Ju n e,
1947. 195
aABSTRACTS.
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n d Ex p l o i t a t i o n.
G e o lo g y ...
G e o p h y s ic s a n d G e o c h e m ic a l P r o s p e c tin g ...
D r i l l i n g . . . P r o d u c tio n
O ilfie ld D e v e lo p m e n t ...
T r a n s p o r t a n d S t o r a g e R e f i n e r y O p e r a t i o n s .
R e fin e rie s a n d A u x ilia r y f in e ry P l a n t ...
C ra c k in g P o ly m e r iz a tio n
C h e m ic a l a n d P h y s ic a l fin in g
S p e c ia l P ro c e s s e s R e fin in g P a t e n t s
R e -
R e - 196 A 2 0 0 a 2 0 0 a 203 a 2 1 0 a 213 a
21 4 a 216 a 217 a 217 a 217 a 218 a
PA G E Pr o d u c t s.
C h e m is try a n d P h y s ic s ... 229 a A n a ly s is a n d T e s tin g ... ... 231 A G a s ... 232 a E n g in e F u e ls ... ... ... 232 a G a s O il a n d F u e l O ils ... 233 A L u b r i c a n t s ... ... ... 234 A B itu m e n , A s p h a lt a n d T a r ... 236 a S p e c ia l H y d r o c a r b o n P r o d u c t s 237 a D e r iv e d C h e m ic a l P r o d u c t s ... 237 a C o a l, S h a le a n d P e a t ... ... 237 a M is c e lla n e o u s P r o d u c t s ... 238 a
En g i n e s a n d Au t o m o t i v e
E q u i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . 239 a M i s c e l l a n e o u s . . . . . . . . . 241 a B o o k R e v i e w . . . . . . . . . 243 a B o o k s R e c e i v e d ... 243 a
A U T H O R I N D E X .
T h e n u m b e r s r e fe r to A b s tr a c t N u m b e rs . Adam s, E ., 830
Aires, It. S., 876 A kins, D. W ., J r ., 801 A lden, R . 0 ., 876 Alden, R . G-., 879 Alexander, P ., 876 Am yx, J . W ., 820 Anderson, H . H ., 855 A nderson, J ., 876 A nderson, J . A ., J r ., 876 Appell, F ., 874 D ’Arcy, N. A ., J r ., 796 A rm strong, E. R ., 788 A rnold, C., 876 A rnold, J . 0 ., 876 A rveson, M. H ., 876 A tk in s, G. T ., J r ., 876 Atwell, H . V ., 876 Ayers, G. W ., 876 B adertscher, D. E ., 876 Bagg, D. O r., 904 Bahlke, W. H ., 876 Bailey, G-. 0 ., 876 Bailey, W. A ., J ., 876 Bailie, J . 0 ., 876 B arrington, R ., 914 B arron, J . M., 876 B arto n , D. H ., 876 Bauer, G. G ., 816, 831,
921 B ax, A. R ., 876 Beach, F . K ., 805, 806 Belchetz, A., 876 Bell, R. T ., 876 Benedectis De, A., 876 B en n ett, G. A ., 858 B entley, F . J . L ., 876 Berg, 0 . H . O., 876 Berger, H . G., 876 Bevis, W. A ., 914 Bielkowicz, P ., 882 Bigelow, W. C., 899 B irch, S. F ., 876 B ishop, R. B., 876 B landing, F. H ., 906
B loch, H . S., 876 B loom quist, W. C., 815 B lo tt, J . F . T ., 876 B ludw orth, J . E ., 907 Bohm er, 0 . W., J r ., 876 B olt, J . A ., 876 Boucher, H . G., 876 Bradley, W. E ., 876 B rancker, A. V., 885 Brin k , K. 0 ., Ven., 876 Brook, K ., 914 B rooks, J . W., 876 B ullard, E . F ., 876 Burgess, J . E ., 876 B ürgin, J ., 876 B urk, R . E ., 876 B urns, W. W ., 782, 833 Camp, E . Q., 876 Campbell, J . M., 876 Cantrell, C. D ., J r ., 876 Cantrell, T. L., 876 Carm ody, D. R ., 876 Carney, S. C., 876 C arpenter, M. T ., 876 Cashman, A. F ., 876 Cass, O. W., 876 C attaneo, A. G ., 876 Cheney, H . A ., 876 Chenicek, J . A., 876 Clark, C. R ., 876 Clarke, L. A ., 876 Clason, C. E ., 797 Codet, H . G., 876 Cole, R . M., 876 Collins, C. P ., 795 Collis, C. B ., 876 Connolly, G. C., 876 Creelman, G. D ., 876 Crow ther, J . F.', 876 Cubberley, R . H ., 876 Cummings, G. H ., 876 D anner, A. V., 876 D aric, G., 853 D avis, L. F ., 812
D ay, R . B., 876 D ay, R. J ., 808 Deering, R . F ., 876 D ent, F . J ., 876 Diam ond, H ., 876 D ight, S. R ., 930 D ickinson, J . T ., 876 D ickinson, N . L ., 876 Disney, R. W., 767 D oum ani, T. F ., 876 D rennan, H . E ., 876 D uncan, G. W., 876 D urrum , E . L ., 876 ' Eckel, J . E ., 798 Egloff, G., 893 E v an s, A. G., 877 Evans, T. W ., 876 Evering, B. L ., 876 F ag in , K . M., 787, 791,
822
Fairw eather, H . G. 0 ., 876
F aw cett, E. W. M., 876 Fenske, M. R ., 876 F erris, S. W ., 876 Fidler, F. A ., 876 Fife, J . G., 876 F lood, E . L., 876 Forney, W. E ., 876 Foster, A. L., 876 F ratis, J . E ., 876 F rey, F. E ., 876 G alstaun, L. S., 876 G arner, F . H ., 890 G arrison, A. D ., 876 G ebauer, A. H ., 876 G erhold, C. G., 876 G oodson, L. B ., 876.
Gordon, R. R ., 889 Gorin, E ., 876 Greenburg, R. B ., 876 Greene, F. C., 773 Greenfelder, B. S., 876
Gregory, J . N ., 900 Gresham, W. F ., 876 Griesinger, W. K ., 876 G roote de, M., 876 Gross, H . H ., 876 G utzeit, 0 . L., 876 H abeshaw , J ., 876 H agerbaum er, W . A.,
869 H all, L. G ., 876 H all, H . J ., 876 H arfo rd , W. E ., 876 Haskell, N. B., 876 H aw thorne, W. P ., 876 H einem ann, H ., 876 H enderson, L. M., 876 H ene, E ., 876 H enry, R. W ., 876 H epp, H . J ., 876 H ersberger, A. B ., 896 H ill, R . H ., 876 H ineline, H . D ., 876 H ock, R. L., 809 H oreczy, J . T ., 876 H o m e, 856 H orsley, L. H ., 876 H o rto n , A. W ., 876 Howes, D. A ., 866 H o y te, W. N ., 876 Huff, L. C., 876 H uffm an, H . C., 876 Hughes, E . C., 876 H ughes, R. V ., 818, 826 H ughes, T. P ., 876 H yde, H . Y ., 876 Ipatieff, Y. N ., 876 Iv erso n , J . O., 876 Ives, G. O., 777 Jap es, D. H ., 876 Jen k in s, G. I ., 876 Jodeil, G. E ., 876 Jo h n so n , H . L ., 876 Jo h n so n , E . R ., 876
Q
Jo h a n sso n , S. C., 876 K astro p , J . E ., 790 K early, K . K ., 876 K eating, G. H ., 876 K eiser, B ., 876 K ellett, I I I , J ., 876 Kelly, A. A ., 876 K elly, W. A., 772 K ennedy, H . T ., 813 K ielhorn, H . F ., 876 K in d , F ., 872 K ing, R. H ., 774 K irk p atrick , J . B., 876 Kollen, M. H ., 876 K o th n y , G. L ., 789, 794 K ruse W. E ., 876 K u h l, P . E ., 876 L ake, G. R ., 876 L aL ande, J r ., W . A ., 876 L ane, H . W., 929 L arsen, C. M., 888 Laughlin, K . C., 876 L au terb ack , R . E ., 867 Lee, E . C., 876 Lee, R ., 869 L enn, N. F ., 876 Lethersich, W ., 897 Lewis, R. H ., 903 Lieber, E ., 876 L in n , G. B., 876 L o c k ett, J . R ., 768 Loeb, H . D ., 876 Lowe, R . E ., 876 Lugaresi, A., 883 L u ten , D. B ., J r ., 876 L ynch, 0 . S., 876 M cAllister, S. H ., 876 McOleary, R . F ., 876 M cNab, J . G., 876 Maass, R ., 867 M acfadyen, W . A., 837 M ahan, J . S., 876 M ackay, J . S., 876 M ann, G. L., 871 M arancik, J . 0 ., 876 M ardel, E ., 876 M arley, H . R ., 8,76 M arschner, R . F ., 876 M artin , E . J ., 876 M artin , H . Z., 876 M artin, W. F ., 811 M arusic, M. M., 876 M atuszak, M. P ., 876 M avity, J . M., 876 M ay, D. T ., 823 May, R . L ., 876 Meadow, J . R ., 876
M eenert, R . N ., 876 Mekler, L. A., 876 M eldrum , R. F ., 876 Menzie, D. E ., 807 M ertz, Y ., 876 Miller, K . T ., 800 Miller, L. E ., 824 M ohr, A. C., 876 M oignard, L. A ., 876 M onson, L. T ., 804 M ontgom ery, J . Y ., 876 M oore, P . H ., 884 M oorm an, A. R ., 876 M orey, G. H ., 876 M organ, F ., 800 M organ, J . D ., 876 M orris, J . R ., 876 M orris, R . C., 876 Morse, R . A ., 825 M orway, A. J ., 876 Mullins, B. P ., 892 M usher, S., 876 M uskat, M., 800 N eilson, R . F ., 807 N elson, W. L ., 861, 864,
896
