• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

On the link between energy performance of building and thermal comfort

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "On the link between energy performance of building and thermal comfort"

Copied!
11
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

Delft University of Technology

On the link between energy performance of building and thermal comfort

An example

Manfren, Massimiliano; Nastasi, Benedetto; Piana, Edoardo; Tronchin, Lamberto DOI

10.1063/1.5116993 Publication date 2019

Document Version Final published version Published in

AIP Conference Proceedings

Citation (APA)

Manfren, M., Nastasi, B., Piana, E., & Tronchin, L. (2019). On the link between energy performance of building and thermal comfort: An example. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2123(1), [020066].

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5116993 Important note

To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above.

Copyright

Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy

Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology.

(2)

AIP Conference Proceedings 2123, 020066 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5116993 2123, 020066 © 2019 Author(s).

On the link between energy performance of

building and thermal comfort: An example

Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2123, 020066 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5116993

Published Online: 17 July 2019

Massimiliano Manfren, Benedetto Nastasi, Edoardo Piana, and Lamberto Tronchin

ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN

From in-situ measurement to regression and time series models: An overview of trends and prospects for building performance modelling

AIP Conference Proceedings 2123, 020100 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5117027 An exergy metric for building performance evaluation

(3)

2Q7KH/LQN%HWZHHQ(QHUJ\3HUIRUPDQFH2I%XLOGLQJ$QG

7KHUPDO&RPIRUW$Q([DPSOH

Massimiliano Manfren(1), Benedetto Nastasi(2), Edoardo Piana(3), and Lamberto Tronchin 4,a) 1 Sustainable Energy Research Group (SERG), University of Southampton, United Kingdom

2 Department of Architectural Engineering and Technology Environmental & Computational Design Section, TU

Delft, The Netherland

3Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Italy 4Department of Architecture, University of Bologna, Italy.

D &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUODPEHUWRWURQFKLQ#XQLERLW

$EVWUDFW7KLVSDSHULQYHVWLJDWHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ,QGRRU(QYLURQPHQWDO4XDOLW\LQGH[ ,(4 WKHUPDOFRPIRUW LQGH[ DQG LQGRRU WHPSHUDWXUH WUHQG LQ PRGHUDWH WKHUPDO HQYLURQPHQWV LQ EXLOGLQJV WKDW EHORQJ WR WKH &ODVV $ ZLWK UHIHUHQFHWRWKH(QHUJ\3HUIRUPDQFHRI%XLOGLQJ'LUHFWLYH (3%' 7KHZRUNFRQVLVWVRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRI,$4DQG HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ LQ D UHVLGHQWLDO EXLOGLQJ ORFDWHG LQ FHQWUHQRUWK RI ,WDO\ QDPHO\ 5DYHQQD 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH PHDVXUHPHQWVDVZHOODVWKH30933'LQGH[HVDUHSUHVHQWHGDQGFRPPHQWHG7KHVHLQGH[HVFRXOGEHDFULWHULDWRWHVW LI(3%'ODEHOOLQJEXLOGLQJFRXOGEHFRKHUHQWZLWK(1UHTXLUHPHQWV

,1752'8&7,21

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

7+(50$/&20)257$1'67$1'$5'6

7KHWKHUPDOFRPIRUWSDUDPHWHUVIL[HGE\ODZLQ,WDO\FRQFHUQDLUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ +RZHYHUWKHUPDOFRPIRUWGHSHQGVRQVHYHUDONLQGRISDUDPHWHU ‡ PHWDEROLFDFWLYLW\PHDVXUHGLQ0HWDVLQ,62>@ ‡ FORWKLQJPHDVXUHGLQ&ORDVLQ,62>@ ‡ 309 3UHGLFWHG0HDQ9RWH DQG33' 3UHGLFWHG3HUFHQWDJHRI'LVVDWLVILHG DVLQ,62>@ 7KH,62GHILQHVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWSURFHGXUHVRIDOOWKHVHSDUDPHWHUV>@

Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability AIP Conf. Proc. 2123, 020066-1–020066-9; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5116993

