Fe b r u a r y, 1 9 4 7 . 4 5 a
ABSTRACTS.
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n d Ex p l o i t a t i o n.
Geology
G eophysics a n d G eochem ical P ro s p e c tin g ...
D rillin g ...
P ro d u c tio n
Oilfield D e v elo p m en t Tr a n s p o r t a n d St o r a g e
Re f i n e r y Op e r a t i o n s.
R efineries a n d A u x ilia ry R e fin ery P la n t
D istilla tio n
A b so rp tio n a n d A d s o rp tio n ...
C racking
P o ly m eriz atio n 6 8 a
A lk y latio n 6 8 a
4 6 a C hem ical a n d P h y sic a l R e
fining 6 9 a
4 9 a 5 4 a 5 6 a
Pr o d u c t s.
C h em istry a n d P h y sics 6 9 a
6 2 a A naly sis a n d T estin g 7 2 a
G as 7 2 a
6 4 a E n g in e F u e ls ... 7 3 a
L u b ric a n ts ... ... 7 3 a
D eriv ed C hem ical P ro d u c ts ... 7 4 a
M iscellaneous P ro d u c ts 7 4 a 6 5 a En g i n e s a n d Au t o m o t i v e
6 6 a Eq u i p m e n t . . . 7 5 a
6 6 a
6 7 a Mi s c e l l a n e o u s . . . ... 7 9 a
A U T H O R IN D E X .
T h e n u m b e rs re fe r to th e A b s tra c t N u m b er.
Alcock, E. D ., 192 Allen, R. 0 ., 289 Ames, R. S., 296 Anderson, H. H ., 256 Anderson, J. F ., 209 Athey, N. D ., 291 Beck, J. V ., 222 Bed, J. S., 178 Bentz, E. J. H ., 308 Beuther, H ., 273 Blum, V. J ., 186 Boisblanc de D. R ., 288 Bossier, R. B., 223 Brod, I. 0 ., 169, 171 Brooner, G-. M., 275 Buckley, S. E., 220 Campbell, O. E., 200 Chovin, P ., 276 Cicalese, J. J., 266 Clinedinst, W. O., 214 CoggeshaU, N . D ., 287 Conn, M. W., 275 Cooke, S. R. B., 182 Cowles, L. G., 202 Cox, 0 . E., 313 Crawford, C. C., 293 D ’Arcy, N . A ., 242 Davies, J. A., 266 Day, A. H., 251 Deegan, C. J., 240 DeHettre, J. P., 215 Dix, C. H., 196 Dodd, J. D ., 176 Dresbach, C. H ., 208 Dugan, A. F., 207 Farmer, H. O., 314 Ferretti, P., 307 Field, H. W., 274 Fogel, M. C., 273 Foster, A. L., 267 French, F. A., 277
Gaby, P. P ., 195 Gandolfi, R ., 321 Gemant, A ., 279 Glasgow, A. R ., 283 Glasgow, Jr., A. R ., 286 Gould, D. W., 274 Grant, B. F ., 223 Grilly, E. R ., 280 Gross, R. J., 255 Gundy van, C. E., 174 Hardy, J. K., 298 Harrington, P. J., 266 Harts, H. W., 262 Hassebroek, W. E ., 216 Hastings, W. K., 201 Heiland, C. A ., 205 H ill, T. L., 281 Hirsch, J. H ., 272 H orton, C. W., 187 Horvitz, L., 184 Houghland, G. S., 266 Hughes, R. V., 231 Hutchinson, A. J., 266 Jenkins, H. D ., 243 Jensen, H ., 198, 199 Johnston, H. L., 280 Jones, E. N ., 260 Jones, J. P ., 229 Jones, P. J., 232 Justice, W. H ., 260 Kaveler, H. H ., 217 Kelly, C .I., 292 Kerstcu, G. Y., 218 Klaus, K., 204 Korobkov, I. A ., 180 Kramers, H. A., 278 Landen, E. W., 309 Lawton, H ., 225 Lay, R . L., 189 Lewis, J. O., 221
McClintock, F. A ., 297 McGee, D. A., 243 Maimin, Z. L., 180 Mair, B. J., 284 Marshall, R. W., 212 Minervini, C., 290 Morgan, F., 236 Moureau, H ., 276 Mullane, J. J., 230 Murphy, E. T ., 286 Muskat, M., 236 N elson, W. L., 259, 263,
264, 265 N ielsen, R. F ., 224 N owels, K. B ., 233 OfEutt, W. C., 272, 273 Ostergaard, P., 272, 273 Owner, F. M., 301, 302 Page, H. W., 320 Parker, I. M., 257 Peters, J . W., 207 Pfister, R. J., 234 Phipps, H. K., 258 Pipparelli, E ., 290 Pitzer, K. S., 285 Plummer, F. B., 237 Ragatz, E. G., 268 Ragland, D ., 211 Rasmussen, R. S., 277 Rieh, H ., 229 Richardson, J. A., 268 Ricker, N ., 188 R ivoal, G., 276 Roberti, G., 290 Robinson, W. B ., 191 Rogers, D ., 228 Rossini, F. D ., 283, 284,
285, 286 Russell, R. G., 236 Schade, H. A., 311
Schweitzer, P. H ., 310 Seeley, S. W., 203 Semmola, E., 290 Semon, L., 295 Sharp, R. C., 212 Shchelkachev, V. N ., 183 Shelby, Jr., T. H ., 178 Skinner, J. W., 179 Sloss, L. L., 182 Squires, F., 235 Streiff, A. J., 283 Stulken, E. J ., 190 Sutton, A. N ., 250 Taylor, W. J., 280, 285 Teplitz, A. J., 216 Termini, D. J., 284 Thomas, B ., 219 Thompson, L. S., 181 Thornton, O. F., 230 Tordi, L., 282 Travers, W. J ., 226 Trimble, H. M., 288 Tripp, R. M., 193, 194 Varr, A. F., 230 Vialov, O. S., 170 V ietti, W. V., 230 Wagman, D. D ., 285 Walling, I. W., 237 W alsh, T. J., 266 Ward, A. F. H ., 282 Weatherby, B. B ., 206 Weber, G., 227 W endtlandt, E. A., 178 W est, S. S., 185 Whistler, A. M., 269 Williams, M. G., 285 Williams, N ., 261 Willingham, C. B ., 283,
284, 286 W illis, Bailey, 175 W ilson, W. Ker, 312 Yuster, S. T., 224 E
ABSTRACTS.
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n d E x p l o i t a t i o n.
G e o lo g y .
169. C lassification of Oil a n d Gas A ccu m u latio n s A ccording to th e P ro p o rtio n s of Fluids in N a tu ral R eservoirs. I. O. B ro d . Comptes B en d . (D o kla d y) A ca d . S ci.
U R S S , 1946, 53, 55 (in E n g lish ).— F ro m a s tu d y o f th e p ro p o rtio n s o f gas a n d oil in n a tu r a l reserv o irs, fo u r classes o f a cc u m u la tio n s a re d istin g u ish e d a n d ta b u la te d , to g e th e r w ith th e c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e n a tu r a l reserv o irs in w hich th e y o ccu r a n d th e b e h av io u r o f th e re serv o ir fluids d u rin g w orking. T h e classes discu ssed a re (a) p u re g as a cc u m u la tio n s, (b) oil pools w ith gas caps, (c) oil po o ls rich in gas, (d) oil
a cc u m u la tio n s rich in gas. G. H . B .
170. On th e P resen ce of M arine F a u n a in a G ypsum B and. O. S. V ialov. Comptes R end. (D o kla d y) A cad. S ci. U R S S , 1946, 52, 333-334 (in E n g lish ).— O b serv a tio n s m ad e in te s t p its a t th e M aili-Sai p e tro le u m a n d o zo k erite d e p o sits show t h a t th e ty p ic a l fa u n a , genus F a tin a o f th e m id d le (T rK 2) h o rizo n o f th e T u rk e s ta n ia n sta g e o f th e Palaeogene fo rm a tio n o f F e rg h a n a is asso c iated w ith p y rite s a n d n o t w ith gy p su m , as p re v io u sly fo u n d in o u tc ro p p in g T r K 2 horizons. A sim ila r sp ecim en o f p y ritiz e d genus F a tin a h a s also b een fo u n d in a te s t p it in th e S h o r-su o zo k erite d e p o sit o f S o u th F e rg h a n a , a g ain w ith g y p su m ab se n t. I t ft conclu d ed t h a t g y p su m is se c o n d ary in th is h orizon, a n d a process lea d in g to its fo rm a tio n is su g g ested . T h is conclusion a cc o u n ts for th e ecological in co n g ru en ce o f th e a p p a re n t jo in t oc cu rren ce o f fa u n a o f g enus F a tin a a n d g y p su m a n d in d ic a te t h a t th e o ccu rren ce o f g y p su m in sed im e n ts d e v o id o f fa u n a m a y n o t b e re g a rd e d a s ev id en ce o f m a rin e origin. G. H . B.
