Stahl und Eisen, Jg. 21, No.24

Die Zeitschrift erscheint in halbmonatlichen Hefter..

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mitglicder:

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FÜR DAS DEUTSCHE EISENHÜTTENWESEN.

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und Geschäftsführer des Vereins deutscher Eisenhüttenloute,

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W. B e u m e r,

Geschäftsführer der Nordwestlichen Gruppe des Vereins deutscher Eisen- und Stahl-Industrieller,

für den w irthschaftlichen Theil.

Nr. 24. 15. December 1901. 21. Jahrgang.

Z u r Z o l l t a r i f - V o r l a g e .

G a s t e i n , 2 2 . .Juli 1 8 7 6 .*

' e i (1er K ü r z e d e r Z e i t in W n r z b u r g * * k o n n t e ic h ein en G e g e n s t a n d u n s e re r in n e re n V e r h ä lt n is s e n ic h t n o c h m a ls z u r S p r a c h e b r in g e n , d e r m ich t r o t z d e r V o r ­ t r ä g e v o n p . D e lb r ü c k u n d C a m p h a n sen , n o ch e h e S ie im H e r b s t e n a ch B e r lin k a m e n , f o r t ­ w ä h r e n d b e s c h ä f t ig t u n d n a m e n tlich n ach n e u e re n M it th e ilu n g e n w ä h r e n d m e in e r A n ­ w e s e n h e it a m R h e in . E s ist d ie s da s D a r ­ n ie d e r lie g e n u n s e r e r E is e n In d u s t r ie . I n je n e n V o r t r ä g e n w u r d e m ir n a c h g e w ie s e n , d a fs u n ser E is e n E x p o r t n o ch im m e r den I m p o r t ü b e r ­ s te ig t. Ic h e r w ie d e r t e , w o h e r es den n a b e r k o m m e , d a fs ein E is e n F a b r ic a t io n s U n te rn e h m e n n a c h dem ä n d e rn s e in e O e fe n a u s b la s e , s e in e A r b e it e r e n t l a s s e , d ie h e r u m lu n g e r t e n , und d a fs d ie je n ig e n , w e lc h e n o c h f o r t a r b e it e t e n , d ies n u r m it S ch a d e n th ä te n , a ls o n ic h t s v e r d ie n t e n , b is a u ch s ie d ie A r b e it w ü r d e n e in s te lle n m ü ssen . G e a n t w o r t e t w u r d e m ir : j a , d a s sei g e g r ü n d e t, in d e s s e n b e i s o lc h e n a llg e m e in e n C a la m itä ten m ü fste n E in z e ln e z u G ru n d e g e h e n , das sei

* A u s : K a i s e r W i l h e l m : ! ; u n d B i s m a r c k , her- ausgegeben als Fortsetzung zu „Gedanken und E r­

innerungen“ von der J. G. Cottasclien Buchhandlung N a ch folg er' in Stuttgart und Berlin. Seite 268 und ff.

** A m 10. Juli begab sich Fürst Bismarck von Kissingen nach W ürzburg, uni mit dem dort nach Gasteiu durchreisenden K aiser zusammenzutreffen.

X X IV .,,

n ich t zit ä n d e rn , u n d w ir s tä n d en d a rin im m er n o c h b e s s e r a ls a n d e r e L ä n d e r ( ¡ B e l g i e n : ) . Is t da s e in e S t a a t s w e is e A u ff a s s u n g ? S o s te h e t le id e r d ie s e A n g e le g e n h e it s c h o n s e it den le t z te n J a h r e n . N u n s o ll a b e r v o m 1. J a n u a r 1 8 7 7 an d e r E is e n -I m p o r t n a c h D e u t s c h la n d g a n z Z o l l f r e i * s ta ttfin d e n , w ä h r e n d F r a n k ­ r e ic h e in e P r ä m i e a u f s e in e E is e n A u s f u h r n a c h D e u ts c h la n d e in fü h r t ! D a s s in d d och so s c h la g e n d e S ä t z e , d ie n u r d ie F o lg e h a b e n k ö n n e n , d a fs u n s e re E is e n In d u strie a u c h in ih re n le t z te n R es te n r u ijiir t w e rd e n m u l's!

Ic h v e r la n g e k e in e s w e g s ein A u fg e b e n des g e p r ie s e n e n F r e ih a n d e ls S y s t e m e s , a b e r v o r Z u s a m m e n tritt d es R e ic h s t a g s m u fs ic h v e r ­ la n g e n , d ie F r a g e n o c h m a ls zu v e n t ilir e n ,

„ o b das G e s e tz w e g e n d e r Z o llfr e ie n E in fu h r des E is e n s v o m A u s la n d e n a c h D e u t s c h la n d n ic h t v o r lä u fig a u f ein J a h r v e r s c h o b e n , w e r d e n m u f s ? “ W e n n S ie m it m ir ü b e r e in s tim m e n , se h e ic h Ih re m B e r ic h t e n tg e g e n , w a s S ie a n o r d n e n w e r d e n .

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W i 1 h e 1 m . S o s c h r ie b d e r d a m a ls im 8 0 . L e b e n s ja h r e ste h e n d e K a is e r W i 1 li e 1 ni I. an s e in e n g r o fs e n K a n z le r . K a n n es ein en r ü h r e n d e r e n B e w e is

* D ie gesperrt gedruckten W o rte sind im O riginal- bripf hm-nrirehoben.

f ü r d ie tr e u e u n d u n e rm ü d lich e la n d e s v ä te r lic h e F ü r s o r g e des g r e is e n M o n a rch e n g e b e n , a ls er d u r c h d ie s e s e in fa c h e u n d d o c h so u n e n d lic h v ie l W e is h e it e n th a lte n d e S c h r e ib e n e r b r a c h t w i r d ?

S e in e V e r ö ffe n t lic h u n g k o m m t ju s t z u r r e c h te n Z e it . T o b t d o c h im R e ic h s t a g a u g e n b lic k lic h e in h e ifs e r K a m p f, w e lc h e r g e g e n d ie v e r s c h ie ­ d e n s te n P a r t e ir ic h t u n g e n g e fü h r t w e r d e n m u fs, um d ie im J a h r e 1 8 7 9 b e g o n n e n e m a fs v o lle Z o llp o lit ik a u fr e c h t z u e rh a lte n . M it dem n eu en E n t w u r f zu m Z o llg e s e t z u n d Z o l l t a r i f in d e r F o r m , w ie e r in F e s t h a lt u n g an d e r b e w ä h r te n P o li t ik s e in e s h o c h s e lig e n G r o fs v a te r s v o m K a is e r W il h e lm I I . g e z e ic h n e t , v o r v ie r M o n a ten an den B u n d e s r a th g e la n g t e , h a b e n w ir u n s e re L e s e r fr ü h e r b e k a n n t g e m a c h t ; d a d ie j e t z t an den R e ic h s t a g g e la n g t e V o r la g e s ich g e g e n ü b e r je n e m E n t w u r f n u r in w e n ig e n P o s it io n e n g e ­ ä n d e rt h a t, s o w e it d ie E is e n in d u s tr ie in B e ­ t r a c h t k o m m t, so k ö n n e n w i r u ns d a r a u f b e ­ s c h r ä n k e n , d ie s e A e n d e r u n g e n k u r z a u fz u z ä h le n , u n d v e r w e is e n im ü b r ig e n a u f d ie g e n a n n te fr ü h e r e V e r ö ffe n t lic h u n g h in .*

B e i den P o s . 7 8 6 /8 B l e c h is t d ie D r e i- th e ilu n g d es e rs te n E n tw u r fe s fa lle n g e la s s e n u n d s in d d ie h ie r f ü r B le c h e v o n 0 ,5 b is 1 m m S t ä r k e a n g e fü h r t e n Z o lls ä t z e im n e u e n E n t w u r f f ü r a lle B le c h e v o n 1 m m o d e r d a ru n te r e in ­ g e s e t z t , w ä h r e n d d ie im e rs te n E n t w u r f fü r B le c h e v o n 0 ,5 mm u n d d a ru n te r v o r g e s e h e n e n h ö h e re n S ä t z e in F o r t f a l l g e k o m m e n s in d . E s is t d ies a ls e in e a u fs e r o r d e n tlic h s c h w e r w ie g e n d e A e n d e r u n g zu b e z e ic h n e n , w e lc h e f ü r d ie g e ­ d e ih lic h e W e it e r e n t w ic k lu n g d es b e tro ffe n e n I n d u s t r ie z w e ig e s v e r h ä n g n ifs v o ll w e r d e n k ö n n te . B e i P o s . 8 2 9 K e t t e n , r o h , s in d e in g e s c h a lt e t :

„ K e t t e n z u r K e t t e n s c h le p p s c h iffa h r t , und is t h ie r fü r d e r Z o lls a t z a u f 3 J i b e m e s s e n .“

B e i d en A n m e r k u n g e n z u A d es s ie b ­ z e h n te n A b s c h n it t e s is t d ie A n m e r k u n g 3 des a lte n E n t w u r fe s :

„ G e z o g e n e s o d e r g e w a lz t e s E is e n w ir d oh n e R ü c k s ic h t a u f d ie F o r m d es Q u e r s ch n itts a ls D r a h t v e r z o llt , s o fe r n d ie g r ö f s t e A b ­ m e s s u n g d es Q u e r sch n itts 5 m m n ic h t ü b e r ­ s c h r e ite t . “

in W e g f a l l g e k o m m e n , d ie b is h e r ig e n A n m e r k u n g e n 4 , 5 u n d

6

h a b e n d ie N u m m e rn 3 , 4 u n d 5 e rh a lte n u n d a ls A n m e r k u n g

6

is t n eu e in g e fü g t :

• „ S ta tu e n (e in s c h lie fs lic h d e r B ü s t e n , R e lie f s u n d T h ie r fig u r e n ) m in d e s te n s in n a t ü r lic h e r G r ö fs e w e r d e n , s o fe r n s ie K u n s tg e g e n s tä n d e s in d , z o l l f r e i a b g e la s s e n .“

B e i P o s . 9 0 5 is t d e r T i t e l „ D a m p fm ä h ­ m a s c h in e n “ a b g e ä n d e r t in „M ä h m a s c h in e n .“

* V ergl. „S ta h l und E isen “ 1901 Nr. 16 S.