(4)

7KHQXPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQRIHQYLURQPHQW RUHQHUJ\ VLQVRPHVSHFLILFFDVHVDOORZWRHYDOXDWHWKHWUHQGRIDLU WHPSHUDWXUHUDGLDQWWHPSHUDWXUHKXPDQERG\DGDSWLRQDQGWKHUPRUHJXODWLRQLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKJHRPHWULFDODQG WKHUPRSK\VLFVGDWDLQSXW6RPHH[DPSOHVRIWKHUPDODGDSWLRQVWDQGDUGVDQGVRIWZDUHDUHUHSRUWHGLQ>@>@DQG >@

7KH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ KHDOWK DQG FRPIRUW KDYH EHHQ VWXGLHG VLQFH V ³The WHO (World Healthy

Organization) concept of health, became significant for identifying the concept of a ‘‘healthy building’’ in terms of building performances (i.e., indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting quality and acoustics)”. […] “The health and comfort indicators available today can be looked up from: - The occupants or end-user: such as sick leave, productivity, number of symptoms or complaints, health adjusted life indicators, specific building related illnesses´

>@ 7KHVWXGLHVDQGVWDQGDUGVDERXW,QGRRU$LU4XDOLW\ ,$4 GHVFULEHFKHPLFDODQGELRORJLFDOSROOXWLRQRILQGRRU DLU,QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKH,QGRRU(QYLURQPHQWDO4XDOLW\ ,(4 VWXGLHV>@DQGVWDQGDUG>@GHILQHVRPH SDUDPHWHUVWKHUPRSK\VLFDOOLJKWLQJDFRXVWLFDQG,$4  

7KH$VKUDHVWDQGDUG

7KH³7KHUPDO(QYLURQPHQWDO&RPIRUW´LVDVLQGLYLGXDOVHQVDWLRQEXWFRXOGEHGHILQHGE\VWDQGDUGV

7KH $PHULFDQ 6RFLHW\ RI +HDWLQJ 9HQWLODWLRQ DQG $LUFRQGLWLRQLQJ (QJLQHHUV $6+5$(  GHILQHV WKH WKHUPDO FRPIRUW LQ WKH $6+$5( 6WDQGDUG   ³7KHUPDO (QYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV IRU +XPDQ 2FFXSDQF\´ >@ 7KH FRPIRUWLVGHILQHG³as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment´

,QWKHVSHFLILFWKHLQGRRUSDUDPHWHUVWKDWVKRXOGEHFRQWUROOHGDQGPHDVXUHGDUH ‡ DLUWHPSHUDWXUH GU\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUH  ‡ PHDQUDGLDQWWHPSHUDWXUH ‡ UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ ‡ DLUYHORFLW\ 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQKXPDQERG\DQGLQGRRUHQYLURQPHQWGHSHQGVRQHQHUJ\DQGPDVVH[FKDQJHZKLFKLV QHFHVVDU\LQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQKRPRHRWKHUPLFEDODQFHZLWKRXWKXPDQHIIRUW+RZHYHUHDFKSHRSOHKDYHDGLIIHUHQW PHWDEROLVPUDWHDQGSK\VLRORJLFDOEHKDYLRU7KHUHIRUHWKHWKHUPDOFRPIRUWVKRXOGEHDQDFFHSWDEOHDSSUR[LPDWLRQ

7KH 309 PRGHO LV DGRSWHG E\ WKH LQWHU QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGV ,62  $16,$6+5$( 6WDQGDUG  DQG (1  >@ 7KHVH VWDQGDUGV DLP WR VSHFLI\ WKH FRQGLWLRQV WKDWSURYLGH FRPIRUW WR D PDMRULW\ RI KHDOWK\ EXLOGLQJ RFFXSDQWVLQFOXGLQJROGHUDGXOWV>@  

