J u l y , 1 9 4 7 . 2 4 5 a
A B S T R A C T S .
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n p Ex p l o i t a t i o n.
G eology ... 246 a
G eophysics a n d G eochem ical P ro s p e c tin g ... ... ... 255 a
D r illin g ... ... ... ... 2 60 a
P ro d u c tio n ... ... ... 263 a
O ilfield D e v elo p m en t ... ... 2 7 1a Tr a n s p o r t a n d St o r a g e . . . 272 a Re f i n e r y Op e r a t i o n s.
p a g e
S a fe ty P re c a u tio n s ... ... 276 a
R efin in g P a te n ts ... ... 277 a Pr o d u c t s.
C h e m istry an d P h y s ic s ... 279 a A n aly sis a n d T e s tin g ... ... 2 8 1a
G as ... ... ... ... 284 A
E n g in e F u e ls ... ... ... 284 a
L u b ric a n ts ... ... ... 285 a S p ecial H y d ro c a rb o n P ro d u c ts 288 a
D e riv e d C hem ical P ro d u c ts ... 289 a
M iscellaneous P ro d u c ts ... 290 a R efineries a n d A u x ilia ry R e
finery P la n t ... 273 a En g i n e s a n d Au t o m o t i v e
C racking 275 a Eq u i p m e n t ..... 290 a
P o ly m eriz atio n 275 a
A lk y latio n 276 a Mi s c e l l a n e o u s ..... 291 a
S pecial P rocesses 276 a
M eterin g a n d C o n tro l ... 276 a Bo o k s Re c e i v e d ... 294 a
A U T H O R IN D E X .
T he n u m b e rs refer to A b s tra c t N u m b ers.
Adam s, E ., 1054 Aiken, 0 . B., 1013 Akins, D. W., 1026 A lbright, R. E., 1131 Alcock, E . D ., 984 Alexander, M., 1082 A mbrose, H . A., 1047 Anzus, L. I., 1067 A pjohn, T. L., 1131 A rm istead, G., 1066 A rnold, 0 ., 1072 A rnold, J . 0 ., 1072 A ston, E . F ., 1013 A iibert, M., 1107 B arthelm es, A. J ., 983 B auer, G. G., 1126 Beach, F. K ., 1050 B eacham , 0 . 0 ., 967 Beals, T. H ., 1055 Beloussov, V. V., 952 Bestougeff, M., 1086 B eyon, H . J ., 1072 . B ond, G. R ., J r ., 1Ö72 Boots, P . H ., 968 B ornhauser, M., 944 Boyd, L. H ., 964 B raddicks, R ., J r ., 1095 B rancker, A. V., 1079 Brewer, A. G., 1013 Brooks, J . W., 1072 Buchdahl, R ., 1095 B uddnis, E ., 1047 B urk, R. E ., 1072 B utyagin, P . J ., 1077 C agniant, P ., 1068, 1102 Cahill, J . C., 1074 Caldwell, J ., 1047 Calhoun, J . C., J r ., 1030 Cam pbell, D. L., 1072 Campbell, J . H ., 1019 C annon, G. E ., 1013 Carney, S. C., 1047 C ejka, S. A ., 1047 O hatelus, G., 1068 Clark, J . M., 1023
U
Clifford, I . L., 1072 Collins, D. B., 1047 Colomb, M., 1102 Cook, M. G., 1097 C orbin, N ., 1082 C ostin, W . B ., 1013 C ourter, L. A., 1013 Orane, F . S., 1013 C urado, J . G., 1095 D ana, F . E ., 1047 D arm ois, R ., 1086 D avis, W. J ., 1058 Dawson, H . M., 970 D eckert, H . B., 1013 Deegan, CX J ., 1049 D eluzarche, A., 1068,
1102
D erjaguin, B., 1108 Dix, C. H ., 993 D obbin, C. E ., 946 Dow, R . B ., 1110 Dresbach, 0 . H ., 971 D unigan, J . D., 1009 D unn, J . H ., 1132 E dw ards, R . E ., 1011,
1047
Egloff, G., 1082, 1125 E lovich, S. J ., 1077 Eyring, H ., 1111 F agin, K . M., 998 F aw cett, E. W. M., 1072 F eacham , C. G. P ., 1072 Fife, J . G., 1072 F iilippone, W. R ., 973 F lanagan, H . J ., 1074 F lo r De, J . G., 1061 Fowler, F . C., 1018 F rosch, A., 1013 Frowe, E . W ., 980 F u , 0 . Y ., 986, 987, 988 Gabriel, V. G., 975 G am er, F . H ., 1080 G artin, E . G., 1013
Gillin, J . A., 984 Goldfinch, D. A., 1065 Graff, R. A., 1099 G ran t, J ., 1047 Gross, H . E ., 1000 Gsovsky, V., 952 G ustafson, H . W ., 1097 G uthrie, R . K ., 1043 H alsey, G., 1111 H arris, S., 965 H eath , W. A ., 1044 H in so n , H . H ., 945 H oladay, W. N ., 1131 H oover, H ., J r ., 996 H o rto n , A. A ., 1072 H o rto n , A. W ., 1072 H o rto n , 0 . W., 969, 977 Howe, H . V., 939 H oylm an, H . W., 991 H uetz, J ., 1106 H ughes, 0 . H ., 1072 H ughes, E . C., 1072 H ughes, R. V., 1037,1038 H um phreys, 0 . J . , 1076 H u n ter, E ., 1072 Jack so n , W. J ., 1022 Jo h n so n , E . A., 1013 J o h n sto n , D ., 1001 Jo n es, E . N ., 1016, 1027,
1029
Jo n es, P . J ., 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042
Jo rd an , J . F ., 1100 Jou k o u , V. A., 959 Keller, B. M., 962 K endall, J . M., 985 K ilp atrick , J . E ., 1075 K intz, G. M., 989 Koepf, E . H ., 1098 K ogbetliantz, E . G ., 972 K osygin, G. A., 934 K o th n y , G. L., 1007,
1008, 1013 K oussakov, M., 1112
K rasnow , S., 1013 Langer, A., 1088 Lauenstein, R. L., 1021 Law n, G., 1070 Lom er, T. R ., 1084 Lowell, A. L., 1121 Luaces, E . L., 1072 M cCarver, H ., 947 McDowell, C. A ., 1078 McKee, A. H ., 968 M artin, W. F ., 1017 M ayo, F ., 1080 M ent, J . de, 978 Meyer, R. E., 1072 M eyerstein, W., 1094 Miller, E. F ., 1131 M itchell, R. G., 1072 M organ, J . D ., 1094 M organ, J . S., 1013 Morris, G., 974 Mounce, W. D., 1013 Muffly, G., 982 M urphy, D. A., 1013 M urphy, E . T., 1074 M uskat, M., 1025, 1045 M^ers, C. G ., 1702 N arv arte, P . E ., 992 N elson, W. L., 1057,
1063, 1064, 1073, 1089 N ettleto n , L. L., 942 N eubauer, E. T ., 1060 N ichols, E . A., 941 N ielsen, R . F ., 1031 N issan, A. H ., 1080 N o rto n , F . J ., 1047 Offman, P . E ., 960 O’Kelly, A. A., 1072 O’Leary, 0 . M., 1013 Ossipova, A. J ., 958 O tto , F . B ., 1072 Page, R. K ., 1122
a P ark er, S. S., 1062 P a tto n , E . 0 ., 1032 P eabody, G., 965 P eirson, J . G., 1120 P en n , W. S., 1115 P etro v , A. D ., 1067 P ey to n , Gr., 938 P irso n , S. J ., 981 P itzer, K . S., 1075, 1081 P lyer, E . K ., 1076 Power, H . H ., 1128 P r a tt, W. E ., 933 P rice, P . H ., 932 P ro b ert, R . P ., 1083 Q uarendon, P ., 1090 R eed, P ., 937, 951, 1002 R eynolds, E . H ., 1070 R ichards, R . B., 1072 R ichards, T. C., 974 R ichardson, E . G., 935 R iske, T. H ., 1100 R ob in so n , J . V., 1101 R o m an , I ., 995 R om berg, J . W., 1092 R ossini, F . D ., 1074 Sachenen, A. N ., 1072
S antiago, J . J ., 1013, 1047
Savitz, C. W ., 1013 Scrivener, W. C., 1013 Sedlak, V. A ., 1074 Sewell, B. W ., 1013 Shaw , M. O., 1060 S helton, P . L., 1023 Shepherd, M., 1091 S h o rt, E . H ., J r ., 1003,
1005, 1010, 1046 Sigal, J ., 953 Silverm an, D ., 1013 Sinn, V., 1087 Skeels, D. C., 979 Slezkin, N . A ., 1104, 1105 Small, A. D ., 963 S m ith, E . A ., 1113 Sm ith, N . C., 936 Sm oliansky, M., 1108 Sneddon, R ., 1051 Snodgrass, C. B ., 1009 Stair, R ., 1076 S tephenson, E . A ., 1035,
1036 S terrett, E ., 1012 Strakhov? N . M., 955 Streiff, A. J ., 1074 S trong, R . G., 1055
S u tto n , A. N ., 1127 S u tto n , F ., 1059 Swindells, J . F ., 1096 T a it, H . O., 1072 Taliasferro, D. R ., 1043 Targ, S. M., 1103, 1104 Taylor, J ., 974 Taylor, M. O., 1025 Tay lo r, W . J ., 1081 T h eo d o ro v itch , G. I ., 961 T h o m p so n , G. S., 1047 T odd, J . D ., 940 T ra u tm an , C. E ., 1047 Traxler, R . N ., 1092,
1093
Triggs, W . W ., 1072 T ro u tm an , W ., 1070 T u ttle , R . B., 1071 U sines de Melle, 1072 Y an d en M inne, J . L .,
1114
Y an T hom pson, 1099 Villèy, J ., 1107 V oronin, N . I ., 957 W alsh, T. J ., 1072
W atson, H . L ., 1085 W atson, R ., 950 W eaver, P ., 971 W eber, G., 1024, 1033,
1048,1116 W endler, A. P ., 966 W engerd, S. A ., 936 W est, L. G., 947 W est, T. S., 967, 1015 W h itta k er, E . J . W.,
1109
W idess, M. B ., 990 W iggins, J . H ., 1059 W illiam s, E . G., 1072 W illiam s, F . J ., 994 W illiam s, N ., 998, 1020,
1034, 1049 W illingham , C. B ., 1074 W ilto n , T . O., 1072 W olf. A ., 976 WooÛey, W. C., 997 Y anshine, A. L ., 956 Y u ster, S. T ., 1047
O Zaba, J ., 999 Zim kin, E ., 1072 Zobell, 0 . E ., 1047
Oi l f i e l d E x p l o r a t i o n a n d E x p l o i t a t i o n. G e o lo g y .