8 6 8

und Nr. 23 S. 1313.

D ie A n m e r k u n g z u A d es a c h tz e h n t e n A b ­ s c h n itte s

„ D i e Z o lls ä t z e f ü r M a s ch in e n fin d en a u ch a u f z e r l e g t e in g e h e n d e M a s ch in e n A n w e n d u n g , w e n n d ie z u s a m m e n g e h ö r ig e n T h e ile g le ic h ­ z e i t i g z u r V e r z o llu n g g e s t e llt w e r d e n . D a s F e h le n e in z e ln e r u n w e s e n t lic h e r T h e ile b le ib t h ie r b e i u n b e r ü c k s ic h t ig t. D a g e g e n u n t e r lie g e n e in z e ln e in g e h e n d e T h e ile s o lc h e r M a s ch in e n , s o w e it s ie n ic h t d en fe r t ig e n M a s ch in e n a u s ­ d r ü c k lic h g le ic h g e s t e llt o d e r a n d e r w e it b e ­ s o n d e rs t a r ifir t s i n d , d e r V e r z o llu n g n a c h B e s c h a ffe n h e it d es S t o f f s .“

f e h lt im n eu en E n tw u r f.

U n s e r e L e s e r w e r d e n es uns n a c h e m p fin d e n , w e n n w ir d a r a u f v e r z i c h t e n , d ie im R e ic h s t a g zu m Z o l l t a r i f g e h a lte n e s c h ie r z a h llo s e R e ih e d e r R e d e n h ie r w ie d e r z u g e b e n o d e r z u b e s p r e c h e n . D e r L e it e r d es w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n T h e ils u n s e r e r Z e it s c h r ift , d e r b e k a n n tlic h n e b e n s e in e r a n ­ g e s t r e n g t e n B e r u fs t h ä t ig k e it da s m ü h e v o lle A m t e in e s R e ic h t a g s a b g e o r d n e t e n a u f s ic h g e n o m m e n h a t , is t im V e r l a u f d e r D e b a t t e z u W o r t e g e ­ k o m m e n , und b e s c h r ä n k e n w i r u n s d a r a u f, s e in e R e d e , w e lc h e u n s e re m P r o g r a m m e n t s p r ic h t und d e r w ir in a lle n P u n k t e n b e is t im m e n , n a c h ­ s te h e n d w i e d e r z u g e b e n :

D r . B e u m e r : A ls N e u lin g in d iesem h o h e n H a u s e em p fin d e ic h e in e b e s o n d e r e F r e u d e d a r ü b e r , m e in e k u r z e n A u s fü h r u n g e n ü b e r d ie b e d e u ts a m e V o r la g e m it d e r E r k lä r u n g b e g in n e n z u k ö n n e n , d a fs d ie In d u s t r ie m ein es W a h lk r e is e s , e in es d e r g r ö f s t e n in g a n z D e u t s c h la n d , b e z ü g ­ lic h d e r N e u r e g e lu n g u n s e r e r Z o llv e r h ä lt n is s e H a n d in H a n d m it d e r L a n d w i r t s c h a f t z u g e h e n d en a u fr ic h tig s t e n W u n s c h h a t. ( B e ifa ll.) W i r w is s e n in d iesem W a h lk r e is e a u s d e r g e s c h ic h t ­ lic h e n E r f a h r u n g , d a f s , w e n n e i n G lie d des K ö r p e r s le id e t, d e r g a n z e K ö r p e r m itle id e n m u fs.

D a fs d ie s e T h a t s a c h e w ie a u f h y g ie n is c h e m so a u ch a u f v o l k s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e m G e b ie te z u tr ifft, h a b e n w i r M itte d e r s ie b z ig e r J a h r e e m p fu n d en , a ls in fo lg e d e r A u fh e b u n g d e r E is e n z ö lle u n s e re g a n z e v a t e r lä n d is c h e W i r t s c h a f t d a r n ie d e r la g und d ie b a n g e n B e fü r c h t u n g e n s ic h in g a n z e m U m fa n g e e r fü llt e n , d ie u n s e r u n v e r g e fs lic h e r K a is e r W i l ­ h elm I . in ein e m k ü r z lic li b e k a n n t g e w o r d e n e n B r ie f e (S . o b e n . D . R .) a n d en g r o f s e n F ü r s t e n B is ­ m a r c k so e in d r in g lic h a u s g e s p r o c h e n h a tte . (S e h r g u t !) D ie in n ig e n B e z ie h u n g e n v o n L a n d w i r t ­ s c h a ft u n d I n d u s t r ie , b e id e a ls C on su m en ten s o w o h l w ie a ls P r o d u c e n t e n , v e r a n la s s e n h e u te d ie In d u s t r ie , d e r L a n d w i r t s c h a f t d en n ö t i g e n S c h u t z n ic h t z u v e r s a g e n . W i r k ö n n e n es n iclit f ü r z u tr e ffe n d e r a c h t e n , w e n n m an m e i n t , die E r t r ä g e e in e r a n g e m e s s e n e n Z o llp o lit ik k ä m e n u r d en T a s c h e n w e n i g e r G r o fs g r u n d b e s it z e r zu g u te . E in e v e r n ü n ft ig e Z o llg e s e t z g e b u n g s o ll d ie M ö g -

15. D ecem ber 1901. Z u r Zollłai

lic h k e it d e r A r b e it im L a n d e v e r m itt e ln (S e h r r i c h t i g ! ) , u n d w e n n s ie da s f e r t ig b r in g t , dan n n i o f s o n ' d ie E r t r ä g e u n m itte lb a r in ta u s e n d u n d a b e r ta u s e n d K a n ä le , in d ie H a n d d e r P r o d u c e n t e n n ic h t a lle in , s o n d e rn in d ie des A r b e it e r s , u n d z w a r d es l a n d w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n s o w o h l a ls des in d u s t r ie lle n , in d ie H a n d des k le in e n M a n n es u n d in d ie H a n d des M itte ls ta n d e s . (Z u s tim m u n g .) D e s h a lb h a lte n w ir a lle ,jene s c h a u d e r e r r e g e n d e B e r e c h n u n g v o n d e r e in s e itig e n A n fü llu n g d e r T a s c h e n d e r P r o d u c e n t e n f ü r u n zu tr e ffe n d und e ra ch te n d ie A u fs t e llu n g e in es a n g e m e s s e n e n a u to n o m e n T a r if s a ls r ic h t ig e n K a m p fm itt e ls zu r E r la n g u n g g e e ig n e t e r la n g fr is t ig e r H a n d e ls ­ v e r t r ä g e f ü r e in e M a l'sn a h m e ,. d ie d e r g e s a m m te n W ir t h s c h a ft u n s e re s V a te r la n d e s zu g u te k o m m t.

D ie A u fg a b e e in es a u to n o m e n T a r if s is t es d o c h , v o n a n d e re n L ä n d e r n b e s s e r e E in fu h r b e d in g u n g e n zu e r l a n g e n , u n d da ru m s in d d ie S ä t z e d ie s e s T a r if s in s b e s o n d e r e im H i n b l i c k ' a u f a lle d ie ­ je n ig e n L ä n d e r a u f z u s t e lle n , die s ic h w e ig e r n , D e u t s c h la n d f ü r die G e w ä h r u n g s e in e r V e r t r a g s ­ z ö ll e a n g e m e s s e n e C o n ce s s io n e n z u m a ch en . D ie K r it ik , d ie d e r v o r lie g e n d e E n t w u r f v o n s e ite n d es F r e ih a n d e ls g e fu n d e n h a t, is t s c h o n um d es­

w ille n u n z u t r e ffe n d , w e il d ie S a c h e d u r c h w e g so d a r g e s t e llt w o r d e n is t, a ls h ä tte n w i r es b e ­ r e it s m it d en S ä t z e n f ü r d ie V e r t r a g s t a r if e zu th u n . A b e r g e r a d e w e il w ir es liie r m it K a m p f­

