Study on homogeneity and repeatability of single-piece flow carburizing system

Research paper

68 © Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved. 2017

and Manufacturing Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering

Study on homogeneity and repeatability of single-piece flow carburizing system

A. Madej ^a, A. Brewka ^b, E. Wołowiec-Korecka ^a,*

a Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Łódź, Poland

b SecoWarwick, ul. Zachodnia 76, 66-200 Świebodzin, Poland

* Corresponding e-mail address: emilia.wolowiec@p.lodz.pl

ABSTRACT

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to determine the homogeneity and replicability of carburized layers obtained by a continuous single-piece flow method.

Design/methodology/approach: A series of 100 gears was carburized under low pressure atmosphere using the single-piece flow method. The microstructures of the obtained carbon layers were investigated. Hardness penetration pattern and carbon concentration profiles were tested.

Findings: The findings have shown the validity/correctness of the microstructures of the carburized layers obtained by the single-piece flow method. It has been proved that the carbon layer in every gear is uniform, what confirms that each element is affected by the same process conditions and the gears in the whole series can be precisely reproduced.

Research limitations/implications: The short-pulse low-pressure carburizing technology needs further investigation to understand its all mechanisms fully.

Practical implications: The single-piece flow method provides the uniform and reproducible carburized layers with the precision magnitude exceeding the abilities of currently used thermo-chemical furnaces. When applying the method it is possible to obtain a uniform carburized case in every single gear from the whole series of elements subjected to the process. Optimized configuration of process parameters and carbon-carrying mixture allows to meet the high expectations of a modern and future industry, what is most crucial in exploiting carburized steel gears.

Originality/value: The applicability of the LPC single-piece flow method to a demanding mass production has been verified. The statistical validity of research results of the whole manufactured series of gears is being performed for the first time.

Keywords: Heat treatment, Thermo-chemical treatment, Case hardening, Vacuum carburizing, Single-piece flow

Reference to this paper should be given in the following way:

A. Madej, A. Brewka, E. Wołowiec-Korecka, Study on homogeneity and repeatability of single-piece flow carburizing system, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 84/2 (2017) 68-75.

MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING

,QWURGXFWLRQ

/RZSUHVVXUH FDUEXUL]LQJ /3& LV D KHDW WUHDWPHQW

SURFHVVWKDWLVXVHGIRUVXUIDFHKDUGHQLQJ,WZDVLQYHQWHG

LQODWHSDWHQWHG>@DQGIXOO\FRPPHUFLDOL]HG>@

,W LV D FRPSOH[ SURFHVV LQ ZKLFK VPDOO DPRXQWV RI

FDUEXUL]LQJ JDV DUH FRQWLQXRXVO\ SXPSHG LQ DQG RXW RI D

IXUQDFHDWDUDWHWKDWDOORZVWKHFDUERQRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKH

VWHHOWRUHDFKWKHDXVWHQLWHVROXELOLW\OLPLW>@'XULQJ

WKH VDWXUDWLRQ VWDJH ERRVW VWDJH WKH VWHHO VXUIDFH LV

VDWXUDWHG E\ FDUERQ IURP D ORZSUHVVXUH JDV DWPRVSKHUH

DQGGLIIXVHVLQWRWKHPDWHULDO6XEVHTXHQWO\WKHJDVVXSSO\

LVVWRSSHGDQGRQO\FDUERQGLIIXVLRQRFFXUV0DVVWUDQVIHU

GXULQJ FDUEXUL]LQJ SURFHHGV LQ WKUHH VWDJHV FDUERQ

WUDQVSRUWIURPWKHDWPRVSKHUHWRWKHVWHHOVXUIDFHFKHPLFDO

UHDFWLRQ DW WKH JDVVWHHO LQWHUIDFH DQG FDUERQ GLIIXVLRQ

EHWZHHQ WKH FDUERQULFK DWPRVSKHUH DQG VWHHO VXUIDFH

ZKLFK SURYLGHV D GULYLQJ IRUFH IRU WKH PDVV WUDQVIHU

SKHQRPHQDDQGHVWDEOLVKHVDFDUERQFRQFHQWUDWLRQJUDGLHQW

DW WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH FDUEXUL]HG SDUW >@ &XUUHQWO\ WKH

SURFHVVKDVEHHQHOXFLGDWHGTXLWHZHOOERWKLQWHUPVRILWV

NLQHWLFV >@ WKH HIIHFWV RI LQGLYLGXDO IDFWRUV >@

VXUIDFH SKHQRPHQD >@ DQG WKH ILQDO SURSHUWLHV RI

FDUEXUL]HG PDWHULDO >@ ,W ZDV SURYHQ WKDW /3&

SURYLGHVDPRUHXQLIRUPFDUEXUL]HGR[LGHIUHHFDVHGHSWK

FOHDQHUSDUWVDQGOHVVSDUWGLVWRUWLRQ>@,QWHUPVRI

PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV FDUEXUL]LQJ SURFHVV UHVXOWV LQ KLJK

KDUGQHVV ZHDUUHVLVWDQW VXUIDFH DQG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ WKH

SRVVLELOLW\ RI WUDQVIHUULQJ JUHDW VWUHVV GXH WR WKH ORDG

EHDULQJ FRUH LQ JHDUV 7KH IHDWXUHV DUH VXIILFLHQW WR

VXFFHVVIXOO\ PHHW WKH QHHGV RI LQGXVWULHV ZKLFK XVH

FDUEXUL]LQJWRLPSURYHWKHTXDOLW\RIVWHHOJHDUV>@

1RZDGD\VYDFXXPFDUEXUL]LQJSURYLGHVWKHEHVWUHVXOWV

IRUDSDUWLFXODUDSSOLFDWLRQGXHWRDFFHVVWRDZLGHUDQJHRI

YDFXXP HTXLSPHQW ,W LV WKH PHWKRG RI WKHUPRFKHPLFDO

PRGLILFDWLRQ RI VWHHO HOHPHQWV VXFK DV SLQLRQV

WUDQVPLVVLRQ JHDU HOHPHQWV RU VWHHULQJ V\VWHP HOHPHQWV

>@XVHGLQYDULRXVLQGXVWULHVIURPDXWRPRWLYHDHURVSDFH

WRVPDOOKRXVHKROGPDFKLQHVFRQVWUXFWLRQV>@

$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUHPDQ\EHQHILWVWRWKHVHWHFKQRORJ\