171. T errito ria l U n its in P e tro le u m Geology. I . O. B ro d . Com ptes R en d . (D o kla d y) A cad. S c i. U R S S , 1946, 52, 433.— P re v io u s g eo g rap h ical a n d geological d iv isio n s of t h e su rface o f th e e a r th w ith re sp e c t to th e o ccurrence o f p e tro le u m a re review ed a n d ex te n d ed . T h ree g e o g rap h ical a n d th re e geological te rrito ria l u n its a re pro p o sed , a n d f u rth e r su b d iv isio n s o f th es e u n its d e sc rib e d w ith e x am p les. 40 lite ra tu re
references. G. H . B.
172. C o ntinental Shelf Stirs In te re s t in Subm arine D rilling. A non. W orld Petrol., M arch 1946, 17 (3), 36.— F a v o u ra b le la n d a re a s fo r oil d e v e lo p m en t a re e s tim a te d to a m o u n t to 6,000,000 sq. m l., a n d in U .S .A . th e figure is a b o u t 1,000,000 sq. m l.
P e tro le u m h a s a lre a d y been d iscovered in su b m erg ed a rea s alo n g th e c o asts o f L o u isia n a a n d T ex as, in th e C aspian, a n d in L ak e M aracaibo.
O ff U .S .A . su b m erg ed p o rtio n s o f th e c o n tin e n t a m o u n t to 750,000 sq. m l. o u t to d e p th s o f 600 f t o f w a te r. T h e w id th o f th e b e lt ra n g es 2 0 -250 m l., 149,000 sq. m l.
o f sh e lf lie in th e G u lf o f M exico. M any m a in ta in t h a t i t is n o t p ra c tic a b le to d rill in w a te r o ver 100 f t deep. H o w ev er, fa irly e x te n siv e s h e lf a re a s p ossess p e tro le u m p ossib ilities. S a lt p lu g s m a y occur off th e G u lf C oast in a n a re a w h ich m a y h a v e p ro d u c tio n fro m M iocene a n d P liocene beds. G ra v im e tric , seism ic, a n d m a g n e tic
su rv e y s a re possible in som e su b m erg ed area s. G. D . H .
173. Navy h a s A m bitious P la n s for A lask an Oil D evelopm ent. A no n . W orld P etrol., A ug. 1946, 17 (9), 50.— E x p lo ra tio n h a s so fa r b een re s tric te d to th e e a s te rn th ir d of th e N o. 4 P e tro le u m R e se rv e o f th e U .S . N a v y . G eological a n d g e o p h y sical w o rk h a s b e en c arried o u t. A s tru c tu re a t U m ia t M o u n ta in is b ein g te s te d , a n d a w ell w h ich h a s re ac h ed 2000 f t h a s p a sse d tig h t b u t o il-s a tu ra te d beds. T h e s tr u c tu r e h a s a n oil seep, a n d acco rd in g to M a c N au g h to n a te s t to 6000 f t sh o u ld b e a d e q u a te since h e k n ow s o f no s tru c tu re w ith seeps w h ere th e p ro d u c tio n is o v er 1 m l. deep.
A p re lim in a ry pipeline su rv e y h a s b een m ad e. E s tim a te s in d ic a te t h a t a reserv e o f 400-500 m illion b rl a n d a p o te n tia l o f 100,000 b r l/d a y m u s t b e fo u n d to w a r r a n t d e v elo p m en t. Som e in d ic a tio n s o f d e v elo p m en t co sts a re given, th e e s tim a te d to ta l
ra n g in g fro m $50,000,000 to $95,000,000. G. D . H .
ABSTRACTS. 4 7 A
174. F a u ltin g in E a s t P a rt of G rand Canyon of A rizona. C. E . v a n G un d y . B u ll.
A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1899.— T h e c h ara cte ris tics o f sev eral fa u lts a n d th e ir a sso ciated folds in th e G ra n d C anyon d is tric t o f A rizona are show n in th e excellent rock ex p o su res o f th e d eep ly d issec ted c an y o n s o f th is region. Tw o of th e m ajo r local fa u lts a re show n to h a v e been a c tiv e in th e p re-C am b rian a n d a g ain in post- Palseozoic tim e. M onoclines, a n tic lin es, a n d synclines a p p e a r to h av e been form ed b y th e c o m b in atio n o f n o rm al fa u ltin g a t d e p th a n d th e regional dip. E . N . T.
175. N orm al F a u lt S tru ctu res an d O thers. B ailey W illis. B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol.
Oeol., 1946, 30, 1875.— T h is p a p e r calls a tte n tio n to th e v e ry general d ev elo p m en t of shearing as a form o f d e fo rm a tio n o f rock m asses in th e e a r th ’s c ru s t as a re su lt of e ith e r v e rtic a l o r h o rizo n tal com pression, e ith e r alone or in co m b in atio n w ith folding.
N o rm al fa u ltin g is d e p ic ted as a m o u n ta in -m a k in g effect d u e to u p lift a g ain st g ra v ity . T he s tru c tu re o f th e C olorado p la te a u is ta k e n as th e ty p e exam ple.
B asin-range fa u ltin g is considered as closely sim ilar. T he m ech an ism o f n o rm al fa u ltin g is a n aly sed a n d it is show n t h a t one re su lt is la te ra l e x pansion, w hich produces com pression w here ten sio n is u su a lly assum ed. N o rm a l-fa u lt p ro v in ces a re described.
E . N . T.
176. N orth F lorida Province is Geologically A ttractiv e. J . D . D odd. W orld Petrol., M arch 1946, 17 (3), 44.— T h e N o rth F lo rid a p ro v in ce in cludes th e a re a n o rth of th e C en tral P la tfo rm , a n d th e a d ja c e n t p a r ts o f G eorgia a n d A lab am a. U p to 1941 80 wells h a d been d rilled in th is area, b u t o nly fo u r w ere considered to be significant.
G eophysical w ork reach ed a p e ak o f 1397 crew -w eeks in 1945, a n d a b o u t five-sevenths of th e a re a is u n d e r lease. 2 0-30 w ild cats a re p ro je c te d for 1946.
R ocks from E o cen e to R e c e n t a re exposed, th e O cala being th e o ld est fo rm atio n seen. T he Selm a, E u ta w a n d T uscaloosa u n d e rlie th e T e rtia ry . T h e S elm a is chalk, b u t m ig h t a p p ea r a s a re ef a n d becom e sa n d y . T he E u ta w c o nsists o f shales a n d sands, a n d p roduces elsew here. G as show s h av e been re p o rte d . T h e T uscaloosa is th o u g h t to be of shallow w a te r origin. I t is e q u iv a le n t to th e W oodbine o f E a s t T exas, a n d consists of coarse san d s a n d gravels. I t m a y lie 3000-4000 f t deep. A w ell h as re p o rte d a n oil show. T he C om anchean consists o f san d s a n d shales. Som e wells h av e e n te red th e u n d erly in g J u ra ss ic , T riassic, a n d Palaeozoic. T he N a ssau C o u n ty w ell fo u n d a b lac k shale w ith a n oily odour.
T he C oastal R idge is p a ralle l to th e G eorgia coastline. W ells on th is ridge find g ra n ite above 4500 ft. T here is a th in T uscaloosa section ab o v e th e g ra n ite, b u t to th e w est th e T uscaloosa is th ic k w ith C om anchean, J u ra ss ic , T riassic, a n d Palaeozoic below . T he G eorgia B a sin lies b etw een th e C o astal R id g e a n d th e A p p alach ian R o o t. I t co n tain s a th ic k m arin e section. T h e M a rian n a -C h ip le y U p lift is n o t fully defined, b u t m a y be a c o n tin u a tio n o f th e W iggins A nticlin e o f M ississippi. T he section should be am ple w ith good sa n d con d itio n s. T he O cala U p lift seem s m erely to be th e w estern p a r t o f th e C en tral P la tfo rm show n b y geophysical a n d o th e r d a ta . N o rth o f th e p latfo rm th e se d im e n ts a re larg ely elastics. T he strik e is N .E .-S .W ., parallel to th e A p p a la c h ia n s ; to th e so u th th e strik e is N .W .-S .E . a n d th e sed im en ts are n e arly a ll calcareous. I n places th e y m a y n o t b e v e ry th ic k . S o u th F lo rid a is d o m in a ted b y th e O keechobee syncline a n d th e A n tillean A rch.