N elson, W. R ., 862, 863 N ew ton, E . P ., 876 N ew ton, R . H ., 876 Nicholson, E. W . S.7 876 N ickle, 0 . O., 775 N issan, A. H ., 890 N oble, F . G ., 876 N oone, M., 854 N o rm an ,H . S., 769, 770 N ugent, L. E ., Jr.', 766 N u ttin g , H . S., 876 N ysew ander, C. W ., 876 Oakley, E . H ., 876 Ocon, C. L ., 876 Ocon, E. A ., 876 O’K elly, A. A ., 876 d ’Ouville, E. L ., 876 P ark er, R . L ., J r ., 876 P a tte rso n , J . A., 876 Peck, E . B ., 876 Peel, D. H . P ., 876 P en n , W . S., 909 P errin e, J . H ., 876 P eters, J . G., 876 Pevere, E . F ., 876 Pezzaglia, P ., 876 P h in n ey , J . A ., 870 P ic k e tt, D. L ., 899 P in es, H ., 876 P in fo ld , E . S., 850 P lucker, J ., 876
Poore, J . N ., 815 Powell, H ., 889 P u tz , T. J ., 918 Q uartel De, H . J . M. W .,
799
R am age, A. S., 876 R ay , G. C., 876 R ead, D ., J r ., 876 R edcay, A. K ., 876 Reed, P ., 857 R ee n h ard t, F . E ., 876 Reid, J . C., 894 R iecke, S. C., 876 R inggenberg, H ., 895 R ingham , O. R ., 876 R o b erts, G., 870 R o b erts, E . N ., 876 R o b ertso n , A. E ., 876 R ob in so n , R ., 878 R o b o th am , W. A ., 913 R o eth eli, B. E ., 906 R ogers, D. T ., &76 R oss, W. E ., 876 R o u t, A. E ., 876 R u b in , L . 0 ., 876 Sachenen, A. N ., 876 Scheeline, H . W ., 876 Schindler, H ., 876 Schm erling, L ., 876 S ch m itt, A. C., 876 Schou, H ., 876 Schulze, W . A ., 876 Shankland, R . V ., 876 Shephardson, R . M., 876 Shokal, E . C., 876 S h o rt, E . H ., 891 Siecke, P ., 876 S kinner, D. A ., 876 Small, W. N ., 835 Sm allw ood, H . M., 876 S m ith , A. D ., 876 S m ith, E. A ., 876 S m ith , G. W ., 772 S m ith, H . G ., 876 S m ith, K . W ., 817 S m ith , M. A., 876 Snow, R. D ., 876 Snuggs, J . F ., 868 Solom en, E ., 876 Somers, J . J ., 876 Spink, J . A ., 900 Sprung, M. M., 876 Steiner, H ., 876 Stover, W. A ., 876 S tru th , H . J ., 829 S tu a rt, A. H ., 898 S tu art, R . W ., 793
T a d ay y o n , J ., 889 Tcherkezoff, N ., 880 Terwilliger, P . L ., 819 T eter, J . W ., 876 T hacker, C. M., 876 Thom as, 0 . L ., 876 Thom son, R . G., 929 Thom pson, R . B ., 876 T hornes, L . S., 876 Tongberg, C. O., 876 Tooke, J . W ., 879 U nderw ood, A. J . V., 876 U p h am , J . D ., 876 V eltm an, P . L ., 876 V erter, P . L. De, 876 Y iland, C. K ., 876 Y oorhees, A ., J r ., 876 W adley, E . F ., 876 W alsh, D. C., J r ., 876 W a lter, R . B., 810 W a tk in s, C. H ., 876 W ebb, G. M., 876, 886 W ebber, W. C., 876 W ebber, W . O., 876 W eber, G ., 931 W einberger, M. A ., 877 W eiser, H . B ., 876 W elty, A. B ., J r ., 876 W hincup, S., 876 W ickenden, L ., 876 W ilford, A. T ., 901 W illiam s, N ., 771 W illiam s, P . H ., 876 W ilson, G. M., 792 W inning, C., 876 W isenbaker, J . D ., 803 W ilf, A ., 902 W olk, I . L ., 876 W ood, G. F ., 890 W oodw ard, R . E ., 876 W ork, R . H ., 876 W ork, R . W ., 876 W rig h t, D. L ., 876 W rigley, J . B ., 814 W ym an, J . B ., 876 Yeager, F . W ., 876 Young, D. W ., 876 Y u ster, S. T ., 807, 817,
819, 820, 825 Zaks, S. L ., 802 Zim m er, J . C., 876 Zism an, W . A ., 899 Zw icky, M., 895
O
i l f i e l dE
x p l o r a t i o n a n dE
x p l o i t a t i o n. G eology.
766. Aerial Photographs in Structural Mapping of Sedimentary Formations. L. E.
N u g e n t, J r . B u ll . A m e r . A s s . P e tro l. B eol., 1947,
31,
4 7 8 -4 9 4 .— T h e p r o p e r u s e o f a e r ia l p h o to g r a p h s w h e re t h e g e o lo g ic - p h o to g ra p h ic r e la tio n s h ip s a r e f a v o u r a b le , c a n u n d o u b t e d l y p r o d u c e s a tis f a c to r y s t r u c t u r a l m a p s m o re r a p i d l y a n d e c o n o m ic a lly t h a n a n y o t h e r m e th o d .I t h a s b e e n s u g g e s te d t h a t in a r e a s o f l i t t l e r e lie f t h e o p e r a t o r o f t h e a e r ia l p l o t t i n g in s t r u m e n t s h o u ld d r a w t h e c o m p le te m a p , le a v in g t h e t o p o g r a p h e r o n ly t h e j o b s o f fie ld i n s p e c tio n a n d c o m p le tin g t h e c o n to u r s .
F a c t o r s c o n tr o llin g t h e u s e o f a e r ia l p h o to g r a p h s in s t r u c t u r a l m a p p in g a r e d is c u s s e d , a n d t h e a n t i c i p a t e d h o r iz o n ta l a n d v e r tic a l p h o to g r a m m e tr ic p r e c is io n is i n d ic a te d .
E.
N .T.
ABSTRACTS..
197
A767. Trimetrogon Aerial Photography.
R . W . D is n e y . O il G as J 1 9.10.46,45
(24), 1 1 2 -1 1 5 .— I n tr im e tr o g o n a e r ia l p h o to g r a p h y t h r e e c a m e r a s a r e a r r a n g e d to t a k e o n e v e r t i c a l a n d tw o o b liq u e p h o to g r a p h s s im u lta n e o u s ly , a t in t e r v a l s a lo n g t h e lin e o f f lig h t, t h e r e b y c o v e rin g a s t r i p a b o u t 35 m l w id e in a s in g le r u n . T h e in n e r e d g e s o f t h e o b liq u e s o v e r la p t h e m a r g in s o f t h e v e r tic a l p h o to g r a p h . V e r tic a l p h o to g r a p h s w o u ld c a ll f o r p a r a lle l flig h t lin e s 3 - 4 m l a p a r t , c o m p a r e d w ith 5 - 1 0 tim e s t h i s w id th fo r t h e t r im e t r o g o n m e th o d . T h e t r im e tr o g o n m e th o d m a y r e q u ire o n ly a b o u t one- fifth t h e n u m b e r n e e d e d w ith c o n v e n tio n a l v e r tic a ls , b u t t h e r e is so m e lo ss in a c c u r a c y o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . T h e tr im e tr o g o n m e th o d is c h e a p e r a n d q u ic k e r t h a n t h e v e r tic a l m e th o d . T rim e tr o g o n p h o to g r a p h s c a n b e e m p lo y e d t o c o n s t r u c t la rg e -s c a le m a p s fro m c o n v e n tio n a l sm a ll-sc a le m a p s .T h e g e o lo g ic a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e o b liq u e p h o to g r a p h s is r a t h e r m o re d iffic u lt t h a n
f o r t h e v e r tic a ls . G . D . H .
768. Development of Structures in Basin Areas of North-Eastern United States.
J . R . L o c k e tt. B u ll . A m e r . A s s. P e tro l. Geol., 1947,31,
4 2 9 -4 4 6 .— T h e U p p e r M ississip p i V a lle y h a d , u n t i l r e c e n tly , b e e n s tu d ie d o n ly in is o la te d a r e a s , a n d c o n s e q u e n tly n o g e n e r a l p i c t u r e o f i t h a d b e e n o b ta in e d .A s a r e s u l t o f r e c e n t w o rk , h o w e v e r, i t is s u g g e s te d t h a t , c o n t r a r y t o fo rm e r b elief, a n a r e a c o m p ris in g O h io , t h e s o u th e r n p e n in s u la o f M ic h ig a n , I n d i a n a , I llin o is , a n d n o r t h e r n K e n tu c k y s h o u ld b e c o n s id e re d a s a d i s t i n c t s t r u c t u r a l p ro v in c e . T h e m a jo r a n d m in o r f e a tu r e s in t h i s p r o v in c e a r e r e la te d , b u t n o t a s t h e r e s u lt o f t h e u p l i f t o f e i t h e r ; a n d t h e r e is n o e v id e n c e t h a t d ir e c t l a t e r a l p r e s s u re c a u s e d b y t h e A p p a la c h ia n o ro g e n y h a d a n y a p p r e c ia b le in flu e n c e o n s t r u c t u r e w e s t o f t h e P i t t s b u r g h - H u n t i n g t o n b a s in .
W i t h t h e a id o f s t r a t i g r a p h i c e v id e n c e , i t is s u g g e s te d t h a t t h e d o m in a n t p o s itiv e s t r u c t u r a l f e a tu re s a r e u n d e r la in b y t h e c r y s ta llin e c o re s o f p r e -C a m b ria n m o u n ta in ra n g e s , a n d t h a t d u r in g t h e w h o le o f t h e P alaeo zo ic e r a t h e p r in c ip a l m o v e m e n t w a s t h e c o n tin u e d s u b s id e n c e o f t h e b a s in s in b e tw e e n .