932. E v o lu tio n of Geologic T h o u g h t in P rospecting fo r Oil an d N a tu ra l Gas. P . H . P ric e.
B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1947, 31, 673-697.— A fte r a s u rv e y o f th e v a rio u s uses o f p e tro le u m a n d n a tu r a l gas fro m th e e arlie st h isto ric a l tim e s, a n d e v e n before, th e b eg in n in g o f th e oil in d u s tr y in th e U .S .A . w ith th e d rillin g o f t h e D ra k e w ell is d escribed.
F o r som e tim e geologists a n d th e oil in d u s try w o rk ed in d e p e n d e n tly o f one a n o th e r ; b u t th e o il-m en’s m is tr u s t o f geologists w as d issip a te d b y W h ite a n d O rto n , whose th eo ries w ere first p ro v e d b y th e success o f th e w ell d rille d a t M a n n in g to n , W est V irg in ia, in 1889.
As fresh uses for p e tro le u m w ere fo u n d a n d th e d e m a n d fo r i t grew , e v e r g re a te r efforts w ere m ad e to lo ca te oil a n d gas accum ulations.. A s u m m a ry is g iv en o f th e tec h n ica l a d v an c es m ad e u p to th e fo rm a tio n o f th e A m e ric an A sso c ia tio n o f P e tro le u m G eologists in 1917.
A s a re s u lt of th e im p e tu s giv en to th e oil in d u s tr y b y th e 1914-1918 w ar, larg e sum s o f m o n ey b eg an to be d e v o te d to research . T h e b e g in n in g s o f palaeontology a n d o f th e science o f g eophysics a re d escrib ed , a n d th e use o f a e ria l p h o to g ra p h y w hich w as d ev elo p ed d u rin g th e w a r is m en tio n ed .
I n conclusion, th e p rin c ip a l m o d e m tr e n d s o f geologic th o u g h t a re n o te d , including th eo ries o f origin, m ig ra tio n , a cc u m u la tio n , a n d re serv o ir tr a p s . T h e m o s t im p o rta n t a d v an c e since th e a n tic lin a l th e o ry is s ta te d to b e th e re a liz a tio n t h a t re serv o irs c o u ld e x is t w ith o u t d ip re v ersa ls d u e to d e fo rm a tio n , a n d co u ld re s u lt fro m a ch an g e in lith o lo g y , giving a s tra tig ra p h ic ty p e tr a p reserv o ir. T h e co n se q u en t c o m p lica tio n o f th e science o f p e tro leu m geology called— a n d calls— for g re a te r sp ec ia liz atio n ; b u t th is m u s t b e ach iev ed w ith o u t, if possible, a c o rre sp o n d in g loss o f in te g ra tio n . T o p re serv e th is in te g ra tio n is th e ta s k o f th e A m e ric an A sso ciatio n o f P e tro le u m
G eologists. E . N . T .
933. P etro leu m on C ontinental Shelves. W . E . P r a t t. B u ll. A m er. A s s . Petrol. Oeol., 1947, 31, 657-672.— T he c o n tin e n ta l sh e lf c an b e co n sid ered as en circlin g a ll th e c o n ti
n e n ts ex ce p t A n ta rc tic a in a co n tin u o u s b e lt. A n ta rc tic a h a s its ow n in d iv id u a l c o n tin e n ta l shelf, w hich i t sh a re s w ith no o th e r c o n tin e n t. T h e sh e lf is u s u a lly c o n sid e red a s ex te n d in g to a d e p th o f 100 fa th o m s or 600 f t ; below it s t a r ts th e d e sc e n t in to th e deep oceanic basins.
T h e a g g reg ate a re a o f th e c o n tin e n ta l shelves is a b o u t 11 m illio n sq. m l. a n d re p re s e n ts
A B S T R A C T S . 247 a a n e x tre m e ly m obile seg m en t o f th e e a r th ’s c ru st. I t is c o n sid ered t h a t th e re a re b e tw ee n 50 a n d 60 m illion cu. m l. o f u n m e ta m o rp h o s ed sed im e n ts w hich m a y c o n tain m ore th a n 1000 b illio n b rl o f u n d isc o v ere d oil or a p p ro x im a te ly 500 tim es th e w o rld ’s p re se n t a n n u a l co n su m p tio n . T hese reserv es a re a t p re s e n t b ein g ta p p e d in o nly a v e ry few lo calities off th e co asts o f th e U n ite d S ta te s. I t re m a in s to be seen w h e th er th e p e tro le u m reserv es o f th e c o n tin e n ta l shelves w ill indeed b e e x p lo ited on a larg e scale in view o f th e c a p ita l co sts inv o lv ed , p a rtic u la rly as processes o f sy n th e sis becom e
in creasin g ly econom ic. E . N . T .
934. M echanism of Salt-D om e F o rm atio n . G. A. K osygin. B u ll. Soc, des N a tu ra listes de M oscou, 1945, N ew Ser., 50, Sect. Oeol., 20 (5-6), 3 -2 9 .— T he low d e n sity o f ro c k sa lt is o f im p o rta n ce w ith re g ard to u p w a rd flow. I t s p la s tic ity a n d th e fa c t t h a t deeper b u ria l does n o t sig n ifican tly increase its c o m p actn ess a re f u rth e r im p o rta n t featu res.
S alt-d o m e g ro w th is a c o n tin u o u s process u n d e r th e su p e rin cu m b en t lo ad , a n d th e r a te is p ro p o rtio n a l to th e h eig h t. T he c o n tin u ity o f g ro w th is show n b y th ic k e n in g of b ed s aw ay from th e dom e. T he sh a p e te n d s to becom e m o re c irc u la r w ith g ro w th . U n ev en d istrib u tio n o f th e cap -ro c k leads to irreg u lar s a lt flow a t th e to p o f th e dom e.
T h e n ecessary difference in s a lt a n d se d im e n t d e n sity m a y arise o n ly a fte r deep
b u rial. Tfneven lo ad localizes th e dom es. G. D . H .
935. M easurem ent of P ressu re on th e Sea Bed. E . G. R ich a rd so n . P h il. M a g ., 1946.
37, 25.— D e tails o f th e c o n stru c tio n a n d c a lib ra tio n are g iv en o f a n a p p a ra tu s , b a se d on th e c a p a c ity a n d leak sy ste m , for m e a su rin g th e p re ssu re e x e rte d b y th e sea on its
bed . J . T .
936. Photogeology Aids N aval P etro le u m E xploration. N . C. S m ith a n d S. A. W en g erd . B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1947, 31, 824-838.— T h e n e ed for a c c u ra te in fo rm a tio n d u rin g th e w ar h a s re su lte d in g re a t d ev elo p m en ts in a e ria l p h o to g rap h ic a n d in te r - p re ta tio n a l tech n iq u es. I n p a rtic u la r, p h o to g ra p h ic su rv e y s w ere u se d b y th e U .S . N a v y in th e e x p lo ra tio n o f N a v a l P e tro le u m R ese rv e N o. 4 in n o rth e rn A laska. T he use o f p h o togeology b y th e N a v y in p e tro leu m e x p lo ra tio n is d escrib ed a n d c ite d as a n ex am p le o f how th is new science c an p ro cu re prelim inary-geologic in fo rm a tio n w ith th e
m in im u m o f tim e a n d p ersonnel. E . N . T .
937. F a st P ace B eing Set in Cotton County D evelopm ent. P . R eed. Oil Gas J ., 23.11.46, 45 (29), 64-66.— T h e d isco v ery w ell o f th e new C o tto n C o u n ty d e v elo p m en t w as in th e E ssa q u a n ah d a le (Bridw ell) pool w here p ro d u c tio n w as in th e H o u g h to n sand.