Low er C retaceous a n d Palaeozoic beds m u s t p in ch o u t on b o th sides o f th e G eorgia B asin. T he E u ta w san d s m ay p in ch o u t on th e n o rth w e st flank o f th e C en tral P l a t form . T h ey are good reservoirs asso ciated w ith m arin e beds. T h e T uscaloosa pin ch es o u t on th e n o rth w e st flank o f th e C en tral P la tfo rm .
The S u n n ilan d field ap p ears to b e o n a larg e fold w ith 50-100 f t o f closure in th e producing lim estone. T here m a y be fa u lt tra p s .
S unniland w as found on re -in terp re tin g g ra v ity d a ta . T h e reflection seism ograph has n o t been v e ry successful y e t d u e to m a n y difficulties. T h e b a se m e n t can be d etected by refractio n , a n d th e to p o f th e Selm a m ap p ed . M agnetic su rv e y s h a v e been u sed to d e te c t b asem en t highs.
Prices o f leases hav e risen fro m 5 cen ts a n acre in th e la te th irtie s to $ 7-10 a n acre
for sm all d esirable tra c ts . G. D . H .
177. More “ S trat ” T raps in M ontana ? A non. Oil G a s J ., 22.6.46, 45 (7), 157.— T he C ut B ank, K ev in , a n d B o rd er stra tig rap h ic tra p s on th e Sw eetgrass A rch h av e pro d u ced to g eth e r ab o u t 10,000,000 b r lo f oil. I n O cto b er 1945, a n e w a rea 5 m l. n o rth -e a s t o f C ut
4 8 a ABSTRACTS.
B a n k w as opened. I t o b ta in s oil fro m th e M adison o r M a d iso n -E llis c o n ta c t. m l.
to th e s o u th o f th is d isco v ery a sm all p u m p e r 90 f t d o w n in th e M adison w as c o n v e rte d in to a w ell flow ing 200 b r l/d a y a fte r a cid iza tio n . S im ilar tr e a tm e n t o f o th e r sm all p ro d u c ers in th is g en eral a re a w as e q u a lly beneficial.
K e v in p ro d u c es m a in ly fro m th e E Ilis-M ad iso n c o n ta c t in a lim e sto n e p o ro s ity tr a p ; C u t B a n k p ro d u ces fro m a sa n d p o ro sity tr a p o n th e flan k o f th e K e v in dom e, som e d ista n c e fro m th e K e v in field. B o rd e r p ro d u c es fro m w h a t m a y b e a s a n d p o ro s ity tr a p . T he th re e fields seem to b e re la te d w ith re g a rd to oil c h a ra c te ris tic s a n d w a ters, a n d so m a y h a v e h a d a co m m o n origin. G. D . H . 178. H aw k in s F ield, W ood C ounty, T exas. E . A. W e n d tla n d t, T. H . S h elb y , J r ., a n d J . S. B ell. B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Geol., 1946, 30, 1830.— T h e H a w k in s oilfield o ccurs on a larg e n o rth -e a s tw a rd tre n d in g fa u lte d a n tic lin e s itu a te d n e a r th e n o rth - c e n tra l p a r t o f th e E a s t T ex as g e o sy n clin al b asin . A p ro n o u n c ed g r a v ity m in im u m show s t h a t th e field is p ro b a b ly u n d e rla in b y a d eep -se a te d s a lt m ass.
T h e field w as d isco v ered in D ecem b er 1940 a n d b y S e p tem b e r 1945, w h e n re g u la tio n s o f th e P e tro le u m A d m in is tra tio n fo r W a r w ere rescin d e d , 415 oil w ells h a d b een c o m p le te d . T h ese h a d p ro d u c ed 43,134,613 b rl o f oil fro m th e W o o d b in e fo rm a tio n a t a n a v era g e d e p th o f 4,850 ft.
T h e cru d e is a n a sp h a ltic m ix e d -b ase oil, a n d th e u ltim a te re co v e ry is e s tim a te d
a s ju s t u n d e r 450 m illio n b rl. E . N . T .
179. C orrelation of P e rm ia n of W est T exas a n d S.E. New M exico. J . W . S k in n er.
B u ll. A m e r. A s s . Petrol. Geol., 1946, 30, 1857.— T h is p a p e r p re s e n ts n ew ev id en ce re g ard in g th e age o f th e S an A n d res fo rm a tio n , a n d c o rre late s i t w ith t h e C herry C an y o n fo rm atio n o f th e D elaw are M o u n tain s, th e u p p e r p a r t o f th e W o rd fo rm a tio n o f th e G lass M o u n tain s, a n d th e “ B la in e o f T ex as ” o f th e e a s te rn shelf. T h e G lo rieta fo rm a tio n o f N ew M exico is c o rre late d w ith th e u p p e r p a r t o f th e C u to ff m em b e r of th e B one S p rin g fo rm atio n o f th e D elaw are' M o u n tain s, th e u p p e rm o s t b e d s o f th e L eo n a rd fo rm a tio n o f th e G lass M o u n tain s, a n d th e “ H o lt p a y ” o f n o rth -c e n tra l E c to r C o u n ty , T ex as. T h e S an A ngelo fo rm a tio n is c o rre la te d w ith th e u p p e r p a r t o f th e Y eso fo rm atio n o f N ew M exico, w ith b ed s in th e u p p e r p a r t o f t h e L e o n a rd fo rm a tio n o f th e G lass M o u n tain s, a n d w ith th e m id d le a n d low er m em b e rs o f th e C utoff sectio n o f th e B one S p rin g fo rm atio n . T h e G ra y b u rg fo rm a tio n o f th e su b su rfa c e is show n to be e q u iv a len t to th e low er p a r t o f th e Q ueen fo rm a tio n o f th e G u a d alu p e
M o u n tain s. E . N . T .
180. New D a ta on th e Age oi th e L ow er M aikop Beds of th e Crim ea an d C aucasus.
Z. L . M a im in a n d I . A. K o ro b k o v . Comptes R end. (D oklady) A cad. S c i. U R S S , 1946, 53, 59 (in E n g lish ).— T h e d isc o v ery for th e first tim e o f a r a th e r a b u n d a n t fa u n a of m olluscs in th e M aikop b e d s o f th e C rim ea on th e M okry I n d o l riv e r h a s allo w ed th e s e b ed s to b e re la te d to th e L ow er O ligocene d e p o sits o f N o rth G e rm an y , th e K h a d u m b ed s o f th e C aucasus a n d th e K h a rk o v sta g e o f th e U k ra in e. A ll fo u r d e p o sits a re re g ard e d as sy n ch ro n o u s a n d re aso n s for th e differences b e tw ee n th e m w ith re sp ec t to s e d im e n ta ry c h a ra c te r a n d fa u n a a re a d v an c e d . T h e M aikop d e p o sits a re reg io n ally o il-bearing th ro u g h o u t th e C aucasus a n d th e K e rc h P e n in s u la . G. H . B.
181. A n A ppraisal of Ira n ia n Oil. L. S. T h o m p so n . O il Gas J . , 29.6.46, 45 (8), 64.—
U p o n a b a se m e n t com plex o f sch ists, g ra n ites , gneisses, e tc ., p re s u m a b ly o f pre- C a m b ria n age, m a n y th o u s a n d s o f fe e t o f se d im e n ts h a v e b e e n d e p o site d in I r a n . T h e y a re m o stly m arin e, a n d e v e ry sy ste m fro m C a m b ria n to R e c e n t is re p re se n te d in one o r o th e r p a r t o f I r a n . B ig b re a k s in d e p o sitio n o ccu rred a t th e e n d o f th e C a m b ria n , a t th e e n d o f th e Palaeozoic, a n d a t th e e n d o f th e C retaceo u s. T h ere w ere o th e r m o re localized u n co n fo rm itie s. T h e m o v em e n ts a t th e e n d o f th e C retaceo u s s e p a ra te d a n A ra lo -C asp ia n b a sin fro m a P a ris -M e d ite rra n e a n b asin .
I n th e M asjid -i-S u laim an , H a f t K el, A g h a J a r i, G ach S a ra n , N a f t K h a n e h , a n d N a ft-i-S h a h fields, to g e th e r w ith K irk u k in I r a q , th e re is geological sim ila rity . T h e A sm ari re serv o ir rock is o fte n s h a tte re d in th e p ro d u c in g a rea s, a n d m a y b e 1000 f t th ic k . T h e L ow er F a rs o p ro v id es a cap-rock. T h e s tru c tu re s a re b ro a d , w ith ste ep flanks. T h e E o cen e is sa id to h a v e oil a t M asjid -i-S u la im an , b u t i t h a s n o t b e e n e x p lo ite d com m ercially.