T h e effe c t o f t h e w e ig h t o f th e s e b a s in s a n d t h e i r d r a g o n t h e p o s itiv e f e a tu r e s is c o n s id e re d . T h e d r o p s o f v a r io u s r e g io n s h a v e b e e n in v e s tig a te d , a n d i t is c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e C in c in n a ti A rc h c r e s t h a s d r o p p e d 2000 f t sin c e t h e T r e n t o n w a s d e p o s ite d , w h ile in t h e L o g a n s p o r t sa g a n y in d iv id u a l b e d is m o re t h a n 1000 f t b e lo w i t s e le v a tio n a t e a c h e n d o f t h e K a n k a k e e - W a b a s h tr e n d .
T h e d ir e c tio n s o f t h e lin e s o f w e a k n e s s a n d t h e i r e x t e n t a r e p o s t u l a t e d , a n d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f s t r u c t u r e s f o rm e d in t h e o v e r ly in g s e d im e n ts i n t h e P i t t s b u r g h - H u n tin g to n , M ic h ig a n , a n d I llin o is b a s in s is d isc u sse d .
E v id e n c e is b r o u g h t f o rw a r d t o s u p p o r t t h e o p in io n t h a t t h e p r o v in c e in q u e s tio n w a s sh ie ld e d f ro m d ir e c t p r e s s u re b y t h e f o r m a tio n o f t h e P i t t s b u r g h - H u n t i n g t o n b a s in ; in f a c t, c e r t a i n o f t h e fo rc e s in v o lv e d a r e t h e re v e r s e o f c o m p re s s io n a l, a n d th e f e a tu r e s a r e s h o w n t o b e m a in ly t h e r e s u lts o f d if fe r e n tia l s u b s id e n c e .
A n e x p e r im e n t is d e s c rib e d b y w h ic h th e g e n e r a l p a t t e r n o f lin e s o f w e a k n e ss in th is a r e a w a s re p ro d u c e d o n a s m a ll sc a le .
W ith s u c h a n u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h e h i s t o r y o f t h i s s t r u c t u r a l p ro v in c e , t h e d ir e c tio n o f k n o w n tr e n d s c a n b e e x p la in e d . F u r t h e r w o rk r e m a in s t o b e d o n e o n t h i s n e w b a s is .
E . N . T .
769. California’s No. 1 Proven Reserve.
H . S. N o r m a n . O il G as J . , 7 .9 .4 6 ,45 (18),
70.— 45 p r o d u c e r s h a v e b e e n c o m p le te d in Z o n e 237 a n d t h e r e l a t e d c o n g lo m e ra te - s c h is t zo n es a t W ilm in g to n . C u r r e n tly t h i s z o n e is p ro d u c in g a b o u t 2 5 ,0 0 0 b r l/d a y .T h e fie ld ’s c u m u la tiv e p r o d u c tio n is a b o u t 3 0 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 b r l, t h e p r o d u c tio n la te in J u l y a v e ra g in g 121,180 b r l /d a y . R e m a in in g re s e rv e s a t th q e n d o f J u n e w e re p la c e d a t 3 2 9 ,971,000 b rl.
T h e field h a s six m a jo r f a u lts , a n d c o m p le x itie s in s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d s t r u c t u r e . T h e e x t e n t o f t h e Z o n e 237 u n d e r t h e L o n g B e a c h H a r b o u r w a te r s is n o t k n o w n .
T h e s a n d o f Z o n e 237 is c o a rse a n d in te r b e d d e d w ith sh a le . P e r m e a b ility r a n g e s 5 0 -1 0 0 0 m d .
P r o d u c tio n a t W ilm in g to n w a s f irs t f o u n d in 1925 w h e n s e e k in g t o e x t e n d t h e T o r r a n c e field , b u t n o t u n t i l 1932 w a s c o m m e rc ia l p r o d u c tio n e s ta b lis h e d . F u ll-s c a le d e v e lo p m e n t b e g a n l a t e in 1936. A b o u t 1500 w e lls h a v e b e e n d r ille d , m o s t o f th e m
p r o d u c in g f ro m t h e T a r , R a n g e r , a n d T e r m in a l p a y s . T h e g a s /o il r a t i o h a s r is e n t o a b o u t 1100 c u f t / b r l . T h e o r ig in a l g a s c o n t e n t o f t h e r e s e r v o ir s a b o v e Z o n e 23 7 is e s t im a t e d t o h a v e b e e n 7 0 8 ,5 5 3 ,5 1 0 ,0 0 0 c u f t , a n d 4 1 5 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 c u f t r e m a in .
G . D . H .
770. Production Report—Salt Creek Pool.
H . S. N o r m a n . O il G as J . , 1 9 .1 0 .4 6 ,45
(24), 136.— T h e S a lt C re e k p o o l o f K e r n C o u n ty , C a lifo rn ia , lie s 11 m l n o r t h w e s t o f t h e C y m ric p o o l. I t m a y b e a p lu n g in g n o se c o m p lic a te d b y f a u l t s . T h e p r o v e n a r e a is 100 a c re s , a n d a re c o v e r y o f 800 b r l / a c r e / f t is e s t im a t e d . T h e re is a n e f fe c tiv e w a te r - d r iv e . P r o d u c t io n is fro m t h e C a rn e ro s (M io cen e) a n d a t d e p t h s o f a b o u t 2 8 0 0 -3 0 0 0 f t. S a n d p e r m e a b ilitie s o f 1 0 0 0 -2 5 0 0 m d h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d , a n d p r o d u c in g g a s /o il r a t i o s o f 1 2 5 -1 5 0 c u f t / b r l . P o r o s itie s r a n g e 3 0 - 3 5 % . C u r r e n tly t h ep r o d u c t i o n is 1700 b r l /d a y . G . D . H .
771. Drilling at Mattoon.
N . W illia m s . O il G as J . , 7 .9 .4 6 ,45
(18), 8 0 .— T h e M a tto o n fie ld o f C oles C o u n ty , Illin o is , is a b o u t 9 m l lo n g a n d J —2 m l w id e . I t s o il r e s e r v e is e s t im a t e d t o b e a b o u t 2 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 b r l. O il w a s d is c o v e re d i n 1939, b u t m o s t d e v e lo p ^ m e n t h a s t a k e n p la c e sin c e m i d - 1945. T h e i n i t i a l d is c o v e ry w a s i n t h e C y p re s s s a n d a t 1875 f t . S o m e 313 w e lls h a v e b e e n d r ille d a n d 3 ,1 2 5 ,0 0 0 b r l o f o il h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d . P r o d u c t io n is o b ta in e d p r in c ip a lly f ro m t h e C y p re s s, A u x V a s e s, a n d R o s i- c la re . A few M c C lo sk y c o m p le tio n s h a v e b e e n m a d e . S tr o n g g a s flo w s a n d o il sn o w s h a v e b e e n f o u n d i n t h e D e v o n ia n . S a n d c o n d itio n s a r e v a r ia b le .W e lls c o s t $ 1 5 ,0 0 0 -1 1 7 ,0 0 0 a n d in v o lv e n o s p e c ia l p r o b le m s . W h e n tw o s a n d s a r e p r o d u c e d t h e y a r e n o t is o la te d . T h e c r u d e is 3 8 -4 0 ° A . P . I . T h e C y p re s s s a n d a lo n e h a s a g a s c a p , a n d t h i s c o v e rs le ss t h a n 100 a c re s . G . D . H .
772. Stratigraphy and Structure of Traverse Group in Afton-Onaway Area, Michigan.
W . A . K e lly a n d G . W e n d e ll S m ith . B u ll . A m e r . A s s . P e tro l. G eol., 19 4 7 ,
31,
447—469.— T h e f o r m a tio n s o f t h e T ra v e r s e o f m id d le D e v o n ia n a g e w h ic h o u tc r o p in t h e A f to n - O n a w a y a r e a ( a b o u t 50 s q m l i n C h e b o y g a n a n d w e s t - c e n tr a l P r e s q u e I s le c o u n tie s ) a r e d e s c rib e d , a n d t h e s t r u c t u r a l r e la tio n s h ip s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n .
T h e s c a t t e r e d o u tc r o p s a r e c o r r e la te d w i t h t h e b e t t e r - k n o w n s e c tio n s b o r d e r in g o n t h e L a k e H u r o n a n d L a k e M ic h ig a n a r e a s . T h e B e ll S h a le , R o c k p o r t Q u a r r y lim e s to n e ,- F e r r o n P o i n t f o rm a tio n , G e n s h a w f o r m a tio n , N e w to n C re e k lim e s to n e , K o e h le r lim e s to n e , G r a v e l P o i n t f o r m a tio n , a n d t h e B e e b e S c h o o l f o r m a t i o n a r e d e s c rib e d . T h e y a r e c o r r e la te d m a in ly o n t h e e v id e n c e o f t h e fo ss iliz e d f a u n a t h e y c o n ta in , b u t a ls o w ith t h e h e lp o f s h a r p lith o lo g ic b r e a k s b e tw e e n o t h e r s u b d iv is io n s w h ic h a r e c h a r a c te r iz e d b y a u n if o r m c o m p o s itio n a n d t e x t u r e b e tw e e n t h e i r u p p e r a n d lo w e r b o u n d a r ie s .
T h e f a c t t h a t t h e T r a v e r s e in t h e a r e a d e s c rib e d is c o n s id e r a b ly le s s t h i c k t h a n t h e T ra v e r s e s e c tio n s o f t h e e a s t a n d w e s t is a t t r i b u t e d t o d ia s tr o p h is m .