7+($,02)7+(3$3(5

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

$OO WKH PHDVXUHG SDUDPHWHUV DUH UHIHUUHG WR ,62  DQG 309 33' LQGH[HV 7KH\ DUH UHODWHG WR HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFH RI EXLOGLQJ FHUWLILFDWH DQG RXWVLGH FOLPDWH GDWD 7KH HQHUJ\EHKDYLRU RI EXLOGLQJ ZDV DOVR HYDOXDWHG FRQVLGHULQJWZRGLIIHUHQWUHIHUHQFHSHULRGVKDYLQJWKH+9$&V\VWHPVZLWFKHGRQDQGRII



(5)

7+(&$6(678'<

7KH REMHFW RI FDVH VWXG\ PHDVXULQJ LV D EXLOGLQJ UHDOL]HG LQ  WKDW EHORQJV WR D FRQVRUWLXP RI FRPSDQLHV &(,5 DERXWHQHUJ\UHWURILWLQ5DYHQQD7KHEXLOGLQJKDVWZREORFNVWKHILUVWRQHLVRQDVLQJOHOHYHOZLWKDODUJH JURXQGIORRU DQG URRI 7KH VHFRQG RQH LV RQ WZR OHYHOV NLWFKHQ DQG OLYLQJ URRP RQ JURXQGIORRU DQG RIILFH DQG PHHWLQJURRPDWWKHILUVWIORRU ILJXUHVDQG 

7KHFRYHUHGDUHDLVPWKHJURVVYROXPHLVP 9 DQGWKHGLVSHUVLQJVXUIDFHLVP 6 ZLWK

DUDWLR69RI

7KHORDGEHDULQJZDOOVFRXOGEHGHVFULEHGDVLQWKHIROORZLQJ

)RURQHOHYHOJURXQGIORRUEORFNZDOOLVFRPSRVHGE\3RURWKHUP•ZDOO VL]HFP FP(36LQVXODWLRQ Ȝ   :P.  ZLWK ZDOO WUDQVPLWWDQFH 8   :P. >@  KRXUV RI WKHUPDO SKDVH GLVSODFHPHQW DQG

SHULRGLFWUDQVPLWWDQFH<,(:P.>@7KHWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQRIFRQGXFWLYLW\>@HYHQWKRXJKLPSRUWDQW

KDVQRWEHHQFRQVLGHUHGLQWKLVVWXG\

)RUWKHWZROHYHOVEORFNVWKHZDOOLVFRPSRVHGE\GRXEOHEULFNZLWKFP(36LQVXODWLRQ Ȝ :P.  ZLWK ZDOO WUDQVPLWWDQFH 8   :P.  KRXUV RI WKHUPDO SKDVH GLVSODFHPHQW DQG SHULRGLF WUDQVPLWWDQFH

<,(:P.

7KH IORRU SDYHPHQW LV EDVHG RQ VRLO ZLWK WUDQVPLWWDQFH 8   :P. SHULRGLF WUDQVPLWWDQFH <,( 

:P.

7KHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIORRURQPDQVDUGIRUWZROHYHOEORFNVKDVDWUDQVPLWWDQFH8 :P.SHULRGLF

WUDQVPLWWDQFH<,(:P.

7KH URRI LQ ZRRGHQ VWUXFWXUH ZLWK  FP RI LQVXODWLRQ KDV D WUDQVPLWWDQFH 8   :P. SHULRGLF

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¶WVXIILFHDKHDWLQJSXPS ZLWKSKRWRYROWDLFPRGXOHDQGODVWDFRQGHQVLQJERLOHU $IWHUHQHUJ\UHWURILWWLQJWKHEXLOGLQJKDYHDHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHLQGH[ SULPDU\HQHUJ\ (3N:KP\HDU HYDOXDWHGZLWK,WDOLDQVWDQGDUG81,76SDUWDQG>@7KH,WDOLDQVWDQGDUGLVDQDWLRQDOWUDQVSRVLWLRQRI (1,62>@ZLWKPRQWKO\PHWKRGDQG(1±>@DQGOLQNHGVWDQGDUGVIRU+9$&DQG'+:SODQW     D  E  ),*85(WKHFDVHVWXG\±JURXQGIORRU D DQGILUVWIORRU E 