WKHUH LV RQH IHDWXUH WKDW UHPDLQV XQFKDQJHG (YHQ LQ

PRGHUQYDFXXPIXUQDFHV\VWHPVSDUWVDUHFRQILJXUHGDQG

SURFHVVHG LQ EDWFKHV RQ VSHFLDO IL[WXUHV )LJ DQG

XQGHUJRWKHZKROHFDVHKDUGHQLQJSURFHVVLQVXFKDFRQIL

JXUDWLRQ7KHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHFDUEXUL]LQJDWPRVSKHUHLV

QRWXQLIRUPDQGFKDQJHVDVWKHDWPRVSKHUHPRYHVWRZDUG

WKH FHQWUH RI WKH EDWFK ZLWK WKH DPRXQW RI FDUERQ

GHFUHDVLQJ JUDGXDOO\ UHVXOWLQJ LQ SRRUHU FDUEXUL]DWLRQ RI

WKHSDUWVDWWKHFHQWUHRIWKHEDWFK7KHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKH

DWPRVSKHUHFRPSRVLWLRQFDUERQSRWHQWLDOFDQEHDVJUHDW

DV  DQG WKH FDVH GHSWK FDQ FKDQJH DFFRUGLQJO\



 

)LJ3DUWVFRQILJXUHGLQEDWFKUHDG\WRSURFHVV

7KHFRROLQJUDWHGXULQJWKHTXHQFKLQJSURFHVVDOVRDIIHFWV WKH FDVH GHSWK ZLWK D IDVWHU TXHQFK LQFUHDVLQJ WKH FDVH

GHSWK DQG D VORZHU TXHQFK GHFUHDVLQJ WKH FDVH GHSWK

1RQXQLIRUPLWLHVRIWKHFRROLQJPHGLXPIORZUDWHWKURXJK

WKHEDWFKFDQEHDVKLJKDVDQGFDQDOVRVLJQLILFDQWO\

LPSDFW WKH FDVH GHSWK E\ VHYHUDO PRUH SHUFHQWDJH SRLQWV

>@7KLVPHDQVWKDWHDFKSDUWLQDEDWFKLVDIIHFWHGE\WKH

SURFHVV FRQGLWLRQV LQ D XQLTXH PDQQHU EDVHG RQ LWV

SRVLWLRQZLWKLQWKHEDWFK(DFKSDUWLVDIIHFWHGGLIIHUHQWO\

UHJDUGLQJ WKH KHDWLQJ UDWH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH SURFHVV

DWPRVSKHUH DQG LQWHQVLW\ DQG GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH FRROLQJ

PHGLXP7KHUHLVQRGRXEWWKDWWKHSDUWVLQWKHRXWHUOD\HUV

RI D EDWFK DUH KHDWHG PRUH TXLFNO\ DQG WR D GLIIHUHQW

WHPSHUDWXUH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ

ZLWKLQ WKH EDWFK DV WKH DWPRVSKHUH DURXQG WKHP LV

³ULFKHU´DQGWKH\DUHTXHQFKHGPRUHLQWHQVHO\FRPSDUHG

WRWKHSDUWVWRZDUGWKHFHQWUHRIWKHORDG7KHUHVXOWLVWKDW

SDUWV LQVLGH WKH EDWFK KDYH GLIIHUHQW SK\VLFDO DQG

PHWDOOXUJLFDO SURSHUWLHV WKDQ WKRVH RQ WKH RXWVLGH RI WKH

EDWFKHJVXUIDFHDQGFRUHKDUGQHVVPLFURVWUXFWXUHDQG

HVSHFLDOO\WKHHIIHFWLYHFDVHGHSWK>@

'XH WR WKH FRPSRXQGLQJ HIIHFW RI WKHVH YDU\LQJ

SDUDPHWHUV LQKHUHQW LQ EDWFK SURFHVVLQJ PRVWO\ WKH

LQGXVWU\¶V TXDOLW\ H[SHFWDWLRQV DUH YHU\ OLEHUDO 7ROHUDQFHV

FDQ EH DV KLJK DV  D GLUHFW FRQVHTXHQFH RI EDWFK

SURFHVVLQJDQGWKHFXUUHQWO\DFFHSWHGWROHUDQFHVRIWKHEDWFK

SURFHVVLQJ FDVH KDUGHQLQJ V\VWHPV )RU PRUH GHPDQGLQJ

DSSOLFDWLRQVWKHPRGHUQVRSKLVWLFDWHGYDFXXPIXUQDFHVDUH

DEOH WR SURYLGH WKH DFFXUDF\ RI “ IRU HIIHFWLYH FDVH

GHSWK >@ 1RQHWKHOHVV LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH KLJK SUHFLVLRQ

WKHVROXWLRQVWLOOUHTXLUHVDQLPSURYHPHQW>@

7KHYDVWPDMRULW\RIZHDNQHVVHVDQGOLPLWDWLRQVRIWKH

FXUUHQW FDVH KDUGHQLQJ SURFHVVHV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK LWV

1. Introduction

Research paper

70 A. Madej, A. Brewka, E. Wołowiec-Korecka

EDWFKUHODWHG QDWXUH 7KHUHIRUH WR HOLPLQDWH WKHVH

ZHDNQHVVHV DQG OLPLWDWLRQV LW ZRXOG EH LGHDO LI EDWFK

SURFHVVLQJZDVHOLPLQDWHGDQGUHSODFHGZLWKDFRQWLQXRXV

VLQJOHSLHFHIORZPRGHO3UHFLVLRQDQGUHSHDWDELOLW\ZRXOG

EHLPSURYHGEHFDXVHHDFKSDUWZRXOGUXQLQGLYLGXDOO\DQG

ZRXOG EH H[SRVHG WR WKH H[DFW VDPH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG

DWPRVSKHUH6LQJOHSDUWVZRXOGEHKHDWHGXSPRUHTXLFNO\

DQG XQLIRUPO\ GXH WR GLUHFW UDGLDWLRQ DQG WKH EHQHILFLDO

HIIHFWV WKLV GLUHFW UDGLDWLRQ KDV RQ WKH PRUH FRQVLVWHQW

FRQGXFWLRQ RI KHDW ZLWKLQ WKH JHDU 0RUHRYHU DQ\

WHPSHUDWXUH JUDGLHQWV ZLWKLQ WKH FKDPEHU ZRXOG EH

QHXWUDOL]HG EHFDXVH HDFK SDUW JRHV WKURXJK DOO WKH VDPH

SRVLWLRQV

7KH VLQJOHSLHFH IORZ FRQFHSW KDV EHHQ DURXQG IRU

VRPHWLPHLQWKHRU\DQGLQGXVWU\DUWLFOHV>@9DULRXV

V\VWHPV PRUH RU OHVV LQ OLQH ZLWK WKH LGHD KDYH EHHQ

GHYHORSHG EXW QR GHYLFH IRU PDVV WKHUPDO WUHDWPHQW KDV

EHHQFRQVWUXFWHGWKDWZRXOGIXOO\HPERG\WKHLGHDWRGDWH

6LQJOHSLHFHIORZSURFHVVLQJVKRXOGPHDQWKDWHYHU\VLQJOH

SLHFH JRHV WKURXJK WKH H[DFW VDPH SRVLWLRQV DQG SURFHVV

FRQGLWLRQVDVHYHU\RWKHUSLHFH$V\VWHPZKHUHSDUWVDUH

SODFHG RQ WUD\V HYHQ LQ VLQJOH OD\HUV RU ZKHQ SDUWV DUH

SURFHVVHGLQGLYLGXDOO\LQGLIIHUHQWSURFHVVFKDPEHUVGRHV

QRWPHHWWKHFULWHULDRIDVLQJOHSLHFHIORZV\VWHP

&RPSOHWHGHVLJQVROXWLRQZDVGHYHORSHGLQ>@

$PXOWLFKDPEHUGHYLFHIRUKLJKO\HIILFLHQWLQGLYLGXDOL]HG

DQG XQLIRUP KHDW WUHDWPHQW RI PDFKLQH SDUWV XVLQJ

WHFKQRORJLHVRIORZSUHVVXUHFDUEXUL]DWLRQ/3&DQGKLJK

SUHVVXUH JDV TXHQFKLQJ +3*4 PHHWV DOO FRQGLWLRQ

UHTXLUHGE\VLQJOHSLHFHIORZPHWKRG,WVHHPVWREHSURSHU

VROXWLRQ IRU SURGXFWLRQV RI LPSRUWDQW KLJKSHUIRUPDQFH

HOHPHQWVZLWKKLJKJHRPHWULFDODQGIXQFWLRQDOYDULHW\JHDU

ZKHHOV UROOHUV V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ ULQJV EHDULQJ ULQJV HWF XVHG LQ WKH PDVV LQGXVWU\ DXWRPRWLYH WUDQVPLVVLRQ DQG

EHDULQJLQGXVWULHV

7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV SDSHU ZDV WR VWXG\ KRPRJHQHLW\

DQGUHSHDWDELOLW\RIFDUEXUL]HGOD\HUVSURGXFHGXVLQJVLQJOH

SLHFHIORZPHWKRG



0DWHULDOVDQGH[SHULPHQWV

$VHULHVRIJHDUVZLWKDGLDPHWHURIPPDQG

DWHHWKPRGH0)LJPDGHRIWKHVWHHO(10Q&U

JUDGH ZDV VXEMHFWHG WR FRQWLQXRXV VLQJOHSLHFH IORZ ORZ

SUHVVXUHFDUEXUL]LQJSURFHVV>@

$ YDFXXP IXUQDFH FRQWDLQHG  SURFHVV FKDPEHUV

GHGLFDWHGWRFRQVHFXWLYHO\KHDWLQJXSFDUEXUL]LQJDQGERWK

GLIIXVLRQ DQG SUHFRROLQJ EHIRUH TXHQFKLQJ (DFK RI WKH

FKDPEHUV HPEUDFHVJHDUSRVLWLRQV 'XULQJ WKH SURFHVV

HYHU\ JHDURQH E\ RQH ZHQW WKURXJK DOO  SRVLWLRQ DQG

FKDPEHUV 7KH ILUVW VWHS LQYROYHG KHDWLQJXS HOHPHQWV WR

WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI ƒ& 6XEVHTXHQWO\ LQ WKH VHFRQG

FKDPEHUZKHUHUHPDLQHGWKHVDPHWHPSHUDWXUHHOHPHQWV

ZHUH VXEMHFWHG WR WKH FDUERQFDUU\LQJ JDV PL[WXUH XQGHU

ORZSUHVVXUHDWPRVSKHUH,QWKHWKLUGFKDPEHUIRUJHDUV

SRVLWLRQV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI ƒ& ZDV SURYLGHG ,W ZDV

UHGXFHG WR ƒ& IRU WKH ODVW  KHQFH WKH GLIIXVLRQ ZDV

DOORZHG7DEOH(YHQWXDOO\WKHJHDUVZHUHLQGLYLGXDOO\

TXHQFKHG LQ QLWURJHQ DQG WHPSHUHG LQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH

RIƒ&



 

)LJ 5HVHDUFK HOHPHQW *HDU ZKHHO 0DWHULDO (1

0Q&U

7DEOH

/RZSUHVVXUHFDUEXUL]LQJ/3&SURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV

*HDUQR

&DUEXUL]LQJ

FKDPEHU

WHPSHUDWXUH

ƒ&

'LIIXVLRQ

FKDPEHU

WHPSHUDWXUH

ƒ&

4XHQFKLQJ

WHPSHUDWXUH

ƒ&

   

2XW RI WKH  JHDUV LQ WKH VHULHV  GHWDLOV ZHUH

UDQGRPO\ FKRVHQ IRU IXUWKHU LQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7KH HOHPHQWV

ZHUHVXEMHFWHGWRPHWDOORJUDSKLFWHVWVFDUERQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ

VWXGLHVDQGKDUGQHVVSURILOHPHDVXUHPHQWV

6SHFLPHQV¶ VXUIDFH ZHUH DEUDGHG RQ 6L& SDSHUV DQG

WKHQ SROLVKHG XVLQJ GLDPRQGOLNH OLTXLG )RU VSHFLPHQV

SUHSDUDWLRQ WKH DXWRPDWLF SROLVKHU 7HJUDPLQ 6WUXHUV ZDV XVHG 7KH PLFURVWUXFWXUH REVHUYDWLRQ ZDV SHUIRUPHG

ZLWK RSWLFDO PLFURVFRSH 7KH FURVV VHFWLRQ RI JHDU

VSHFLPHQ LQ GLIIHUHQW ORFDWLRQV ZDV DQDO\VHG LQ RUGHU WR

VWXG\WKHFDUEXUL]HGFDVHDFFRUGLQJWRWKH3ROLVKVWDQGDUG

31+DQGZRUN>@

2. Materials and experiments

+DUGQHVV SHQHWUDWLRQ SDWWHUQ ZDV WHVWHG RQ JHDU WRRWK

IODQNXVLQJ9LFNHUVPHWKRG7KHDXWRPDWLFKDUGQHVVWHVWHU

ZDV XVHG 'XUD6FDQ 6WUXHUV (FRV :RUNIORZ ,W DOORZHG

WR REWDLQ WKH DFFXUDF\ RI PHDVXUHPHQW DW YDOXH

DSSUR[LPDWHO\+931(1,62

7KH FDUERQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ SURILOHV LQ WKH VXUIDFH OD\HU

ZHUH H[DPLQHG E\ JORZ GLVFKDUJH RSWLFDO HPLVVLRQ

VSHFWURPHWU\*'6D/HFR>@7KUHHRXWRIDOOJHDUV

ZHUH H[DPLQHG PRUH SURIRXQGO\ WKH PDWHULDO XVHG WR

SUHSDUH VSHFLPHQV ZDV WDNHQH[WUDFWHG IURP  GLIIHUHQW

DUHDV RI JHDUV WR MXVWLI\ ZKHWKHU XQLIRUP FDUERQ OD\HU

UHJDUGV WKH ZKROH JHDU 7KH FDUERQ SURILOHV LQ VTXDUH

VSHFLPHQV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ PHDQV RI UHPRYLQJ

SURJUHVVLYHO\ WKLQ RXWHU OD\HUV RI WKH VDPSOHV

DSSUR[LPDWHO\HYHU\—P

7KHSODFHZKHUHSUHGHWHUPLQHGKDUGQHVVLVDFKLHYHGLV

XVXDOO\ LQWHUSUHWHG DV D ERUGHU EHWZHHQ FDUEXUL]HG OD\HU

DQGWKHFRUHRIPDWHULDO,WLVDSHUSHQGLFXODUGLVWDQFHIURP

WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH SDUW WR D SRLQW LQVLGH WKH SDUW ZKHUH

GHILQHGKDUGQHVVLVPHDVXUHGXVXDOO\+9

6RPHWLPHV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH WKLFNQHVV RI FDUEXUL]HG

OD\HUWKHHIIHFWLYHFDVHGHSWKLVPHDVXUHG

5HVXOWV

0LFURVWUXFWXUH

7KH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI FDUEXUL]HG FDVH DQG FRUH LV

VKRZQ LQ WKH )LJXUHV DQG 7KH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI

FDUEXUL]HG OD\HU LQFOXGHV WHPSHUHG PDUWHQVLWH ZLWKLQ WKH

UDQJH RI UHWDLQHG DXVWHQLWH 7KHUH LV QR HYLGHQW

LQWHUJUDQXODUR[LGDWLRQRUGHFDUEXUL]DWLRQQHDUWKHVXUIDFH



 

)LJ7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIIODQN0DWHULDO(10Q&U

6WDWHDIWHUORZSUHVVXUHFDUEXUL]LQJ&TXHQFKLQJ

& WHPSHULQJ & 0LFURVWUXFWXUH WHPSHUHG

PDUWHQVLWH(WFKLQJ1LWDO

 

)LJ7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIIODQN0DWHULDO(10Q&U

6WDWHDIWHUORZSUHVVXUHFDUEXUL]LQJ&TXHQFKLQJ

& WHPSHULQJ & 0LFURVWUXFWXUH WHPSHUHG

PDUWHQVLWH(WFKLQJ1LWDO



 

)LJ  7KH PLFURVWUXFWXUH FRUH 0DWHULDO (10Q&U

6WDWH DIWHU ORZSUHVVXUH FDUEXUL]LQJ &

TXHQFKLQJ & WHPSHULQJ & 0LFURVWUXFWXUH

WHPSHUHGPDUWHQVLWH(WFKLQJ1LWDO



&RUHPLFURVWUXFWXUHKDVEHHQH[DPLQHGLQWKHPLGGOHRI

WKH WRRWK RQ WKH URRW GLDPHWHU )LJ $ WHPSHUHG

PDUWHQVLWH ZLWKEDLQLWH DQGVRPH SHDUOLWH ZHUH LGHQWLILHG

7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHGRHVQRWLQFOXGHDEORFN\IHUULWH

&DUERQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ

,QWKH)LJXUHVDQGWKHUHDUHSUHVHQWHGWKHUHVXOWVRI

FDUEXUL]DWLRQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RQ SUHSDUHG VSHFLPHQV IURP

H[DPLQHG JHDUV 7KH PHDVXUHG HIIHFWLYH FDVH GHSWKV RI

WHVWHGJHDUVZHUH“PP

3. Results

3.1. Microstructure

3.2. Carbon concentration

Research paper

72 A. Madej, A. Brewka, E. Wołowiec-Korecka

 

)LJ7KHUHVXOWVRIXQLIRUPLW\DQGKRPRJHQHLW\FDUEXUL]DWLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQVRQJHDUHGZKHHOV



 

)LJ  7KH UHVXOWV RI XQLIRUPLW\ DQG KRPRJHQHLW\ FDUEXUL]DWLRQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RQ D VLQJOH JHDUHG ZKHHO QR  LQ IRXU

GLIIHUHQWSODFHVGHJDQJOH

0LFURKDUGQHVV

 7KHUHVXOWVRIKDUGQHVVPHDVXUHPHQWDUHVKRZQLQWKH

JUDSK )LJ IODQN 7KH HIIHFWLYH FDVH GHSWK RI WHVWHG

JHDUV LQ WKH URRW ILOOHW EDVHG RQ KDUGQHVV PHDVXUHPHQW ZDV“PP

+RPRJHQHLW\DQGUHSHDWDELOLW\LQYHVWLJDWLRQ

7KH HYDOXDWLRQ RI UHSHDWDELOLW\ DQG KRPRJHQHLW\ RI

GLIIXVLRQ OD\HU ZHUH H[DPLQHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI VWXGLHV RQ

FDUERQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ FDUEXUL]HG FDVH 6WXGHQW¶V

WGLVWULEXWLRQZDVDSSOLHGWRDQDO\VHDOOWKHFDOFXODWLRQVDQG

REWDLQHGUHVXOWV

7KH DYHUDJH YDOXH RI (&' HIIHFWLYH FDVH GHSWK ZDV

HVWLPDWHG WR EH “PP PHDQ “ VWDQGDUG

GHYLDWLRQ &DOFXODWLRQ ZDV EDVHG RQ WKH WULDO ZLWK 

HOHPHQWV WHVWHG ZLWK WKH FULWHULD RI FDUERQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ

 2Q WKH JURXQGV RI WKH HVWLPDWLRQ WKH YDOXH RI

FRQILGHQFH FRHIILFLHQW ZDV GHWHUPLQHG DV 3  ZKDW

DOORZHGWRVHWRXWWKHFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOIRUWKHDYHUDJH

(&' LQ WKH ZKROH VHULHV RI  JHDUV 7KH YDOXH RI WKH

DYHUDJH FDUEXUL]HG HIIHFWLYH FDVH GHSWK LQ WKH VHULHV

DSSHDUV WR EH LQ WKH UDQJH ^ `PP DQG

DVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQVLVLQFOXGHGLQ^`P

7KH PHDVXUHPHQW UHVXOWV RI FDUERQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ

LQHIIHFWLYHFDVHGHSWKIRUWKHJHDUVWHVWHGRQO\LQRQHSODFH

DUH “PP “PP “PP

&RQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOVIRUWKHDYHUDJHDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ

RIWKHJHDUVDUHSUHVXPLQJRIFRQILGHQFHFRHIILFLHQW

(&' ^ ` PP ] V  ^ `

PP(&'^`PP]V^`

PP DQG (&'  ^ ` PP ] V  ^

`PP

3.4. Homogeneity and repeatability investigation 3.3. Microhardness

 

)LJ0LFURKDUGQHVVSURILOHVPHDVXUHGLQJHDU¶VIODQNOLQH

7KHDYHUDJHKDUGQHVVYDOXHZDVWHVWHGLQWKHFKRVHQ  JHDUVLQWKHGLVWDQFHRIPPIURPWKHVXUIDFH,WZDV

HVWLPDWHG DV “+9 PHDQ “ VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ2Q

WKHJURXQGVWKHFRQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOVDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ

IRUWKHZKROHVHULHVRIJHDUVZDVHYDOXDWHG3 

7KHDYHUDJHKDUGQHVVRIGHSWKLQWKHVHULHVZDVGHWHUPLQHG

WR EH LQ WKH UDQJH ^ ` +9 DQG WKH VWDQGDUG

GHYLDWLRQ V ZDV DSSUR[LPDWHG DV ^ `+9 7KH UHVXOW

FDQ EH LQWHUSUHWHG DV D FRQILUPDWLRQ RI XQXVXDO XQLIRUP

TXHQFKLQJLQWKHTXHQFKFKDPEHU



'LVFXVVLRQ

 7KHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIKRPRJHQHLW\DQGUHSURGXFLELOLW\RI

FDUEXUL]HGFDVHVKRXOGEHIRFXVHGRQWZRPDLQSDUDPHWHUV

$V D PDWWHU RI IDFW WKH PRVW FULWLFDO RQH LV FDVH GHSWK

PHDVXUHG DW WKH SLWFK OLQH EHFDXVH WKLV DUHD LV WKH PRVW

VXVFHSWLEOH WR SLWWLQJ $QRWKHU LPSRUWDQW DUHD LV URRW ±

EHFDXVHLWLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKEHQGLQJIDWLJXHOLIH>@7KH