A s t r u c t u r a l c o n to u r m a p b a s e d o n th e s e s t r a t i g r a p h i c d iv is io n s is a t t a c h e d . I t sh o w s, f r o m e a s t t o w e s t, t h e P ig e o n a n tic lin e , a s m a ll s t r u c t u r a l n o s e b e tw e e n tw o m in o r s y n c lin e s , a n d t h e B la c k L a k e a n tic lin e b o r d e r e d o n t h e e a s t b y t h e O n a w a y
sy n c lin e . , E . N . T .
773. Missouri ; Its Oil and Gas Possibilities.
F . C. G re e n e . O il W k ly , 9 .9 .4 6 ,123
(2), 34.-— A t t h e e n d o f 1945 M isso u ri h a d 43 a c tiv e o il w e lls a n d 36 g a s w e lls. P r o d u c t io n is f ro m t h e M is sis sip p ia n , D e v o n ia n , a n d P e n n s y lv a n ia n . I n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e S t a t e t h e r e a r e sh a llo w P e n n s y l v a n ia n w e lls w i t h s m a ll o u t p u t s . S o m e o f t h e m h a v e g o n e to t h e p r e -C a m b ria n . A s p h a ltic r e s id u e s h a v e b e e n f o u n d in t h e M is s is s ip p ia n in s o m e p la c e s . S t r u c tu r e s a r e a p p a r e n t l y g e n tle a n d so m e p o o ls a r e d u e t o le n s in g . I n t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n c o u n tie s p o t e n t i a l p r o d u c in g h o r iz o n s o c c u r in t h e P e n n s y lv a n ia n , M is s is sip p ia n , a n d D e v o n ia n . G la c ia l d r i f t o b s c u re s m a n y o f t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e s . T h e re is a n u n c o n f o r m ity b e tw e e n t h e P e n n s y lv a n ia n a n d M is s is s ip p ia n . T h e s e tw o f e a tu r e s c a ll fo r w e ll- p la n n e d e x p l o r a t o r y w o rk .I n s o u t h e a s t M isso u ri C r e ta c e o u s r e s t s u n c o n f o r m a b ly o n O r d o v ic ia n a n d C a m b r ia n . G e o p h y s ic a l w o r k s h o u ld b e u s e d t o d is c o v e r s t r u c t u r e s in t h i s a r e a .
M a p s s h o w t h e s t r u c t u r e a q d s ite s o f p o o ls in n o r th w e s te r n M is so u ri, a n d a g e n e r a liz e d
s e c tio n is in c lu d e d . G . D . H .
ABSTRACTS.
199
a774. Sedimentation in Permian Castile Sea.
R . H . K in g . B u ll. A m e r . A s s . P etro l.G eol., 1947,
31,
4 7 0 -4 7 7 .— T h e P e r m ia n C a s tile f o rm a tio n , h a v in g a r e l a t i v e l y sim p le s t r a t i g r a p h y a n d w e ll-d e fin e d b o u n d a r ie s , is a f a v o u ra b le s t a r t i n g p o i n t fo r a s t u d y o f p r e c i p i t a t e d m a r in e se d im e n ts . I t v a r ie s i n th ic k n e s s fro m 1300 f t a t t h e n o r t h e n d o f t h e b a s in t o 2 0 0 0 f t a t t h e s o u th e n d , a n d c o n s is ts m a in ly o f “ b a n d e d ” o r la m in a te d a n h y d r i t e , t h o u g h i t a ls o c o n ta in s so m e s m a ll c a lc ite le n s e s a n d s o m e h a lite . I t w a s l a i d d o w n i n t h e s te e p -w a lle d D e la w a re B a s in i n s o u th e a s te r n N e w M e x ico a n d w e s te rn T e x a s . T h e P e r m ia n S e a w h ic h w ith d r e w t o t h i s b a s in f ro m a w id e r a r e a a t t h e e n d o f G u a d a lu p e tim e , w a s c o n n e c te d w ith t h e o p e n s e a t h r o u g h a sh a llo w c h a n n e l th r o u g h o u t C a s tile tim e .I t is g e n e r a lly a c c e p te d t h a t t h e a n h y d r i t e o f w h ic h m o s t o f t h e C a s tile f o r m a tio n c o n s is ts is a c h e m ic a l p r e c i p i t a t e r a t h e r t h a n a d e t r i t a l d e p o s it.
I t is s u g g e s te d t h a t i n t h e D e la w a re B a s in t h e w a t e r w a s d if fe r e n tia te d i n t o a n u n d e r ly in g c o n c e n tr a te d b r in e , b e lo w w a v e b a s e a n d p o n d e d b e h in d t h e b a r r i e r , a n d a s u r f a c e l a y e r o f le s se r d e n s ity . I n C a s tile tim e t h e m o re so lu b le s a lts p a s s e d o u t o f t h e b a s in i n t h e r e flu x o f t h e u n d e r ly in g b r in e t o t h e o p e n s e a ; b u t t h e le ss so lu b le s a lts w e re p r e c ip ita te d .
T h e p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f a n h y d r i t e o v e r t h e h a l i t e in d ic a te s a s c a r c ity o f t e r r e s t r i a l w a te r , a n d i s a d d u c e d t o s u p p o r t t h e s u g g e s tio n t h a t e i t h e r t h e t o p o f t h e b a r r i e r w a s b e lo w w a v e b a s e , o r t h e b a r r i e r w a s p e rm e a b le .
T h e c a lc iu m s u lp h a te w a s d e p o s ite d a s a n h y d r i t e r a t h e r t h a n g y p s u m o n a c c o u n t o f t h e s a lin it y o f t h e C a s tile S e a . T h e c h a r a c te r is tic la m in a tio n o f t h e a n h y d r i t e c a n b e a s c rib e d t o s e a s o n a l v a r ia tio n s in t e m p e r a t u r e .
T h e th e o r y o f r e flu x is a m o d ific a tio n o f O c h s e n iu s’ b a r th e o r y a d a p t e d t o e x p la in t h e
d e p o s itio n o f t h e C a stile s e d im e n ts . E . N . T .
775. Western Canada Mid-year Report.
C. O . N ie k le . O il W k ly , 5 . 8 . 4 6 ,122
(10), 3.—54 w ild c a ts , 11 s u c c e ssfu l, w e re c o m p le te d i n 1945. 37 w ild c a ts h a v e b e e n c o m p le te d in th p f irs t h a l f o f 1946. T h e p r o v e n a r e a o f t h e V ik in g —K in s e lla g a s r e s e r v e h a s b e e n e x te n d e d fro m 1 0 0 ,000 a c re s t o 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 a c re s . T h e r e s e r v e m a y b e 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 c u f t i n t h e V ik in g s a n d . O n t h e s o u th e a s t e d g e o f t h e g a s r e s e r v e o il h a s b e e n f o u n d . 60 m l t o t h e s o u th e a s t g a s h a s b e e n f o u n d in t h e V ik in g s a n d a n d o il in t h e L o w e r C re ta c e o u s . T h e L lo y d m in s te r fie ld h a s b e e n e x p a n d e d . A flo w in g w e ll h a s b e e n c o m p le te d in t h e “ T a b e r ” s a n d (L o w e r C re ta c e o u s ) o f t h e W e s t T a b e r field .
G a s a n d s lig h t p o r o s ity h a v e b e e n f o u n d i n tw o slic e s o f M a d iso n lim e s to n e o n t h e B r a z e a u a n tic lin e . T h e u p p e r r e s e r v o ir g a v e 500 M c f a n d a sh o w o f o il w i t h a s u b s t a n t i a l in c re a se in g a s flow o n a c id iz a tio n . A f u r t h e r t e s t is e x p e c te d o n t h i s s t r u c t u r e .
A L o w e r C re ta c e o u s g a s w e ll h a s b e e n c o m p le te d in t h e A lb e r ta s y n c lin e . T h e L lo y d m in s te r fie ld h a s b e e n e x te n d e d i n t o S a s k a tc h e w a n .
T a b le s l i s t t h e A lb e r ta w ild c a t c o m p le tio n s fo r t h e f ir s t h a l f o f 1946 a n d g iv e t h e o il
p r o d u c tio n b y fie ld s. G . D . H .
9
776. Depth Record for South America Established Second Time This Year.
A n o n . O il W k ly , 1 9 .8 .4 6 ,122
(12), 31.— C u ra z a o A -2 e a s t o f t h e C a b im a s a r e a fie ld s h a d re a c h e d a d e p t h o f 13,446 f t e a r ly in A u g u s t. P re v io u s ly S o u th A m e r ic a ’s d e e p e s t w e ll w a s B a ja d a 1 (1 3 ,2 0 6 f t) i n E c u a d o r . C u ra z a o A -2 is s till i n t h e E o c e n e a n d h a s n o t y e th a d sh o w s o f se e m in g ly c o m m e rc ia l im p o rta n c e . G . D . H .
777. Colombian Exploratory Activity.
G .O.
Iv e s . O il W k ly , 5 .8 .4 6 ,122
(10), 12 ( I n te r n a tio n a l S e c tio n ).— C o n c e ssio n s to t a l l i n g 4 ,9 3 1 ,3 8 2 a c re s a r e h e ld b y 6 a c tiv e oil c o m p a n ie s . I n J u l y 14 w ild c a ts w e re d rillin g . V e la s q u e z 1 i n t h e U p p e r M a g d a le n a v a lle y is e x p e c te d t o o p e n a n e w field . C o s ta R ic a 1 in t h e L o w e r V a lle y h a s h a d so m e sh o w s. L a S a le n a 1 in t h e L a s M o n a s a r e a h a s a lso h a d sh o w s. C h o rre a M a n te c a 4 is p r e p a r in g t o t e s t s a n d s b e tw e e n 5611 f t a n d 6795 f t , h a v in g b e e n d rifte d to 7046 f t in t h e b a s e m e n t.S o m e 15 g e o p h y s ic a l c re w s a r e a t w o rk . G . D . H .