s ä tz e n zu th u n h a b e n , v o n d e n e n d o c h n o c h .etw a s a b g e h a n d e lt w e r d e n s o l l , s in d s ie in m a n ch en P o s it io n e n , n a m e n tlic h im H in b lic k a u f s o lc h e L ä n d e r , d ie uns n ic h t e n tg e g e n k o m m e n w o lle n , u n s v ie lm e h r r ü c k s ic h t s lo s b e h a n d e ln , z u m T h e il n ic h t h o ch g e n u g , s o n d e rn im G e g e n - t h e il zu n ie d r ig . (U n ru h e b e i d en S o c ia ld e m o ­ k r a te n .) E s s c h lie fs t da s n a t ü r lic h n ic h t a u s, d a fs a n d e r e S ä t z e im I n t e r e s s e d e r a u f d ie V e r ­ w e n d u n g d e r b e tre ffe n d e n M a te r ia lie n a u s s c h lie fs - lic li a n g e w ie s e n e n In d u s trie n fü r zu h o c h e r ­ a c h t e t w e r d e n k ö n n e n u n d da n n h e r a b g e s e t z t w e r d e n m ü ssen . In s o n d e r h e it in n e rh a lb d e r E is e n - u n d S ta h lin d u s tr ie b e s te h t im a llg e m e in e n ein V e r la n g e n n a c h E r h ö h u n g n ic h t , w o d u r c h s e lb s t ­ v e r s t ä n d lic h n ic h t a u s g e s c h lo s s e n w ir d , d a fs fü r e in z e ln e h ö h e r w e r t h ig e , s o w ie f ü r d ie je n ig e n A r t ik e l, d ie in g e w is s e n , d u rch d ie g r o f s e r e S p e c ia lis ir u n g d es Z o llt a r if s g e s c h a ffe n e n U n te r ­ a b th e ilu n g e n ih re n P l a t z fin d e n , ein h ö h e r e r Z o lls a t z a ls b is h e r b e d in g t w ir d . D ie Z ö lle des a u to n o m e n T a r if s v o n 1 8 7 9 a b e r s in d a ls das M in im u m d e s s e n a n z u s e h e n , u n te r das b e i d em A b s c h lu l’s v o n H a n d e ls v e r tr ä g e n n ic h t h e r a b ­ g e g a n g e n w e r d e n d a rf. (H ö r t , h ö r t ! ) U m den V e r t r a g s s ta a te n g e g e n ü b e r a n d ie s e n Z o lls ä t z e n fe s t h a lt e n zu k ö n n e n , is t es n o tliw e n d ig , ein en T a r i f m it h ö h e re n S ä tz e n zu s c h a f f e n , d e r in g e w is s e m S in n e den C h a r a k te r e in es K a m p f­

ta r ifs tr a g e n m u fs. B e i B e u r th e ilu n g d ie s e r j

H f- Vorlage. Stahl und Eisen. 1339

F r a g e n m u fs n o c h m e h r, a ls es in d e r B e g r ü n ­ d u n g zu m E n t w u r f g e s c h e h e n is t, a u f d ie V e r ­ s c h ie b u n g d e r P r o d u c t io n s b e d in g u n g e n d e r w e t t ­ b e w e r b e n d e n L ä n d e r R ü c k s ic h t g e n o m m e n w e r d e n . (S e h r r i c h t i g ! ) V i e l e N a t i o n e n , d ie fr ü h e r als K ä u fe r a u f u n serem d e u ts ch e n M a rk te a u ftr a te n , s in d z u P r o d u c e n t e n u n d L ie fe r a n t e n d e r b e t r e ffe n ­ d en A r t ik e l n ic h t a lle in in ih re m e ig e n e n L a n d e , s o n d e rn a u f dem W e lt m ä r k t e u n d d a m it a u c h a u f u n s e re m d e u ts ch e n M a rk te g e w o r d e n . B e z ü g lic h A m e r ik a s n o c h ein B e is p ie l. B e i den le t z te n H a n ­ d e ls v e r tr ä g e n k o n n te n f ü r d ie d e u ts ch e R ö h r e n ­ in d u s tr ie v e r h ä ltn ifs m ä fs ig n u r s e h r g e r in g e S c h u t z ­ z ö ll e e r z ie lt w e r d e n , 5 J l fü r 1 0 0 k g , w ä h re n d f ü r d ie w e tt b e w e r b e n d e n L ä n d e r a u ls e r o r d e n t lic h h o h e Z ö l l e f e s t g e s e t z t w u r d e n , z . B . in O e s te r r e ic h 1 2 J t (H ö r t , h ö r t ! ) , R u fs la n d 2 8 J l) (H ö r t , h ö r t ! ) , F r a n k r e ic h 7 ,2 0 b is 1 4 ,4 0 M (H ö r t , h ö r t ! ) , Ita lie n 9 ,6 0 b is 1 2 , 8 0 J t , in d en V e r ­ e in ig te n S ta a te n u n d O anada 3 0 b is 5 0 ° /° (H ö r t , h ö r t ! ) v o m W e r t h , A lle s g e g e n ü b e r ein em d e u t­

s ch e n Z o l l v o n 5 M . U n te r d em S c h u tz d ie s e r Z ö lle h a t s ic h nun in je n e n L ä n d e r n e in e ä u fs e r s t l e is t u n g s fä h ig e In d u s tr ie e n t w ic k e lt , d ie uns n ic h t in b e s tim m te n A r t ik e ln a lle in k e in e A u s ­ fu h r n a c h je n e n L ä n d e r n m e h r g e s t a t t e t , s on d ern a u c h u n s e rn h e im is ch e n M a r k t ü b e r sch w e m m t.

B e is p ie ls w e is e h a b e n d ie A m e r ik a n e r m it ein em g r o fs e n H a u s in S ü d d e u ts ch la n d ein A b k o m m e n in s ch m ie d e is e ru e n R ö h r e n g e t r o ff e n , w o n a c h s ie v o n v o r n h e r e in je d e s G e s c h ä ft g u th e ifs e n , d a s d ie s e F ir m a g e g e n d e u ts c h e F a b r ic a n te n a b s c h lie fs t . (H ö r t , h ö r t !) A u c h in G r o b b le c h e n , d ie in D e u t s c h la n d e in e n Z o lls c h u t z v o n 3 J i g e n ie fs e n , w ä h r e n d A m e r ik a 7 v o n d eu ts ch e n B le c h e n e r h e b t, u n te r h a lte n d ie A m e r ik a n e r in D e u t s c h la n d g r o f s e C o n s ig n a t io n s la g e r z u r V e r ­ f ü g u n g d e r b e tre ffe n d e n A b n e h m e r , o h n e v o r h e r d en P r e is z u b e s tim m e n . ( H ö r t ! ) W i e s e h r w ir d u rch den I m p o r t a m e r ik a n is c h e r M a s ch in e n b e d r ä n g t w e r d e n , is t b e k a n n t. N ic h t m in d e r h a t s ic h d ie ö s te r r e ic h is c h e E is e n - u n d - S t a h l­

in d u s tr ie u n te r d em S c h u tz ih r e r Z ö l l e w ä h r e n d d es le t z t e n J a h r z e h n ts in s o h o h e m M a fs e e n t­

w i c k e l t , d a fs b e is p ie ls w e is e u n s e re d e u ts ch e M a s c h in e n in d u s tr ie d e m g e g e n ü b e r d u rch d ie n ie ­ d r ig e n d e u ts ch e n Z o lls ä t z e k e in e n S c h u t z m e h r g e n ie fs t . D a s G le ic h g e w ic h t k a n n n u r d u rch g le ic h e Z o lls ä t z e w ie d e r h e r g e s t e llt w e r d e n . D ie ö s t e r r e ic h is c h -u n g a r is c h e M a s ch in e n in d n s tr ie b e ­ d a r f h e u te k e in e s h ö h e r e n S c h u t z z o lle s m eh r, a ls ih n * d ie d e u ts c h e g e n ie fs t . D a b e i is t n o ch d e r U m sta n d h e r v o r z n h e b e n , d a fs d ie ö s t e r ­ r e ic h is c h e C o n c u r r e n z n ic h t n u r b e i s ta a tlic h e n , s o n d e rn a u c h b e i p r iv a te n L ie fe r u n g e n f ü r co m m u - n a le U n te r n e h m u n g e n , d ie e in e r s ta a tlic h e n G e ­ n e h m ig u n g b e d ü r fe n , in n e r h a lb ih r e s L a n d e s v o r fre m d e m W e t t b e w e r b g e s c h ü t z t w ir d , da j d en C om m u n en d ie V e r w e n d u n g e in h e im is ch e n

M a te r ia ls in d e n G e n e h m ig u n g s u rk u n d e n v o r ­ g e s c h r ie b e n w ir d . ( H ö r t !) W i r w e r d e n in d er C o m m ission d ie b e d e n k lic h e L a g e u n s e re r F e in ­ b le c h in d u s tr ie , d ie V e r h ä lt n is s e d e r M a s ch in e n ­ in d u s tr ie , d e r D r a h t in d u s t r ie , d e r K le in e is e n - in d u s tr ie , d e r In d u s t r ie d e r W a lz w e r k s e r z e u g ­ n is s e , d e r H o lz s c h lifS n d u s t r ie u . s. w . d u rch V e r g l e ic h m it d on W e t t b e w e r b s lä n d e r n n ich t m in d e r e r ö r t e r n a ls d ie E x p o r tv e r h ä lt n is s e u n serer T e x t ilin d u s t r ie , d ie e in e so a u fs e r o r d e n tlic h e u n d b e d a u e r lic h e V e r s c h ie b u n g e r lit te n h a b en . Z u d en a llg e m e in e r e n G e s ic h ts p u n k te n g e h ö r e n a b e r d ie L o h n v e r h ä lt n is s e in u n seren w e t t ­ b e w e r b e n d e n L ä n d e r n . D a fs v ie le d e r s e lb e n w e it g e r in g e r e L ö h n e a ls D e u t s c h la n d z a h le n , is t b e k a n n t. N o c h im m er a b e r b e s te h t g le ic h s a m a ls A x io m d ie A n s ic h t , d a fs A m e r ik a d u rch e x o r b it a n t e L ö h n e im W e t t b e w e r b g e g e n a n d e re L ä n d e r d o c h e in ig e r m a fs e n b e e in flu is t w e rd e . (U n ru h e b e i den S o c ia ld e m o k r a t e n .) H a b e n S ie n u r G e d u ld , ic h w e r d e Ih n e n d en B e w e is s c h o n e r b r in g e n . I c h g e h e h ie r a u f e tw a s n ä h e r ein, d a d ie s e V e r h ä ltn is s e o h n e Z w e i fe l v o n e in ­ s ch n e id e n d e r B e d e u tu n g fü r u n s e re Z o l l g e s e t z ­ g e b u n g s in d . S ch o n im J a h r e 1 8 9 3 s in d im P it t s b u r g e r R e v ie r in d en m e iste n W e r k e n d ie L ö h n e um 2 0 % r e d u c ir t w o r d e n , u n d es s in d s e it je n e r Z e it ü b e r a ll w e it e r e B e d u c t io n e n um 2 0 b is 4 0 % b is zu m J a h r e 1 8 9 8 v o r g e n o m m e n w o r d e n . D ie B e z a h lu n g d e r g e w ö h n lic h e n H a n d ­ a r b e it in d en F a b r ik d is t r ic t e n P e n n s v lv a n ie n s ist 1 8 9 8 a u f