T h e Cache C reek pool is 3 m l so u th e a s t, a n d th e Soldier C reek (Jo h n so n ) p ool 2 m l n o rth w e st. I n itia l o u tp u ts o f wells h a v e ra n g e d 25-500 b rl. P ro d u c in g d e p th s ran g e 1300-1630 f t o ver th e e n tire g roup. D rillin g a n d co m p letio n o f a w ell u su a lly occupies 3 d a y s. D rillin g co sts av era g e $ 1.75^$2.00/ft. T h e w ells a re u s u a lly p u m p ed se p a ra te ly b y electric m o to rs.
T he d ev elo p m en t is along a b u rie d n o rth w e s t-s o u th e a s t h igh. T h e p ro v e n a re a is 1700 acres, a n d recoveries m a y b e 350 b rl/a c re -ft. T h e W a lte rs field, 6 m l n o rth e a s t o f Soldier Creek, w as o pened in 1917. I t p ro d u ced fro m th e P rid d y san d . A few w ells h a v e been d rille d to th e A rbuckle, five bein g a t B ridw ell.
A t Cache C reek a n u p p e r sa n d p ro d u ces, a n d th is sam e sa n d h a s a little gas a t E s s a q u a n ah d a le a n d Soldier Creek, b u t m o st p ro d u c tio n is from th e low er H o u g h to n sand.
B o th san d s a re in th e P o n to to c (P en n sy lv an ian ) a n d th e to p of th e u p p e r sa n d is a b o u t
200 f t below th e b ase o f th e P e rm ia n . G. D . H .
938. P rogress of Oil Search in G eorgia. G. P e y to n . O il W k ly , 16.9.46, 123 (3), 92.—
T he n o rth w e st o f G eorgia is n o t view ed fa v o u ra b ly fo r oil o ccurrence. B e n e a th th e C oastal P la in are T riassic to R e c e n t b ed s a n d over 9,000,000 acres h a v e been leased in th is area. G eophysical w ork h a s b een c arried o u t. T h e first a d e q u a te te s t w en t to g ra n ite a t 4375 ft. R o ck s ra n g in g M iocene to A u s tin w ere m et. I n 1939 tw o shallow wells in M ontgom ery C o u n ty h a d oil a n d gas show s. A shallow w ell in Clinch C ou n ty h a d show s. Two wells in D o u g h e rty C o u n ty d id n o t reach b a se m e n t in 5000 ft, a n d one show ed C laiborne to T uscaloosa rocks. A well in E a rly C o u n ty in 1943 fo u n d W ilcox to L ow er C retaceous, a n d Palaeozoic rocks in d rillin g 7320 ft. F u r th e r deep wells w ere d rilled in 1944.
248 a A B S T R A C T S .
D rillin g h a s d e m o n s tra te d th e presen c e o f L ow er C retaceous in G eorgia a t d e p th . T ria s h a s also b e en found.
T h e deep w ells a re lis te d . A gen eraliz ed geological m a p is in clu d ed , to g e th e r w ith a n e a s t-w e s t sectio n fro m E a r ly C o u n ty to W a y n e C o u n ty , a n d a g en eralized c o lu m n a r
se c tio n fo r th e C o astal P la in . G. D . H .
939. S tatu s o£ M icropalseontology in E a s te rn Gulf R egion. H . V. H ow e. B u ll. A m er.
A ss. Petrol. Geol., 1947, 31, 713-730.— A lth o u g h th e larg e r fossils h a v e b e en th e o b jec t o f fre q u e n t s tu d y since th e tim e o f J o h n F in c h , i t is o n ly since 1918 t h a t th e s tu d y o f m icrofossils h a s b e en serio u sly d ev elo p ed . I n th e la s t 30 y e a rs, ho w ev er, econom ic m icropalseontology h a s b e e n d ev elo p ed to a re m a rk a b le degree. N e a rly 700 species of forctm inifera, 150 o f ostracoda, 580 o f bryozoa, a n d 23 o f otoliths h a v e b e en d escribed as n ew in th e S ta te s o f M ississipi, T ennessee, A la b a m a , G eorgia, F lo rid a , a n d S o u th C arolina, w hile h u n d re d s o f o th e r species h a v e b e en r e p o rte d w hose ty p e lo ca lities are elsew here.
T h e fo rm atio n s w hose ty p e lo calities h a v e b e en fa irly th o ro u g h ly s tu d ie d fo r th e ir m ic ro fau n a l c o n te n t a re lis te d , a n d sugg estio n s fo r f u r th e r stu d ie s a re m ad e.
A b ib lio g ra p h y o f o v er 200 p a p e rs on th e s u b je c t is a p p e n d e d to th is p a p e r. O f th ese a t le a s t 160 d e al m a in ly w ith fo ra m in ife ra , 21 w ith ostracoda, 11 w ith bryozoa, a n d 4 w ith o to lith s. F o ssil species d e scrib ed as n ew in th e reg io n a re lis te d in th e
.b ib lio g ra p h y . E . N . T.
940. W h a t’s W rong W ith th e E a s te rn Gulf C o a st? J . D . T o d d . O il W k ly , 16.9.46, 123 (3), 89.— F lo rid a h a s b e en a p o sitiv e a re a a b o v e o r ju s t b elo w sea lev el over long perio d s. T h e sin k in g w hich gav e a t le a s t 38,000 f t o f L a te T e r tia r y in T erreb o rn e P a ris h , h a s som e influence o n w e ste rn F lo rid a . T h e re m a y b e a few s a lt d o m es in w e ste rn F lo rid a u n d e r c o m p a c t g r a v ity m in im a.
R e c e n t w o rk h a s show n t h a t th e reflection seism o g rap h e n c o u n te rs difficulties in th e e a s te rn G u lf C oast. T h is in clu d es la c k o f reflectio n s, a c u te v e lo c ity v a ria tio n s , an d su rface com plexities.
40,000,000 acres a re u n d e r lease in th e e a s te rn G u lf C o a st a rea . Q u ite a lo t of e x p lo ra to ry w o rk h a s b e e n c a rrie d o u t, b u t a few w ild c a ts h a v e b e e n d rille d . Source bed s, reserv o ir, a n d cap -ro ck s seem to b e p re se n t. T h e se ctio n p ro b a b ly h a s th e sam e c o m p o n e n ts a s t h a t o f T ex as, b u t in th in n e r d ev elo p m e n t, a n d p ro d u c tio n m a y be fo u n d in th e E u ta w , T uscaloosa, P a lu x y , a n d S m ack o v er, a n d in th e Palaeozoic, if
p re s e n t. G. D . H .
941. G eotherm al G radients in M id-C ontinent a n d G ulf Coast Oilfields. E . A. N ichols.
Petrol. Tech., N o v . 1946, 9 (6) ( A .I .M . M .E . Tech. P u b n . N o . 2114).— T h e b o tto m -h o le te m p e ra tu re s o f p ro d u c in g w ells in th e M id -C o n tin en t a n d G u lf C o ast oilfields w ere m ea su re d a f te r bein g closed in fo r p e rio d s o f 1 h o u r u p to 10—12 d a y s. I n som e in stan c e s th e te m p e ra tu re reco rd e d w ill n o t b e th e e q u ilib riu m v a lu e , a lth o u g h i t w ill re p re se n t th e te m p e ra tu re o f v alu e in a p p lic a tio n to p ro d u c in g reserv o irs. T h e th e rm a l g ra d ie n t h a s b e en ta k e n as th e ra tio o f th e te m p e ra tu re difference b e tw e e n th e w ell b o tto m a n d th e su rface (assum ed to b e 74° F ) a n d th e d e p th . A c c u ra te o b se rv a tio n s show t h a t th e g ra d ie n t is n o t u n ifo rm , a n d t h a t in m o st w ells th e c u rv es in crease in ste ep n e ss w ith in creasin g d e p th . T h is is c h a ra c te ris tic o f a re a s u n d e rla in b y se d im e n ts. O p p o site c u rv a tu re h a s b e en o b se rv ed in a re a s belie v ed to b e closely u n d e rla in b y g ra n ite or o th e r ig neous rocks.
1800 m ea su re m e n ts w ere m ad e in 194 fields, a n d th e m e a n g ra d ie n ts h a v e b e en p lo tte d a n d co n to u re d . T h e r e s u lta n t m a p show s a lo w -g rad ie n t (0-3-0-8 F /1 0 0 ft) b a sin in th e N ew M e x ico -W est T ex as a rea . H ig h e r g ra d ie n ts o ccu r in th e G u lf C oast a re a , a n d th e y in crease in la n d . T h e g e n era l a re a o f th e S ab in e U p lift is m a rk e d b y a b a sin w ith th e g ra d ie n ts d ecre asin g to w a rd s th e c en tre. G. D . H . 942. Geophysical H isto ry of T ypical M ississippi P ie rce m e n t S alt D om es. L . L . N e ttle - to n . Geophys., 1947, 12, 30.-—M aps a n d cross-sections a re giv en , sh ow ing th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f g eo p h y sical a n d geological know ledge o f th e N ew H o m e a n d D ’L o dom es.
B o th a re shallow , p ierc em e n t dom es in th e n o rth e rn p a r t o f th e M ississippi s a lt d om e b a sin . B o th w ere first in d ic a te d b y g r a v ity su rv e y s, th e sh allow c ap -ro c k ch eck ed b y re fra c tio n seism o g rap h su rv e y s, c ap -ro ck d e p th s ch eck ed b y d rillin g a n d f u r th e r
A B S T R A C T S . 2 4 9 a seism o g rap h w o rk a n d d rillin g th e n c arried o u t to d e te rm in e th e p o sitio n o f th e sa lt a n d th e a ttitu d e o f th e sed im en ts. T he successive ite m s o f geophysical w o rk a n d te s t d rillin g h a v e led to a c o n sisten t a n d o rd erly d e v elo p m en t o f in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th ese dom es.