PHDQ (&' RI WHVWHG JHDUV LQ URRW ILOOHW IURP KDUGQHVV

PHDVXUHPHQWV ZDV “PP 8QLIRUP HIIHFWLYH

FDVHGHSWKVKDYHEHHQDFKLHYHGRQIODQNWKHPHDQ(&'RI

WHVWHGJHDUVLVZDVPP“PP7KHFDVHGHSWKV

LQ URRW ILOOHW DUH VOLJKWO\ WKLQQHU ZKLFK LV D QRUPDO

RFFXUUHQFHLQWKLVW\SHRISDUWVJHRPHWU\

7KH PRUH FDUERQ LQ WKH OD\HU WKH KLJKHUKDUGQHVV DQG

IDWLJXH VWUHQJWK WR D FHUWDLQ OLPLW YDOXH 6XUIDFH FDUERQ

FRQWHQWLQWKHFDUEXUL]HGJHDUVDIIHFWVPDQ\PHWDOOXUJLFDO

DQG IDWLJXH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW SURYLGH WKH JHDU TXDOLW\

7KH SURSHU DPRXQW RI FDUERQ LQ WKH FDUEXUL]HG OD\HU

GHSHQGV RQ VWHHO FRPSRVLWLRQ TXHQFK FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG

RWKHUKHDWWUHDWPHQWSDUDPHWHUV&DUERQOHYHOEHWZHHQ

DWWKHVXUIDFHRIORZDOOR\VWHHOVDOORZVWRDFKLHYH

RSWLPXP FDVH SURSHUWLHV LQ UHODWLRQ WR VXUIDFH ZHDU DQG

IDWLJXHVWUHQJWK>@2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWFDQFDXVHWKH

H[FHVVLYHDPRXQWRIUHWDLQHGDXVWHQLWHKHQFHWKHWHQGHQF\

WRSURGXFHFDUELGHVFDQRFFXU7KHFRPPRQSUDFWLFHLVWR

FDUEXUL]H D JHDU WR DURXQG & LQ WKH VXUIDFH 7KH

FDUERQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQH[DPLQHGJHDUVZDVDURXQG

&RQILGHQFHLQWHUYDOVREWDLQHGIRUWKHVLQJXODUO\WHVWHG

JHDUVZHUHVOLJKWO\EURDGHULQFRPSDULVRQWRWKHWULDORI

HOHPHQWV 7KH GLIIHUHQFH LV FDXVHG E\ WKH VPDOOHU VL]H RI

WULDOLQWKHJHDUVWHVWHGRQO\LQRQHSODFH

7KHDPRXQWRIUHWDLQHGDXVWHQLWHZDVHVWLPDWHGGXULQJ

WKH PHWDOORJUDSKLF LQVSHFWLRQ 7KH SHUPLWWHG DPRXQW RI

UHWDLQHG DXVWHQLWH GHSHQGV RQ JHDU TXDOLW\ EXW XVXDOO\

VKRXOG QRW H[FHHG  DQGGRHV QRW SUHFLSLWDWH KDUGQHVV

GURS QHDU WKH VXUIDFH 7KH GHVLUHG DPRXQW RI UHWDLQHG

DXVWHQLWHLVFRQVLGHUHGIURPWRGXHWRWKHHIIHFWRI

SLWWLQJDQGZHDUUHVLVWDQFH>@



&RQFOXVLRQV

7KH ILQGLQJV KDYH VKRZQ WKH YDOLGLW\FRUUHFWQHVV RI

PLFURVWUXFWXUHRIFDUEXUL]HGOD\HUVREWDLQHGE\WKHVLQJOH

SLHFHIORZPHWKRG,WKDVEHHQSURYHGWKDWFDUERQOD\HULQ

HYHU\JHDULVXQLIRUPZKDWFRQILUPVWKDWHDFKHOHPHQWLV

DIIHFWHG E\ WKH VDPH SURFHVV FRQGLWLRQV DQG JHDUV LQ WKH

ZKROHVHULHVFDQEHSUHFLVHO\UHSURGXFHG

7KH VLQJOHSLHFH IORZ PHWKRG SURYLGHV XQLIRUP DQG

UHSURGXFLEOH FDUEXUL]HG OD\HUV ZLWK DFFXUDF\ DW DERXW DQ

RUGHURIPDJQLWXGHH[FHHGLQJWKHDELOLWLHVRIFXUUHQWO\XVHG

WKHUPRFKHPLFDO IXUQDFHV %\ DSSO\LQJ WKH /3& PHWKRG

LW LV SRVVLEOH WR REWDLQ XQLIRUP FDUEXUL]HG FDVH LQ HYHU\

VLQJOH JHDU IURP WKH ZKROH VHULHV RI HOHPHQWV VXEMHFWHG

WR WKH SURFHVV $SSURSULDWH FRQILJXUDWLRQ RI SURFHVV

5. Conclusions 4. Discussion

Research paper

74 A. Madej, A. Brewka, E. Wołowiec-Korecka

SDUDPHWHUV DQG FDUERQFDUU\LQJ PL[WXUH DOORZV WR PHHW

KLJK H[SHFWDWLRQV RI PRGHUQ DQG IXWXUH LQGXVWU\ ZKDW LV

FUXFLDOLQH[SORLWLQJFDUEXUL]HGVWHHOJHDUV



$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KH UHVHDUFK DQG SXEOLFDWLRQ ZHUH ILQDQFHG E\ WKH

1DWLRQDO&HQWUHIRU5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQWDVSDUWRI

SURMHFWQR32,5HQWLWOHG(TXLSPHQW

IRU KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH DQG SUHFLVH KHDW WUHDWPHQW ZLWK D

