQDQDSRGVWDZLH.DUW\3UDZ3RGVWDZRZ\FKNWyUHMVWRVRZDQLH

ZW\P]DNUHVLHZVWRVXQNXGRRE\ZDWHOLSROVNLFK]RVWDâRZ\âĊF]RQHDOHQDSRGVWDZLHLQQHJR

DNWXSUDZD8(

 ']LHFNRDURG]LQD

: GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK UR]ZDůDQLDFK QLHMDNR QD PDUJLQHVLH ]DLVWQLDâD NZHVWLD ZSâ\ZX

G]LHFNDQDGHILQLRZDQLHURG]LQ\:V]F]HJyOQRœFLQLHXG]LHORQRRGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLHF]\

G]LHFNRMHVWVXEVWDQFMDOQ\PHOHPHQWHPURG]LQ\ ů\FLDURG]LQQHJR F]\WHůMHVWRQRÅF]\Pœµ

GRGDWNRZ\P 1D WR S\WDQLH QLH VSRVyE XG]LHOLý MHGQR]QDF]QHM Z\SRZLHG]L Z ]ZLĊ]NX ]

ZVND]DQ\PMXůZ\ůHMEUDNLHPOHJDOQHMGHILQLFMLURG]LQ\-HGQR]QDF]QHMGHILQLFMLQLHXG]LHOD

WDNůH MXG\NDWXUD : F\WRZDQ\P MXů Z\ůHM Z\URNX Z VSUDZLH 6.  7U\EXQDâ

.RQVW\WXF\MQ\ Z MHGQ\P PLHMVFX URG]LQę XWRůVDPLD ] FR QDMPQLHM MHGQ\P GRURVâ\P

LG]LHFNLHPZLQQ\P]H]ZLĊ]NLHPNRELHW\LPęůF]\]Q\%UDNWHJRVWRVXQNRZRZDůNLHJR

UR]VWU]\JQLęFLDZSROVNLPSRU]ĊGNXSUDZQ\PURG]LVWDQQLHSHZQRœFLFRGRVWDWXVXG]LHFND

Z URG]LQLH 2ZH UyůQLFH Z GHILQLRZDQLX URG]LQ\ Z\QLNDMĊ ]GDQLHP $XWRUD QLQLHMV]HJR

RSUDFRZDQLD]FKęFLXZ]JOęGQLDQLDNRQVW\WXF\MQHMZDUWRœFLMDNĊMHVWGREURG]LHFND

3UREOHP ]DU\VRZDQ\ SRZ\ůHM MHVW V]F]HJyOQLH LVWRWQ\ Z V\WXDFML JG\ FK RG]L

SU]\VSRVRELHQLHG]LHFND=JRGQLHNRGHNVHPURG]LQQ\PSU]\VSRVRELýZVSyOQLHPRJĊW\ONR

PDâůRQNRZLH 3U]\VSRVRELý PRůH WDNůH RVRED QLHSR]RVWDMĊFD Z ]ZLĊ]NX PDâůHľVNLP

RF]\PVWDQRZLDUWNRGHNVXURG]LQQHJRLRSLHNXľF]HJRNWyU\RGWDNLHMRVRE\Z\PDJD

MHG\QLH SHâQHM ]GROQRœý GR F]\QQRœFL SUDZQ\FK NZDOLILNDFML RVRELVW\FK X]DVDGQLDMĊF\FK

SU]HNRQDQLH ůH EęG]LH QDOHů\FLH Z\ZLĊ]\ZDâD VLę ] RERZLĊ]NyZ SU]\VSRVDELDMĊFHJR RUD]

SRVLDGDQLDRSLQLLNZDOLILNDF\MQHMLœZLDGHFWZDXNRľF]HQLDV]NROHQLDRUJDQL]RZDQHJRSU]H]

RœURGHNDGRSF\MQ\:]ZLĊ]NX]SURZDG]RQ\PLZ\ůHMUR]ZDůDQLDPLQDOHů\]DXZDů\ýůH

PRůOLZH MHVW SU]\VSRVRELHQLH SU]H] RVREę SR]RVWDMĊFĊ Z QLHIRUPDOQ\P ]ZLĊ]NX

SDUWQHUVNLP-DNWDNDV\WXDFMDPDVLęGRGREUDG]LHFND"