ABSTRACTS. 4 9 A
T he reserv es o f th e d ev elo p ed a re a s m a y b e 8,000,000,000 brl. T he sam e b e lt h as o th er fa v o u rab le looking b u t u n te s te d s tru c tu re s. On th e so u th w est side o f th e P ersian G u lf th e U p p e r C retaceous is p ro d u c tiv e, b u t th e few C retaceous te s ts in I ra n hav e been unsuccessful.
B etw een Q um a n d S u lta n a b a d th e re a re fa v o u rab le s tru c tu re s. O nly one a u th e n tic a te d seepage is k n o w n from th e C e n tra l D epression, a n d tw o w ells w ere d rilled n e a r it in th e early 1930’s. I n th e n o r th th e C aspian p lain h as oil possibilities.
P liocene b eds h a v e been n o te d re stin g on C retaceous, a n d elsew here E ocene beds lie u n co n fo rm ab ly on C retaceous. I n m a n y p laces in N o rth e rn I ra n th e black D evonian a n d C arboniferous lim esto n es h a v e a p etro lifero u s o d o u r w hen freshly frac tu re d , b u t th e y a re v e ry tig h t. F a r th e r e a s t in C e n tra l A sia th e Ju ra ss ic is p ro d u ctiv e. T here are n u m ero u s larg e fa u lte d an tic lin es, b u t seepages are ab se n t. G. D. H .
G e o p h y sic s and G eo ch em ica l P r o sp e c tin g .
182. Spectrochem ical Sam ple Logging of L im estones. L. L. Sloss a n d S. R . B. Cooke.
B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1888.— A m e th o d is p resen ted o f utilizin g q u a n tita tiv e sp ectro g rap h ic a n aly sis fo r th e d e ta ile d d ifferen tiatio n an d co rrelation of th ic k sequences o f c a rb o n a te rocks w hich c an n o t be sa tisfac to rily d ifferen tiated b y v isu al o r h eav y -resid u e ex am in atio n s.
The sp ectro g rap h u sed in th e in v es tig a tio n s w as a five-foot W ad sw o rth ty p e g ratin g sp ectro g rap h w ith a n o riginal first-o rd er concave g ra tin g . T he sp ectro g rap h w as designed to cover th e sp e c tru m fro m
2,000
to10,000 A.
E ith e r field or core sam p les c an b e ex am in ed b y th is tech n iq u e if chosen a t su itab le stra tig ra p h ic in te rv als . S am ples h a v e to be w eighed to th e n e a re st 0-01 m g w ith in 0-2 m g o f 5 m g. S ta n d a rd sam p les u se d in o b tain in g ca lib ra tio n curves weigh 5 m g plus or m in u s O O lm g. S la v in ’s to ta l-e n e rg y m e th o d w as u sed in e v alu atin g th e sp ectro g rap h ic analy sis.
I t w as fo u n d t h a t Ca, Mg, Sr, B a, A l, T i, F e , a n d Si, w ere p re se n t in a ll sam ples, an d Mn a n d Y in som e. F o r p ra c tic a l reasons, S, P , N a, a n d K , u n d o u b ted ly present, could n o t be d eterm in ed . T h e m o st useful ele m en ts a p p e a r to be Mg, F e, Al, an d Sr W hen an aly ses o f b o th su rface sam ples a n d well c u ttin g s are p lo tte d ag ain st s tr a ti
graphic in te rv a l o r w ell d e p th , th e curves m a y b e in te rp re te d in te rm s o f stra tig rap h ic co rrelatio n a n d d ifferen tiatio n .
S ta n d a rd iz a tio n o f th e m e th o d is sim ple a n d th e re su lts a re n o t d ep en d en t on th e personal eq u atio n . A p a rt fro m in itia l e x p e n d itu re for eq u ip m e n t, costs a n d tim e- co n su m p tio n should b e less th a n th o se re q u ire d for fo ram in ife ral a n d insoluble-residue
analysis. E . N . T.
183. Some A pplications of th e T heory of Flow in Compressible W ater- an d O il-Bearing StTata. V. N . S hchelkachev. Comptes R end. (D oklady) A cad. S ci. U R S S , 1946, 52, 395 (in E n g lish ).— E q u a tio n s o f m o tio n o f a com pressible fluid in a com pressible porous m edium , o b tain e d b y S hch elk ach ev in a p rev io u s n o te on th e th e o ry o f flow in com pressible w ater- a n d o il-bearing s tr a ta , a re ap p lied to o b serv atio n s m ad e during a s tu d y o f tra n s ie n t oil-w ell in te rfere n ce b etw een tw o w ells 200 m etres a p a r t in th e X X I I s tr a tu m o f th e O cto b er (New G rozny) d istric t, G rozneft.
T he increase in p ressu re a t th e h e ad o f th e in o p e ra tiv e w ell (w hich w as com pletely flooded w ith w ater) is m easu red , s ta rtin g fro m th e tim e t h a t th e second well, producing 300 to n s p er d ay , is sto p p ed . T h e re su lts o f fo u r sets o f su ch o b serv atio n s are in close agreem ent w ith th e calcu lated cu rv e fo r p ressu re increase v ersu s tim e, using th e
a u th o r’s form ula. G. H . B.
184. R ecent D evelopm ents in Geochem ical P rospecting for P e tro leu m . L. H o rv itz.
Oeophys., 1945, 10 (4), 487.— A n u m b e r o f su rv ey s co m p leted d u rin g th e p a s t tw o y ears in d icate t h a t th e geochem ical p ro sp e ctin g tec h n iq u e c an be ap p lied successfully only w hen a n a rea is ex p lo red w hich is sufficiently larg e to en ab le re a d y d istin ctio n o f th e an o m aly from th e back g ro u n d .
Geochem ical anom alies fo u n d b y reco n n aissan ce sam p lin g h a v e been p ro v ed to be associated w ith s tru c tu re b y th e reflection seism ograph. T hese confirm ations in d icate t h a t th e tw o m eth o d s can be used to su p p le m e n t one a n o th e r ; one to d e te ct th e
ABSTRACTS.
possible presence o f a p e tro leu m a c c u m u la tio n a n d th e o th e r to d e te rm in e th e p ro b a b le d e p th o f th e a ccu m u latio n .
T h e re su lts o f a reco n n aissan ce geochem ical su rv e y o v er th e H eid elb erg A re a o f J a s p e r C o u n ty , M ississippi, a re p re sen te d . E . I. R . 185. R elative A bundance of th e Carbon Isotopes in P e tro leu m . S. S. W es t. Oeophys., 1 9 4 5 ,10 (3), 406.— T h e re la tiv e a b u n d a n c e o f th e iso to p es o f c a rb o n h a s b e e n m ea su re d in sam p les o f oil a n d gas from 32 w ells in th e Silica a n d E llin w o o d F ie ld s o f B a rto n a n d R ice C ounties, K a n sa s, a n d 3 w ells in O k lah o m a, T ex a s, a n d W y o m in g , a s well as in su rface v e g e ta tio n , h y d ro c a rb o n s fro m well c u ttin g s , a n d c arb o n d io x id e d eso rb ed fro m soil. F o r th e sam p les fro m Silica a n d E llin w o o d F ie ld s, C12/C13 = 94-1 + 0-4.
R e la tiv e a b u n d an c e a p p ea rs to b e in d e p e n d e n t o f th e so u rce o f p e tro le u m , b u t is a b o u t 1-6% low er fo r v e g etatio n . I t is c o n clu d ed t h a t th is q u a n tity c a n n o t b e used to d istin g u ish sources o f p e tro le u m a n d t h a t its use to d e te rm in e th e o rig in o f soil h y d ro c a rb o n s re q u ire s a n a cc u ra c y o f m e a su re m e n t n o t h ith e r to a tta in a b le .
E . I. R . 186. T he M agnetic F ield O ver Ig n eo u s Pipes. V. J . B lu m . Oeophys., 1945, 10 (3), 368.— Th^s p a p e r gives th e re s u lts o f a m a g n e tic s u rv e y in th e C an o n C ity a rea , Colorado. P a rtic u la r a tte n tio n is giv en to th e tra v e rs e s m a d e a cro ss tw o exposed
igneous p ip es a b o u t 40 f t in d ia m e te r. E . I. R .
187. A nalysis of Oblique R eflection D a ta. C. W . H o rto n . Oeophys., 1945, 10 (2), 186.— I n regions w here th e reflecting lay e rs h a v e larg e d ip s i t is difficult to in te rp re t reflection d a ta if th e s h o t-p o in t a n d th e in s tru m e n t-s p re a d do n o t coincide. I n th is p a p e r rigorous m eth o d s o f lo ca tin g th e re fle ctio n -p o in t a n d o f d e te rm in in g th e m a g n i
tu d e a n d d irec tio n o f th e d ip a re given. Tw o a p p ro x im a te so lu tio n s a re discussed in d e ta il a n d b y m ea n s o f th e o re tic a l co n sid era tio n s a n d n u m e rica l e x am p les i t is show n t h a t th e e rro rs in tro d u c e d b y th e a p p ro x im a tio n s a re a d e q u a te ly sm all.