A n a d d itio n a l n o te is in clu d ed , w ith th re e p a irs o f g ra v ity m ap s, show ing how s tro n g a n d definite, b u t v e ry local, g r a v ity expressions o f shallow dom es m a y b e m issed b y
reco n n aissan ce su rv ey s. E . I . R .
943. M ississippian Oil in P e rm ia n B asin. A non. Oil Gas J . , 2.11.46, 45 (26), 105.—
1 C lark, a b o u t 8 m l n o r th o f G ard en C ity, a n d o n th e e a s t side o f th e M id lan d b asin , t w as d rilled to 10,970 ft, e n te rin g g ra n ite . T he E lle n b u rg er w as m e t a t 9840 ft. P r o d u c tio n is fro m p e rfo ra tio n s a t 9740-9755 f t in th e C hapel lim esto n e o f th e M ississip
p ia n . O n te s t th e flow w as 238 b r l/d a y o f 56-5° oil, w ith a g a s/o il ra tio o f 3878 cu.
ft./b r l. T h e closed-in p ressu re w as 2334 p.s.i. T h is lim esto n e p ro d u ces o n th e B end
A rch f a rth e r e ast. G. D . H .
944. M arine S edim entary Cycles of T ertiary in M ississippi E m b ay m en t an d C entral Gulf Coast A rea. M. B o m h au s er. B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Geol., 1947, 31, 698-712.— T he prin cip les o f cyclic d e p o sitio n a re briefly review ed a n d a te n ta tiv e classificatio n of m arin e se d im e n ta ry cycles is d ra w n u p . T hese p rin cip les a re a p p lie d to th e T e rtia ry fo rm atio n s o f th e M ississippi e m b a y m e n t a n d th e a d jo in in g G u lf C oast a re a in L o u isia n a a n d M ississippi. A t le a st five m a jo r cycles, re p re se n tin g incursions o f th e sea in to th is a rea, c an b e recognized, w ith a possible s ix th in th e M iocene sectio n o f th e G u lf C oast a rea.
T h e presence o f a su b m a rin e p la te a u in so u th e a s t M ississippi b o u n d e d b y synclines on th e n o rth a n d n o rth w e st, is in d ic a te d b y th e facies a n d th ic k n e ss d is trib u tio n o f th e o lder T e rtia ry cycles. A s tu d y o f th re e a tta c h e d isopachous m ap s show s a progressive ex p an sio n o f th is p o sitiv e a re a to th e n o r th a n d n o rth w e s t d u rin g E ocene tim e, a s th e b o rd erin g sy n clin al areas sh ifted in th e sam e d irectio n . T h is e x p an sio n c an b e e x p lain e d b y th e th e o ry t h a t th e so u th e a s t M ississippi p la te a u is p a r t o f th é n o rth e rn fro n t o f th e G u lf o f M exico n e u tra l p la te , w hich po ssib ly d rifte d n o rth w e s tw a rd in co n n ectio n w ith th e T e rtia ry orogenic m o v em e n ts in th e G re ate r A ntilles.
T he v ario u s m arin e tran sg ressio n s d u rin g th e T e rtia ry a re ascrib ed to epeirogenic m o v em en ts in th e M ississippi e m b a y m e n t a n d its b o rd er-lan d s. T hese m o v em e n ts re ac h ed th e ir clim ax in J a c k s o n tim e , a fte r w hich th e sea r e tr e a te d fin ally fro m th e
M ississippi em b a y m en t. E . N . T.
945. R eservoir C haracteristics of R a ttlesn ak e Oil an d Gasfield, San J u a n C ounty, New Mexico. H . H . H in so n . B u ll. A m er. A ss. P etrol. Geol., 1947, 31, 731-771.— T he R a ttle s n a k e oil a n d gasfield is in th e N a v ajo In d ia n R e se rv atio n a b o u t 7 m l so u th w e st o f S hiprock, in S an J u a n C ounty, n o rth w e ste rn N ew M exico, n e a r th e n o rth w e s t edge o f th e S an J u a n B asin.
T he s tru c tu re o f R a ttle s n a k e is a n o rth w e s t-s o u th e a s t-tre n d in g a n ticlin e, w ith a series o f m in o r hig h s along its axis. T h e a n ticlin e h a s g re a te r s tr u c tu r a l re lie f w ith d e p th , a n d th e low er beds th in o ver th e to p o f th e s tru c tu re . T he d ip o f th e older rocks is m u ch g re a te r on th e w est flan k o f th e s tru c tu re th a n on th e e a s t flank. T h e a x ial p lan e o f th e a n ticlin e is p rogressively fa rth e r w est w ith d e p th , a n d th e a p e x o f th e a n tic lin e is pro g ressiv ely f a rth e r so u th w ith d e p th .
T h e th ick n ess o f th e se d im e n ta ry rocks p e n e tra te d b y w ells o n th e R a ttle s n a k e field is a b o u t 7500 ft. A t th e surface is th e M ancos shale (700-800 ft), w hich a ll w ells p e n e tr a te . U n d e r th is is th e D a k o ta san d sto n e , w hich is a b o u t 200 f t th ic k a n d fro m w hich m o st o f th e oil w hich h as been p ro d u ced , a n d a ll th e oil b ein g p ro d u ced a t p re s e n t in th e R a ttle s n a k e field h av e come. U n d erly in g th e D a k o ta sa n d sto n e a re sev eral non- o il-bearing fo rm atio n s : th e M orrison fo rm atio n , th e S an R a fae l g ro u p , c o n ta in in g several fo rm atio n s, th e W in g ate fo rm atio n , th e Chinle fo rm atio n , th e S h in a ru m p conglom erate, th e M oenkapi fo rm atio n , a n d th e C u tler a n d R ico fo rm atio n s. B elow th e R ico fo rm atio n , a t d e p th s o f a p p ro x im a te ly 5700 to 5800 f t is th e H e rm o sa fo rm atio n , w ith a th ick n ess v a ry in g fro m a b o u t 1050 to 1200 ft. T h is fo rm atio n h a s p ro d u ced oil in th e R a ttle s n a k e field from tw o wells. L ow er id entified s t r a ta a re th e M olas fo rm atio n , th e O u ra y lim estone, w hich form s a reserv o ir for h eliu m -b earin g
a
n a tu r a l gas, th e E lb e r t fo rm a tio n a n d th e Ig n acio q u a rtz ite w hich, bein g U p p e r C am b r ia n in age, is th e o ld e s t fo rm a tio n re ac h ed .
O il w as fo u n d in th e D a k o ta s a n d sto n e in F e b ru a ry 1924. B y 1944 o v er 100 w ells h a d b een d rille d , a n d a b o u t 36 w ere s till p ro d u c in g in th e field. T h is oil, w h ich is h ig h ly v o latile , m a y h a v e a g ra v ity as h ig h a s 76° A P I w h en fresh , b u t q u ick ly w e a th e rs to a g r a v ity o f a b o u t 60° to 64° A P I. U p to th e e n d o f 1945, th e D a k o ta sa n d s to n e h a d p ro d u c e d 4,321,753 b rl o f oil.
C om m ercial p ro d u c tio n w as o b ta in e d fro m 2 w ells in th e H e rm o sa fo rm atio n . B e tw e e n th e m th e y p ro d u c e d , fro m tw o s e p a ra te p o ro u s zones, 489,563 b rl o f oil b e tw ee n 1929 a n d 1940.
A lth o u g h h eliu m -b ea rin g n a tu r a l gas w as fo u n d in th e O u ra y -L e a d v ille fo rm atio n in J u n e 1942, th e first gas w ell w as n o t c o m p le te d u n til a y e a r la te r. T h e co m p o sitio n o f th is g as is v e ry u n u s u a l b ecau se o f its h ig h n itro g e n c o n te n t. T h e h e liu m c o n te n t is also h ig h , a n d in consequence th is gas pool is b ein g h e ld a s a h eliu m reserv e b y th e B u re a u o f M ines, U .S . D e p a rtm e n t o f th e In te rio r. E . N . T.
946. E x cep tio n al Oilfields in R ocky M o u n tain s R egion of U n ited S tates. C. E . D obbin.
B u ll. A m e r. A ss. Petrol. Geol., 1947, 31, 797-823.— O il a c c u m u la tio n s in th e R o c k y M o u n ta in a re a h a v e a w ide ra n g e o f q u a litie s a n d v a r y c o n sid era b ly in th e ir geological occu rren ce. T h is p a p e r d e als w ith re p re s e n ta tiv e fields o f th is a re a t h a t p ro d u c e oils o f h ig h ly d iv e rg e n t c h a ra c te r u n d e r re la tiv e ly e x ce p tio n a l co n d itio n s. O il ra n g in g in g r a v ity fro m 11° to 76° com es fro m a ll v a rie tie s o f tr a p s in L o w er M ississippian to O ligocene re serv o ir rocks. T h e fields d escrib ed in clu d e dom es, s tra tig ra p h ic tra p s , h ig h ly fold ed a n ticlin es, fa u lte d d om es a n d a n tic lin es a n d , la s tly , n o n -fa u lte d an ticlin es a n d dom es. O il fro m p re -J u ra s s ic s t r a ta is g e n era lly h e a v y w h ile t h a t fro m y o u n g er s t r a ta is g en erally lig h t, fa cts w hich in th e m a in a re c o n tra ry to c o n d itio n s elsew here.