7U\EXQDâ.RQVW\WXF\MQ\ZZ\URNXZVSUDZLH.]DXZDů\âůHÅ>]@DVDGDGREUD

G]LHFND Z\UDůDMĊFD SU\PDW ZLę]L RSDUW\FK QD U]HF]\ZLVW\P SRFKRG]HQLX ELRORJLF]Q\P

Z\UDůD ZLęF MHG\QLH GRPLQXMĊFĊ WHQGHQFMę FR QLH Z\NOXF]D ůH Z SHZQ\FK ZDUXQNDFK

LRNROLF]QRœFLDFKGREURG]LHFNDQLHEęG]LHZ\PDJDâRRGZRâDQLDVLęGRLQQ\FKSU]HVâDQHN

NV]WDâWRZDQLDUHODFMLURG]LQQ\FKZUDPDFKNWyU\FKWRZâDœQLHLQWHUHVG]LHFNDSU]HZDů\QDG

LQWHUHVHP URG]LFyZ ELRORJLF]Q\FK L EęG]LH Z\PDJDâ RFKURQ\ VWRVXQNyZ URG]LQQ\FK

RSDUW\FK QD LVWQLHQLX LQQHJR W\SX ZLę]L QLů ZLęŭ ELRORJLF]QD SU]\VSRVRELHQLH URG]LQD

]DVWęSF]D DOH WDNůH XVWDELOL]RZDQH UHODFMH URG]LQQH XVWDORQH QLH]JRGQLH ] SUDZGĊ

ELRORJLF]QĊNWyUHQLHPRJĊE\ýMXůSUDZQLHSRGZDůRQH :\QLNDWR]WDNLHJRSRMPRZDQLD

GREUDG]LHFNDNWyUHDNFHQWXMHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPLQWHUHVPDâROHWQLHJR]ZLĊ]DQ\]]DSHZQLH

QLHP RGSRZLHGQLFK ZDUXQNyZ Z\FKRZDQLD L UR]ZRMX %H]Z]JOęGQH GĊůHQLH GR SU\PDWX

URG]LQ\QDWXUDOQHMPRJâRE\QLHNLHG\RGE\ZDýVLęNRV]WHPGREUDG]LHFNDµ

 Å:œZLHWOHSU]HSLVyZNRQVW\WXF\MQ\FK]DÅURG]LQęµQDOHů\]DWHPX]QDýNDůG\WUZDâ\]ZLĊ]HNGZyFK

OXE ZLęFHM RVyE VNâDGDMĊF\ VLę ] FR QDMPQLHM MHGQHM RVRE\ GRURVâHM L G]LHFND RSDUW\ QD ZLę]DFK

HPRFMRQDOQ\FKSUDZQ\FKDSU]HZDůQLHWDNůHLQDZLę]DFKNUZLµ

 Å « RFKURQDURG]LQ\UHDOL]RZDQDSU]H]ZâDG]HSXEOLF]QHPXVLXZ]JOęGQLDýSU]\MęWĊZ.RQVW\WXFML

ZL]Mę URG]LQ\ MDNR WUZDâHJR ]ZLĊ]NX PęůF]\]Q\ L NRELHW\ QDNLHURZDQHJR QD PDFLHU]\ľVWZR

LRGSRZLHG]LDOQHURG]LFLHOVWZRµ

 :\URN7U\EXQDâX.RQVW\WXF\MQHJR]GQLDU. 27.=8=8QU$SR] 

(13)

ÅŮ<&,(52'=,11(µ:35$:,(32/6.,0&=<0-(67$&=<01,(-(67" 