(6)

7KHEXLOGLQJLVLQHQHUJ\&ODVV$ZLWKUHVSHFWWR(PLOLD5RPDJQDUHJLRQDO/DZ'$/>@,QRUGHU WR HYDOXDWH WKHUPDO FRPIRUW DQG HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFH RI EXLOGLQJ LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR H[SODLQ GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ ³energy use for space heating and cooling´DQG³primary energy´UHVXOWV

    D  E  ),*85(WKHFDVHVWXG\±H[WHUQDOYLHZ D DQGLQWHUQDOYLHZ E GXULQJWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV  7KHHQHUJ\XVHIRUVSDFHKHDWLQJ 4K LVN:KP\HDUDQGHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHLQGH[ SULPDU\HQHUJ\ (3

 N:KP\HDU 7KLV LV SRVVLEOH ZLWK HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ RI ORZ WHPSHUDWXUH +9$& SODQW DQG XVH RI HQHUJ\

UHQHZDEOHVRXUFHVZLWKVRODUFROOHFWRUDQGSKRWRYROWDLFPRGXOH'XULQJWKHVHFRQGSHULRGRIPHDVXUHPHQWIURP WR2FWREHUWKH+9$&KDVVWRSSHGIRUPDLQWHQDQFH7KHPHDVXUHPHQWFRQWLQXHGWRYHULI\EXLOGLQJEHKDYLRUV ZLWKRXWHQHUJ\SODQWZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHRXWVLGHZHDWKHUYDULDWLRQV 

'$7$5(68/730933',1'(;

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

&ORWKHV /LJKWGUHVV &OR  $YHUDJHGUHVV &OR 

&RPIRUWLQGH[ 309 33' 309 33'

ODUJHUHXQLRQURRPDWJURXQGIORRU

GXULQJ±2FW  1HXWUDO   1HXWUDO 

RIILFHVSDFHDWILUVWIORRUGXULQJ±

2FW 6OLJKWO\FRRO  6OLJKWO\FRRO 

(7)

7$%/(&DVHUHVXOWV

$FWLYLW\ 1RUPDODFWLYLW\ 0HW 

&ORWKHV /LJKWGUHVV &OR  $YHUDJHGUHVV &OR 

&RPIRUWLQGH[ 309 33' 309 33'

ODUJHUHXQLRQURRPDWJURXQGIORRU

GXULQJ±2FW 6OLJKWO\ZDUP 6OLJKWO\ZDUP  RIILFHVSDFHDWILUVWIORRUGXULQJ± 2FW     1HXWUDO 1HXWUDO 

'$7$5(68/760,&52&/,0$7(0($685,1*75(1'6

7KHUHVXOWVRIPHDVXULQJFDPSDLJQDUHUHSRUWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJILJXUHV     D  E   ),*85( D LQGRRUWHPSHUDWXUH ƒ&  E ,QGRRUDQGRXWGRRUWHPSHUDWXUH ƒ& WUHQGV  7KHWUHQGRIWHPSHUDWXUHHYLGHQFHVGLIIHUHQFHVDQGSKDVHGLVSODFHPHQWVEHWZHHQQHDUIORRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUHWR DLUWHPSHUDWXUHDWP 'XULQJ+9$&DFWLYDWLRQ IURPWR2FWREHU WKHLQGRRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUHDWPLQFUHDVHVIDVWHUWKDQQHDU IORRUDLUWHPSHUDWXUHQHDUUDGLDQWKHDWLQJIORRU

,Q +9$& GHDFWLYDWLRQ IURP  WR   WKH LQGRRU DLU WHPSHUDWXUH WUHQG GHFUHDVHV IDVWHU WKDQ QHDUIORRUDLU WHPSHUDWXUH7KDWGHSHQGVRQWKHUPDOLQHUWLDDQGSKDVHGLVSODFHPHQWRIKHDWLQJUDGLDQWIORRU