E . I . R . 188. C om putation of O u tp u t D istu rb an ces fro m A m plifiers fo r T rue W av elet In p u ts.
N . R ick er. Oeophys., 1 9 4 5 ,10 (2), 207.— I t is im p o rta n t t h a t th e g e o p h o n e -a m p lifie r- g a lv a n o m e te r sy s te m u sed in seism ic p ro sp e c tin g sh o u ld p ro d u c e m in im u m d is to rtio n o f th e seism ic w a v ele ts received. O nce su ch a sy ste m h a s b een b u ilt i t c a n easily b e te s te d fo r d is to rtio n b y th e use o f a sh a k in g ta b le . H o w ev er, i t is b e tte r to b u ild o n ly th o se sy ste m s w hich w ill b e th e o re tic a lly su itab le . T h e a p p ro p ria te th e o ry is
giv en in d e ta il in th is p a p e r. E . I. R .
189. R epeated P -w a v e s in Seism ic E x p lo ratio n of W ater-co v ered A reas. R . L . L ay . Oeophys., 1945, 10 (4), 467.— A se co n d ary , a n d e v en a te r tia r y , P -w av e h a s b een o b serv ed u n d e r c e rta in c o n d itio n s in seism ic e x p lo ra tio n o f w a ter-c o v ere d areas.
A s th ese m u ltip le e v en ts a re cau sed b y a n oscillatio n a t th e sh o t p o in t i t is su g g ested t h a t th e gas b u b b le fo rm ed as a re s u lt o f th e ex plosion is th e s e a t o f th e effect o bserved.
T h is o scillation can b e p re v e n te d b y b rin g in g th e c h arg e close en o u g h to th e su rfa ce o f th e w a ter, so t h a t th e gas b u b b le w ou ld b u r s t th ro u g h th e su rface o n first ex p an sio n .
E . I . R . 190. E ffect of R ay C u rv atu re up o n Seism ic In te rp re ta tio n s . E . J . S tu lk e n . Oeophys., 1945, 10 (4), 472.— T h e p u rp o se o f th is p a p e r is to p ro v id e som e e v a lu a tio n s o f th e e rro rs tra c e a b le to n eg le ct o f p a th c u rv a tu re . F o r p a ra b o lic v a ria tio n s o f v e lo c ity w ith d e p th , th e in accu racies o f v e lo c ity , d e p th , d ip , a n d offset d e te rm in a tio n s b a sed on s tr a ig h t p a th a ssu m p tio n s a re illu s tr a te d g ra p h ic ally .
C e rta in fallacies a tte n d in g th e a p p lic a tio n o f sim p le c u rv e d p a th p ro c ed u re to seism ic p ro sp e ctin g a re co n sid ered b riefly so t h a t a re a so n a b ly fa ir e v a lu a tio n o f n e t im p o rta n c e o f th e r a y c u rv a tu re p ro b lem m a y b e a tte m p te d . E . I . R . 191. R efractio n W aves R eflected fro m a F a u lt Z one. W . B . R o b in so n . Oeophys., 1945, 10 (4), 535.— A se ism o g rap h p ro je c t in W e b b C o u n ty , T ex as, y ield e d m a n y reco rd s w ith seism ic e v e n ts w h ich d isp lay e d s te p -o u t tim e s f a r in excess o f th o se o f n o rm a l reflexions. T h e e n e rg y is assu m e d to tra v e l alo n g a m a rk e r h o rizo n , a s a n
ri-uo x It ACTS. 5 1 A
o rd in a ry re fra c tio n w ave, to a fa u lt zone w here it is reflected a n d re tu rn s to th e d e te cto r as a re fra c tio n w ave. T h e p o sitio n s o f th e fa u lts d e te rm in e d b y th is h y p o th esis show re m a rk ab le ag ree m e n t w ith th o se m ap p e d b y th e o rd in a ry reflexions on th e records.
Possible confusion t h a t m a y arise fro m failing to recognize th ese anom alous e v en ts is discussed a s w ell as th e p o ssib ility o f u sin g th e p h en o m en o n to m a p fau lts.
E . I. R . 192. The R eview an d A nalysis of Seismic D ata. E . D. Alcock. Oeophys., 1945, 10 (3), 338.— I t is p ro p o sed t h a t s e p a ra te d e p a rtm e n ts b e e stab lish e d for th e review a n d an aly sis o f seism ic d a ta . T he fu n ctio n s o f th ese d e p a rtm e n ts w ould be to review an d su b m it in d e p e n d e n t in te rp re ta tio n s o f c u rre n t seism ic d a ta , to review old seismic d a ta in th e lig h t o f new geological a n d geophysical developm ents, to com pile a n d p re p a re regional seism ic m ap s a n d to in v e s tig a te a rea s in w hich seismic a n d geological d a ta do n o t conform . T h is p a p e r discusses th e benefits to be ex p ected from such a p ro g ram m m e, th e source o f m a n po w er a n d th e costs. E . I. R.
193. M easurem ent of S oil-A ir Io n s over th e F o rt Collins A nticline. R . M. T rip p . Oeophys., 1945, 10 (2), 238.— I n escaping fro m th e subsurface oil reserv o ir to th e surface, gaseous h y d ro c arb o n s cause co n sid erab le e v ap o ra tio n o f w a te r from th e near- surface soil. Som e ra d io a c tiv e com pounds, w hich are in a s ta te o f s a tu ra tio n over a large a rea because o f th e ir v e ry low so lu b ility p ro d u c ts, a re th e re b y p re c ip ita te d in th e soil. T he field p ro ced u re con sists o f m easu rin g th e r a te o f io n izatio n o f th e soil a ir o ver th e s tru c tu re . T he re su lts o f such a su rv ey over th e F o r t Collins an ticlin e are co m p ared w ith th e p rev io u sly kn o w n stru c tu re . E . I. R . 194. T herm odynam ics of a Gas M igrating V ertically T hrough the S edim entary Column.
R . M. T rip p . Oeophys., 1945, 10 (2), 229.— T he th erm o d y n am ics o f gaseous h y d ro carb o n s reach in g th e e a r th ’s surface b y diffusion th ro u g h th e sem i-perm eable geological colum n is discussed. T h e p o ssib ility o f u sin g th e p h y sical, chem ical, or biological changes, th e re b y p ro d u ced in th e local e n v iro n m en t, as a m ean s of lo catin g th e oil
reserv o ir are also briefly discussed. E . I. R .
195. New Type of Seismic Cross-section W herein A ccuracy of R epresentation is R en dered Insensitive to Velocity E rro r. P . P . G aby. Oeophys., 1945, 10 (2), 171.— A m eth o d is p re sen te d w hich w as designed to : (1) S im plify c o m p u tatio n s in areas w here v elo city is kn o w n to v a ry , o r m a y la te r be fou n d to v a ry , la te ra lly ; (2) C onsiderably red u ce th e a m o u n t o f re c o m p u ta tio n n e ce ssitate d b y su b seq u e n t revisions in velocity.
T he c o n v en tio n al tim e-sectio n a n d tim e -m a p sa tisfy th ese req u irem en ts b u t are in d ic a te d g en erally to be s u b je ct to serious errors, as illu stra te d . T he proposed sy stem is e x p lain ed a n d ev alu ate d . A d v a n tag e s believed to be p ecu liar to it are ta b u la te d , a n d a p ra c tic a l m e th o d o f p lo ttin g th e cross-sections is p resented.
E . I. R . 196. In terp re ta tio n of W ell Shot D a ta. P a rt II. C. H . D ix. Oeophys., 1945, 10 (2), 160.— T he d e te rm in a tio n o f th e v e lo c ity -d e p th re la tio n sh ip b y five different well shooting tec h n iq u es is d escribed. M ethods are also given for th e d etectio n o f in terference d u e to energy b ein g tra n s m itte d dow n th e cable b y w hich th e geophone is
suspended. E . I. R .
197. F lying Eye for Oil E xploration. A non. W orld Petrol., 1946, 17 (9), 44.—
T he m ag n etic airb o rn e d e te c to r is su ita b le for m arin e w ork, a n d is v alu ab le in areas w here e rra tic surface m ag n etic influences m ak e g ro u n d read in g s o f little value.