7\PVDP\PPRůQD]DU\]\NRZDýWH]ęůH]XZDJLQDQLHNZHVWLRQRZDQHÅGREURµMDNLP

MHVW ]DSHZQLHQLH G]LHFNX PRůOLZRœFL UR]ZRMX Z URG]LQLH 7U\EXQDâ GRSXV]F]D ² FKRý QLH

ZSURVW ² DE\ G]LHFNR E\âR SU]\VSRVRELRQH SU]H] RVRE\ IXQNFMRQXMĊFH ZQLHIRUPDOQ\FK

]ZLĊ]NDFK SDUWQHUVNLFK 1DOHů\ SU]\ W\P ]DXZDů\ý ůH Å>D@GRSFMD G]LHFL SU]H] RVRE\

KRPRVHNVXDOQH MHVW NRQWURZHUV\MQD ]H Z]JOęGX QD EUDN ZLDU\JRGQ\FK GDQ\FK GRW\F]ĊF\FK

ZSâ\ZXZ\FKRZDQLDZQLHW\SRZHMURG]LQLHQDUR]ZyMLSV\FKLNęG]LHFND:Sâ\ZWHQPRůH

E\ý UyZQLHů SRFKRGQĊ EUDNX WROHUDQFML VSRâHF]QHM GOD RGPLHQQRœFL Z]DNUHVLH RULHQWDFML

VHNVXDOQHM]HVWURQ\UyZLHœQLNyZ]URG]LQKHWHURVHNVXDOQ\FKRUD]RWRF]HQLDW\FKG]LHFLµ

3HUVSHNW\ZDHXURSHMVND

3UREOHPDW\NDDGRSFMLG]LHFNDE\âDZLHORNURWQLHSU]HGPLRWHPRU]HF]QLFWZD(XURSHM

VNLHJR7U\EXQDâX3UDZ&]âRZLHND7U\EXQDâNRQVHNZHQWQLHRGRU]HF]HQLDZVSUDZLH)UHWHp

SU]HFLZNR)UDQFMLGRW\F]ĊFHJRDGRSFMLG]LHFLSU]H]RVRE\KRPRVHNVXDOQHVWRLQDVWDQRZLVNXůH

ÅDGRSFMDR]QDF]DGDQLHURG]LQ\G]LHFNXDQLHG]LHFNDURG]LQLHµ0DMĊFQDXZDG]HSRZ\ůV]H

VIRUPXâRZDQLH]DXSUDZQLRQ\QDOHů\X]QDýZQLRVHNZVWUDVEXUVNLPV\VWHPLHRFKURQ\SUDZ

F]âRZLHNDG]LHFNRQLHMHVWXZDůDQH]HVXEVWDQFMDOQ\HOHPHQWURG]LQ\

:W\PVDP\PRU]HF]HQLX(73&SRGREQLHMDN7U\EXQDâ.RQVW\WXF\MQ\]ZUyFLâXZDJę

ůHQDGHF\]MęRGHF\]MĊRSU]\]QDQLXSUDZDGRDGRSFMLV]F]HJyOQ\ZSâ\ZÅ « SRZLQLHQPLHý

QDMOHSV]\LQWHUHVG]LHFND6SHFMDOLœFLRGVSUDZG]LHFLSV\FKLDWU]\LSV\FKRORJRZLHPDMĊUyůQH

SRJOĊG\QDWHPDWHZHQWXDOQ\FKVNXWNyZRSLHNLURG]LFyZKRPRVHNVXDOQ\FK'RWHJRQDOHů\

GRGDýJâęERNLHUyůQLFHRSLQLLSXEOLF]QHMZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKNUDMDFK3UREOHPHPMHVWUyZQLHů