1 0

C en ts f. d. S tu u d e b e i z e h n ­ s tü n d ig e r A r b e it s z e it z u r ü c k g e g a n g e n . I n z w is c h e n h a b e n s ic h b e i d e r s tä r k e r e n B e s c h ä f t ig u n g d ie L ö h n e w ie d e r g e h o b e n , d ie ü b e r h a u p t in A m e r ik a s e h r s ta r k e n S c h w a n k u n g e n u n t e r lie g e n . * A u fs e r - o r d e n t lic h b e z e ic h n e n d f ü r d ie a m e rik a n is ch e n L o h n v e r h ä lt n is s e is t a u ch d ie T h a t s a c h e , d a fs d ie B e r g a r b e it e i- im A n th r a c it r e v ie r 1 8 9 8 n u r fo lg e n d e n d u r c h s c h n itt lic h e n J a h r e s v e r d ie n s t h a t t e n : m in e r s , d ie e tw a ein V ie r t e l d e r B e le g ­ s c h a f t 'a u s m a c h t e n , 1 2 4 8 -J i, in s id e la b o u r e r s , d ie e tw a e in S e c h s te l d e r B e le g s c h a ft a u s­

m a ch te n , 1 0 6 0 , 8 0 d t , o u t s id e la b o u r e r s 8 4 2 ,4 0 d t , w o b e i n o c h d ie h o h e n , v o n d ie s e n A r b e it e r n zu b e z a h le n d e n P u lv e r p r e is e , 2 , 7 5 $ f. d . F a f s , in B e t r a c h t g e z o g e n w e r d e n m ü ssen , so d a fs s ich im V e r g l e ic h z u d en a m e r ik a n is c h e n G ru b e n ­ a r b e ite r n b e is p ie ls w e is e d ie n ie d e r r h e in is c h ­ w e s t f ä lis c h e G r u b e n b e le g s c h a ft , u n te r B e r ü c k ­ s ic h t ig u n g d e r s tä n d ig e n B e s c h ä f t ig u n g w ä h r e n d d es g a n z e n J a h r e s , s o w ie d e r K o s te n d e r L e b e n s ­ u n t e r h a lt u n g , g e r a d e z u g lä n z e n d e r V e r h ä lt n is s e e r fr e u t . ( R u f e b e i d en S o c ia ld e m o k r a t e n : D ie L e ­ b e n s m itt e l s in d in A m e r ik a b i l l i g e r ! ) I c h s p r e c h e n ic h t v o n d en L e b e n s m it te ln , s o n d e rn v o n d e r L e b e n s h a lt u n g . W e n n S ie da s n ic h t u n te rs c h e id e n

* „Stahl und Eisen“ 1901 N r. 7 S. 346.

k ö n n e n , is t da s sch lim m g e n u g fü r S ie . ( H e it e r k e it u n d Z u s tim m u n g .) E n d lic h is t b e i d e r V e r g l e ic h u n g d e r d e u ts ch e n L o h n v e r h ä lt n is s e m it d en en d e r c o n c u r r ir e n d e n L ä n d e r a u ch d ie T h a t s a c h e n ic h t zu v e r g e s s e n , d a fs b e i u n s v ie l g r ö f s e r e R ü c k ­ s ic h t a u f d ie S t e tig k e it in d e r B e s c h ä ft ig u n g - d e r A r b e it e r g e n o m m e n w ir d a ls in A m e r ik a , w o m an b e i n ie d e r g e h e n d e r C o n jim c tu r d ie A r b e it e r in r ü c k s ic h t s lo s e s t e r W e is e zu e n tla s s e n p fle g t . (S e h r g u t ! ) D e m g e g e n ü b e r w ir d b e i uns in D e u ts c h la n d a n d e r a lte n T r a d it io n fe s t g e h a lte n , a u ch in s c h le c h t e r e n Z e ite n d en g r ö ls t e n T h e il d e r B e le g s c h a ft , n a m e n tlic h d ie ä lte r e n A r b e it e r , w e it e r z u b e s c h ä ft ig e n , s e lb s t w en n d a m it fin a n z ie lle V e r lu s t e fü r d ie W e r k e v e r b u n d e n sin d . E s k om m en n un n o c h d ie s o c ia lp o lit is c h e n L a s t e n h in z u , d ie d ie w e tt b e w e r b e n d e n L ä n d e r zum g riifs te n T h e il n ic h t k en n en u n d d ie e n ts ch ie d e n b e i d e r N e u r e g e lu n g u n s e r e r Z o llg e s e t z g e b u n g n ic h t a u fs e r a c h t g e la s s e n w e r d e n d ü rfe n . D ie H ö h e d ie s e r L a s t e n is t Ih n e n b e k a n n t ; sie w ir d in s e h r h oh em M a fs e w a c h s e n d u rch den R e ic lis - ta g s b e s c h lu fs a u f E r h ö h u n g d e r R e s e r v e fo n d s d e r U n fa llv e r s ic h e r u n g s - B e r u fs g e n o s s e n s c h a fte n . W i e h o ch d ie V e r m e h r u n g d ie s e r L a s t e n is t, m ö g e n S ie d a ra u s e rs e h e n , d a fs d ie r h e in is c h ­ w e s t fä lis c h e M a s c h in e n b a u - u n d K le in e is e n ­ in d u s t r ie - B e r u f s g e n o s s e n s c h a f t , d e r a u ch s e h r v ie le k le in e zu m M itte ls tä n d e z ä h le n d e U n te r ­ n e h m e r a n g e h ö r e n , ih re n R e s e r v e fo n d s v o m J a h r e 1 9 0 0 b is zu m J a h r e 1 9 2 1 v o n r u n d 3 M illio n e n a u f ru n d 1 2 M illio n e n M a rk e rh ö h e n m u fs. B e i d ie s e r E r h ö h u n g k om m en e tw a 5 M illio n e n M a rk aus den v o n J a h r z u J a h r s te ig e n d e n R e s e r v e fo n d s z in s e n , d ie ü b r ig e n 4 M il­

lio n e n ’M ark m ü ssen d a g e g e n d u rch d ie a lljä h r ­ lic h e U m la g e a u fg e b r a c h t w e r d e n . D a s is t s ch o n in flo tte n Z e ite n e in e g a n z e n o rm e M e h r b e la s tu n g . G la u b e n S ie a b e r , d a fs d ie s e v e r m e h r t e n A b ­ g a b e n u n te r d e r a u g e n b lic k lic h e n D e p r e s s io n g a n z a u fs e r o r d e n tlic h s c h w e r a u f d em U n te r ­ n e h m e r la s te n , n a m e n tlic h d em k le in e n , d e r d ie L ö h n e , d ie B e it r ä g e z u r d e r K r a n k e n k a s s e , z u r A lt e r s - u n d I n v a lid e n v e r s ic h e r u n g und z u d e r U n fa llb e r u fs g e n o s s e n s c h a ft u n w e ig e r lic h z a h le n m u fs u n d d em s e lb s t o ft r e c h t w e n ig ü b r ig b le ib t . ( S e h r g u t !) A n den V o r z ü g e n u n s e r e r S o c ia lp o lit ik w o lle n w ir fe s tlia lte n u n d w ir w o lle n u ns d e r d e u t­

s ch e n A r b e it e r p o lit ik fr e u e n . A ls w a r m e r F r e u n d d es d e u ts ch e n A r b e it e r s w ü n s c h e i c h , d a fs dies m ö g lic h s t in v e r m e h r te m M a fs e d e r F a ll s ei.