,QILJXUHDUHUHSRUWHGLQGRRUDQGRXWGRRUUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\  DQGFRUUHODWHGZLWKUDLQSUHFLSLWDWLRQ PP  7KH LQGRRU UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ WUHQGV IROORZ RXWVLGH KXPLGLW\ DQG SUHFLSLWDWLRQ UDLQ 7KH UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW SDUDPHWHU IRU WKHUPDO FRPIRUW DQG 309 33' LQGH[ 7KLV FRPSDULVRQ HYLGHQFHV WKH XWLOLW\ RI D JRRG DLUWLJKWRIZLQGRZVIUDPHDQGDK\GURWKHUPDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIZDOODQGURRI7KHLQWHUQDOVXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUHLV YHULILHGIRUDOOVWUXFWXUHVWRDYRLGFULWLFDOVXUIDFHKXPLGLW\DQGLQWHUVWLWLDOFRQGHQVDWLRQZLWK(1,62>@

7KHUDQJHRIUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\YDOXHLVEHWZHHQDQGZLGWK 

(8)

   D  E   ),*85( D ,QGRRUDQGRXWGRRUUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\  WUHQGV E ,QGRRUDQGRXWGRRUUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\  WUHQGVZLWKUDLQ SUHFLSLWDWLRQ PP  

7KH JUDSKLFV WUHQG HYLGHQFHV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ LQGRRU DQG RXWGRRU DLU WHPSHUDWXUH DQG WLPHSHULRG7KHUHVXOWVRILQGH[FRPIRUWUHSRUWHGLQWDEOH  DQG  DUHFRPSDUHGWR+9$&DFWLYDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\ WKH WLPH YDULDWLRQ RI PLFURFOLPDWH SDUDPHWHUV DGDSWLRQ ZKHQ +9$& LV VZLWFKHG RII 7KH WLPH RI DGDSWDWLRQ RI WKHUPDO FRPIRUW DQG WKH LQGRRU PLFURFOLPDWH PHDVXUHV UHSUHVHQW DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU ZKLFK KDV DQ LPSRUWDQW LQFLGHQFH>@     D  E   ),*85( D ,QGRRUWHPSHUDWXUH ƒ& DQGUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\  WUHQGV E ,QGRRUSDUDPHWHUWUHQGVZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUH ƒ&  DLUWHPSHUDWXUH ƒ& PDLQUDGLDQWWHPSHUDWXUH ƒ& DQGKXPLGLW\5+    020066-6

(9)

D  E  ),*85( D ,QGRRUPLQLPXPDQGPD[LPXPRSHUDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHZLWK+9$&RQ 2FWREHU DQGRII 2FWREHU  E *UDSKLFV'HFUHDVHWHPSHUDWXUHSHUFHQWDJH ,QILJXUHDQGLQ7DEOH  ZHFDQREVHUYHWKHGHFUHDVHWHPSHUDWXUHSHUFHQWDJHZLWK+9$&VZLWFKHGRII7KH GHFUHDVHUHVSHFWWRLQLWLDOVWDUWPHDVXULQJRSHUDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHLVEXWWKHGHFUHDVHGD\E\GD\LVMXVW 7$%/(0HDVXUHPHQWVUHVXOWV

'$7$ WDPHDQƒ& 'HFUHDVHFRPSDUHGWRVWDUWPHDVXUHPHQW   'HFUHDVHFRPSDUHGWRSUHYLRXVGD\  

                                                                7$%/(,(4&DWHJRU\IROORZLQJ(1LQ&DVH $FWLYLW\ 6HGHQWDU\DFWLYLW\ 0HW 

&ORWKHV /LJKWGUHVV &OR  $YHUDJHGUHVV &OR  &RPIRUWLQGH[ &DW, &DW, &DW, &DW, ODUJHUHXQLRQURRPDWJURXQGIORRUGXULQJ±

2FW +9$&RQ  1HXWUDO 1HXWUDO

RIILFHVSDFHDWILUVWIORRUGXULQJ±2FW +9$&RII 

&DW,9 &DW,9 &DW,,, &DW,,,

(10)