QLHZ\VWDUF]DMĊFDOLF]EDG]LHFLGRDGRSFML:W\FKZDUXQNDFKZâDG]HNUDMRZHPRJĊX]QDýůH

RJUDQLF]HQLHSUDZDGRDGRSFMLOHů\ZLQWHUHVLHG]LHFLQLH]DOHůQLHRGXSUDZQLRQ\FKDVSLUDFML

KRPRVHNVXDOLVW\ FKFĊFHJR MH DGRSWRZDýµ :VSRPQLDQD ]JRGQRœý 7U\EXQDâyZ œZLDGF]\

RGDOHNR SRVXQLęW\P NRQVHQVLH Z HXURSHMVNLHM SU]HVWU]HQL SUDZQHM FR GR SR]\FML G]LHFND

ZURG]LQLH-HVW]DUD]HPSU]HMDZHPGREU]HIXQNFMRQXMĊFHJRGLDORJXPLęG]\VĊGDPLNUDMRZ\PL

DPLęG]\QDURGRZ\PL

 $ŒOHG]LľVND6LPRQ$GRSFMDG]LHFLSU]H]RVRE\KRPRVHNVXDOQH>Z@5:LHUXV]HZVNLL0:\U]\NRZVNL

UHG 2ULHQWDFMDVHNVXDOQDLWRůVDPRœýSâFLRZD²DVSHNW\SUDZQHLVSRâHF]QH:DUV]DZD

 :\URN(XURSHMVNLHJR7U\EXQDâX3UDZ&]âRZLHNDGQLD ZVSUDZLH)UHWWpY)UDQFHVNDUJD

QU

 -DN ]RVWDâR ZVSRPQLDQH Z\ůHM VWDQRZLVNR (73& HZROXXMH 3HZQĊ ]DSRZLHG]LĊ HZROXFML ZH

ZVSRPQLDQHMPDWHULLPRůHE\ýRU]HF]HQLHZVSUDZLH(%SU]HFLZNR)UDQFML :\URN:LHONLHM,]E\(73&

]GQLD  VW\F]QLD  U VNDUJD QU   : Z\URNX W\P VWZLHUG]RQR Å7U\EXQDâ QLH MHVW «  SRZRâDQ\ GR UR]VWU]\JDQLD F]\ SUDZR GR DGRSFML SU]H] Z]JOĊG QD LQWHU DOLD UR]ZyM XVWDZRGDZVWZD

HXURSHMVNLHJR RUD] IDNW ůH .RQZHQFMD MHVW ů\Z\P LQVWUXPHQWHP NWyU\ PXVL E\ý LQWHUSUHWRZDQ\

ZœZLHWOHZDUXQNyZWRF]ĊFHJRVLęREHFQLHů\FLD ]REDF]ZV]F]HJyOQRœFL-RKQVWRQLLQQLS,UODQGLLZ\URN

] GQLD  JUXGQLD  U 6HULD $ QU  VWURQ\ ² †   SRZLQQR OXE QLH SRZLQQR E\ý REMęWH

]DNUHVHPVDPHJRDUW.RQZHQFMLµ7\PVDP\PSRGREQLHMDNZRPDZLDQHMZ\ůHMVSUDZLH6FKDOSNL.RSI

SU]HFLZNR $XVWULL ² 7U\EXQDâ ZVND]Dâ QD ]DFKRG]ĊFH Z VSRâHF]HľVWZDFK (XURS\ ]PLDQ\ Z WHM PDWHULL

:\URNWHQPRůHZSU]\V]âRœFLVWDýVLęSRGVWDZĊGR]PLDQ\VWDQRZLVND(73&]LX]QDQLDůHSUDZRGR

DGRSFMLG]LHFNDSU]H]RVRE\KRPRVHNVXDOQHMHVWREMęWH]DNUHVHPDUW(.3&µ

 0$1RZLFNL:RNyâ.RQZHQFML(XURSHMVNLHM.RPHQWDU]GR(XURSHMVNLHM.RQZHQFML3UDZ&]âRZLHNDZ\G

:DUV]DZD

 6]HU]HMQDWHQWHPDW/*DUOLFNL'LDORJPLęG]\VęG]LDPL SRPLęG]\:DUV]DZĊ6WUDVEXUJLHPD/XNVHPEXUJLHP 

>Z@ / *DUGRFNL - *RG\ľ 0 +XG]LN /. 3DSU]\FNL UHG  'LDORJ PLęG]\ 6ĊGDPL L 7U\EXQDâDPL

:\GDZQLFWZR6ĊGX1DMZ\ůV]HJR:DUV]DZD=%URGHFNL UHG (XURSDVęG]LyZ:DUV]DZD

(14)

35=(*/ĉ'35$:1,&=<

 :XQLMQ\PV\VWHPLHRFKURQ\SUDZF]âRZLHNDWUXGQ\PMHVWVNRQVWUXRZDQLHVWDQGDUGX

Z ]DNUHVLH RFKURQ\ ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR 3RF]\QLRQD Z\ůHM XZDJĊ ůH UHJXODFMD ů\FLD

URG]LQQHJR QDOHů\ GR Z\âĊF]QHM NRPSHWHQFML SDľVWZ F]âRQNRZVNLFK WâXPDF]\ GODF]HJR

GRW\FKF]DV 7U\EXQDâ 6SUDZLHGOLZRœFL 8( QLH SU]HGVWDZLâ VZRMHJR SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD QD