W e i t e r e s F o r t s c h r e it e n a u f d e r m it G lüc-k b e tr e te n e n B a h n is t a b e r n u r m ö g lic h u n te r B e r ü c k s ic h t ig u n g d e r V e r h ä ltn is s e d es W e lt m a r k t e s . ( A h a ! b e i d en S o c ia ld e m o k r a t e n .) — J a w o h l, u n t e r B e r ü c k ­ s ic h t ig u n g d e r V e r h ä ltn is s e d es W e lt m a r k t e s . ( B e ifa ll.) A n d e r e L ä n d e r m ü ssen u n s e r B e is p ie l n a c h a h m e n , d a m it w i r n ic h t w e t t b e w e r b s u n fä h ig w e r d e n u n d d ie A r b e it im L a n d e n ic h t f e h l t ;

15. D ecem ber 1901. Z ur Zolltarif -Vorlage. Stahl und Eisen. 1341

d en n w o d ie A r b e it fe h lt , k a n n a u ch d ie b e s te s o c ia lp o lit is c h e G e s e t z g e b u n g dem A r b e it e r n ich ts n ü tz e n . D a fs e n d lic h d ie V e r b illig u n g d e r F r a c h t e n z u m a l d u rch d en A u s b a u e in es le is tu n g s fä h ig e n d e u ts ch e n W a s s e r s tr a fs e n n e tz e s n e b e n h e r g e h e n m u fs, s e i n u r d e r V o lls t ä n d ig k e it h a lb e r e r w ä h n t.

D a fs w ir a u f G ru n d d e r a u to n o m e n T a r if e H a n d e ls ­ v e r t r ä g e a b s c h lie fs e n m ü ssen u n d d a fs d ie s e V e r ­ t r ä g e n u r la n g fr is t ig e s e in k ö n n e n , is t g e n ü g e n d h e r v o r g e h ob en w o r d e n . D ie M e in u n g , d a fs d e r E x p o r t in a b s e h b a r e r Z e it a u fh ö r e n o d e r sich w e s e n t lic h v e r r in g e r n k ö n n e , v e r m a g ic h n ic h t z u t h e ile n . I c h u n t e r s c h ä tz e d ie B e d e u tu n g des e in h e im is ch e n M a rk te s k e in e n A u g e n b lic k , a b e r e r a lle in k a n n u n s e re in d u s t r ie lle B e v ö lk e r u n g n ic h t ern ä h re n . (S e h r r i c h t i g !) In u n s e re r h e u tig e n A u s fu h r s t e c k t , w ie d ies m ein V o r g ä n g e r im M a n d a t, d e r j e t z i g e p r e u fs is c h e H a n d e ls m in is te r, w ie d e r h o lt s e h r ü b e r z e u g e n d n a c h g e w ie s e n h a t , e in e U n su m m e v o n L ö h n e n , u n d g e r a d e die g e g e n w ä r t ig e D e p r e s s io n z e ig t , w ie n o th w e n d ig w ir d ie A u s fu h r h a b e n ; d en n u n s e re E is e n - und S t a h lw e r k e e x p o r tir e n j e t z t 6 0 b is 6 5 °/o ih r e r G e s a m m te r z e u g u n g zu v e r lu s tb r in g e n d e n P r e is e n in s A u s la n d . W i r se n d e n s o g a r R o h e is e n u n d S ch iti's b le ch c n a c h E n g la n d , le d ig lic h um den B e t r ie b a u fr e c h t zu erh a lte n ( H ö r t , h ö r t ! ) und d ie A r b e it e r b e s c h ä ftig e n zu k ö n n e n . D e r A b ­ g e o r d n e t e R ic h t e r m a c h t d e r d e u ts ch e n In d u s trie e in e n V o r w u r f d a ra u s . I c h w u n d e r e m ich , d a fs ein so k e n n t n ifs r e ic h e r M a n n , w ie e r, n ic h t w e ifs , d a fs da s n ic h t a lle in d ie d e u ts ch e I n ­ d u s tr ie tliu t, s o n d e r n , d a fs d ie In d u s trie n a lle r m it u ns w e t t b e w e r b e n d e n L ä n d e r es eb e n s o m a ch e n , E n g la n d , B e lg ie n , F r a n k r e ic h u n d in ■ h e r v o r r a g e n d e m M a fse d ie V e r e in ig t e n S ta a te n v o n A m e r ik a , um ih re A r b e it e r b e s c h ä ft ig e n u n d d ie L e is t u n g s fä h ig k e it ih r e r W e r k e a u s n ü tze n z u k ö n n e n . (S e h r r i c h t i g ! ) D e r A b g e o r d n e t e R ic h t e r h a t in s b e s o n d e r e a u ch d ie d e u ts ch e n S y n d ic a t e d ie s e r h a lb a n g e k la g t . D a fs es a u s ­ lä n d is c h e S y n d ic a t e , d a fs es n a m e n tlich d ie R ie s e n tr u s t s A m e r ik a s e b e n s o m a c h e n , d a v o n h a t e r k e in W o r t g e s a g t . D a fs d ie S y n d ic a t e h ie r u n d d a F e h le r b e g a n g e n h a b e n , is t in e r s t e r L in ie d a rin b e g r ü n d e t, d a fs s ie n eu e F o r m e n u n s e re s w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n L e b e n s sin d , d ie , w ie a lle s M e n s c h e n w e r k , a u f V o llk o m m e n ­ h e it k e in e n A n s p r u c h m a ch e n u n d d ie m it d e r Z e it le r n e n w e r d e n , s o lc h e F e h le r z u v e r m e id e n . Im ü b r ig e n h a t b e is p ie ls w e is e da s R h e in is c h - W e s t f ä lis c h e K o h le n s y n d ic a t in d e r Z e it d er K o h le n k n a p p h e it e in e s e h r g r o f s e M ä fs ig u n g g e ­ z e ig t , u n d w i r w ü r d e n b e i v ö l l i g fr e ie m W e t t ­ b e w e r b s e h r v ie l h ö h e r e K o lile n p r é is e zu z a h le n g e h a b t h a b e n (S e h r r i c h t i g ! ) , w ie da s e in e V e r ­ g le ic h u n g m it den d a m a lig e n e n g lis c h e n und a m e r ik a n is c h e n P r e is e n o h n e w e ite r e s e r g ie b t . D ie S y n d ic a t e d es r h e in is c h - w e s t fä lis c h e n

K o h le n b e z ir k s , in d essen B e u r t e i l u n g w ie in d e r B e u r t e i l u n g d e r S y n d ic a t e ü b e r h a u p t ich d u rch a u s v o m F r h r n . H e y l zu H e r r n s h e im a b - w e ic h e , h a b e n die a lle r u n g e r e c h t e s t e n A n g r if fe g e r a d e v o n d en L e u te n e r fa h r e n , d ie v o n den Z w is c h e n h ä n d le r n z u r Z e it d e r K o h le n n o th g e ­ s c h r ö p f t w u r d e n , w e il s ie s ic h b e im S y n d ic a t zu d u rch a u s m ä fs ig e n P r e is e n n ic h t z u r r e c h te n Z e it g e d e c k t h a tte n . (S e h r r i c h t i g ! Z u r u f b e i d en S o c ia ld e m o k r a t o n .) J a , h ö r e n S ie n u r zu . D ie S y n d ic a t e h a b e n a b e r n e b e n b e i a u c h n o c h g a n z a n d e re A u fg a b e n , d ie H e r r R ic h t e r g a r n ic h t z u k e n n e n s ch e in t. S o e r s tr e b t z . B . die n e u e re R ic h t u n g im D a m p fk e s s e l- u n d S c h iffb a u fo r tw ä h r e n d d ie V e r w e n d u n g g r o f s e r T a f e ln in u n g e t e i l t e n A b m e s s u n g e n , u n d d ie B le c h w a lz ­ w e r k e w e r d e n d a d u rch g e z w u n g e n , n eu e W a l z e n - s tr a fs e n in fr ü h e r n ic h t g e k a n n te n D im e n s io n e n z u e rb a u e n . D ie s e g r o fs e n A p p a r a t e v e r la n g e n n a tu r g e m ä fs e in e e n ts p r e c h e n d h ö h e r e P r o d u c t io n , um r a t io n e ll a r b e ite n z u k ö n n e n , u n d es is t d a h e r A u fg a b e d es d e u ts ch e n G r o b b le c h s y n d ic a t s , v o r a lle m den V e r b r a u c h d e r d e u ts ch e n S c h iffs ­ w e r fte n s e in e n W e r k e n zu s ic h e r n . H ie r b e i is t m it d e r C o n cu rr e n z v o n E n g la n d u n d N o r d ­ a m e rik a z u r e c h n e n (S e h r r i c h t i g ! ) , u n d das G r o b b le c h s y n d ic a t v e r s c h a fft d u rch e in e v on den b e th e ilig t e n W e r k e n zu e r h e b e n d e T o n n e n a b g a b e d ie M itte l, m it d en en d ie s e r C o n c u r r e n z e r f o lg ­ r e ic h e n t g e g e n g e t r e t e n w e r d e n k a n n , o h n e dem e in z e ln e n a u s fü h re n d e n W e r k a llz u g r o f s e O p fe r a u fz u e r le g e n . A n d e r e S y n d ic a t e u n d C o n v e n tio n e n u n te rstü tz e n den E x p o r t d e r F a b r ic a t e d e r ih n en a n g e h ö r ig e n u n d d e r w e ite r v e r a r b e ite n d e n W e r k e , in d e m s ie f ü r s o lc h e A u s fu h r a r t ik e l B o n ific a t io n e n g e b e n , d ie e b e n fa lls d u rch T o n n e n a b g a b e a u f d ie g e s a m m te P r o d u c t io n a u fg e b r a c h t w e r d e n , u n d e r m ö g lic h e n d a d u rch die A u fr e c h t e r h a lt u n g e in e r g le ic h m ä fs ig e n B e s c h ä f t ig u n g d e r "W erk e, h a u p ts ä c h lic h im I n t e r e s s e ih r e r A r b e it e r . O hn e d ie S y n d i c a t e , d ie ic h h ie r g e n a n n t , w ü r d e n s c h o n j e t z t ta u s e n d u n d a b e rta u s e n d A r b e it e r m e h r b e s c h ä ft ig u n g s lo s s e in , a ls es j e t z t d e r F a l l is t. ( H ö r t , h ö r t ! und S e h r r i c h t i g !) D e r A b g . R ic h t e r n ü t z t a ls o den d eu ts ch e n A r b e it e r n m it d e r B e k ä m p fu n g d e r S y n d ic a t e n ic h t , s o n d e rn e r s c h ä d ig t sie v ie lm e h r . A u c h in n o rm a le n Z e it e n s in d m a n ch e u n s e r e r In d u s tr ie n m it 7 0 u n d m e h r P r o c e n t ih r e r G e s a m m te r z e u g u n g a tif d en E x p o r t a n g e w ie s e n . D ie s e In d u s trie n k a n n m a n d o c h n ic h t o h n e w e it e r e s zu G ru n d e g e h e n la s s e n . (S e h r g u t ! ) Ih n e n m u fs m a n g ü n s t ig e E in fu h r b e d in g u n g e n in fre m d e L ä n d e r zu v e r ­ sch a ffen s u c h e n , u n d d a s g e s c h ie h t m itte ls des a u to n o m e n T a r if s . N ic h t m it S ch e u v o r dem A u s lä n d e b r in g t m a n s o lc h e H a n d e ls v e r t r ä g e fe r t ig , s o n d e rn m it m u th ig e r V e r t e i d i g u n g d e r d a b e i in B e t r a c h t k o m m e n d e n n a tio n a le n I n t e r ­ e s s e n . ( L e b h a f t e Z u s tim m u n g .) W a s nun d ie