G. D. H . 198. Validity of D a ta from A irborne M agnetom eter. H . Je n se n . W orld Petrol.,
1946, 17 (9), 45.— T he a irb o rn e m ag n e to m e te r p ro v id es co n tinuous records an d so in te rp o latio n o n m ap s is b e tte r th a n for g ro u n d surveys. C orrections for d rift an d d iu rn al v a ria tio n a re sim plified. E x tra n e o u s anom alies a re red u ced in effect.
T he effects of sm all bodies such as p a tc h e s o f m ag n etic sa n d are cap ab le of se p aratio n from m ajo r fe atu res b y th e ir ra p id a tte n u a tio n on a co n tin u o u s record.
T here is a lag in response w hich displaces signals along th e line o f trav erse, an d th ere is a non -lin ear freq u en cy response w hich enfeebles sm all anom alies t h a t show up as
ABSTRACTS.
h ig h -freq u e n cy sig n als on th e m a g n e tic ta p e . T h ese fe a tu re s h a v e n o t b e e n fu lly ex am in ed , b u t i t is b elieved t h a t th e y c a n b e re d u ce d in im p o rta n c e . E x c e p t in th e case o f d e ta ile d m ag n e tic m e a su re m e n ts m ad e a t in te rv a ls o f o n ly a few fe e t, th e a irb o rn e m ag n e to m e te r show s a d v a n ta g e s o v er g ro u n d m e a su re m e n ts. G. D . H . 199. O perational Pro ced u re fo r th e A irborne M agnetom eter. H . J e n s e n . O il Gas J ., 13.7.46, 45 (10), 80.— T he a irb o rn e m a g n e to m e te r gives c o n tin u o u s p rofiles, e ac h o f w h ich need s o n ly m in o r a d ju s tm e n ts fo r d iu rn a l v a ria tio n a n d in s tr u m e n ta l d rift.
F lig h t co n tro l is m o st im p o rta n t. T h is m a y b e b y r a d a r o r b y a e ria l p h o to g ra p h s a n d m ap s. T h e flying h e ig h t is s u ita b ly co n tro lled .
I n a d d itio n to a series o f p a ra lle l profiles, a b a se-lin e in te rs e c tin g th e s e a t rig h t- an g les is flow n to tie th e profiles to g e th e r. T h e b ase-lin e is flow n in b o th d irectio n s, a n d th e v a lu e s a re a v era g ed . I n th is w a y i t is po ssib le to c o n s tru c t a se lf-co n siste n t c o n to u r m a p o f th e to ta l m ag n e tic in te n s ity . R e g io n a l c o rrectio n s c a n re a d ily be
a p p lied . G. D . H .
200. T he F lu o rg rap h ic M ethod of P e tro le u m E xp lo ratio n . O. E . C am pbell. W orld Petrol., 1946, 17 (3), 54.— F lu o re sc en t su rv e y s o v e r a series o f oilfields h a v e e s ta b lish ed t h a t th e y give evidence o f th e p resen ce o f oil, a n d a p p ro x im a te ly o u tlin e th e a cc u m u la tio n . S am ples a re e x posed to u ltra -v io le t lig h t, a n d th e fluorescence is reco rd ed p h o to g ra p h ic a lly u n d e r s ta n d a r d co n d itio n s. T h e im a g e d e n s ity is m e a su re d b y a tran sm issio n p h o to m e te r. T he in s tru m e n t c a n co v er a w ide ra n g e o f flu o rescen t in te n sitie s. B o th surface a n d su b su rface sam p le s a re used.
G en erally in su rface su rv ey s a q u a rte r m ile g rid is em p lo y ed , b u t fo r d e ta il sm aller in te rv a ls m a y be used. T h e a v era g e s u rv e y covers a b o u t 25 sq. m l. O ne ounce sam p les a re ta k e n a t a d e p th o f 2 f t b y augering. W e a th e r a n d to p o g ra p h ic s itu a tio n d o n o t affect th e o b tain in g o f sa tis fa c to ry sam ples. I n av erag e te r r a in th e field co st is $30/sq. m l.
Iso flu o r lines a re c o n stru c te d a n d co n sid ered in c o n ju n c tio n w ith lo cal geological a n d d e v elo p m en t d a ta . A ccu m u latio n s d u e to p o ro sity co n d itio n s, len sin g a n d pin ch - o u ts, give th e sim p lest c o n to u r form s, th e a re a o f local closure co inciding w ith th e a re a o f p ro d u c tio n . T h e Griffin p ool h a s a m in im u m a n o m a ly . F a u lts also giv e c h a ra c te ris tic p a tte rn s .
E v e ry sig n ifican t fluorescent a n o m a ly is a m a x im u m c o m p a red w ith th e local b a ck g ro u n d . I n som e cases th e a re a o f h ig h e s t flu o rescen t in te n s ity is n o t o v e r b u t a ro u n d th e oil reserv o ir. In sig n ific a n t m in im a w ith o u t h ig h rim s fre q u e n tly occur on th e reg io n al b ack g ro u n d .
T h e av erag e m ax im u m co st o f la b o ra to ry a n d in te r p r e ta tiv e w o rk is a b o u t $70/sq.
m l.
F lu o rlo g s a re o b ta in e d b y u sin g c u ttin g s , e v en w h en th e c u ttin g s a re se v e ra l y e ars o ld. C om posite sam p les covering 200 f t a re ex am in ed u n til a c ritic a l v a lu e o f flu o r
escence is n o ted , a n d th e n th e c o m p o n e n ts a re e x am in ed . A ll sam p les a re te s te d fo r “ fixed ” a n d “ free ” fluorescence— th e fo rm er is d ire c tly fro m th e sa m p le a n d t h e l a t t e r fro m its oil a n d gas. I n p ro d u c tiv e w ells th e fluorescence in te n s ity increases w ith d e p th to a m a x im u m in th e reserv o ir rock. L a te r a l in d ic a tio n s a re rev ealed .
T h e a v era g e c o st is 5 c e n ts /ft. G. D . H .
201. G rav im eter O perations in th e F oothills B elt of A lberta, C anada. W . K . H a stin g s.
G eophys., 1945, 10 (4), 526.— As p a r t o f a g ra v im e te r s u rv e y in w e ste rn A lb e rta , C an ad a, th e w o rk w as e x te n d e d in to q u ite ru g g ed a re a s o f th e R o c k y M o u n ta in F o o th ills b e lt. T h is p a p e r o u tlin e s th e g en era l m e th o d s o f o p e ratio n , c a rrie d o u t on h o rse b ac k fro m a m o v ab le c am p , w h ich w ere e m p lo y ed w h ere c o n v e n tio n a l m eth o d s, u sin g tru c k s , w ere im possible. G ra v ity o b se rv atio n s w ere m ad e w ith a n ew , sm a ll ty p e G u lf g ra v im e te r w hich, co m p lete w ith b a tte rie s a n d o th e r accessories, w eighs a b o u t 48 lb. T h e re d u ce d g ra v ity re su lts w ere q u ite sm o o th a n d re g u la r in s p ite o f ru g g ed to p o g ra p h y a n d te r r a in co rrec tio n s ru n n in g u p to 7 m illigals. E . I . R . 202. T he N arro w -b an d R esistance-C oupled A m plifier. L . G. Cowles. Geophys., 1945, 10 (3), 394.— T h e v a c u u m tu b e am plifiers u se d in g e o p h y sical a p p lic a tio n s are a lm o st exclu siv ely re sistan c e coupled ; i t is a co m m o n re q u ire m e n t t h a t th e s e am plifiers h a v e a re la tiv e ly n a rro w -b a n d freq u en o y response. T h e c h a ra c te ris tic s a n d lim ita tio n s
ABSTRACTS. 5 3 a .
o f th is ty p e o f am plifier a re discussed a n d design d a ta given so t h a t th e c ircu it elem ents c an b e o b tain e d w h en th e b a n d w id th , p e a k freq u en cy , a n d p e a k freq u en cy coupling loss a re know n. T he d esign p ro ced u re is illu s tra te d b y sev e ral p ra ctic a l exam ples.
E . I. R . 203. S horan : P recision R a d ar. S. W . Seeley. Oil Gas J ., 6.7.46, 45 (9), 74.— T ests in F lo rid a show t h a t S h o ran gives a n e rro r o f less th a n 50 f t in d istan ce a t its ran g e lim it o f a b o u t 250 m l. I n S h o ran a ra d io se t in a p lan e sends o u t pulses w hich are p ick ed u p b y tw o g ro u n d s ta tio n s a n d re -tra n s m itte d , th e double jo u rn ey from p lan e to g ro u n d sta tio n s being tim ed . T h e p lan e flies on a n arc c en tred on one of th e g round sta tio n s , its p a th being m a in ta in e d b y a refined ty p e o f p ilo t d irectio n in d ic a to r m eter.