SUREOHPDW\NęG]LHFNDZURG]LQLH

 3RGVXPRZDQLH

3URZDG]RQHUR]ZDůDQLDSR]ZDODMĊQDVIRUPXâRZDQLHQDVWęSXMĊF\FKZQLRVNyZ1D

JUXQFLHSUDZDSROVNLHJREUDNMHVWGHILQLFMLSRMęFLDů\FLDURG]LQQHJRLURG]LQ\6DPEUDN

GHILQLFMLQLHNRQLHF]QLHPXVL]RVWDýX]QDQ\]DZDGę=DWDNĊZDGęQDOHů\X]QDýMHGQDNůH

]DFKRG]ĊFH SRZDůQH UR]ELHůQRœFL LQWHUSUHWDF\MQH FR ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD SRVWXODWX

SHZQRœFLSUDZDVWDQRZL]DJURůHQLH

3RGVXPRZXMĊF SURZDG]RQH UR]ZDůDQLD ]D XSUDZQLRQ\ QDOHů\ X]QDý ZQLRVHN ůH

NDůG\ ]ZLĊ]HN GZRMJD RVyE GRURVâ\FK FHFKXMĊF\ VLę WUZDâRœFLĊ SRů\FLD L ZLĊůĊF\ VLę

]SURZDG]HQLHPZVSyOQHJRJRVSRGDUVWZDQDOHů\X]QDý]DÅů\FLHURG]LQQHµ']LHFNRQLH

MHVW SU]\ W\P ÅHOHPHQWHPµ NRQVW\WXF\MQ\P RZĊ URG]LQę 3RMęFLHP ů\FLD URG]LQQHJR

REMęWDMHVWWDNůHGRURVâDRVREDZ\FKRZXMĊFDG]LHFNR7\PVDP\PQLHMHVWMDVQ\VWDWXV

G]LHFNDZURG]LQLHJG\ůZMHGQ\PPLHMVFXF]\MHVWRQRX]QDZDQH]DFRQGLWLRVLQHTXDQRQ

URG]LQ\]DœZLQQ\PQLH

= WHJR SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD GH OHJH IHUHQGD ZDUWR UR]ZDů\ý XUHJXORZDQLH ]ZLĊ]NyZ

SDUWQHUVNLFKLUR]VWU]\JQLęFLHF]\RVRE\SR]RVWDMĊFHZWDNLP]ZLĊ]NXPRJĊSU]\VSRVRELý

G]LHFNR3RJOĊGUHSUH]HQWRZDQ\SU]H]7U\EXQDâ.RQVW\WXF\MQ\PRůQDX]QDý]DVZRLVWĊ

KLSRNU\]Mę SUDZQĊ ERZLHP RVRED ]DUyZQR KRPRVHNVXDOQD L MDN KHWHURVHNVXDOQD  SR]RVWDMĊFD Z QLHIRUPDOQ\P ]ZLĊ]NX SDUWQHUVNLP NWyUD SU]\VSRVREL G]LHFNR WZRU]\

URG]LQęZœZLHWOHRU]HF]QLFWZD7.]DœZRGQLHVLHQLXGRUHODFML]SDUWQHUHPWDNLHMURG]LQ\

²ZUR]XPLHQLXRU]HF]QLFWZD7.²MXůQLHWZRU]\

´)DPLO\/LIHµLQ3ROLVK/DZ

:KDW,V,WDQG:KDW,V,W1RW"