TXHQFKLQJ GHIRUPDWLRQ UHGXFWLRQ V\VWHP IRU GLUHFW

DSSOLFDWLRQLQGRZQVWUHDPSURGXFWLRQFKDLQVRIPHFKDQLFDO

JHDULQJDQGEHDULQJV



5HIHUHQFHV

>@ (*URQTXLVW96FRWWR'7DIW+:HVWHUHQ+D\HV

,QFDVVLJQHH0HWKRGRIYDFXXPFDUEXUL]LQJ8QLWHV

6WDWHVSDWHQW860DU86

>@ '+ +HUULQJ 9DFXXP KHDW WUHDWPHQW 3ULQFLSOHV _

3UDFWLFHV_$SSOLFDWLRQV%130HGLD,,7UR\

>@ 96 .U\ORY 9$ <XPDWRY 99 .XUEDWRY 8665



>@ . .XERWD 9DFXXP FDUEXUL]LQJ PHWKRG DQG GHYLFH

DQGFDUEXUL]HGSURGXFWV86

>@ 53 3RRU *: %DUEHH 6+ 9HUKRII -( %UXJJ

)XUQDFH IRU YDFXXP FDUEXUL]LQJ ZLWK XQVDWXUDWHG

DURPDWLFK\GURFDUERQV

>@ 3 .XOD - 2OHMQLN 3 +HLOPDQ 0HWKRG IRU XQGHU

SUHVVXUH FDUEXUL]LQJ RI VWHHO ZRUNSLHFHV (8  

  KWWSZZZJRRJOHFRPSDWHQWV

86DFFHVVHG-XQH

>@ 3 .XOD - 2OHMQLN 3 +HLOPDQ +\GURFDUERQ JDV

PL[WXUHIRUWKHXQGHUSUHVVXUHFDUEXUL]LQJRIVWHHO(8



>@ :5 -RQHV 9HUVDWLOH KLJK YHORFLW\ LQWHJUDO YDFXXP

IXUQDFH86

>@ 3 .XOD - 2OHMQLN 3 +HLOPDQ 0HWKRG IRU XQGHU

SUHVVXUH FDUEXUL]LQJ RI VWHHO ZRUNSLHFHV 



>@3 .XOD - 2OHMQLN 3 +HLOPDQ +\GURFDUERQ JDV

PL[WXUH IRU WKH XQGHUSUHVVXUH FDUEXUL]LQJ RI VWHHO



>@3 5RNLFNL . '\FKWRQ $FHW\OHQH IORZ UDWH DV D

FUXFLDO SDUDPHWHU RI YDFXXP FDUEXUL]LQJ SURFHVV RI

PRGHUQ WRRO VWHHOV $UFKLYHV RI 0HWDOOXUJ\ DQG

0DWHULDOV

>@617VHSRY&KDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHVRIFDUEXUL]LQJRI

VWHHO GXULQJ YDFXXP FDUEXUL]LQJ 0HWDO 6FLHQFH DQG

+HDW7UHDWPHQW

>@3 .XOD 5 3LHWUDVLN . '\ERZVNL 9DFXXP

FDUEXUL]LQJ ± SURFHVV RSWLPL]DWLRQ -RXUQDO RI

0DWHULDOV3URFHVVLQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\



>@2.DUDEHOFKWFKLNRYD5'6LVVRQ&DOFXODWLRQRIJDV

FDUEXUL]LQJ NLQHWLFV IURP FDUERQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ

SURILOHV EDVHG RQ GLUHFW IOX[ LQWHJUDWLRQ 'HIHFW DQG

'LIIXVLRQ)RUXP

>@5 *RURFNLHZLF] 7KH NLQHWLFV RI ORZSUHVVXUH

FDUEXUL]LQJ RI DOOR\ VWHHOV 9DFXXP   



>@. 7DQDND + ,NHKDWD + 7DNDPL\D + 0L]XQR

&DOFXODWLRQ RI PLFURVWUXFWXUH LQ YDFXXP FDUEXUL]LQJ

LQFRUSRUDWLQJ NLQHWLFV PRGHOLQJ RI JUDLQERXQGDU\

FHPHQWLWH,6,-,QWHUQDWLRQDO

>@$ 2FKVQHU - *HJQHU * 0LVKXULV (IIHFW RI

GLIIXVLYLW\DVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHPHWKRGRIFRPSXWDWLRQ

RI FDUERQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ SURILOHV LQ VWHHO 0HWDO

6FLHQFHDQG+HDW7UHDWPHQW

>@( :RáRZLHF 3 .XOD à .RORG]LHMF]\N .