778. Tests on Wildcat Which May Open Colombia Field.
A n o n . O il W k ly , 19.8.46,122
(12), 31.— V e la s q u e z 1 e n te r e d g r a n i t e a t 8450 f t a f t e r p e n e t r a t i n g a b o u t 100 f t o f c o n g lo m e ra te im m e d ia te ly a t t h e b a s e o f t h e T e r t i a r y . O il s ta in s h a v e b e e n n o t e d in th e c o n g lo m e ra te a n d sh o w s in s a n d s c o re d in t h e lo w e r p a r t o f t h e T e r t i a r y . T h e b e s tsh o w s w e re in t h e d e p t h r a n g e 6 4 0 0 -8 2 6 5 f t . A d r ill- s te m t e s t a t 7 2 5 4 -7 2 7 4 f t g a v e
15 s t a n d s o f 3 0 - g r a v ity o il. G . D . H .
779. Spring Hill 3 Test Commenced by Chile.
A n o n . O il W k ly , 2 6 .8 .4 6 ,122 (13),
29 .—S p rin g H ill 3 h a s b e e n c o m m e n c e d o n I s l a G r a n d e , 6 m l fro m t h e n o r t h e n d o f t h e S t r a i t s o f M a g e lla n . S p rin g H i l l 2 w a s c o m p le te d d r y a t o v e r
10,000
f t . S p rin g H i l l1
h a s n e v e r b e e n f u lly c o m p le te d , b u t l a t e s t g u e s se s g iv e i t s p o t e n t i a l a s1500
b r l / d a y . I n t h e f o o th ills t o t h e n o r t h w e s t P e c k e t 1 is b e in g d r ille d . G . D . H .780. Completion Due Soon on Third Chilean Test.
A n o n . O il G as J . , 2 1 .9 .4 6 ,45
(20), 163.— T h e t h i r d t e s t o n t h e S p rin g H ill s t r u c t u r e is r e p o r t e d t o h a v e p a s s e d a d e p t h o f 7 000 f t . I t lie s ¿ - m l s o u th w e s t o f t h e d is c o v e ry w e ll. G . D . H .781. Dutch Coevorden Field Now Producing 630 brl Daily.
A n o n . O il G as J . , 12 .1 0 .4 6 ,45
(23), 6 1 .— A t C o e v o rd e n t h e C r e ta c e o u s lie s a t d e p t h s o f a b o u t 1050 f t . A b o u t 63 0 b r l / d a y is b e in g o b t a i n e d fro m a s a n d w h ic h a v e r a g e s 7 5 -8 5 f t i n th ic k n e s s . R ic h e r s t r u c t u r e s m a y o c c u r a c ro s s t h e b o r d e r in G e r m a n y . G . D . H .782. “ Cradle oi Civilization ” Scene of Oil Search by Standard of Egypt.
W . W . B u r n s . O il O as J . , 1 9 .1 0 .4 6 ,45
(24), 95.— T h e A b u R o a s h w e ll, s o m e 10 m l w e s t o f C a iro , r e a c h e d g r a n i t e a t 6 2 5 0 f t . T h e S u d r w ild c a t, 40 m l s o u th o f S u e z , o n t e s t g a v e 22° A .P .I . o il a t t h e r a t e o f 27 5 b r l /d a y . A s e c o n d w e ll is b e in g d r ille d .E l K h a b r a o n t h e S i n a i - P a l e s t i n e b o r d e r h a s r e a c h e d 5 8 9 0 f t a n d is in lim e s to n e , p o s s ib ly o f J u r a s s i c a g e . W a d i- B a b a o n t h e S in a i s id e o f t h e G u lf o f S u e z h a s r e a c h e d 4 5 4 8 f t , b e in g in s c h is t. A t e s t is t o b e d r ille d a t R a s A b u R u d e is , 9 k m d u e w e s t.
C u r r e n tly E g y p t i a n S t a n d a r d h a s t h r e e g e o lo g ic a l p a r t i e s , o n e g r a v i t y m e t e r , a n d o n e se ism ic p a r t y a t w o rk .
T h e W e s te r n D e s e r t P r o v in c e h a s O lig o c e n e , M io c e n e , a n d P lio c e n e b e d s c o m m o n ly c o v e r e d b y su p e rfic ia l d e p o s its w h ic h r e n d e r g e o p h y s ic a l w o r k n e c e s s a ry . G . D ..H .
G eophysics and G eochem ical P rosp ectin g .
783. Magnolia Testing Offshore Formations in the Gulf.
A n o n . W o rld P e tr o l.,' 1947,18
(3), 6 0 - 6 1 .— M a g n o lia h a v e le a s e d 5 b lo c k s o f s u b m a r in e la n d f ro m L o u is ia n a , w h ic h is t o r e c e iv e 1 2 J % o f a ll'o il t a k e n a n d r e n t fo r t h e p r o p e r tie s . T w o o ff-sh o re v e n tu r e s , in c lu d in g t h e w h o le o r g a n iz a tio n a n d e q u ip m e n t, a r e d e s c rib e d a n d il l u s t r a t e d .F . S. A .
784. Marine Exploration Develops New Techniques.
A n o n . W o rld P e tr o l., 1947,18
(3), 5 7 - 5 9 .— S y s te m a tic e f fo r ts a r e b e in g m a d e t o d e te r m in e t h e p r e s e n c e o f s u b m a r in e o il— e s p e c ia lly in t h e G u lf C o a s t a n d B a h a m a s a r e a s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a ir - b o r n e m a g n e to m e te r , r a d a r is u s e d t o lo c a te p o s itio n s fo r g r a v im e tr ic t e s ts . D iv in g c h a m b e r s a r e u s e d w h e n p o s s ib le i n m a k in g g r a v im e tr ic o b s e r v a tio n s o n t h e o c e a n flo o r. T w o t y p e s a r e d e s c rib e d , to g e t h e r w ith a n u m b e r o f in g e n io u s w a y s in w h ic h c r a f t o f v a rio u s - k in d s h a v e b e e n a d a p t e d t o s e rv e a s g e o p h y s ic a l b a s e s . T h e t e x t is i l l u s t r a t e d b yp h o to g r a p h s . P . S.. A .
785. Russians Use Bacteriological Analysis in Oil Exploration.
A n o n . O il O as J . , 7 .9 .4 7 ,45
(18), 60.— T h e p r e s e n c e o f h y d r o c a r b o n b a c t e r i a in n e a r - s u r f a c e r o c k s a n d so il h a s b e e n u tiliz e d t o lo c a te a n i m p o r t a n t g a s fie ld a t a d e p t h o f 628 f t n e a r M ik h a ilo v s k y . T h e b a c t e r i a u tiliz e m i n u t e q u a n t i t i e s o f h y d r o c a r b o n s s e e p in g f ro m t h eg a s a c c u m u la tio n a t d e p t h . G . D . H .
D rillin g.
786. New Heavy Duty Power Rig.
A n o n . P e tro l. T im e s , 4 .1 .4 7 ,51,
2 2 .—
T h e o p e r a t i o n o f a n e w B r i t i s h h e a v y - d u t y d rillin g r ig c a p a b le o f d r illin g t o o v e r 1 6,000 f t isb r ie fly d e s c rib e d . _ g , g g
787. Diesel Electric Barge Rig Designed to Drill 15,000 ft Wells.
K . M . F a g in . P e tro l.E n g r , J a n . , 1947,
18
(4), 4 9 .— T h e c o n s tr u c tio n a n d o p e r a tio n o f a 2 1 0 0 -h .p . b a r g e r ig d rillin g in t h e c o a s ta l a r e a o f L o u s ia n a is d e s c rib e d . R . g . g_ABSTRACTS.
201
A788. Seadrome-Type Offshore Foundation for Continental Shelf Operations.
E . R . A r m s tr o n g . O il W k ly , 2 7 .1 .4 7 ,124
(9), 41.—-"A rig s t r u c t u r e w h ic h is d e s ig n e d fo r se a w o rk in d e p t h s fro m 20 t o 200 f t a n d w h ic h p r o v id e s a flo a tin g , p o r ta b le , a n d s e a w o r th y s t r u c t u r e fo r t h e d rillin g o p e r a tio n s is d e s c rib e d . T h e p r in c ip le s o f d e s ig n in g s u c h s t r u c t u r e s a r e v e r y b rie fly o u tlin e d . I t is e s s e n tia l t h a t a p o r ta b le r ig b e b u o y a n t so t h a t i t c a n b e r e a d ily m o v e d f ro m o n e lo c a tio n t o a n o th e r . I n a n o ffsh o re a r e a , s u c h a s t h e G u lf o f M e x ico , w h e re g a le s f r e q u e n tly r e a c h h u r ric a n e fo rc e , w h ip p in g u p s h o r t, h ig h se a s o f tr e m e n d o u s e n e rg y , se a w o rth in e s s , a n d a ll t h a t t h e w o rd im p lie s, is o f e v e n g r e a te r im p o r ta n c e t h a n p o r t a b i li t y . T h e re fo re , t o in s u r e t h e d e s ire d p o r t a b i l i t y a n d s e a w o rth in e s s in t h is t y p e o f rig , i t m u s t n o t o n ly flo a t, b u t m u s t b e o f s u c h s t r e n g t h a n d fo rm t h a t i t w ill b e u n a f fe c te d b y w in d a n d w a v e s w h ile o n se rv ic e d u t y . T h is m e a n s t h a t w h e n t h e r ig is flo a tin g i t m u s t h a v e a m p le s ta b ility , c a p a b le o f m e e tin g a ll se a c o n d itio n s w it h o u t d a n g e r a n d b e e q u a lly sa fe w h e n r e s tin g o n t h e o c e a n b o tto m . F u r t h e r , i t w o u ld a p p e a r d e s ira b le t h a t w h e n s e rv in g a s a d rillin g b a s e , t h e s t r u c t u r a l w e ig h t r e s tin g o n t h e b o tto m s h o u ld b e v a r ia b le w ith in w id e lim its . I n m a n y lo c a tio n s t h e s a fe lo a d - c a r ry in g c a p a c ity o f t h e o c e a n flo o r m a y v a r y c o n s id e ra b ly w ith t h e r e s u lt t h a t i f t h e lo a d in g v a lu e c o u ld n o t b e re d u c e d , s e ttle m e n t w o u ld r e s u lt— w ith p o ss ib le d is a s tr o u s e ffe c ts o n t h e d r illin g o p e r a tio n . I t is a ls o n e c e s s a ry t o b e a b le se le c tiv e ly t o a d j u s t t h e v e r tic a l t r im , o r le v e ln e s s, o f t h e d rillin g rig t o c o m p e n s a te fo r p o s s ib le ir re g u la r itie s in t h e o c e a n b o tto m . M e a n s m u s t also b e p r o v id e d t o m a k e re flo ta tio n o f t h e r ig e a s y a n d re lia b le a n d to in s u r e a m p le s t r u c t u r a l s t a b il i t y d u r in g a ll p h a s e s o f t h e o p e r a tio n .