g e s e t z lic h e F e s t le g u n g d e r M in im a ls ä tz e f ü r die v i e r h a u p t s ä c h lic h s te n G e tr e id e a r te n a n la n g t, so h a b e n d ie b e id e n H e rre n , d ie a us m e in e r F r a c t io n zu W o r t e g e k o m m e n s in d , sch on d a r a u f h in g e ­ w ie s e n , d a fs in n e rh a lb des K r e is e s m e in e r p o li­

tis c h e n F r e u n d e d ie M e in u n g e n ü b e r d ie s e n P u n k t g e t lie ilt s in d . D e r je n ig e T h e il, dem ic h a n g e h ö r e , h ä lt a n d e r M e in u n g fe s t , d a fs ein e d e r a r tig e T a r ifc o n s t r u c t io n zu v e r w e r fe n s e i;

z u n ä c h s t s c h o n aus a llg e m e in v o l k s w i r t s c h a f t ­ lic h e n G rü n d e n , d a sie w e d e r ein en E in h e it s ­ t a r i f n o ch e in en D o p p e lt a r if d a r s te lle , w ie den n b is h e r k e in e N a tio n ein en d e r a r t ig co n s tr u ir te n T a r i f a u fz u w e is e n h a t. D a n n a b e r m ein en d ie s e r T h e il m e in e r p o lit is c h e n F r e u n d e u n d ic h — u n d d a rin h a b e n w ir den b e i w e ite m g r ö fs te n T h e i l d e r G r o fs in d u s tr ie lle n im L a n d e a u f u n s e r e r S e ite (Z u s tim m u n g lin k s ) ■— , d a fs d u rch ein e g e s e t z lic h e F e s t le g u n g d ie s e r M in im a lz ö lle d e r A b s ch lu l's la n g fr is t ig e r H a n d e ls v e r tr ä g e u n ter U m stü n d en u n m ö g lic h g e m a c h t w e r d e n k ö n n e . D a s n a c h d ie s e r R ic h t u n g h in v o n ein em R e d n e r d e r L in k e n c it ir t e W o r t des F ü r s te n B is m a r c k v o m 3 . D e c e m b e r 1 8 5 0 h a lt e a u ch ic h f ü r v ö l l i g z u tre ffe n d . M ein F r e u n d P a a s c h e h a t g e m e in t, w e n n d ie R e g ie r u n g m it ein em s o lc h e n D o p p e l­

t a r i f f ü r v ie r G e tr e id e a r te n g u te la n g fr is t ig e H a n d e ls v e r tr ä g e m a ch en zu k ö n n e n g la u b e , dann k ö n n e m a n da s a c c e p tir e n . I c h k a n n ih m d a rin n u r f ü r d en F a ll f o lg e n , d a fs d ie R e g ie r u n g in d e r C om m ission g a n z a n d e re G rü n d e d a fü r a n ­ z u g e b e n in d e r L a g e is t, a ls s ie es in d e r B e ­ g r ü n d u n g g e tlia n h a t, e tw a in d e r F o r m v e r ­ tr a u lic h e r M itth e ilu n g e n , d ie u n s d a v o n ü b e r ­ z e u g e n , d a fs ein Z w e i f e l n a c h d ie s e r R ic h t u n g n ic h t b e s te h e n k a n n u n d d a fs e in e u n g e r e c h t­

fe r t ig t e B e e in t r ä c h t ig u n g d e r In d u s tr ie d u rch je n e zu G u n s te n d e r L a n d w i r t s c h a f t g e t r o ffe n e B e s tim m u n g a u f a lle F ä lle a u s g e s c h lo s s e n is t.

N u r d a n n w ü r d e m a n a u ch ü b e r d ie s e n P u n k t in d e r C om m ission e in e E in ig u n g fin d en k ö n n e n . (Z u s tim m u n g .) H a u p ts a c h e b le ib t f ü r a lle m ein e p o litis c h e n F r e u n d e a b e r d ie F e r t ig s t e llu n g ein es la n g fr i s t ig e H a n d e ls v e r tr ä g e e r m ö g lic h e n d e n an­

g e m e s s e n e n Z o llt a r if s . N u n n o ch ein W o r t ü b e r den W i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n A u s s c h u fs . E r s o ll n a c h den V e r s ic h e r u n g e n , d ie ein I n d u s t r ie lle r H e rrn A b g . G o tlie in g e g e b e n h a t, e in e „A n im ir k n e ip e fü r h ö h e r e Z o l l s ä t z e “ g e w e s e n s e in . S e it dem B e g in n d e r T h ä t ig k e it d es W i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n A u s s c h u s s e s , s e it d e r A u fs t e llu n g d es S ch em a s f ü r d ie p r o d u c tio n s s t a tis tis c lie n F r a g e b o g e n b is zu den E r ö r t e r u n g e n ü b e r Z o llta r ifs c h e m a und Z o lls ä t z e b in ic h v o m W i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n A u s - s c h u fs w ie d e r h o lt u n d ü b e r d ie v e r s c h ie d e n s te n In d u s trie n a ls G u ta c h te r v e rn o m m e n w o r d e n . S t e ts is t m ir d ie U n p a r te ilic h k e it in d e r A u s ­ w a h l d e r G u t a c h t e r und in d e r V e r n e h m u n g w o h l t u e n d a u fg e fa lle n . D e r In d u s t r ie lle , d e r

den W i r t s c h a f t l i c h e n A u s s c h u fs H e r r n G o t e i n g e g e n ü b e r m it e in e r „ A n im ir k n e i p e “ v e r g lic h e n h a t, h a t e in e t a c t lo s e u n d w ü r d e lo s e A e u fs e r u n g g e t a n (le b h a fte Z u s tim m u n g , o h o ! lin k s ) — j a ­ w o h l, w ü r d e lo s u n d t a c t lo s , und ic h h a lt e es f ü r e in e b e s o n d e r s a n g e n e h m e P f lic h t , d en L e it e r je n e r V e r n e h m u n g e n , d en D ir e c t o r im R e ic h s ­ a m t des In n e r n , H e r r n W e r m u t , g e g e n den V e r d a c h t in S c h u t z zu n eh m en , e r h a b e s ich in d e r R o lle e in e r „ A n im ir d a m e “ g e fa lle n . S e in e R o l l e w a r n a c h j e d e r R ic h t u n g h in d ie d es tü c h tig e n u n d u n p a rte iis ch e n d e u ts ch e n B e a m te n . (B e ifa ll.) D ie „ A n im ir d a m e “ e r in n e r t m ich ü b r ig e n s d a ra n , d ie v ö l l i g z u tr e ffe n d e B ib e l- k e n n tn ifs d es H a n d e ls m in is te r s M ö lle r den Z w e ife ln d es A b g . D r . V o g e l g e g e n ü b e r f e s t ­ z u s te lle n . ( H e it e r k e it .) D e r A b g . D r . V o g e l k e n n t b lo f s d ie F r a u P o t ip h a r , w ä h r e n d d e r H a n d e ls ­ m in is te r M ö lle r v ö l l i g z u tr e ffe n d n a c h 1. M os . 3 9 den H e r r n P o t ip h a r s ich in d e r R o lle e tw a des h e u t ig e n R e ic h s k a n z le r s g e d a c h t h a t. D a fs d ie F r a u d ie s e s ä g y p t is c h e n K ä m m e r e r s in d e r W e l t ­ g e s c h ic h t e b e k a n n te r g e w o r d e n is t a ls ih r H e r r G e m a h l, u n d z w a r d a d u rch b e k a n n te r , d a fs sie z u dem k e u sch e n H a n d e ls m in is te r J o s e p h a ls