B rie f n o tes a re given on th e m ode o f o p e ratio n o f th e eq u ip m en t. G. D. H . 204. T orsion B alance Step A nom alies in N orthern T illm an County, O klahom a. K . K lau s. Geophys., 1945, 10 (4), 507.— I n 1943 a to rsio n b alan ce su rv ey w as m ad e in th e so u th w e ste rn rim o f th e W ic h ita M ountains, O klahom a. T h is su rv ey co n tain s tw o ste p anom alies w hich a re in te rp re te d as asso ciated w ith a large subsurface fa u lt, w ith a n in d icated th ro w o f th e o rd e r of 10,000 ft. T he r e su lts are show n b y a grad ien t- c u rv a tu re m ap , a g ra v ity m ap , tw o-second d e riv a tiv e co n to u r m ap s, an d g ra v ity a n d
second d e riv a tiv e profiles. E . I . R .
205. Geophysical A ctivities in 1945. C. A. H eila n d . W orld Petrol., 1946, 17 (3), 52.— D u rin g 1945 th e av erag e n u m b e r o f geophysical crew s a t w ork w as 562, com pared w ith 451 in 1944. Seism ic crew s to ta lle d 361, a n d g ra v ity m ete r crews 172. I n 1945 th e oil in d u s try s p e n t a n av erag e o f $3,249,000 p e r m o n th on seismic w ork, $774,000 p e r m o n th on g ra v ity m ete r w ork, a n d $72,500 p e r m o n th on m ag n e to m ete r a n d o th e r w ork, giving a to ta l o f $49,500,000 for th e y ear, w ith a fu rth e r
$5,700,000 sp e n t on well-logging.
19,000 o f th e 25,800 w ells co m p leted in 1945 w ere electrically logged.
Foreign, geophysical w o rk , m o stly in th e C a rib b e an a n d S o u th A m erican areas acco u n ted fo r a n av erag e o f 60 seism ic, 30 g ra v ity m e te r, a n d som e geochem ical a n d m ag n e to m e te r p a rties , a n d w as n e arly 50% ab o v e th e 1944 level. R u ssia a t tim es o p e rated as m a n y as 25 ele ctrical a n d 30 seism ic p a rtie s in th e S y zra n a n d S a ra to v areas. Som e geophysical w o rk w as c a rried o u t in E n g la n d .
C ontinuous profiling tec h n iq u e w as a p p lied in re fra c tio n shooting, w hile th e re w as fu rth e r use o f fluorographic a n d “ surface te m p e ra tu re ” (12-75 ft) m eth o d s of ex p lo ra tio n . T he a irb o rn e m a g n e to m e te r w as te s te d on oil stru c tu re s in O klahom a an d
A laska. G. D . H .
206. E arly Seismic Discoveries in O klahom a. B. B. W e a th e rb y . Geophys., 1945, 10 (3), 345.-—T he Sem inole P la te a u in c e n tra l O klahom a w as th e p ro v in g g ro u n d for th e reflexion m eth o d o f seism ic p ro sp ectin g . T h e seism ic p red ictio n s m ad e d uring 1927 a n d 1928 w ere o nly p a rtia lly confirm ed b y su b seq u e n t drilling, b u t as a re su lt of th is w ork th e ch ief difficulties w ere overcom e. I n 1929 th e S o u th E arlsb o ro Pool w as discovered, in 1930 th e N o rth E x te n sio n o f C arr C ity P ool a n d th e W est Sem inole Pool, a n d in 1931 th e Polo F ield , b y th e use o f th is m eth o d . C om plete histories, m aps, a n d records o f th ese discoveries a re given. A com parison o f th e re su lts o b tain ed on th e Polo F ie ld in 1931 a n d 1934 show th e g re a t ad v an ces t h a t w ere m ad e d u rin g
th is period. E . I. R .
207. G ravity an d M agnetic In v estig atio n s a t th e G rand Saline Salt Dom e, V an Z an d t Co., Texas. J . W . P e te rs a n d A. F . D u g an . Geophys., 1945, 10 (3), 376.— I n order to secure ad d itio n al in fo rm a tio n on th e p h y sical p ro p e rtie s o f a ty p ic a l E a s t T exas sa lt dom e, d e ta ile d g ra v ity a n d m ag n etic su rv ey s w ere m ad e a t th e G ra n d Saline S a lt D om e in M ay 1944. T he surface o b se rv atio n s covered a n a re a o f ap p ro x im ate ly 60 sq. m l. a n d a subsurface g ra v ity su rv e y w as m ad e in th e M o rto n S a lt Mine. A q u a n tita tiv e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e re su lts is given. E . I . R . 208. O rganization of G eophysical P arties for F oreign E xploration. C. H . D resbach.
Geophys., 1945, 10 (2), 137.— I n th e fu tu re a n in cre asin g p e rce n ta g e o f th e U .S . oil in d u s try ’s e x p lo ra tio n activ ities w ill b e c o n d u cted in co u n tries o th e r th a n th e U n ited
5 4 a ABSTRACTS.
S ta te s . T h e p u rp o se o f th is p a p e r is to give som e id ea o f th e difficulties t h a t m a y b e en co u n te re d in su ch w o rk a n d how th e y m a y b e overcom e. Such s u b je c ts a s liv in g c o n d itio n s, h e a lth , lan g u ag e difficulty, p erso n n el, tr a n s p o r ta tio n , e q u ip m e n t, s u p p ly o rg a n iz atio n , a n d p ro g ram m e p la n n in g a re discussed. T h e im p o rta n c e o f choosing p erso n n el o f s tro n g a n d tru s tw o rth y c h a ra c te r is c o n sid ered th e g re a te s t g u a ra n te e
o f success. E . I. R .
209. T rends in Geophysical E x p lo ratio n . J . F . A n d erso n . W orld P etrol., 1946, 17 (3), 43.— Seism ic e x p lo ra tio n re ac h ed a p e a k in th e m id d le o f 1945, a p e a k lim ite d o nly b y th e la c k o f f u rth e r crew s. T h e n u m b e r o f g eo p h y sical c o n tra c t crew s h a s b e en tre b le d in th e p a s t fo u r y ears. A m erican co m p an ies a re p re p a rin g to do th e b u lk o f foreign c o n tra c t g e ophysical w ork.
S pecial form s o f reflexion a n d re fra c tio n d e ta il sh o o tin g h a v e b e en d ev elo p ed for d eep flan k e x p lo ra tio n o f s a lt dom es.
T h ere h a s been closer in te g ra tio n o f geology a n d g eophysics in th e d a ily in te r p r e ta tio n o f seism ic field d a ta c o n d u c ted in d is tric t h e a d q u a rte rs n e a r th e site o f o p eratio n s.
G. D . H .
D rillin g.
210. C onstruction of B rita in ’s L arg est Oil W ell D rilling R ig. A no n . O il E n g in e, 1946, 14, 260.— T he la te s t e q u ip m e n t fo r d rillin g dow n to 10,000 f t u sin g 4 |- i n d rill p ip e in oilfields overseas is d escrib ed a n d is k n o w n as th e Id e a l (T y p e 100) C onso lid ated R ig .
T h e p la n t g ro u p co n sistin g o f d ra w w o rk s a n d one slu sh p u m p is p o w ered b y tw o P a x m a n V ee ty p e , M ark 12 r.p .h . engines o f 7-in b o re a n d 7 f-in stro k e , h a v in g a r a te d o u tp u t o f 355 b .h .p . a t 1000 r.p .m . o r 400 b .h .p . a t 1200 r.p .m . P ro v isio n is m a d e for a sim ilar engine d riv in g a n a d d itio n a l p u m p if re q u ire d . E a c h engine is m o u n te d on a se p a ra te sk id fram e to g e th e r w ith s h a ft e x te n sio n su p p o rte d o n self
alig n in g ro ller bearin g s. P o w er d riv e to th e d ra w w o rk s a n d th e co m p o u n d in g d riv e a re b y l j - i n p itc h trip le x ch ain . T h e p u m p d riv e is b y V ee b e lt. T h e engines are d ire c tly co u p led to th e ir re sp e c tiv e s h a fts b y B ib b y co u plings a n d V u lc an -S in c la ir scoop c o n tro lled couplings.
A ir fo r th e a ir-o p e ra te d fric tio n c lu tc h es fo r a ll h o istin g a n d d rillin g o p e ratio n s is o b ta in e d fro m a n In g e rs o ll-R a n d co m p resso r m o u n te d on a n e x te n d e d fram e an d d riv e n b y V ee b e lt fro m N o. 1 engine. T h e slu sh p u m p d riv e n fro m N o. 2 u n it b y 20 l j - i n Vee ro p es a n d m o u n te d on sk id s h a s a m a x im u m w o rk in g p re ssu re o f 3000 lb /s q . in a t 55 r.p .m .