'\ERZVNL 0 .RUHFNL 0DWKHPDWLFDO PRGHOOLQJ RI

WKH YDFXXP FDUEXUL]LQJ SURFHVV 7KHUPDO 3URFHVVLQJ

IRU*HDU6ROXWLRQV

>@)&KHQ//LX'HHSKROHFDUEXUL]DWLRQLQDYDFXXP

IXUQDFH E\ IRUFHG FRQYHFWLRQ JDV IORZ PHWKRG

0DWHULDOV&KHPLVWU\DQG3K\VLFV

>@. :LGDQND (IIHFW RI SKRVSKRUXV RQ YDFXXP

FDUEXULVLQJGHSWKRILURQFRPSDFWV$UFKLYHVRI&LYLO

DQG0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ

>@3 .XOD à .DF]PDUHN . '\ERZVNL 5 3LHWUDVLN

0 .UDVRZVNL $FWLYDWLRQ RI FDUERQ GHSRVLW LQ WKH

SURFHVV RI YDFXXP FDUEXUL]LQJ ZLWK SUHOLPLQDU\

QLWULGLQJ9DFXXP

>@$ 5]HSNRZVNL $ 5]HSNRZVNL 3 .XOD 9DFXXP

FDUEXUL]HGOD\HUVH[DPLQDWLRQVRI,62VWDQGDUG

$FWD0HWDOOXUJLFD6ORYDFD

>@6$ $]LV , -DXKDUL 1: $KDPDG ,PSURYLQJ

VXUIDFH SURSHUWLHV DQG ZHDU EHKDYLRUV RI GXSOH[

VWDLQOHVV VWHHO YLD SUHVVXUH FDUEXUL]LQJ 6XUIDFH

&RDWLQJVDQG7HFKQRORJ\

>@0.RUHFNL3.XOD(:RáRZLHF0%D]HO06XW

/RZ SUHVVXUH FDUEXUL]LQJ DQG QLWULGLQJ RI IXHO

LQMHFWLRQ QR]]OHV +HDW 7UHDWPHQW 5HSURWV  



>@6 &DUH\ '+ +HUULQJ /RZSUHVVXUH FDUEXUL]LQJ

SURFHVV GHYHORSPHQW RI 0 1L/ +HDW 7UHDWLQJ

3URJUHVV

References

Acknowledgements

>@6 :HL * :DQJ ; =KDR ; =KDQJ < 5RQJ

([SHULPHQWDO 6WXG\ RQ 9DFXXP &DUEXUL]LQJ 3URFHVV

IRU /RZ&DUERQ $OOR\ 6WHHO -RXUQDO RI 0DWHULDOV

(QJLQHHULQJ DQG 3HUIRUPDQFH   

GRLV

>@0< 6HPHQRY &RQWURO RI KHDWUHVLVWDQW VWHHO

FDUEXUL]HG OD\HU VWUXFWXUH 3DUW , 0HWDO 6FLHQFH DQG

+HDW7UHDWPHQW

>@3 .XOD . '\ERZVNL ( :RáRZLHF 5 3LHWUDVLN

%RRVWGLIIXVLRQ YDFXXP FDUEXUL]LQJ ± SURFHVV

RSWLPLVDWLRQ9DFXXP

>@902VWHUPDQ7-RQHV&DUEXUL]LQJIRURXUWURRSV

,QGXVWULDO+HDWLQJ

>@$**RQFKDURY538YDURYD0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV

RI VWHHOV DIWHU YDFXXP DQG JDV FDUEXUL]LQJ 0HWDO

6FLHQFHDQG+HDW7UHDWPHQW

>@' .LP < &KR 6 .LP : /HH 0 /HH + +DQ

$ QXPHULFDO PRGHO IRU YDFXXP FDUEXUL]DWLRQ RI DQ

DXWRPRWLYH JHDU ULQJ 0HWDOV DQG 0DWHULDOV

,QWHUQDWLRQDO

>@( :RáRZLHF.RUHFND 0 .RUHFNL : 6WDFKXUVNL

-6DZLFNL$%UHZND06XW0%D]HO6\VWHPRI

VLQJOHSLHFH IORZ FDVH KDUGHQLQJ IRU KLJK YROXPH

SURGXFWLRQ $UFKLYHV RI 0DWHULDOV 6FLHQFH DQG

(QJLQHHULQJ

>@0 .RUHFNL ( :RáRZLHF.RUHFND 0 6XW $

%UHZND : 6WDFKXUVNL 3 =JyUQLDN 3UHFLVLRQ FDVH

KDUGHQLQJE\ORZSUHVVXUHFDUEXUL]LQJ/3&IRUKLJK

YROXPH SURGXFWLRQ +70 -RXUQDO RI +HDW 7UHDWPHQW

DQG0DWHULDOV

>@0.RUHFNL-2OHMQLN=6]F]HUED0%D]HO6LQJOH

FKDPEHU +3*4 9DFXXP )XUQDFH ZLWK 4XHQFKLQJ

(IILFLHQF\ &RPSDUDEOH WR 2LO ,QGXVWULDO +HDWLQJ 



>@3.XOD5$WUDV]NLHZLF](:RáRZLHF0RGHUQJDV

TXHQFKLQJ FKDPEHUV VXSSRUWHG E\ 6LP9D& 3OXV

+DUGQHVVDSSOLFDWLRQ,QGXVWULDO+HDWLQJ

>@'6 0DF.HQ]LH = /L %/ )HUJXVRQ (IIHFW RI

TXHQFKDQW IORZ RQ WKH GLVWRUWLRQ RI FDUEXUL]HG

DXWRPRWLYH SLQLRQ JHDUV +70 -RXUQDO RI +HDW

7UHDWPHQW DQG 0DWHULDOV   

GRL

>@'6 0DF.HQ]LH $ .XPDU + 0HWZDOO\ 6

3DLQJDQNDU = /L %/ )HUJXVRQ 3UHGLFWLRQ RI

'LVWRUWLRQ RI $XWRPRWLYH 3LQLRQ *HDUV GXULQJ

4XHQFKLQJ8VLQJ&)'DQG)($$670,QWHUQDWLRQDO



>@0.RUHFNL(:RáRZLHF.RUHFND'*OHQQ6LQJOH

SLHFH KLJKYROXPH ORZGLVWRUWLRQ FDVH KDUGHQLQJ RI

JHDUV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH $*0$ )DOO 7HFKQRORJ\

0HHWLQJ$*0$'HWURLW

>@0.RUHFNL3.XOD-2OHMQLN1HZ&DSDELOLWLHVLQ

+3*49DFXXP)XUQDFHV,QGXVWULDO+HDWLQJ

KWWSZZZLQGXVWULDOKHDWLQJFRPDUWLFOHVQHZ

FDSDELOLWLHVLQKSJTYDFXXPIXUQDFHV"Y SUHYLHZ

DFFHVVHG-XQH

>@9+HXHU./RVHU*6FKPLWW.5LWWHU2QH3LHFH

)ORZ ,QWHJUDWLRQ RI &DVH +DUGHQLQJ LQWR WKH

0DQXIDFWXULQJ /LQH 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH &RQIHUHQFH

*HDUV780*DUFKLQJ

>@,+,,Q/LQH+HDW7UHDWPHQW±1H[W*HQHUDWLRQ+HDW

7UHDWPHQW (TXLSPHQW ,+, (QJLQHHULQJ 5HYLHZ 



>@. -DNXERZVNL / .OLPHN $ 5]HSNRZVNL $

5]HSNRZVNL 7KH PHWKRGRORJ\ RI WHVWLQJ RI VXUIDFH

OD\HUV WHFKQRORJLFDO SDUDPHWHUV REWDLQHG GXULQJ

GLIIXVLRQWUHDWPHQWV3DUW,0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ



>@$.5DNKLW+HDWWUHDWPHQWRIJHDUVDSUDFWLFDOJXLGH

IRUHQJLQHHUV$60,QWHUQDWLRQDO0DWHULDOV3DUN2+