7$%/(5,(4&DWHJRU\IROORZLQJ(1LQ&DVH

$FWLYLW\ 1RUPDODFWLYLW\ 0HW 

&ORWKHV /LJKWGUHVV &OR  $YHUDJHGUHVV &OR  &RPIRUWLQGH[ &DW, &DW, &DW, &DW, ODUJHUHXQLRQURRPDWJURXQGIORRUGXULQJ±

2FW +9$&RQ  6OLJKWO\ZDUP 6OLJKWO\ZDUP

RIILFHVSDFHDWILUVWIORRUGXULQJ±2FW +9$&RII 

&DW,9 &DW,9 &DW,,, &DW,,,

1HXWUDO 1HXWUDO

&21&/86,216

7KH PHDVXUHPHQW FDPSDLJQ FRQILUPV WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKHUPDO FRPIRUW FRQGLWLRQ DQG KLJK HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFH HQHUJ\ XVH YDOXH 4+  N:KP\HDU  WKHUHIRUH D JRRG EXLOGLQJ LQVXODWLRQ ZLWK UDGLDQW KHDWLQJ

IORRU DQG DOVR D VPDOOVFDOH R QHW YROXPH KHDWLQJ JXDUDQWHHV DOVR D KLJK YDOXH RI FRPIRUW LQGH[ ³neutral´ RU ³slightly cool´ DOVRZKHQ+9$&LVRII

7KHEXLOGLQJHYDOXDWLRQPDGHIROORZLQJ(1FDWHJRULHVDQGUHSRUWHGLQWDEOH  DQG  DVVLJQV&DWHJRU\ ,³High level of expectation´ZKHQ+9$&LVVZLWFKHGRQ +9$&RQ 7KLVPHDQVWKDWHQHUJ\FODVV$ ORZHQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ FRXOGJXDUDQWHHDKLJKOHYHORIFRPIRUW

:KHQ WKH +9$& V\VWHP LV VZLWFKHG RII +9$&RII  WKH EXLOGLQJ LQVXODWLRQ DOORZV WR DVVLJQ &DWHJRU\ ,,, ³Acceptable, moderate level of expectation´ DOVR LQ FDVH RI ³average dress´ FRQGLWLRQ ZKHUHDV LQ FDVH RI ³light

dress´WKHFRPIRUWFRQGLWLRQZLOOUHVXOWQRWDFFHSWDEOH &DWHJRU\,9 

7KH GXDO HYDOXDWLRQ LH HQHUJ\ FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG WKHUPDO FRPIRUW FDWHJRULHV GHPRQVWUDWH KRZ WKH\ DUH FRUUHODWHGLQRUGHUWRH[SUHVVEXLOGLQJTXDOLW\

,QWKLVFDVHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVKDYHFRQILUPHGORZHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQDQGVDWLVIDFWRU\,(4

7KHUHIRUH,(4FRXOGEHDXVHIXOWRROWRSURPRWHJRRGEXLOGLQJLQ5HDO(VWDWHPDUNHWOLNHDVHQHUJ\ODEHOLQJ

$&.12:/('*0(176

7KH DXWKRUV DUH JUDWHIXO WR .ULVWLDQ )DEEUL IRU KLV PHDVXULQJ DFWLYLW\ VXSSRUW DQG WR &(,5 IRU EXLOGLQJ DYDLODELOLW\ 7KLV ZRUN ZDV FDUULHG RXW ZLWKLQ WKH UHVHDUFK SURMHFW Q /7) ZKLFK LV IXQGHG E\ 35,1 3URJUDPPLGL5LFHUFD6FLHQWLILFDGL5LOHYDQWH,QWHUHVVH1D]LRQDOH RIWKH,WDOLDQ0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\ DQG5HVHDUFK