I t is p o in te d o u t t h a t th e c o n d itio n s o f oil a c c u m u la tio n in th e R o c k y M o u n ta in region h a v e in m a n y cases n o t b e en sa tis fa c to rily ex p lain ed . E . N . T.
847. Geology an d Geophysics of th e O dem Oilfield, San P a tric io C ounty, T exas. H . M cC arver a n d L . G. W es t. Geophys., 1947, 12, 13.— T h e e a rly e x p lo ra tio n o f th e O dem a re a b y geological, to rsio n b a la n c e , a n d seism o g rap h m e th o d s w as follow ed in 1938 b y a reflection seism o g rap h su rv e y . O n th e b a sis o f th is la te r w o rk th e d isco v ery w ell w as d rille d in 1939. T h e p ro v e n lim its o f p ro d u c tio n c o n fo rm ed closely to th e
c o n to u rs o f th e seism o g rap h m ap . E . I . R .
948. Oil R esources of S outh A m erica. A non. W orld P etrol., D ec. 1 9 4 6 ,1 7 (13), 54.—
R e se rv es e s tim a te s fo r S o u th A m erica h a v e b e e n m a d e a s follow s : 3,700,000,000 b rl (G arfias, 1939), 5,200,000,000 b r l (B a te m an , 1942), a n d 7,000,000,000 b r l (G ester, 1944). O p p en h eim h a s su g g e sted a lim it o f 30,000,000,000 b rl.
T h ere a re v a s t a re a s o f fo rm er m a rin e b asin s. L arg e a re a s o f A rg e n tin a a re u n te s te d , a n d th e s e in clu d e th e S a n ta C ruz a n d M agellanes b a sin s o f th e s o u th , th e g r e a t Chaco b a sin o f th e n o r th , a n d th e a re a alo n g th e A n d e a n fro n t ra n g es.
M ost o f Chile is geplogically u n fa v o u ra b le, b u t seeps h a v e b e en fo u n d s o u th o f 52°
la titu d e . S hallow w ells h a v e fo u n d sm all ac c u m u la tio n s, a n d th e r e a re 12 s tru c tu re s on T ie rra del F u eg o . A w ild ca t h a s fo u n d co m m e rcial p ro d u c tio n a t 7428 f t. U r u g u a y h a s one in te re s tin g se d im e n ta ry b a sin . N o p ro d u c tio n h a s b e e n fo u n d in P a r a g u ay , b u t fa v o u ra b le s tru c tu re s m a y e x te n d in to th is c o u n try fro m A rg e n tin a a n d B olivia. B o liv ia h a s th re e fields, a n d h a s n o t b e e n a d e q u a te ly te s te d . T h e te r r ito r y o f A cre is view ed fa v o u ra b ly . I t h a s a C retaceous T e rtia ry seq u en ce lik e t h a t o f th e A g u a C alien te field. T h e p e tro le u m p o ssib ilities o f th e A m azo n b a s in a re u n k n o w n , o n ly a few te s ts h a v in g b een m ad e in th e D ev o n ian section. T h e P e rm ia n I r a t y shales o f th e P a r a n a b a sin a re u n d o u b te d ly source rocks. T h e o u te r p a r t o f th e b a sin is o v e rla in b y 2000 f t o f lav a .
F u r th e r d ev elo p m en ts a re possible in th e A g u a C alien te reg io n a n d also in n o rth w e s t P e ru . T h e fo rm er a re a is v e ry difficult o f access. T h ere a re oil-p o ssib ilitie s e a s t a n d w e st o f th e A ndes in E cu a d o r. F a v o u ra b le s tru c tu re s h a v e b e en lo c a te d in th e e a s t, a n d th e re is a th ic k T e rtia ry sequence. T h e L lan o s o f C olom bia m a y p ro v e o il-b earin g , a n d o th e r a rea s o u tsid e th e M ag d alen a v a lle y m a y give p ro d u c tio n . M a n y a re a s in e a s te rn a n d w e ste rn V enezuela w ill u ltim a te ly give oil.
A t p re s e n t th ir te e n m a jo r geological areas a re giv in g oil in S o u th A m erica. 9 0%
A B S T R A C T S . 2 5 1 a o f th e p ro d u c tio n is fro m th e T e rtia ry , th e re s t is m a in ly from th e C retaceous. Source ro ck s a re k n o w n chiefly in th e T e rtia ry , a n d to a less e x te n t in th e C retaceous a n d D ev o n ian . F o ld s a n d s tra tig ra p h ic tr a p s p ro v id e th e ch ief sites o f oil accu m u latio n .
A m ap show s th e m ain p e tro lifero u s b asin s a n d th e p rin cip al oilfields. G. D. H . 949. Oil S trike R eported in T hird Chilean W ell. A non. Oil Gas ./., 9.11.46, 45 (27), 40.— N o. 3 S pring H ill is now giv in g h ig h -g rad e oil a fte r first giv in g gas alone.
G. D . H . 950. D evelopm ent of A m an a Field in V enezuela. R . W atso n . Petrol. E ngr, O ct.
1946, 18 (1), 93.— T he first p ro d u c er a t A m a n a w as d rilled in 1928, oil being fo u n d a t 4100 ft. T he second p ro d u c er, A m a n a N o. 3, w as d rilled to 5300 ft, a n d p ro d u c tio n w as o b tain e d fro m tw o E ocene san d s b e tw ee n 3188 a n d 3955 ft. 31° A P I oil w as
p ro d u c ed a t 400-500 b rl/d a y . G. D . H .
951. E x ploration of Orinoco D elta F ra u g h t w ith Difficulties of T errain an d Clim ate.
P . R eed. Oil Gas J ., 14.9.46, 45 (19), 64.— T he oil possibilities o f th e O rinoco D e lta h a v e long been kn o w n fro m seeps, a s p h a lt lakes, th e w ells a t P e d ern ales, th e p ro x im ity o f th e T rin id a d oilfields, a n d th e presence o f a g re a t th ick n e ss o f sed im en ts. H ow ever, th e sw am p y a re a w ith its m a n y difficulties h a s d e te rre d oil com panies. R ich m o n d proposes to m ak e a seism ic su rv ey . E x p erien ce show s t h a t deep piles m a y b e needed for well fo u n d atio n s. B o a ts a n d m a rsh buggies are essen tial. Som e seism ic w o rk h as been done.
B e n ea th th e R e c e n t a n d P leistocene fo rm atio n s o f th e d e lta th e re are b elieved to be 8000 f t of T e rtia ry san d sto n es a n d lim esto n es possibly re stin g on C retaceous lim estones w hich overlie th e basem en t.
P ed ern ales h a s p ro d u ced o ver 9,000,000 b rl o f oil from d e p th s o f 5000-6000 ft.
G. D. H . 952. Geosynclines, T heir S tru ctu re , H istory, an d Law s of D evelopm ent. V. V. Belous- sov a n d V. G sovsky. B u ll. Soc. des N aturalistes de M oscou, 1945, N ew Ser., 50, Sect.
Geol., 20 (5-6), 130-164.— D u rin g C am b ria n a n d O rdovician tim es th e C aledonian geosyncline of th e B ritish Isle s w as d iv id ed in to fo u r su b sid ia ry geosynclines, each up to 100 k m w ide— th e N o rth S c o ttish , G irv an ian , a n d E ttr ic k B ridge geosynclines ra n n o rth e a s t-s o u th w e s t, a n d th e so u th e rn m o st geosyncline w as c u rv ed , bein g convex to th e s o u th e as t, a n d h a v in g th e L ak e D is tric t a t its n o rth e rn e n d w here th e re m a y h av e b een a co n n ectio n w ith th e E ttr ic k B ridge geosyncline. A gean ticlin e fro m S o u th W ales to th e P en n in es se p a ra te d th e W elsh depression fro m th e B ra b a n t geosyncline.
T he Lew is u p lift se p a ra te d th e n o rth S c o ttish depression from o th e r geosynclines w hich m a y h a v e la in in th e A tlan tic a re a to th e no rth w e st. T he depressions sa n k a n d ex te n d ed d u rin g th e C am b rian a n d O rdovician, w hile th e in te rv en in g u p lifts w ere d enuded.
T he low er b ed s (C am brian) are chiefly elastics, b u t th e A renig a n d L ow er B a la h av e rocks o f volcanic origin. L im e sto n es a p p e a r in th e U p p e r B ala. I n th e U p p e r L lan d o v ery new areas o f u p lift a n d d e n u d atio n a p p e a re d in th e c e n tra l p a r ts o f som e o f th e fo rm er dow nw arps, a n d a ro u n d th ese th ic k series o f flysch sed im en ts w ere form ed. A t th e sam e tim e old g e an ticlin es w ere subm erged. T he c e n tra l u p lifts e x p an d e d a n d a t th e b eg in n in g o f th e D ev o n ian th e e arlie r geosynclines h a d d is a p p eared . O u tw a rd m ig ra tio n o f th e p e rip h e ral dow nw arpings led to subm ergence of fo rm er geanticlines. T h e grow ing m o u n ta in s p ro v id ed a larg e volum e o f coarse elastics, w hich a t tim e s exceeded th e r a te o f sin k in g in su b m erg ed areas, leading to e x ten siv e fo rm a tio n of c o n tin e n ta l d eposits. I n th e d o w nw arps th e re w ere som e volcanic o u tp o u rin g s.