6XPPDU\

7KLVDUWLFOHFRQFHUQVWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHWHUP´IDPLO\OLIHµRQJURXQGRI3ROLVKODZ

$QDWWHPSWWRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQDERYHLVPDGHXQGHUWKHSURYLVLRQVRI3ROLVKODZPDLQO\

WKH 3ROLVK &RQVWLWXWLRQ DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV ELQGLQJ IRU 3RODQG HVSHFLDOO\ WKH

(XURSHDQ&RQYHQWLRQRQ+XPDQ5LJKWVDQGWKH3ROLVKPHPEHUVKLSLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ

7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOSURYLVLRQVLQWKH3ROLVK&RQVWLWXWLRQEXWWKHPRVWFRQWURYHUVLDOLV$UW

ZKLFKSURYLGHVWKDW´0DUULDJHEHLQJDXQLRQRIDPDQDQGDZRPDQDVZHOODVWKHIDPLO\

PRWKHUKRRGDQGSDUHQWKRRGVKDOOEHSODFHGXQGHUWKHSURWHFWLRQDQGFDUHRIWKH5HSXEOLFRI

3RODQGµ7KHUHDUHDORWRILQWHUSUHWDWLRQVZKDWIDPLO\OLIHUHDOO\PHDQV/DWHVW&RQVWLWXWLRQDO

LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV SURYLGH WKDW ´&RQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ SUHIHUUHG YLVLRQ RI WKH IDPLO\ LV VWDEOH XQLRQ

EHWZHHQDZRPDQDQGDPDQWDUJHWHGWRPRWKHUKRRGDQGUHVSRQVLEOHSDUHQWKRRGµ7KHUHDUH

VWURQJFRQWURYHUVLHVRQTXDOLILFDWLRQRIFLYLOSDUWQHUVKLSDVD´IDPLO\OLIHµ)URPRQHVLGH7KH

6XSUHPH &RXUW DVVXPHV WKDW $UW  RI WKH &RQVWLWXWLRQ H[FOXGHV SRWHQWLDO UHJXODWLRQ RI

(15)

ÅŮ<&,(52'=,11(µ:35$:,(32/6.,0&=<0-(67$&=<01,(-(67" 

KRPRVH[XDO RU KHWHURVH[XDO FLYLO SDUWQHUVKLS 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH &RPPLWWHH RI /HJDO

6FLHQFHVRIWKH3ROLVK$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHVSURYLGHVWKDWWKHUHDUHVWDWHREOLJDWLRQVWRUHJXODWH

FLYLO SDUWQHUVKLS DV D SDUW RI IDPLO\ OLIH 7KH VHFRQG VWDWHPHQW KDV LWV UHIOHFWLRQ RQ (&+5

VWDQGDUGV HVSHFLDOO\ IURP WKH MXGJPHQW LQ WKH FDVH 6FKDON DQG .RSI Y $XVWULD DQG LQ WK H

MXULVSUXGHQFHRIWKH&RXUWRI-XVWLFHRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ

,Q WKH ODVW SDUW RI WKH DUWLFOH WKHUH ZDV DQ LVVXH FRQFHUQLQJ WKH LQIOXHQFH RI FKLOG IRU

IDPLO\LVH[DPLQHG&KLOGLQ&RQVWLWXWLRQDODQG(&+5YLHZLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WRHVWDEOLVKIDPLO\

OLIH

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

wyższym, rozważań na temat jakości życia rodzinnego nie można sprowadzać jedynie do satysfakcji z  osiągniętego statusu materialnego rodziny, ale nale- ży brać również

Wyższe wykształcenie staje się coraz bardziej uzależnione od wpływów przedsiębiorców, dyktujących wymogi absolwentom poprzez sterowanie ryn- kiem pracy w  sektorze

Niestety jakże często teoretycy, badacze czy publicyści zajmujący się problematyką dzieci i młodzie- ży wskazują na dezintegrację wewnątrzrodzinnej socjalizacji,

Wychowanie do życia w rodzinie to ...zajęcia, na których poruszać się powinno zagadnienia związane z seksualno- ścią człowieka, […] a ponadto nie tylko przekazywać

Okres wielkiej zmiany, wielowymiarowej transformacji w  naszym kraju, wyraźne zakorzenienie się w  ogólnej refleksji pedagogicznej i  badaniach edu- kacyjnych

Liniowa analiza dyskryminacyjna [2] (ang.. Dopuszczenie ró˙znych macierzy kowariancji przy zało˙zeniu normalno´sci rozkładów w klasach nazywane jest metod ˛ a QDA...

PRELOL]XMHRUJDQL]DFM GRSRG DQLDZMHMNLHUXQNX LQVW\WXFMRQDOL]XMHSURFHV]PLDQSRWU]HEQ\FKGRUHDOL]DFMLZL]ML /LGHU WUDQVIRUPDF\MQ\ MHVW SRGW\SHP SU]\ZyGF\ WUDQVDNF\MQHJR 3RMDZLD VL RQ

[r]