5()(5(1&(6

 / 7URQFKLQ.)DEEUL,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI([HUJ\   

 / 7URQFKLQ 0& 7RPPDVLQR . )DEEUL ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 6XVWDLQDEOH (QHUJ\ 3ODQQLQJ DQG 0DQDJHPHQW    .)DEEUL/7URQFKLQ97DUDEXVL(QHUJ\3URFHGLD   (XURSHDQ8QLRQ'LUHFWLYH(&RIWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWDQGRIWKH&RXQFLORI'HFHPEHU RQWKHHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHRIEXLOGLQJV2IILFLDO-RXUQDORIWKH(XURSHDQ&RPPXQLWLHV-DQXDU\  .+<DQJ&+6X%XLOGLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW  ±    (1³,QGRRUHQYLURQPHQWDOLQSXWSDUDPHWHUVIRUGHVLJQDQGDVVHVVPHQWRIHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHRI EXLOGLQJVDGGUHVVLQJLQGRRUDLUTXDOLW\WKHUPDOHQYLURQPHQWOLJKWLQJDQGDFRXVWLFV´  ,62³(UJRQRPLFVRIWKHWKHUPDOHQYLURQPHQW'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIPHWDEROLFUDWH´  ,62³(UJRQRPLFVRIWKHWKHUPDOHQYLURQPHQW²(VWLPDWLRQRIWKHUPDOLQVXODWLRQDQGZDWHUYDSRU UHVLVWDQFHRIDFORWKLQJHQVHPEOH´

 ,62   ³0RGHUDWH WKHUPDO HQYLURQPHQWV 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH 309 DQG 33' LQGLFHV DQG VSHFLILFDWLRQRIWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHUPDOFRPIRUW´

(11)

 ,62³(UJRQRPLFVRIWKHWKHUPDOHQYLURQPHQW,QVWUXPHQWVIRUPHDVXULQJSK\VLFDOTXDQWLWLHV´  *6%UDJHU5-GH'HDU(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV    76WHZDUW$SSOLHG(UJRQRPLFV      %:2OHVHQ$SSOLHG(UJRQRPLFV  SS    30%OX\VVHQ%XLOGLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW±    :-)LVN4/HL*RPH]0-0HQGHOO,QGRRU$LU  ±  

 2&* $GDQ ³2Q WKH IXQJDO GHIDFHPHQW RI LQWHULRU ILQLVKHV´ 3K' WKHVLV 7HFKQLFDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (LQGKRYHQ7KH1HWKHUODQGV  

 .)DEEUL/7URQFKLQ(QHUJ\3URFHGLD  

 ,62,6276³6XVWDLQDELOLW\LQEXLOGLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQIUDPHZRUN´

 (8 0 'HYHORSPHQW RI KRUL]RQWDO VWDQGDUGL]HG DVVHVVPHQW PHWKRGV IRU KDUPRQL]HG DSSURDFKHV UHODWLQJ WR GDQJHURXV VXEVWDQFHV XQGHU WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURGXFWV GLUHFWLYH &3'  (PLVVLRQ WR LQGRRU DLU VRLO VXUIDFHZDWHUDQGJURXQGZDWHU%UXVVHOV%HOJLXP(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ

 $6+5$($16,$6+5$(VWDQGDUG³7KHUPDOHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVIRUKXPDQRFFXSDQF\ $WODQWD*$86$$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI+HDWLQJ5HIULJHUDWLQJDQG$LU&RQGLWLRQLQJ(QJLQHHUV,QF

 %:2OHVHQ(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV±  

 - YDQ +RRI +60 .RUW -/0 +HQVHQ 06+ 'XLMQVWHHG 3*6 5XWWHQ³7KHUPDO FRPIRUW DQG WKH LQWHJUDWHGGHVLJQRIKRPHVIRUROGHUSHRSOHZLWKGHPHQWLD´%XLOGLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQW      63&RUJQDWL()DEUL]LR0)LOLSSL(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV±    /7URQFKLQ00DQIUHQ3$-DPHV(QHUJ\    /7URQFKLQ00DQIUHQ/&7DJOLDEXH6XVWDLQDEOH&LWLHVDQG6RFLHW\      /7URQFKLQ$FWD$FXVWLFD8QLWHG$FXVWLFD      (1,62³%XLOGLQJFRPSRQHQWVDQGEXLOGLQJHOHPHQWV7KHUPDOUHVLVWDQFHDQGWKHUPDOWUDQVPLWWDQFH &DOFXODWLRQPHWKRG´