T he zone of folding m o v ed w ith th e ex p an sio n o f th e c e n tra l u p lifts. A fte r th e C aldeonian d iastro p h ism th e g eo sy n c lin a l'a rea o f th e B ritish Isles w as rep laced b y a g eanticline.
T he C aledonian geosyncline of th e B ritish Isles differs fro m o th e r geosynclines in its w eak folding, absence o f o v e rth ru s tin g , absence o f b a th o lith s in th e cores o f th e an ti- clinoria, absence o f in te rn a l depressions d u e to sin k in g o f th e v a u lts of th e a n ticlin o ria, a n d th e sm all a m p litu d e o f th e p o st-in v ersio n u p lift o f th e su b sid ia ry geosynclines.
G. D. H .
a A B S T R A C T S .
953. Study oi th e M icro -F a u n a of th e G ensac Field (H a u te-G aro n n e). J . Sigal. Rev.
In s t, jra n g . Petrole et A n n . des Comb, liq., O ct. 1946, 1 (1), 16-32.— G ensac lies 20 k m n o rth w e s t o f S aint-G auderis. S m all o u tc ro p s o f M a e stric h tia n a n d D a n ia n o ccu r su rro u n d e d b y M io-Pliocene a n d Q u a te rn a ry . 3 w ells h a v e b e en d rille d , N o. 1 a n d N o. 3 bein g n e a r th e a x is o f th e s tru c tu re , a n d N o. 2, 1-5 k m a w ay . N o. 2 h a d a c o n sid e rab le n u m b e r o f cores, esp ecially below 800 m .
T h e cores w ere t r e a te d in o rd e r to re co v e r th e m ic ro -fau n a s, c o n sistin g o f fo r a m in i- fe r a a n d ostracods. A series o f c h a rts h a v e b e e n c o n s tru c te d show ing th e d is trib u tio n a n d d egree o f a b u n d a n c e o f v a rio u s g en era, w hile d iag ra m s h a v e b e en p re p a re d show ing th e p ro p o rtio n o f v a rio u s species o f Q lobotruncana a t d iffere n t d e p th s in N o. 2. S tu d ies o f th e species of th e l a tte r confirm th e d e d u ctio n s d ra w n fro m stu d ie s o f th e e n tire
fa u n a . . G. D. FI-
954. P o s t-w a r D evelopm ent Pro g ressin g in H o llan d ’s Coevorden F ield. A non. W orld Petrol., N o v . 1946, 17 (12), 66.— T rac es o f oil w ere fo u n d in H o llan d in 1923 in sin k in g a s h a ft to th e Coal M easures a t W in te rsw ijk .
A g ra v im etric su rv e y o f th e n o rth e a s te rn p ro v in ce s w as follow ed b y a dozen co re
holes a b o u t 1300 f t deep. T hese show ed a b ro a d s tr u c tu r e w e st o f C oevorden.
I n 1939 th e G erm an s disco v ered a gasfield in th e Z e ch stein on a n e a s t- w e s t s tru c tu re n e a r B en th eim .
F u r th e r g ra v im etric w o rk w as u n d e rta k e n , to g e th e r w ith re fra c tio n w o rk a n d core drillin g , in a n a re a w hich e x te n d e d as fa r w est a s D e lft. T h e G erm an s d isco v ered an e a s te rly c o n tin u a tio n o f th e s tru c tu re k n o w n w e st o f C oevorden. I n 1942 a second well w as com m enced 5 m l e a s t o f C oevorden, a n d in 1943 th is c o red a th in oil zone in th e P o r tla n d a t 2900 ft. T h e w ell w e n t to 4172 f t in th e L ias. A sm a ll a m o u n t o f oil w as p u m p ed from th is well. T h e G erm an s d rilled a well n e a r E m lich h e im a n d in 1943 th is w as re p o rte d to h a v e p ro d u c ed h e a v y oil a t th e r a te o f 240 b r l/d a y fro m a 100-ft sa n d to p p e d a t 2560 ft. A w ell on th e n o r th flank fo u n d 90 f t o f fine loose o il-s a tu ra te d oil sa n d a n d w as c ap ab le o f flow ing, b u t ra p id ly d eclin ed d u e to w a x a n d s a n d in th e tu b in g . T he G erm an s h a d c o m p leted a b o u t 7 w ells a t th e tim e o f th e collapse in 1945.
I n M ay 1946 th e re w ere e ig h t p ro d u c ers a n d tw o failu res.
D ip s a re g en tle a n d fa u lts n u m ero u s. T h e lim its o f th e field a re k n o w n in th e w est.
T h e cru d e is h ig h ly paraffinic a n d viscous. I n M ay 1946 th e d a ily o u tp u t w as 760 b rl. T he G erm an p a r t o f th e field w as re p o rte d to p ro d u c e 350 b rl/d a y .
A w ell in H o llan d w est of th e B e n th e im gasfield h a s fo u n d o n ly d o u b t ful tra c e s o f gas,
b u t h a s n o t re ac h ed th e Z echstein. G. D . H .
955. On th e C om parative L ithological M ethod an d its U rg en t T asks. N . M. S tra k h o v . B u ll. Soc. des N a tu ra listes de M oscou, 1945, N e w Ser., 50, Sect. Geol., 20 (3 -4 ), 3 4 -4 9 .—
A co m p ariso n o f a n c ie n t sed im en ts w ith e ac h o th e r a n d w ith re c e n t se d im e n ts allow s th e fo rm atio n o f ideas a b o u t specific fe a tu re s in th e p a s t h is to ry o f th e e a r th , a n d th e ev o lu tio n o f th e e a rth .
I m p o r ta n t ta s k s aw aitin g a tta c k b y th e m e th o d s o f c o m p a ra tiv e lith o lo g y in clu d e th e a cc u m u la tio n o f d a ta co n cern in g se d im e n ts a n d ■sedim entation in m o d e rn seas, especially in th e sh elf zones, stu d ies o f d e p o sitio n in th e C asp ian , th e B la c k S ea, a n d lak es in a rid zones, su ch as B a lk a sh a n d K u lu n d in sk y e . A c o n siste n t d e sc rip tio n o f a n c ie n t sed im en ts a n d o f th e ir m o d e o f fo rm atio n is re q u ire d . G. D . H . 956. On th e B uried H ercynides E astw ard fro m th e Caspian. A. L . Y a n sh in e . B u ll.
Soc. des N aturalistes de M oscou, 1945, N ew Ser., 50, Sect. Geol., 20 (5 -6 ), 3 0 -5 4 .— G ra v i
m e tric d a ta in w e ste rn K a z a k h s ta n re v e a l a s trip o f p o sitiv e an o m alies ru n n in g n o r th fro m M an g y sh lak , across th e B u z ach i p e n in su la a n d th e n o rth e rn p a r t o f th e U s ty u r t p la te a u . I n th e e a s t i t is c o n n ec te d w ith a s trip o f sim ilar an o m alies o f th e S u ltan - U iz-D ag ra n g e a n d o th e r ran g es o f th e so u th T ia n -S h a n . O n th e b asis o f th e s e d a ta it w as su p p o sed t h a t b u rie d H e rc y n ia n ra n g es c o n n ectin g th e T ia n -S h a n w ith th e E u ro p e a n H e rcy n id e s p a ss th ro u g h th e U s ty u r t a n d th e B u z ac h i p en in su la.
C oarse d ep o sits in th e P e rm ia n , T riassic, a n d J u ra s s ic su g g e st t h a t th e a re a u n d e r going d e n u d a tio n la y b etw ee n M a n g y sh la k a n d th e E m b a region, fo r th e fo rm er w as a n a re a o f d ep o sitio n . U p p e r J u ra ss ic a n d L ow er C retaceous facies a g a in in d ic a te a s trip o f la n d b e tw ee n M an g y sh lak a n d th e low er p a r t o f th e E m b a . T h e la n d w as s u b m erg e d fro m T u ro n ia n tim e s on w ard s,
A B S T R A C T S . 2 5 3 a T he n a tu r e o f th e ro ck s in th e b u rie d s trip o f Palaeozoic is show n b y p eb b les in th e P e rm ia n a n d Mesozoic o f M angyshlak a n d th e E m b a region. T h ere a re q u a rtz o se ro ck s, c ry sta llin e sch ists, igneous rocks, a n d m icaceous san d sto n es. T h e A lb ian rocks o f e a s te rn M an g y sh lak h a v e ro u n d e d frag m e n ts o f argillaceous sc h ists w ith re m n a n ts o f L ow er C arb o n ifero u s fossils.
M ost o f th e P e rm ia n a n d T riassic ex p o su res o f M an g y sh lak show n o rth w e st—s o u th e a s t folds, w hile th e T e rtia ry folds a re m ore n e a rly e a s t-w e s t. T he g en eral p o sitio n o f th e b u rie d s trip o f Palaeozoic seem s to co rresp o n d w ith th e o ld est strik e s o f M angyshlak.
F a r th e r s o u th o th e r s trip s o f fold ed Palaeozoic lay .