C o n stru c tio n a l d e ta ils a n d o p e ra tio n o f th e d ra w w orks, a ll th e co n tro ls o f w hich a re s itu a te d a t th e d rillers s ta n d , a re d escribed. I t is b u ilt in to tw o u n its , e a c h on its ow n sk id fram e a n d b o lte d to g e th e r p e rm ittin g tra n s p o r ta tio n on h ig h w a y s w ith
a m in im u m ro a d clearan ce o f 8 f t w ide. C. D . B .
211. D rilling E q u ip m en t Needs. D . R a g la n d . Petrol. E n g r Reference A n n u a l, 1945, 17 (10), 72. (P aper presented before A m erican A sso cia tio n o f O il-W ell D rillin g C on
tractors. O klahoma, October 1945.)— A p re lim in a ry a n a ly sis is m a d e o f d rillin g costs w ith re sp ec t to d e p th . T h e p o ss ib ility o f d ecre asin g th e s e c o sts b y fu n d a m e n ta l im p ro v e m en ts in e q u ip m e n t, giv in g lon g er life a n d re q u irin g less la b o u r, is th e n d is cussed. T h e su b je c t is tr e a te d fro m th e a sp e cts o f d rillin g th e hole, co rin g , a n d e v a lu a t
in g fo rm atio n s, casing, cem en tin g , a n d co m p letin g , a n d rig m a in te n a n c e . R . B . S.
212. T rends in D rilling Costs in C alifornia. R . W . M arsh a ll a n d R . C. S h a rp . Petrol.
E n g r Reference A n n u a l, 1946, 17 (10), 61. (P a p er presented before P acific Coast D istrict D iv 'n o f Production A .P . I . Los A ngeles, A p r il 1946.)— A n a n a ly sis is m ad e of rig g in g -u p , d rillin g a n d c o m p letin g tim e , a n d o p e ra tin g c o sts p e r d a y , o f 1187 C ali
fo rn ia w ells v a ry in g in d e p th from a p p ro x im a te ly 2000 to 13,000 ft, d u rin g th e y e ars fro m 1936 to 1945 inclusive. I n a ll 12 g ra p h s a n d 2 ta b le s a re p re sen te d .
R . B. S.
213. T he D rilling W ell a t Sea. A non. O il Gas J . , 2.11.46, 45 (26), 62.— T h e d e v elo p m e n t o f a su b m a rin e field off th e shores o f L o u is ia n a is d e scrib ed . F ir s t d eep te s t, on one o f M agnolia’s five larg e blocks leased fro m th e s ta te o f L o u isia n a , is lo c a te d
ABSTRACTS. 5 5 A
a b o u t 37 m iles s o u th o f M organ C ity, 10 m iles fro m E u g en e Is la n d L ig h th o u se a n d a p p ro x im a te ly 5 m iles fro m P o in t A u F e r, th e n e are st lan d . W hile a n u m b er o f wells alo n g th e G u lf C oast a n d in th e Pacific C o astal a re a h a v e been d rilled in w a ter, th is o p e ra tio n is th e first c arried on a t such a d istan c e from th e shore. T h e sleeping q u a rte rs a re o n a h o u se b o a t especially fitte d for th e pu rp o se. T h e rig is e rected on pilings. C o m m u n icatio n is m a in ta in e d b y radio. A lth o u g h a b ra ck ish w a te r well h as b een c o m p leted a t th e rig, its s u p p ly is in a d e q u a te a n d o v er 500 b rl o f fresh w a ter fo r drillin g m u d m u s t b e h a u le d fro m shore. W ell-sam ple c u ttin g s are collected from th e m u d re tu rn s ev ery 30 ft. A n electric log is ru n ev ery 500 ft, w ith sidew all cores being ta k e n in lik ely a p p e a rin g san d s. Palaeontological d e te rm in a tio n s an d electric-log co rrelatio n s a re m ad e for c o m p a rativ e pu rp o ses w ith th e n e a re st w ells over 5 m iles aw ay. T h e o p e ratio n , M agnolia’s 58 L o u isian a G u lf B lock, is drillin g
a t 9049 ft. A. H . N.
214. D rill-P ipe Yield S tren g th Low ered by Severe D rilling Service. W . O. C linedinst.
Oil Oas J ., 2.11.46, 45 (26), 76.— A t tim e s d rill p ip e m u s t w ith s ta n d h ig h b u rstin g pressures, a t o th ers h ig h collapsing pressu res, som etim es a x ia l ten sio n loads, a n d som e
tim es a x ial com pression. I n a d d itio n , i t m u s t tr a n s m it th e to rq u e re q u ire d for drilling. N o t th e le a st in its service, i t m u s t e n d u re b e n d in g d ue to sid e tra ck in g a n d lack o f s tra ig h tn e ss o f hole, a s w ell as t h a t re su ltin g from colu m n -b u ck lin g actio n u n d e r com pression loads. I t is b elieved t h a t flexural stresses a re th e p rin cip al c o n trib u to rs to fa tig u e o f d rill pip e, w hile to rsio n , a x ia l stresses, v ib ra to ry stresses, a n d those caused b y p ressu re d ifferen tials c o n trib u te to a lesser degree. O ccasionally, sam ples o f d rill pip e re tu rn e d fro m service for m eta llu rg ic a l e x am in atio n h av e d is p la y e d yield s tre n g th s c o n sid erab ly low er th a n w ould be ex p ected from th e m a n u fa c tu rin g reco rd s o f th e steel h e a t re p re se n ted b y th e p a rtic u la r pip e. T h is suggested t h a t th e yield s tre n g th m a y h a v e been a lte re d b y th e a lte rn a tin g stresses in drilling.
E x p e rim e n ta l d a ta a re p re sen te d show ing th e effect o f fa tig u e on drill-pipe steel. A cu rv e show s a v e ry ra p id increase to a m a x im u m follow ed b y a steep decrease in th e yield s tre n g th as re p e a te d stre ss is m a in ta in e d for longer periods or m ad e a larg er
p ro p o rtio n o f th e e n d u ran c e lim it. A. H . N.
215. Casing S anding P ractice. J . p . D e H e ttre . P etrol. E n g r Reference A n n u a l, 1946, 17 (10), 104. (P aper presented before Pacific Coast D istrict D iv 'n o f Production A .P .I . , A p r il 1946.)— See A b s tra c t N o. 860 (1946).
216. A n In v estig atio n of Oil W ell Cem enting. A. J . T ep litz a n d W . E . H asseb ro ek . Petrol. E n g r Reference A n n u a l, 1946, 17 (10), 114. (P aper presented before S . IF.
D istrict D iv 'n o f P roduction A .P .I . , Shreveport, M a y 1946.)— T h is p a p e r describes a th o ro u g h e x p erim e n tal s tu d y o f th e p h y sic al processes o ccurring d u rin g th e c e m e n ta tio n o f casing. T h e re su lts o f m a n y te s ts w hich w ere m ad e usin g c a rn o tite a s a tra c e r are given. T he in fo rm a tio n w as o b tain e d in a v a rie ty o f w ays, in clu d in g electrical, caliper, ra d io a c tiv ity , a n d te m p e ra tu re logging. T h e e x p erim e n ts p erfo rm e d show ed t h a t ex tensive ch annelling o f cem en t occurs in th e o rd in a ry p ro c ed u re o f casing cem en tatio n a n d t h a t th is c o n d itio n is responsible fo r m o st o f th e failu res en co u n tered . I t is suggested t h a t ch an n ellin g c an be reduced, a n d even p ra c tic a lly elim in a ted , b y p ro p erly e quipping th e casing w ith sc ratc h ers a n d c e n tralizin g devices, b y re cip ro ca tin g th e pip e w hilst placing th e cem ent, a n d b y sp eed in g u p th e r a te o f p u m p in g .
I n th e case o f squeeze cem en tin g th e p h y sic al changes w hich o ccu r u n d e rg ro u n d d u rin g th e cem enting process a re n o t fu lly u n d e rsto o d . I t seem s t h a t in som e cases squeeze cem enting m ay even b e h a rm fu l to p ro d u c in g fo rm atio n s. I t is re c o m m ended t h a t a fu rth e r s tu d y o f th is ty p e o f cem en tin g be m ad e in o rd e r to red u ce th e h azard s involved.
F iv e references are a p p en d ed . R . B . S.
217. Im proved D rilling M uds C ontaining Carboxym ethylcellulose. H . H . K av ele r.
Petrol. E n g r Reference A n n u a l, 1946, 17 (10), 93. (P a p er presented before M id - C ontinent D istrict, D iv 'n of Production, A .P .I ., Oklahoma, J u n e 1946.)— See A b s tra c t N o. 1041 (1946).