 <,( SHULRGLF WKHUPDO WUDQVPLWWDQFH FDOFXODWHG E\ (1 ,62  ³7KHUPDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI EXLOGLQJ FRPSRQHQWV'\QDPLFWKHUPDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV&DOFXODWLRQPHWKRGV´

 56KLPRNXUD/7URQFKLQ$&RFFKL<6RHWD-RXUQDORI6RXQGDQG9LEUDWLRQ  SS  (1 ,62  ³7KHUPDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI ZLQGRZV GRRUV DQG VKXWWHUV  &DOFXODWLRQ RI WKHUPDO WUDQVPLWWDQFH6LPSOLILHGPHWKRG´

 81,76SDUW³Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici – Parte 1: Determinazione del fabbisogno di

energia termica dell’edificio per la climatizzazione estiva ed invernale´ Energy performance of buildings- part 1 Calculation of Energy use for space heating and cooling DQG81,76SDUW³Prestazioni energetiche degli edifici – Parte 2: Determinazione del fabbisogno di energia primaria e dei rendimenti per la climatizzazione invernale e per la produzione di acqua calda sanitaria³ Energy performance of buildings- part 2 Calculation of Energy Primary and energy performance for heating plant and domestic hot water production 

 (1,62³Energy performance of buildings – Calculation of Energy use for space heating and

cooling”

 81, (1   ³+HDWLQJ V\VWHPV LQ EXLOGLQJV  0HWKRG IRU FDOFXODWLRQ RI V\VWHP HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGV\VWHPHIILFLHQFLHV3DUW*HQHUDO´

 '$/5HJLRQH(PLOLD5RPDJQD³$WWRGLLQGLUL]]RHFRRUGLQDPHQWRVXLUHTXLVLWLGLUHQGLPHQWR HQHUJHWLFR H VXOOH SURFHGXUH GL FHUWLILFD]LRQH HQHUJHWLFD GHJOL HGLILFL´ $FW RI DGGUHVVLQJ DQG FRRUGLQDWLQJ WKH (QHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGEXLOGLQJ(QHUJ\&HUWLILFDWHSURFHGXUH±(PLOLD5RPDJQD5HJLRQ/DZ 

 (1,62+\JURWKHUPDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIEXLOGLQJFRPSRQHQWVDQGEXLOGLQJHOHPHQWV±,QWHUQDO VXUIDFHWHPSHUDWXUHWRDYRLGFULWLFDOVXUIDFHKXPLGLW\DQGLQWHUVWLWLDOFRQGHQVDWLRQ&DOFXODWLRQPHWKRGV

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

W przypadku uwzględnienia w kosztach separacji rtęci kosztu składowania zużytego sorbentu oraz kosz- tów wynikających ze straty finansowej związanej z brakiem

W efekcie powyższych założeń skonstruowano 648 wa- riantów symulacyjnych modeli krajowych formacji łupko- wych, których wyniki symulacji w postaci wydajności i su-

Third insight: The apocalyptic vision combines, in careful theological work, the Bible, today’s experience, and Christ, thereby providing the readers with a hopeful knowledge of

i 77. W przekładzie dzieła Eustacjusza z Antiochii dwukrotnie Samuel jest mylo-

gular and plural number, thus underlining the consubstantial divine Persons, namely the identity of nature and at the same time the distinction of hyposta- ses: “Those, which

WACŁAW EBOROWICZ /Sem... dr MAREK STAROWIEYSKI

Dans cette partie du livre Lohka fait parler une autre femme exceptionnelle à savoir la princesse malgache Béti Sabbabadie qui en 1750 épouse un soldat français et

Okazuje się po dalszych wyjaśnieniach, że nie można mówić o racjonalności logicznej wierzeń religijnych, ale o ich racjonalności pragm atycznej: ocena pod tym