T h e H e rcy n id e s o f th e M u g o d jars a n d th e b u rie d H e rcy n id e s b e tw ee n M an g y sh lak a n d th e E m b a reg io n re p re se n t tw o b ra n ch e s o f th e Palaeozoic sy ste m Of th e so u th
T ian -S h an . G. D . H .
957. Geological s tru c tu re of the D on-bend. N . I . V oronin. B u ll. Soc. des N aturalistes de M oscou, 1945, N e w Ser., 50, Sect. Geol., 20 (3 -4 ), 72-95.— Palaeozoic b eds a re exposed in th e core o f th e g en tle n o r th - n o r th e a s t s trik in g an tic lin e o f th e D o n -b en d . Mesozoic b ed s occur on th e flanks. T he w e ste rn lim b o f th e an tic lin e h a s a co m p licatio n in th e form o f a sh a rp su b s id ia ry sy n clin e w hich p asses in to a flexure a n d a fa u lt. T h ere is a low er series o f lim estones, calcareous breccias, clays, m arls, a n d sa n d sto n e s, som e o f th e s e b ed s bein g o f th e U ra lia n d ivision o f th e C arboniferous. O v erlying th ese tran s - g ressively a re a conglom erate a n d v a rie g ate d sa n d y clays, a n d sa n d sto n e s w ith silicified w ood. T he succeeding b ed s c o n sist o f san d s, clays, g lau c o n itic san d s, c h alk a n d ch alk y
m arls, a n d g rey clays.
T h e C arboniferous b ed s h a v e b een c o rre late d w ith sim ilar b eds o n th e riv e r A rcheda.
G. D . H . 958. U pper Palaeozoic Flyseh of th e R iver Ju ria z a n . A. J . O ssipova. B u ll. Soc. des N atu ra listes de M oscou, 1945, N ew Ser., 50, Sect. Geol., 20 (3-4), 111-119.— T h e fusu- lin id fa u n a o f th e section described p e rm its its a ssig n m en t to th e h orizon o f Psdudo- fu s u lin a m oelleri Schellw. T h e section is exposed on th e rig h t b a n k o f th e J u ria z a n a t M oussatova. I t s th ick n ess is g re at, discordances a re lacking, th e s e d im e n ta tio n is rh y th m ic , a n d th e a m o u n ts o f different ty p e s o f d e p o sits a re lim ited . T h e fa im a is p oor, a n d in cludes am m onites, n a u tilo id s, pelecypods, bryozoa, a n d ju su lin id a e . Specim ens o f th e first th re e ty p e s occur in th e clays a n d concretions, w hile ju su lin id a e a n d bryozoa a re fo u n d in th e lim esto n es w hich a t tim e s rep lace th e sa n d sto n e s o f th e first p h ase o f th e rh y th m . H iero g ly p h s a n d rip p le m a rk s a re p re se n t, a n d rem ain s of te rre s tria l v eg etatio n . T h e m in e ral g rain s a re p o o rly ro u n d e d , a n d th e felsp ars a re fresh, p o in tin g to little tra n s p o rt.
E a c h rh y th m consists o f th re e p a rts . A t th e b a se a re sm a ll or m ed iu m sa n d grains.
T h ere is a g ra d u a l passage to th e second p a r t w ith fine san d sto n e s a n d th e n to th e th ird p a r t m a rk e d b y calcareous clays. A t tim e s th e rh y th m is in co m p lete, th e first or second p a r t being a b se n t. O ccasionally th e first p a r t is m ark e d b y fu su lin id lim estones.
T he change from th e th ird p a r t to th e first in d ic a te s a m a rk e d change in c o n d itio n s of s e d im e n ta tio n ; o ften th e su rface o f th e clay is irre g u la r d u e to in te rru p tio n in sed i
m e n ta tio n . T he rh y th m is n o t seasonal, for th e th ic k n e ss is to o g r e a t ; v a ria tio n s in th e su n m a y be th e cause. N ev erth eless, th e full section w as p ro b a b ly form ed ra p id ly for th e q u ick ly evolving a m m o n ites a n d fu su lin id ae show th e sam e ty p e s th ro u g h o u t.
G. D. H . 959. Tectonics an d S tru ctu re of th e Moscow Palaeozoic D epression. V. A. Jo u k o u . B u ll. Soc. des N aturalistes de M oscou, 1945, N e w Ser., 50, Sect. Geol., 20 (5-6), 74—92.—
T he ax is o f th e depression first ru n s s o u th w e s t-n o rth e a s t a n d th e n tu r n s alo n g th e T im a n fo o thills ru n n in g n o r th a n d n o rth w e st to T ch esh sk aia B a y o n th e K a n in p e n in sula. T h e ax is is re a d ily show n b y th e T riassic, J u ra ss ic , a n d C retaceous d ep o sits in th e in te rio r o f th e b asin . T he n o rth e rn lim its o f th e b a sin are m a rk e d b y o u tcro p s of c ry stallin e a n d C am b rian ro ck s o n th e K a n in p en in su la.
T he b ro a d sy n clin al s tru c tu re o f th e Moscow b a sin is m odified b y local u p lifts a n d depressions, th e tre n d s o f w hich a re g en era lly p a ralle l to th e a x is o f th e m ain d e p res
sion. T h e O k a -T s n a h ig h is b e tw ee n th e R ia z a n -K o s tro m a a n d M o k sh a-O k a d o w n w arps in th e so u th e rn p a r t o f th e b a s i n ; in th e n o rth e rn p a r t a re th e Soligalitch- S u k h o n a h ig h , th e V ia tk a high w ith th e T ch eb o k sa ry dow nw arp, an d th e V ia tk a a n d
a A B S T R A C T S .
S y so lsk -V y tch e g o d sk highs. T h e a m p litu d e o f th e s e fe a tu re s m a y a m o u n t to 200 m . T h e core o f th e O k a -T s n a fe a tu re co n sists o f M iddle a n d U p p e r D ev o n ian b e d s re s tin g d ire c tly o n th e c ry sta llin e b a se m e n t. C arboniferous a n d P e rm ia n d ep o sits o verlie th e D ev o n ian .
T h ere is ev id en ce t h a t th e sin k in g o f th e M oscow b a sin h a d b eg u n in M iddle D ev o n ian tim es, a n d re ac h ed its m a x im u m r a te in U p p e r D ev o n ian tim e s, a n d c o n tin u e d w ith less in te n s ity in to th e M esozoic. T h e a re a o f m o s t ra p id sin k in g v a rie d w ith tim e.
L o cal d o w n w arp s a n d hig h s a re p o ssib ly a sso c iate d w ith b a s e m e n t fa u lts. G. D. H .
*
S60. G round F e a tu re s of th e Middle T im an S tru c tu re . P . E . O ffm an. B u ll. Soc. des N a tu ra listes de M oscou, 1945, N e w Ser., 50, Sect. Oeol., 20 (5-6), 5 5-73.— T h e b a se of th e T im a n s tr u c tu r e co n sists o f m eta m o rp h ics , a n d ab o v e a re D ev o n ian a n d C a rb o n i
fero u s fo rm atio n s. T h e s tr u c tu r e rises ab o v e th e a d ja c e n t synclines. T h e U p p e r Palaeozoic show s ste p s going do w n to th e syn clin es. T h ere a re in d ic a tio n s t h a t th e s tr u c tu r e is larg e ly d u e to v e rtic a l m o v em en ts. S m all d om es fre q u e n tly o ccu r on th e ste p s, a n d oil a n d gas a re asso c ia ted w ith th e m . *G. D . H . 961. R ep lacem en t D olom ites in th e U pper Palaeozoic of th e U ra l an d V olga R egions.
G. I . T h eo d o ro v itch . B u ll. Soc. des N a tiira listes de M oscou, 1945, N e w S er., 50, Sect.
Oeol., 20 (3 -4 ), 105-110.— R e p la c e m e n t d o lo m ites ta k e th e p lac e o f m ic ro g ran u le s of calciu m c a rb o n a te . M ost do lo m itic lim esto n es a re c h a ra c te riz e d b y id o m o rp h ism of th e d o lo m ite rh o m b o h e d ra w hich a re o f a lm o st u n ifo rm size, esp ecially in cases of in co m p lete d o lo m itiz a tio n . W h e n th e r e is c o m p le te d o lo m itiz a tio n th e d o lom ite rh o m b o h e d ra a re im p erfec t.
B ased on in te rn a l s tru c tu re th e follow ing ty p e s o f re p la c e m e n t d o lo m ites c an be d istin g u ish e d : (a) hom ogeneous g rain s, (6) g rain s w ith a p u re r m a rg in (c) g ra in s w ith a core, (d ) zoned g rain s, a n d (e) g ra in s w ith inclusions in th e p e rip h e ra l zones.
P rim a ry dolom itic g ra in s c a n b e recognized, a s w ell a s th o se fo rm ed in con so lid ated dep o sits. T he degree o f id io m o rp h ism o f g rain s o f d o lo m ite is a fu n c tio n o f th e e x te n t o f c o n so lid a tio n in th e se d im en ts dolom itized. G. D . H . 962. T ectonics of U ra lia n K a ra ta o u a n d th e Oil Z one of K a sa y ak . B .M . K eller. B u ll.