„ A n im ir d a m e “ in ein u n e rla u b te s V e r h ä lt n ifs zu tr e te n s u ch te , d a fü r k a n n d o c h d e r h e u tig e H a n d e ls m in is te r n ic h t v e r a n t w o r t lic h g e m a c h t w e r d e n . ( L e b h a f t e H e it e r k e it .) Im ü b r ig e n b in ic h d e r M e in u n g , d a fs s ich b e z ü g lic h d e r H a n d e ls ­ v e r t r ä g e d e r H a n d e ls m in is t e r g a r n ic h t in d e r u n b e q u e m e n S itu a tio n des S itz e n s z w is c h e n z w e i S tü h le n b e fin d e t, s on d ern d a fs e r v ie lm e h r d ie d u rch a u s a n g e m e s s e n e P o s itio n des M e ta c e n tru m s ein n im m t. ( H e it e r k e it .) D ie g e g e n w ä r t ig e n V e r ­ h ä ltn is s e s o w o h l in d e r L a n d w i r t s c h a f t a ls a u ch in d e r In d u s t r ie s in d n ic h t e r fr e u lic h e r , s t e lle n ­ w e is e . s o g a r s e h r b e d e n k lic h e r N a tu r. F ü r d ie I n d u s trie h a t es a lle r d in g s e in e n o c h s c h w e r e r e Z e it g e g e b e n a ls d ie j e t z i g e ; es w a r d ie Z e it , a ls M itte d e r 7 0 e r J a h r e d ie E is e n z ö lle a u f­

g e h o b e n w u r d e n . W a s e n ts ta n d ! T a g um T a g fu h re n S c h iffe m it e n g lis c h e m R o h e is e n den R h e in h in a u f b is M a n n h eim , w ä h r e n d ein d e u ts c h e r H o c h o fe n n a c h d em ä n d ern a u s g e b la s e n w u r d e . Z w e i T a g e e t w a in d e r W o c h e h a tte n die r h e in is c h e n , d ie w e s t fä lis c h e n , d ie o b e r s c h le s is c b e n P u d d le r z u t u n u n d n a g te n a m H u n g e r tu c h e . W e i l s ie k e in e n L o h n v e r d ie n t e n , s ic h k e in e n eu en K le id e r a n s ch a ffe n k o n n te n , s ta n d e n a u ch d ie W e b s t iih le s t ill, u n d a u ch b e i T e x t ila r b e it e r n k e h r te N o t h e in . (S e h r r i c h t i g ! ) A b e r a u ch m a n ch e r L a n d w i r t k a m in d ie p e in lic h s t e N o t ­ la g e u n d s ta n d r a t h lo s v o r s e in e n u n v e r k ä u f­

lic h e n V o r r ä t e n . D a m a ls z e ig t e s ic h d e r in n ig e Z u s a m m e n h a n g u n s e r e r g e s a n u n te n n a ­ tio n a le n P r o d u c t io n ; d a m a ls s p r a c h d e r g r o f s e B is m a r c k d a s e r lö s e n d e W o r t u n d s c h u f uns den a u to n o m e n T a r i f v o n 1 8 7 9 (S e h r w a lir ! ) , oh n e

lfe. D ecem ber lÖOi. tJeber die Bewerthung von Eisenerzen. Stahl und Eisen. 1343

d en — da s is t m e in e u n u m s tö fs lic h e U e b e r - z e u g u n g — D e u t s c h la n d n ie m a ls den w i r t ­ s c h a ftlic h e n A u fs c ln v u n g g e n o m m e n h a b en w ü r d e , d en es t a t s ä c h l i c h g e n o m m e n h a t. D e r A b ­ g e o r d n e t e S c h r ä d e r h a t d ie P o li t ik v o n 1 8 7 9 ein e s o s c h le c h t e g e n a n n t, d a fs w i r 1 8 9 1 g e ­ z w u n g e n g e w e s e n s e ie n , s ie z u ä n d e rn . N u n h a t a b e r d o c h g e r a d e d ie s e P o l i t i k dem G ra fe n C a p r iv i in dem T a r i f v o n 1 8 7 9 e r s t d ie W a ffe n g e lie f e r t , m it d en en e r in d ie H a n d e ls v e r t r a g s ­ v e r h a n d lu n g e n e in tr e te n k o n n t e . D a fs d ie s e W a f fe n d u rch u n s e re d a m a lig e n U n te r h ä n d le r so s c h le c h t a u s g e n u t z t w u r d e n , das is t d o c h n ic h t d ie S c h u ld des F ü r s te n B is m a r c k . (L e b h a ft e Z u s tim m u n g .) Im ü b r ig e n w ir d es g u t s e in , d ie E r in n e r u n g a n je n e s c h w e r e n Z e it e n M itte d er 7 0 e r J a h r e s ic h a n g e s ic h t s d e r j e t z i g e n Z o l l - V e r h a n d lu n g e n e b e n s o v o r A u g e n z u h a lt e n w ie das V o r b ild des g r o f s e n M a n n es a us dem S a c h s e n ­

w a ld e , d e r an d e r In te r e s s e n s o lid a r itä t z w is c h e n L a n d w i r t s c h a f t u n d In d u s tr ie b is z u sein em T o d e fe s t g e h a lte n h a t. ( B e ifa ll.) D a n n k a n n aus d ie s e r G e s e t z g e b u n g , d ie s ich a u f d e r m itt­

le r e n L in ie d e r g e g e n s e it ig e n V e r s t ä n d ig u n g und des w e is e n A b w ä g e n s a lle r f ü r da s G e s a m m tw o h l in B e t r a c h t k o m m e n d e n In te r e s s e n v o llz ie h e n rnuis, G u te s f ü r u n s e i L a n d e r w a c h s e n , u n d d ie s e s G u te i s t : A r b e it im L a n d e , A r b e it f ü r P flu g , A m b o fs u n d W e b s t u h l. ( L e b h a f t e r B e if a ll.)

W i r fü g e n no'ch z u , d a fs e r f r e u lic h e r w e is e d ie n a t io n a llib e r a le P a r t e i H r n . D r . B e n i n e r a ls M it g lie d d e r 2 8 g lie d r ig e n C om m ission e rn a n n t h a t , w e lc h e r v o r a u s s ic h t lic h d a s G e s e tz z u r w e ite r e n B e h a n d lu n g ü b e r w ie s e n w ir d . M ö g e ü b e r ih re n V e r h a n d lu n g e n u n d d e r S c lilu fs b c r a th u n g im R e ic h s t a g ein g lü c k lic h e r S te rn w a l t e n !

D ie Iiedaction.

Ueber die Bewerthung von Eisenerzen.

V o r lie g e n d e A r b e it b e z w e c k t , je d e m H iitte n - m a n n e M itte l an d ie H a n d zu g e b e n , fü r B e s s e m e r ­ e r z e ü b e r s ic h t lic h e T a b e lle n o d e r D ia g r a m m e a u fz u s te lle n , w e lc h e ihm e r m ö g lic h e n , in je d e m g e g e b e n e n F a lle den W e r t h e in es E r z e s s c h n e ll u n d le ic h t zu b e z iffe r n . E s s o ll z u n ä c h s t v e r - ' s u c h t w e r d e n , a llg e m e in e F o r m e ln a u fz u s te lle n , um h e r n a c h an p r a k t is c h e n B e is p ie le n z u z e ig e n , a u f w e lc h e W e i s e fü r e in e b e s tim m te C o n ju n ctu r e in e T a b e lle o d e r e in D ia g ra m m a u fg e s t e llt w e r d e n k a n n .

U m d ie S a c h e z u v e r e in fa c h e n , w e r d e n w ir v o r lä u fig v o n s e lb s tg e h e n d e n E r z e n a b s e h e n und n u r s o lc h e in B e t r a c h t z i e h e n , w e lc h e ein en Z u s c h la g v o n K a lk s t e in e r fo r d e r n . B e z e ic h n e t

p den Gesamm tkostenpreis des Roheisens, P den Preis des Erzes für die Tonne, P i „ „ „ Brennstoffs für die Tonne, Pa „ „ „ K alksteines ,, „ „

Pa die Löhne und Greneralia auf die Tonne Roheisen, b e z e ic h n e t f e r n e r :

k den Erzverbrauch für die Tonne R oheisen, ki den Brennstoffverbrauch für die Tonne Roheisen, k 2 den Kalksteinverbrauch „ „ „ „ so i s t :

p = P k + P 1 k, + P l!k s + P ;, m i t h in :

k — P — (Pi ki -}-P-ika-fP» ^

In "dieser G le ic h u n g m ü ssen d ie G r ö fs e n p , P t u n d P

2

a ls b e k a n n t v o r a u s g e s e t z t w e r d e n , p m u fs so g e w ä h lt w e r d e n , d a fs u ns b e i den

h e r r s c h e n d e n T a g e s p r e is e n fü r R o h e is e n ein a n ­ s tä n d ig e r G e w in n g e s ic h e r t is t. F ü r P i u n d P

2

h a b e n w ir d ie h e r r s c h e n d e n T a g e s p r e is e e in ­ z u s e t z e n ; E s b le ib e n d em n a ch d ie G r ö fs e n k i , k 2 , P

3

u n d k zu b es tim m e n , k , . ^ u n d P

3

^{s in d}

a b h ä n g ig v o m E is e n g e h a lt e d e r E r z e , w ä h r e n d k

2

^{v o n} d e r K ie s e ls ä u r e und dem K a lk e des E r z e s a b h ä n g t.