E x p e r im e n ts w ith a m o d e l sh o w a n o p e n w o rk s t r u c t u r e w ith a m u ltip le b u o y a n c y
s y s te m v e r y s u ita b le fo r m a r in e d rillin g . A . H . N .
789. Controlled Directional Drilling of Wells. Part 2.
G . L . K o t h n y . O il W k ly , 2 7 .1 .4 7 ,124
(9), 36.— T h e u se o f t h e w h ip s to c k , k n u c k le jo i n t , s p u d d in g b i t s , a n d o f n o n - m a g n e tic d r ill c o lla rs in o r ie n tin g a b i t fo r d ir e c tio n a l d rillin g is d e s c rib e d a n d i l l u s tr a te d . T h e u s e o f c o n tr o lle d d ir e c tio n a l d r illin g in d if fe r e n t A m e ric a n field s is re v ie w e d . T h e ille g itim a te a p p lic a tio n o f c o n tr o lle d d ir e c tio n a l d rillin g in C a lifo rn ia Was h a l t e d in 1935 w h e n t h e S u p e rio r C o u r t o f t h e S t a t e o f C a lifo rn ia , in a n d fo r th e C o u n ty o f L o s A n g e le s, in t h e c a s e o f A lp h o n s o E . B e ll C o r p o ra tio n , et a l, P la in tiff s , v.B e lle v ie w O il S y n d ic a te , et a l, D e f e n d a n ts , d e c id e d t h a t o n e w h o d rills a n o il w ell o n h is o w n l a n d a n d p e r m its t h e d r ill to d r i f t in to t h e la n d s o f a n o th e r , a n d w ith k n o w le d g e o f t h e b o tto m p u t s t h e w e ll o n p r o d u c tio n , is lia b le fo r tr e s p a s s a n d fo r c o n v e rsio n o f th e o il t a k e n fro m t h e o t h e r ’s la n d . A n d f u r t h e r , t h a t t h e f a c t t h a t a t t h e tim e o f th e d rillin g o f su c h w ells, t h e f a c ilitie s a n d a p p lic a n c e s h a d n o t b e e n p e r fe c te d a n d th e k n o w le d g e o f d rillin g h a d n o t a d v a n c e d so t h a t d ir e c tio n a l d rillin g w a s a n a r t a n d th e d r illin g o f s t r a i g h t h o le s w a s u n k n o w n , d id n o t j u s t i f y t h e o p e r a to r in d rillin g in to s tr a n g e la n d s a t a d is ta n c e o f 1500 f t fro m t h e s u rfa c e lo c a tio n a n d p la c in g h is w ell o n p r o d u c tio n a t t h a t p o in t, n o tw it h s t a n d i n g t h e p o o l p r o d u c e d fro m e x te n d e d in to th e la n d s o f t h e d rillin g p a r t y . T h is c o u r t d e c is io n g a v e q u ite a n im p e tu s t o d ir e c tio n d rillin g a n d w e ll su rv e y in g .
G y lin d e r d rillin g re fe rs t o t h e d rillin g o f a w ell, t h e c o u rse o f w h ic h is d e s c rib e d , a n d w h ic h m u s t b e h e ld w ith in a r a d iu s o f 25 f t o f th is p r e d e te r m in e d c o u rse . T h e c o u rse is p l o t t e d so a s t o a v o id c o n flic t w ith e x is tin g w ells a n d t o p r o v id e c o r re c t b o t t o m h o le sp a c in g . C y lin d e r d rillin g is n o w w id e ly u s e d in C a lifo rn ia . O v e r 200 d e fle c te d w ells w ith a fo o ta g e o f o v e r 1 m illio n f t h a v e b e e n d r ille d in t h e H u n t i n g t o n B e a c h a re a . A b o u t 4 0 % o f th e s e a r e c y lin d e r d rille d h o le s. T h e a n g le s o f in c lin a tio n v a r y fro m 30° t o 65° o ff t h e v e r tic a l. M o re t h a n 25 m illio n b r ls o f o il h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d fro m d ire c tio n a lly d r ille d w e lls in t h i s field.
T h e u se o f re lie f w ells t o k ill c r a te r e d w ells is d e s c rib e d . A . H . N .
790. Drilling Rigs are Going to Sea.
J . E . K a s t r o p . O il W k ly , 3 .2 .4 7 ,124
(10), 33.—S e v e ra l m e th o d s p ro p o s e d fo r m a r in e d r illin g — o n e o f w h ic h v is u a liz e d t o b e u s e d d o w n to 600 f t o f w a te r — a r e d e s c rib e d . G ro ss d e s ig n e d s lo p in g le g -d e rric k s o n s k id s a n d v e r tic a l d e rric k s ; K i r b y ’s to w e r u tiliz e s a n o c ta g o n a l s t r u c t u r e ; R o b e r t p r o p o se s th e u se o f p r e fa b ric a te d s e c tio n s w h ic h c a n fo rm a t o w e r ; S h re w s b u r y p a t e n t e d a flo a tin g c o lu m n o f 4 0 -ft d ia . x 200 f t lo n g . O th e r d e s ig n e rs p ro p o s e s h ip s , c o n v e r te d L a n d in g S h ip s, T a n k s (L .S .T .) f a irle a d a n d s e a d ro m e - ty p e p la tf o r m . C e rta in o f th e s e m e th o d s
h a v e b e e n t e s te d o n m o d e l sc a le s. A . H . N .
A BSTRACTS.
791. F.M. Radio Communication Aids Operation
o iRigs.
K . M . F a g in . P e tro l. E n g r , D e c . 1946,18
(3), 174.— S m a ll p o r t a b l e f r e q u e n c y m o d u la tio n t r a n s m i t t e r s a n d r e c e iv e r s d e v e lo p e d d u r in g t h e w a r c a n p r o v id e a n e ffic ie n t r a d io - te le p h o n e c o m m u n ic a t i o n s y s te m u p t o a r a n g e o f 60 m l. T h e i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d o p e r a tio n o f s u c h a s y s te m t o a s s is t i n d r illin g o p e r a tio n s is d isc u ss e d , a n d d e t a i l e d c ir c u it d ia g r a m s a r e p r e s e n te d .R . B . S.
792. Quick Remedial Work Solves Difficult Blow-out Problem.
G . M . W ils o n . O il W k ly , 2 0 .1 .4 7 ,124
(8), 3 4 .— S e v e r a l m o n t h s a f t e r c o m p le tin g a w e ll i t w a s n o tic e d t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e a n n u l a r sp a c e b e t w e e n 't h e I l f - i n . s u r f a c e s t r i n g a n d t h e 7 -in oil s t r i n g w a s in c r e a s in g c o n s id e r a b ly I n a s h o r t t i m e t h e p r e s s u r e c a u s e d t h e s u rfa c e e q u ip m e n t t o f a i l ; t h e c re w s t r i p p e d o ff t h e w h o le o f t h e s u r f a c e e q u i p m e n t a n d l e t t h e w e ll flow . W i t h t h e w e ll t h e n flo w in g u n c o n tr o lle d , b u t c le a r o f s u r f a c e o b s tr u c tio n s , i t w a s d e c id e d t o c o n s t r u c t a sp e c ia l p a c k e r in t h e fo rm o f a n i n v e r t e d lin e r h a n g e r h a v i n g in s id e a n d o u ts id e d ia m e te r s t h a t w o u ld e n a b le i t t o b e lo w e re d d o w n o v e r t h e 7 -in c a s in g , t h e l a t t e r s t r i n g s till b e in g a t t h e t o p o f t h e w e ll a n d in s id e t h e l l f - i n s u r f a c e s tr in g . S u c h a se a l, i t w a s b e lie v e d , w o u ld e ffe c tiv e ly s h u t o ff t h e flo w th r o u g h t h e a n n u lu s . A n 8 jj-in n ip p le , 10 f t lo n g , w i t h lin e a r h a n g e r o n t h e lo w e r e n d , a n d a 9 -in , 6 0 0 0 -lb t e s t- g a t e v a lv e o n t h e u p p e r e n d w a s t o b e m a d e u p . T w o 3 -in h o r iz o n ta l v a lv e s w e re t o b e p o s itio n e d a s h o r t d is ta n c e b e lo w t h e 9 -in g a t e t o p r o v id e c o m m u n ic a t i o n t o t h e w e ll a f t e r t h e la rg e g a t e h a d b e e n c lo s e d . I t w a s b e lie v e d t h a t t h i s a s s e m b ly w o u ld p o s itio n t h e p a c k e r a b o u t 12 f t b e lo w t h e b a s e p l a t e , a p o i n t b e lie v e d b e lo w th e r u p t u r e d p o r t io n o f t h e s u r f a c e s tr in g . T h e e x e c u tio n o f th e s e p l a n s is d e s c rib e d .A . H . N .