Soc des N a tu ra listes de M oscou, 1945, N e w Ser., 50, Sect. Oeol., 20 (5—6), 93—114.— The K a r a ta o u u p lift lies in th e b a sin o f th e S y m a n d J o u ria z a n rivers.. I n te r n a lly i t show s a series o f fra c tu re d b ra ch y -a n tic lin e s . T h e n o rth w e s t p a r t is sim p le in s tru c tu re h a v in g o nly tw o m o n o clin al blocks. T h e u p lift is d u e to v e rtic a l m o v e m e n ts w hich led to g re a t fra c tu re s a ro u n d th e m a rg in a n d b re a k u p th e c e n tra l p a r t. M ovem ent b e g an in P e rm ia n tim es.
S o u th o f th e K a r a ta o u u p lift is th e p re -U ra l d ep ressio n a n d th e edge o f th e R u ssia n p la tfo rm , th e tw o p rin c ip a l fe a tu re s o f th e n o r th e r n U ra l a rea. A t th e edges o f th ese tw o zones a re L ow er P e rm ia n reefs, w h ich a re b eliev ed to b e co n n ec te d w ith b rach y - a n ticlin es. W h e n hig h s cro w n ed b y reefs lie in su b sid in g a re a s th e y a re o f special in te re s t fro m th e p o in t o f view o f oil acc u m u la tio n . A t th e b ase a n d b e tw ee n th e reefs a re th in m a rly lim esto n es a n d dolo m ites. T h is is c o n tra ry to m a n y beliefs concerning
sin k in g area s. G. D . H .
963. C hina— Its F u tu re in P etro leu m . A. D . Sm all. Petrol. E n g r, O ct. 1946, 18 (1), 98.— I n T aiw a n g eophysical e x p lo ra tio n o f a llu v iu m -c o v ere d a re a s w ill b e n ecessary . B eds o f T e rtia ry age a re p re se n t. O f seven s tru c tu re s te s te d th re e h a v e p ro d u c e d oil co m m ercially — S h ikukoko, K in su i, a n d C h ik u to zak i. T h ese s tru c tu re s , to g e th e r w ith C h ik u to , G y u zan , R o k u sy u k e i, a n d T o sh ik y a k u a re in th e fo o th ills o f th e m o u n ta in s.
T h e ste ep e r folds h a v e d ip s o f 70-80°, a n d th e g e n tle r folds 30-35°. 224 w ells h a v e b e en d rille d a n d 143 h a v e p ro d u c ed oil o r gas. T h e d e ep e st t e s t w a s 9900 ft. T he th re e p ro d u c in g s tru c tu re s h a v e a v era g e d 2500 b rl o f o il/m o n th -a n d 193,609,390 cu. ft.
o f g a s /m o n th , fro m 1936 to 1945. E a c h field h a s th r e e to sev e n p ro d u c in g sa n d s of low p o ro sity a n d p e rm e ab ility . Thicknessfes ra n g e 30-140 ft.
T h e m a in ex p o su res in th e S ze ch u a n b a sin a re C retaceo u s, w ith o ld er b e d s o n th e u p lifts. O il h a s b een n o te d in th e C retaceous (especially low er), th e U p p e r a n d L ow er Ju ra s s ic , a n d th e U p p e r T riassic. A b o u t a h u n d re d a n tic lin e s h a v e b e en m a p p e d , m a in ly in th e e a s t a n d so u th . S h ik y o u k o u N o. 1 is o n a n o r th - s o u th a n tic lin e w hich h a s e a s te rly d ip s o f 15° a n d w e ste rly d ip s o f 35-55°. I t is a b o u t 25 m l long a n d 7 m l
A B S T R A C T S . 2 5 5 a w ide. A seepage o f oil occurs. T he w ell w as c o m p leted in a T riassic lim esto n e a t 3690 ft, a n d on te s t gav e 500,000 cu. ft. o f gas p e r d a y .
S h e n ten g s h an N o. 2 gives gas from th e T rias a t 2468 ft. T he a n ticlin e tre n d s n o rth e a s t-s o u th w e s t, is 7 m l long a n d 2 m l w ide ; a n d h a s flan k dips o f 10-16° to th e s o u th e a s t a n d 15-36° to th e n o rth w e st. T he flow w as 5,000,000 cu. f t./d a y .
A te s t is b ein g d rilled on th e K ia u g y u s tru c tu re w here th e re is a n oil seep.
T h e folds o f th e K a n s u b a sin a re in T e rtia ry beds. M uch o f th e cen tre o f th e b asin is covered w ith th ic k Q u a rte rn a ry d eposits. A n oilfield h a s b een developed a t Lao- ch u n m iao w here th e re a re seeps. 26 w ells h a v e been d rilled since 1939. A n u m b e r o f p ro d u cin g sa n d s occur. Som e 12 w ells a re a v erag in g 120 b r l/d a y each. T he p ro d u cin g a re a m a y éover 1375 acres, a n d th e reserv es m a y b e 89-100 m illio n b rl. T he oil is v e ry w ax y . I t is likely t h a t th e W en ch u sh an a n d M inho s tru c tu re s w ill be teste d .
G. D . H . G e o p h y sic s and G eo ch em ica l P r o sp e c tin g .
964. G ravity-M eter Survey of th e K e ttle m a n H ills-L o st H ills T rend, California. L . “H.
B oyd. Oeophys., 1946, 11, 121.— M aps fro m a g ra v ity su rv e y o v er th e K e ttle m a n H ills -L o s t H ills A rea are c o m p a red w ith p re v io u sly p u b lish ed su b su rface c o n to u rs a n d cross sections. T hese show t h a t th e th re e K e ttle m a n H ills D om es each p ro d u ce a stro n g a n d d efinite g ra v ity h ig h w hile th e L o st H ills A nticlin e p ro d u c es a v e ry clear a n d closely corresp o n d in g g ra v ity low. T h e p a p e r p o in ts o u t th e p ro b a b le cause of th is u n u su a l fe a tu re a s b ein g a tra n s itio n w ith in th e R e ef R id g e F o rm a tio n from p u n k y , d iato m aceo u s shale a t L o st H ills to clays a n d san d s a t K e ttle m a n H ills. E . I. R . 965. R efractio n E x ploration in W est T exas. S. H a rris a n d G. P e a b o d y . Oeophys., 1946, 11, 52.— A b rief h isto rica l a cc o u n t of th e d ev elo p m en t o f th e re fra c tio n tec h n iq u e is giv en in th is p a p er. T he differences b etw een th e earlier m e th o d s a n d th e m o d ern c o rre latio n m e th o d s (as u sed in W est T exas) a re c le arly ex p lain ed . E . I . R . 966. G eophysical H istory of th e Lovell L ake Oilfield, Jefferson County, Texas. A. P . W endler. Oeophys., 1946, 11, 302.— T he follow ing geophysical su rv ey s lead to th e drilling of th e d iscovery w ell o f th e L ovell L ak e oilfield in 1938 : to rsio n b a lan ce 1929, re fractio n fa n shooting 1929, reflection seism ograph 1933, 1935, a n d g ra v ity m ete r regional su rv e y 1936. T h e re su lts o f th ese su rv e y s a n d a d e ta ile d reflection seism ic su rv ey carried o u t in 1938 a fte r th e d iscovery w ell h a d b een drilled, are given.
E . I. R . 967. A Resistolog Survey of th e L om a A lto-Seven Sisters A rea of M cM ullen a n d D uval Counties, Texas. T . S. W est a n d C. C. B each am . Geophys., 1946, 11, 491.— T he a u th o rs claim t h a t th e electrical p ro p e rties o f th e deep ho rizo n s c an b e d e te rm in e d m ore a cc u rate ly b y th e ir R esistolog M ethod as th e effect o f shallow in hom ogeneities are elim in a ted b y th is pro ced u re. T he p rin cip le o f th e m e th o d a n d th e re su lts o f a n e x p erim en tal su rv ey over th e kn o w n L o m a A lto -S e v e n S isters fields a re given.
E . I. R . 968. Geophysical O perations in K u w ait. P . H . B oots a n d A. H . M cK ee. Oeophys., 1946, 11, 164.— T h is p a p e r describes a geophysical su rv e y t h a t w as successful in d is covering oil in K u w a it on th e P e rsia n Gulf. G ra v im e te rs a n d S c h m id t v e rtic a l m ag n e to m e te rs w ere used for reconnaissance p u rp o ses a n d th e reflection seism ograph for d e ta ile d w o rk in selected area s. T h e o rg an izatio n o f th e p a r ty , speed o f w ork in g in a n u n ex p lo red area, a n d th e m a n n e r in w hich th e o p e ratio n s w ere a d a p te d to s u it th e clim atic con d itio n s a n d c u sto m s o f th e people a re d e a lt w ith . T he geophysical
results, how ever, a re n o t inclu d ed . E . I . R .
969. In te rp re ta tio n of Iso static A nom alies South of Ja v a , U sing In teg ra l E quatio n s and C rustal D eform ation T heories. C. W . H o rto n . Oeophys., 1946, 11, 183.— T he g ra v ity m easu rem en ts o f V ening M einesz show th e ex isten ce o f a sy m m etric b e lt of n e g ativ e g ra v ity an o m alies so u th o f J a v a . T he m ass d istrib u tio n on a surface 40 k m deep w hich w ill e x p lain th e o b served anom alies is d e term in ed b y m ean s o f a n in te g ral eq u atio n . T h is m ass d istrib u tio n is in te rp re te d as resu ltin g from th e d e fo rm atio n of