B e r e c h n u n g v o n k . E r fa h r u n g s g e m ä fs v e r lie r e n w ir im H o c h o fe n a u f v e r s c h ie d e n e W e is e (im G ic h ts ta u b e , in d e r S c h la c k e u . s . w .) u n ­ g e f ä h r 5 ° /° des im E r z e v o rh a n d e n e n E is e n s . A n d e r e r s e it s je d o c h e n th ä lt da s f a lle n d e B e s ­ s e m e rr o h e is e n u n g e fä h r 7 ° /o fr e m d e B e im is c h u n g e n . B e z e ic h n e t d e m n a ch x d en E is e n g e h a lt e in e s E r z e s in P r o c e n t e n , s o is t d ie z u r H e r s t e llu n g e in e r T o n n e R o h e is e n s e r fo r d e r lic h e E r z m e n g e

B e r e c h n u n g d e s B r e n n s t o f f v e r b r a u c h s k t a u f d i e T o n n e R o h e i s e n . D e r B r e n n ­ s to ffv e r b r a u c h e r g ie b t s ich a ls Q u o tie n t d e r B r e n n s t o ffg ic h t d u rch d ie a us d e r c o r r e s p o n - d ir e n d e n E r z g ic h t e r b la s e n e R o h e is e n m e n g e . B e z e ic h n e n w ir d em n a ch m it A d ie B r e n n s t o ff­

g ic h t (in T o n n e n ) , m it M d ie E r z g i c l i t (in T o n n e n ), so is t

k l _ A - 100 A (3)

, , 1,02 x — 1,02 M x 11 M —---

100

D ie B r e n n s t o ffg ic h t A m ü ssen w ir f ü r je d e n b e s tim m te n O fen a ls u n v e r ä n d e r lic h a n s e h e n , u n d es d ü rfte d ie s w o h l in d e r P r a x is a llg e m e in

(s c li e m a t i s c h).

TJeber die Bewerthung von Eisenerzen. I». D ecem ber 1901.

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d e r F a ll s e in . H in g e g e n .w ird M sich ändern mit. d e r Q u a litä t des E r z e s .

In sein e m B u c h e „C o n s t r u c t io n e t co n d u ite d e s H a u t s - F o u r n e a u x “ ( p . 1 7 8 ) g ie h t d e V a t h a i r e e in e F o r m e l , um g e g e b e n e n fa lls ein E r z d u rch ein a n d e re s zu e r s e tz e n . E r g e h t d a b e i von d e r A n n a h m e a u s, d a fs d ie R e d u c t io n d es E is e n ­ o x y d s in ein e m E r z e 3 ,4 m a l s o v ie l W ä r m e e r ­ fo r d e r t , a ls da s V e r s c h la c k e n u n d V e r flü c h t ig e n d e r a n d e re n im E r z e v o r h a n d e n e n K ö r p e r . N e u e r e W ä r m e b ila n z e n fü r G ie ls e r e i- u n d B e s ­ s e m e r r o h e is e n h ab en je d o c h g e z e i g t , d a fs die Z iffe r 3 ,4 zn h o ch g e g r iffe n is t, d a fs d ie r ic h t ig e Z iffe r v ie lm e h r 2 ,4 is t, s o d a fs d ie F o r m e l la u t e t :

M

[ 2-

x + (100 10 7 4 X v x ' +

( 1 0 0

x ) ] ¡1

10 -,1 (4)

In d ie s e r F o r m e l b e d e u te n M und M ' die E r z g ic h t e n (in T o n n e n ) z w e ie r E r z e m it x b e z w . x ' a ls E is e n g e h a lt , a d ie a u f d ie T on n e. E r z k o m m e n d e W ä r m e o d e r B r e n n s t o ffm e n g e . F ü r 51/ u n d x ' k ö n n e n w ir E r fa h r u n g s z a h le n , a n ein em b e s tim m te n O fen g e w o n n e n , e in s t e lle n , s o d a fs w ir da s z w e it e G lie d d e r G le ic h u n g ( 4 ) d u rch e in e Z a h l B e r s e tz e n k ö n n e n . W i r e rh a lte n a u f d ie s e W e is e

B 2 x + 100

S e t z e n w ir d ie s e n ' W e r t h fü r M ein G le ic h u n g ( 3 ) , s o e r h a lte n w i r :

100 A (2 x -j- 100)

M (5)

k , = 1,02 B x (

6

⁾

B e r e c h n u n g v o n P

3

^. Z u r B e r e c h n u n g d ie s e r G r ö fs e s e tz e n w ir v o r a u s , d a fs e in b e ­ s tim m te r H o c h o f e n e in e u n v e r ä n d e r lic h e A n z a h l G ic h te n in 2 4 S tu n d e n ein n im m t. D a nun d ie G esa m m tsu m m e a lle r U n k o s te n a ls c o n s t a n t a n ­ g e s e h e n w e r d e n d a r f , s o w ir d P :! in d ir e c t p r o ­ p o r t io n a l dem A u s b r in g e n a us d e r E r z g ic h t s e in . E r fa h r u n g s g e m ä ls s e i n un g e fu n d e n w o r d e n , d a fs f ü r e in e E r z g ic h t

is t. W i r k ön n en s t e l l e n :

Pn =

jAP m it x ' °/o d a n n fü r P

:1

1.02 x' 100 1.02 x

E is e n P

3

^{= c}

d ie F o r m e l a u f-

c JP

S e tz e n w ir M ' M 1,02 x '

1 0 0

fü r J[ d essen W e r t h B 100

= D , s e tz e n w ir f e r n e r

ein . so e rh a lte n w ir

.( 7 ) 2 x + 100

1 0 0 c D ( 2 x - f 100)

* 1,02 B x

A n s t a t t d e r G r ö f s e k-, e m p fie h lt es s ic h , ih ren W e r t h a ls F u n c tio n d es K a lk s te in v e r b r a u c h e s f. d. T o n n e E r z e in z u s e t z e n . B e z e ic h n o t F den K a lk s t e in v e r b r a u c h , s o w ir d

u J ; ° 0 F • (8)

1 , 0 2

^{x ’}

15. D ecem ber 1901. Ueber die Bewertliung von Eisenerzen. Stahl und Eisen. 1345

F a s s e n w ir d ie e r h a lte n e n R e s u lta te k u rz z u s a m m e n :

E rzycrbrauch . . . .

Brennstoffverbrauch. . Arbeitskosten und Gre-

n e r a lia ...

Kalksteinverbrauch auf die Tonne R oheisen .

k

Pa =

100 1,02 x _ 100 A ( 2 x + 100)

~ 1,02 B x 100 c D (2 x + 100)

1

g ic h t d e m n a ch 9 ,5 2 t. B e i e in e r t ä g lic h e n L e is t u n g v o n 3 0 G ic h te n s e io n d ie K o s te n f ü r L ö h n e u n d G e n e r a lie n

8

J k a. d. T o n n e R o h e is e n . D e r h ö c h s te z u lä s s ig e S e lb s tk o s t e n p r e is d e s R o h e is e n s s e i 6 0 JC , d e r P r e is d es K o k s

2 1

J l , u n d d e r ­ j e n i g e fü r K a lk s t e in

2

J L D ie v e r s c h ie d e n e n C o e fiic ie n te n in G le ic h u n g ( 9 ) w e r d e n d em n a ch g e s e t z t : p =

6 0

^B

P

1

^{= 21 c}

P 2 = A =

2 4,8

= 1875

= 8

= 4,57

W i r e r h a lte n da n n d ie G le ic h u n g :

P = 0,466 x — 7,326 - 2 F (10) D ie s e F o r m e l g e s t a t t e t , e n tw e d e r e in e T a b e lle o d e r ein D ia g r a m m a u fz u s te lle n . B e id e sin d liie r a ls B e is p ie le g e g e b e n .

D ie F o r m e l ( 9 ) is t au cli fü r G ie fs e r e ir o h e is e n a n w e n d b a r . I s t d ie B e s c h ic k u n g s e lb s tg e h e n d , so is t F = o, u n d d ie F o r m e l is t w e s e n t lic h v e r e in fa c h t . I s t da s z u u n te rs u ch e n d e E r z k a lk ig , so w ir d F n e g a t iv , u n d f ü r g le ic h e W e r t h e v on x w ir d d e r W e r t h d es E r z e s m it F w a c h s e n .

A s k a m i n F u m e s s. Paul E ist.

S e t z e n w ir d ie v e r s c h ie d e n e n W e r t h e in G le ic h u n g ( 1 ) e in , so e rh a lte n w i r :

1 ,0 2 p x p L .+ l ? ? ( 1 0 0 A P i + 1 0 0 c D ) - f IOOPüF J

P = — . • 100

D ie s e F o r m e l ( 9 ) is t dem A n s c h e in e n a c h s e h r ! c o m p lic ir t . E in p r a k t is c h e s B e is p ie l w ir d z e ig e n , d a fs fü r c o n e r e t e F a lle e in e g a n z e in fa c h e F o r m e l e r z i e lt w e r d e n k a n n .

B e i s p i e l . E in O fe n v e r b r a u c h e b e i ein em E r z e m it 4 7 , 5 ° /° E is e n 1 ,0 5 t K o k s a. d. T o n n e R o h e is e n . D ie K o k s g ic h t b e t r a g e 4 , 8 t, d ie E r z -