7 9 3 .
Diamond Coring at Rangely, Colorado.
R . W . S t u a r t . P e tro l. E n g r , J a n . 1947,18
(4), 4 3 .— T h e u s e o f d ia m o n d to o ls fo r c o rin g t h e W e b e r s a n d i n t h e R a n g e ly field o f N .W . C o lo ra d o is d e s c rib e d . P r e s s u r e c o rin g m e th o d s w e re u s e d i n s o m e r u n s .R . B.. S.
794. Controlled Directional Drilling
ofWells. Part
1. G . L . K o t h n y . O il W k ly , 2 0 .1 .4 7 ,124
(8), 3 0 .— T h e a p p lic a tio n o f a n d p r in c ip a l f a c to r s fo r su c c e s s fu l c o n tr o lle d d ir e c tio n a l d rillin g a r e d e s c rib e d i n t h i s p a r t o f t h e p a p e r . T h e a p p lic a tio n s a re g e n e r a lly : (a) F o r d rillin g n e w w e lls w h ic h c a n n o t b e lo c a te d d i r e c t l y a b o v e t h e d e s ire d c o m p le tio n p o i n t ; (b) f o r r e d rillin g w e lls w h e r e a c o r r e c tio n in t h e n a t u r a l c o u rs e o f th e w e ll is d e s ira b le o r n e c e s s a ry . U n d e r t h e f ir s t a p p lic a tio n c o m e w e lls lo c a te d b e n e a th t h e o c e a n , la k e s , o r r iv e r b o tto m s , w e lls l o c a te d u n d e r t h e p ie r c e m e n t t y p e s a l t d o m e o v e r h a n g s , w e lls lo c a te d a r o u n d o b je c tio n a b le lo c a tio n s , w h e r e t h e s u r f a c e t o p o g r a p h y m a k e s d r illin g a t a n a n g le fro m a lo w e r lo c a tio n p r e f e r a b le t o d e e p e r d r illin g t h r o u g h a h ill, r e lie f w e lls fo r b rin g in g u n d e r c o n t r o l 'b u r n i n g o r b lo w n - o u t w e lls, w e lls d r ille d o n a p h y s ic a lly r e s t r i c t e d a r e a , s u c h a s a n is la n d o r p i e r fro m w h ic h a p l u r a l i t y o f h o le s a r e d r ille d , fro m o n e lo c a tio n w e lls d r ille d a t a n a n g le in to t h e f o r m a tio n so a s t o g iv e g r e a t e r p e n e t r a t i o n , m u ltip le w e lls d r ille d f ro m o n e lo c a tio n fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f s u b s u r fa c e g e o lo g ic a l e x p lo r a tio n . U n d e r t h e s e c o n d a p p lic a tio n c o m e w e lls r e d r ille d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c o r re c tin g e x c e s siv e d r i f t a n d d ir e c tio n , t o s t r a i g h t e n t h e w e ll, t o p r e v e n t tr e s p a s s , t o s id e tr a c k lo s t to o ls , t o d ir e c t t h e c o u rs e t o w a r d t h e p r o d u c t i v e s id e o f a f a u l t , t o d ir e c t a w e ll b a c k i n t o a h o le w h ic h c a v e d in a n d w a s lo s t, a n d t o d i r e c t t h e c o u rs e o f t h e h o le a w a y f ro m e d g e w a te r i n t o t h e p r o d u c t i v e z o n e .T h e p r in c ip a l r e q u ir e m e n ts a r e t h e c o r r e c t u s e a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f w e ll s u r v e y in g in s t r u m e n t s a n d a n a c c u r a t e m e t h o d o f o r i e n t a t io n a n d d e f le c tin g to o ls . S e v e r a l m e th o d s a n d in s t r u m e n t s a r e r e v ie w e d a n d il l u s t r a t e d . A . H . N .
795. Directional Drilling in the Mid-Continent Area.
C. P . C o llin s. O il W k l y ,24.2.47, 124
(13), 3 2 - 3 4 .— T h e m a n y a p p lic a tio n s o f d ir e c tio n a l d r illin g in t h e M id - C o n tin e n t a r e a f a ll in t h e fo llo w in g g e n e r a l c la s s if ic a tio n s : (1) S id e tr a c k in g a n d r e d r i l l i n g ; (a) S id e tr a c k in g lo s t to o ls a n d d r ill p ip e ; (b ) C o rre c tio n o f v e r t i c a l d r i f t a n d d ir e c tio n . (2) D r illin g t o p r e - d e te r m in e d p o i n t s ; (a) I n a c c e s s ib le s u r f a c e l o c a t i o n s ; (6) R e lie f w e lls ; (c) F a u l t l i n e s ; (d) U n c o n f o r m itie s ; (e ) G a s, o il, a n d w a t e r c o n t a c t s ; ( / ) G eo lo g ic e x p lo r a tio n a n d e x p lo ita tio n o f s t r a t i g r a p h i c t r a p s .S e v e r a l il l u s t r a t i v e e x a m p le s a r e b rie fly d e s c rib e d , * A . H , N . '
ABSTRAC TS.
2 03
a796. Hydraulic Drives in the Oilfields.
N . A . D ’A r c y , J r . P e tro l. E n g r , F e b . 1947,18
(5 ), 90. (P a p e r p re se n te d before A . I . M . E . P e tro le u m D iv is io n , L o s A n g le s , O c t.1 946.)— H y d r a u lic d r iv e s a r e o f tw o t y p e s : (1) h y d r o -k in e tic d riv e s — w h ic h d e p e n d o n t h e k in e tic e n e r g y o f t h e h y d r a u lic flu id — e.g., h y d r a u lic c o u p lin g s a n d h y d r a u lic to r q u e c o n v e r t e r s ; a n d (2) h y d r o s t a t i c d r iv e s — w h ic h d e p e n d o n t h e p r e s s u re o f t h e h y d r a u lic flu id — e.g., h y d r a u lic m o to r s a n d h y d r a u lic p u m p s . T h e b a s ic p r in c ip le s o f th e s e tw o ty p e s , a n d t h e c h a r a c te r is tic s , a p p lic a tio n s , a n d lim ita tio n s o f h y d r a u lic c o u p lin g s a n d to r q u e c o n v e r te r s a n d o f h y d r o - s ta tic d r iv e s , g e n e r a lly , a r e e a c h
d isc u ss e d . R . B . S.
797. Chemistry oi Acid Treatments ior Mud Removal.
C. E . C la s o n . O il W k ly , 2 4 .2 .4 7 ,124
(13), 41.— T h e u se o f a c id to re m o v e m u d c o n ta in in g c a r b o n a te s is tw o fo ld in a c c o m p lis h m e n t, in t h a t a d o u b le o r g r e a t e r b a s e e x c h a n g e is n o t o n ly p o ss ib le , b u t a p p a r e n t l y t a k e s p la c e b y s o lu tio n o f t h e c a r b o n a te s . M u r ia tic o r h y d r o c h lo ric a c id w ill a c c o m p lis h th is , a n d i f n o t a v a ila b le , c a lc iu m c h lo rid e w ill b e m u c h m o re effic ie n t in w a s h in g in w e lls t h a n p l a i n w a t e r in a n y t y p e o f fo rm a tio n . M u d w ith n o c a r b o n a te c a n b e m o re e ffic ie n tly re m o v e d w i t h a m i x t u r e o f c a lc iu m c h lo rid e a n d a c id , a n d c a lc iu m c h lo rid e a lo n e is a ls o m o r e e ffic ie n t t h a n p la in w a te r . T h e re s h o u ld b e n o in g r e d ie n ts in t h e a c id t h a t fo rm in s o lu b le c o m p o u n d s w ith a n y o f t h e m u d c o n s titu e n ts . A n y a c id w h o se s a lts a r e so lu b le w ill w o rk , b u t h y d r o c h lo ric is c h e a p e r a n d u n iv e r s a lly u se d . T h e b a s e e x c h a n g e w ill a lw a y s o c c u r w ith a n y m in e r a l a c id b u t t h e C a a n d M g s a lts , w h e n c a r b o n a te s a r e p r e s e n t, s h o u ld b e so lu b le a ls o t o a s s is t in re p la c in g t h e N ao f t h e c la y . A . H . N .
Production.
798. Development of Well-head Equipment.
J . E . E c k e l. P e tro l. E n g r , D e c . 1946,18
(3), 188.— A s u m m a r y is p r e s e n te d o f t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f w e ll-h e a d e q u ip m e n td u r in g t h e l a s t 20 y e a r s . R . B . S.
799. New Method for Increasing the Permeability of Sandstone Layers in Oil Wells.
H . J . M . W . D e Q u a r te l. I n g e n ie u r , 2 8 .3 .4 7 ,
59
(13), 9.— A n e le c tr ic a l m e th o d is s u g g e s te d u s in g t h e w e ll c a s in g a s t h e c a th o d e , t h e a n o d e b e in g p la c e d 3 - 6 f t u n d e r t h e p r o d u c tio n z o n e . T h e m e th o d is p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e fu l fo r s a n d s to n e c o n ta in in g c la y o r f irm ly b o u n d w a te r .I t is a lso s u g g e s te d t h a t t h e m e th o d c o u ld b e u s e d fo r t h e b r e a k in g o f w a te r - o il
e m u lsio n s . • N . C.
800. Some Permeability Experiments on Cores from the Stevens Sand, Paloma Field, California.
K . T . M ille r, F . M o rg a n , a n d M . M u s k a tr P ro d u c e r's M o n th ly , N o v . 1946,11
(1), 31.— E x p e r im e n ts w e re p e r fo r m e d t o m e a s u re t h e p e r m e a b ility t o o il in c la y - c o n ta in in g s a n d s , p a r t i a l ly s a t u r a t e d w ith w a t e r o r a f t e r e x p o s u re t o w a te r . T h e e x p e r im e n ta l p r o c e d u r e is d e s c rib e d a n d t h e r e s u lts a r e s h o w n t a b u l a r l y a n d g ra p h ic a lly . T h e a v e r a g e r a t i o s o f p e r m e a b ilitie s o f t h e u n e x t r a c t e d c o re s (i.e., u n t r e a t e d c o re s a s o b ta in e d f ro m t h e fo rm a tio n ) fo r oil, fre s h , a n d s a l t w a te r , t o th e p e r m e a b ility fo r a ir w e re f o u n d t o fo llo w t h r e e e m p ir ic a l ru le s, v iz .—-b = 0-43 ^ = 0 01 = 0 07.
K
aK
T h e e x p e r im e n ts a lso sh o w t h a t t h e p e r m e a b ility t o o il a f t e r flo o d in g w ith w a te r is m u c h less t h a n p r io r t o flo o d in g . T h is s u p p o r ts t h e s u g g e s tio n t h a t o il-b a s e m u d s s h o u ld b e u se d w h e n d r illin g -in c la y c o n ta in in g p ro d u c in g ro c k s . S ix r e fe re n c e s a r e
g iv e n . R . B . S.
801. Liner Job Well-Remedial Work in the East Texas Field.
D . W . A k in s, J r . O il W k ly , 13.1.47,124
(7), 32.— D u e t o t h e s h a le s t r e a k s in t h e W o o d b in e s a n d b e in g n o n - u n ifo rm in th ic k n e s s , t h e p r o d u c tio n p r o b le m s f ro m t h i s fie ld a r e c o m p le x . T h e p r o b le m s d isc u sse d in d e t a i l a r e , h o w e v e r, sp ecific to t h e field a n d re fe re n c e s h o u ld b e m a d e t o t h e c h a r t s a n d d ia g r a m s t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e s p e c ia l s o lu tio n s t o th e m . T h e s te p s t a k e n to e x c lu d e w a te r o r r e d u c e i t t o a m in im u m a r e d isc u sse d in d e ta il.A . H . N .
802. Influence of Temperature on Oilfield from Uneemented Sands under Gravitatonal Flow.
S. L . Z a k s . P e tro l. E n g r , N o v . 1946,18
(2), 147. ( T r a n s la te d b y A . A . B o e h tlin g k from , p a p e r p u b lish e d i n I z v e s tiy a A k a d e m ii N a u k S . S . S . R . (O tdelenie T e k h n ic h e s k ik h N a u k B u l l A c a d . S c i. U . R . S . S . , C l. S e t. T e c h n .).)— T h e s u r f a c e te n s io n , v is c o s ity , a n d a d h e s io n te n s io n o f c r u d e o il a ll d e c r e a s e w i t h in c r e a s e o f t e m p e r a t u r e , ir r e s p e c tiv e o f t h e c o m p o s itio n o f t h e c r u d e (p ro v id e d t h i s r e m a in s c o n s t a n t ) o r o f t h e r e s e r v o ir s a n d . T h e r e is, h o w e v e r, a n o t h e r f a c t o r t o b e b o r n e i n m i n d ; i t is t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e in c re a s e s w ill r e s u l t in d e c r e a s in g t h e v o lu m e o f g a s d is s o lv e d i n t h e c ru d e ( th u s v a r y i n g i t s c o m p o s itio n ) a n d c a u s e a n in c r e a s e in t h e v is c o s ity o f t h e o il, w h ic h w ill p r o b a b l y o ffs e t t h e e x p e c te d d e c re a s e in v is c o s ity d u e t o ris e o f te m p e r a t u r e . E x p e r im e n ts , w h ic h a r e d e s c rib e d , w e re t h e r e f o r e d e v is e d fo r m e a s u r in g t h e o v e r a ll e ffe c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e o n o il y ie ld . T h e c r u d e U sed i n th e s e e x p e r im e n ts w a s a lig h t M a ik o p c r u d e (S .G . 0-832) a n d t h e s a n d u s e d w a s i n tw o g r a d e s b o t h b e in g lo o se , u n c e m e n te d s a n d h a v in g a p o r o s ity o f 4 1 -4 2 % , b u t o n e h a v in g a g r a i n siz e o f 0 -2 5 - 0-10 m m a n d t h e o t h e r h a v i n g a g r a i n siz e o f 0-10—0-01 m m : t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s t u d i e d w a s f r o m 20° C t o 100° C, a n d t h e slo p e o f t h e s a n d - p a c k e d t u b e w a s v a r ie d fro m 5° t o 40°.T h e r e s u lts o f th e s e e x p e r im e n ts , w h ic h a r e p r e s e n t e d t a b u l a r l y a n d g r a p h ic a lly , s h o w t h a t in c r e a s in g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e in c r e a s e s t h e o il r e c o v e r y a n d t h a t t h e m a x im u m ris e in % re c o v e r y w a s o b s e rv e d f o r in c r e a s e s i n t e m p e r a t u r e f ro m 20° C t o 60° C.
T h e t e m p e r a t u r e e ffe c t w a s a ls o f o u n d t o in c r e a s e w i t h d e c r e a s e in g r a i n siz e a n d w ith d e c re a s e i n slo p e . T h e a u t h o r c o n c lu d e s t h a t h e a t i n g o il s a n d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y th o s e h a v in g s m a ll g r a in siz e a n d c o n ta in in g a h ig h v is c o s ity c r u d e , w o u ld p r o f i t a b l y in c r e a s e t h e % r e c o v e r y . S ix r e fe re n c e s a r e a p p e n d e d . R . B . S.
803. Quick-Freezing Seals Fluid Content in Cores.
J . D . W is e n b a k e r . P e tro l. E n g r, J a n . 1947,18
(4), 75.-—T h e u s u a l m e th o d s o f c o re c u t t i n g r e s u l t i n t h e f lu s h in g o f c o re s b y d rillin g m u d a n d t h e e x p u ls io n o f s o m e flu id s b y t h e re le a s e a n d e x p a n s io n o f g a s a s t h e c o re is w ith d r a w n t o t h e s u rfa c e . H o w e v e r , th e s e p ro c e s s e s a r e u s u a lly su ffic ie n tly c o n s is te n t f o r a g iv e n s e t o f r e s e r v o ir c o n d itio n s , t h a t m e a s u r e m e n ts o f flu id s a t u r a t i o n s , p o r o s ity a n d p e r m e a b ility , i f m a d e u p o n t h e c o re im m e d ia te ly o n reaching the su rfa ces, c a n b e u s e d t o i n t e r p r e t t h e p r o d u c t i o n t o b e e x p e c te d . H , o n r e a c h in g t h e s u rfa c e , t h e c o re is n o t im m e d ia te ly a t t e n d e d t o , i t w ill b e g in t o a b s o r b m o r e w a t e r fro m t h e d rillin g m u d , a n d , o n e x p o s u re t o t h e a tm o s p h e r e , i t w ill b e g in t o lo se o il a n d w a t e r b y e v a p o r a t i o n : t h u s t h e v a lu e o f a c o re a n a ly s is r a p i d l y d e t e r i o r a t e s w i t h th e d e la y . R e s e a r c h h a s s h o w n t h a t t h e m o s t s a t is f a c t o r y m e t h o d o f p r e s e r v in g c o re s fo r a d e la y e d a n a ly s is w a s b y t h e u s e o f a q u ic k -fre e z in g p ro c e ss .
P o r o s i t y a n d p e r m e a b ility m e a s u r e m e n ts w e re m a d e o n a v a r i e t y o f c o n s o lid a te d s a n d c o re s b e f o re a n d a f t e r q u ic k f re e z in g (a) w i t h c o re s f u lly s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r a n d (b ) w ith c o re s p a r t i a l ly s a t u r a t e d w i t h g a s , f o r v a r io u s g a s s a t u r a t i o n s u p t o 5 5 % o f p o r e s p a c e . T h e e ffe c t o f q u ic k fre e z in g o n o il a n d w a t e r s a t u r a t i o n w a s a lso e x a m in e d . T h e r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d t a b u l a r l y a n d g r a p h ic a lly . T h e y sh o w t h a t : (1) N o a p p r e c ia b le c h a n g e i n p o r o s i t y w a s c a u s e d b y q u ic k - fr e e z in g s a m p le s f u l ly o r p a r t i a l l y s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r ; (2) N o a p p r e c ia b le c h a n g e i n p e r m e a b i l i t y w a s n o t e d fo r s a m p le s a b o v e 1 0 % g a s s a t u r a t i o n ; (3) S a m p le s f u lly s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r b u t h a v in g p e r m e a b ilitie s a b o v e 10 m illid a rc y s sh o w e d n o s u b s t a n t i a l c h a n g e in p e r m e a b i l i t y ; (4) S a m p le s f u lly s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r , b u t h a v i n g p e r m e a b ilitie s b e lo w 10 m illid a rc y s sh o w e d so m e c h a n g e i n p e r m e a b i l i t y ; (5) T h e f lu id s a t u r a t i o n s o f c o re s a p p e a r t o b e p r e s e r v e d i n d e f i n it e l y : s a t u r a t i o n a n a ly s e s o n c o re s a t t i m e s v a r y i n g f ro m 20 h r t o 30 d a y s a f t e r fre e z in g f a ile d t o d e t e c t a n y v a r i a t i o n i n f lu id s a t u r a t i o n s .
T h e a u t h o r c o n c lu d e s t h a t t h e p h y s ic a l c h a r a c te r is tic s a n d f lu id c o n t e n t o f c o re s c a n b e p r e s e r v e d a lm o s t in d e f in ite ly b y q u ic k fre e z in g f re s h -c o re s a m p le s a s t h e y a r e
t a k e n f r o m t h e w e ll. R . B . S .
