u a i i u a x v x x eux I .
ABSTRACTS.
P A G E Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n d Ex
p l o i t a t i o n.
G eology ... ... ... 2 a
G eophysics a n d G eochem ical P ro sp ec tin g ... ... ... 9 a
D rilling ... ... ... ... 9 a
P ro d u c tio n ... ... ... 1 1a
Oilfield D ev elo p m en t ... 15 a Tr a n s p o r t a n d St o r a g e . . . 1 9 a Re f i n e r y Op e r a t i o n s.
R efineries a n d A u x iliary R e finery P la n t ... ... 2 2 a
D istilla tio n ... ... ... 22 a
C racking ... ... ... 2 2 a
A lk y latio n ... ... ... 24 a
Iso m e riz atio n ... ... ... 2 4a
C hem ical a n d P h y sical R e
fining ... ... ... 2 5 a
P A G E
S pecial P rocesses ... ... 2 6 a
M etering a n d C ontrol ... ... 27 a
S afety P re c au tio n s ... ... 27 a
P a te n ts ... ... ... ... 2 7 a Pr o d u c t s.
C hem istry a n d P h y sics ... 30 A A n aly sis a n d T estin g ... 3 2 a
G as ... ... ... ... 3 3 a
G as Oil a n d F u e l Oil ... ... 3 3 a
L u b ric a n ts ... ... ... 3 5 a
S pecial H y d ro c arb o n P ro d u c ts 3 6 a
D eriv ed C hem ical P ro d u c ts ... 3 6 a
M iscellaneous P ro d u c ts ... 3 6 a En g i n e s a n d Au t o m o t i v e
Eq u i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . 3 7 a Mi s c e l l a n e o u s . . . . . . . . . 3 9a Bo o k s Re c e i v e d . . . . . . 4 1a
A U T H O R IN D E X .
T h e n u m b ers re fe r to th e A b s tra c t N um ber.
Alexander, 0 . W ., 79 Alexander, M., 124 Alexander, P. P., 121 Allison, A. P., 26 Amdur, J., 128 Amon, F. H ., 121 Anderson, J., 121 Arbuthnot, C. E., 121 Archer, F. G., 57 Arend, A. G., 42 Armistead, G., I l l , 112 Arnold, 0 . B., 121 Arveson, M. H ., 121 Bailey, 0 . H ., 168 Barr, V. L., 57 Bates, F. W., 70 Bates, E.. L., 72 Beacon, G. B., 121 Beckelhymer, R. L., 27 Beilharz, 0 . F., 85 Bell, A. H ., 68 Bevarly, H. W., 144 Blackburn, C. E ., 60 Borden, J. L., 76 Bowden, R. H ., 114 Brancker, A. V., 129 Bridgwater, R. M., 165 Brock, W. H. J., 66 Brown, R. W., 21 Bucher, J. E ., 86 Buckley, S. E., 53 Burk, R. E., 121 Butcher, E. R ., 121 Oadman, W. H ., 148 Cantrell, T. L., 121 Carlson, H. A., 57 Carr, D. E., 121 Case, L. C., 58 Chambre, P., 151 Chase, 0 . L., 86 Cheney, M. G., 12 Ohia-Chiao Lin, 151 Clarke, A. E., 125 Cole, V. B ., 74
B
Conant, L. C., 13 Corbin, N ., 124 Cortes, H. C., 11 Cox, B. B., 7 Cranke, W. S., 63 Daniels, L. G., 66 Daviess, S. N ., 14 Davis, D. M., 85 Dunlop, J. B ., 121 Eardley, A. J., 37 Eargle, D. H ., 13 Egloff, G., 124 Eilerts, C. K., 57 Elias, M. K., 23 Ellison, S. P., Jnr., 3 Estorff, F. E. von, 31 Evering, B. L., 121 Fairbridge, R. W., 2 Farley, F. F., 147 Fawcett, E. W. M., 121 Finley, W. L., 121 Flock, B. J., 108 Folkins, H. O., 121 Foster, A. L., 107, 113 Foster, S. W. G., 150 Frang, R. A., 121 Frantz, R. K., 115 Freud, M., 130 Frve, J. C., 23 Fugitt, Le Roy, 82 Gamer, F. H ., 125 Ginsburg, A., 115 Gollin, G. J., 137, 138,
139, 140 Gordy, Walter, 127 Green, A. D ., 121 Grodzinski, P., 143 Griswold, J., 114 Guillemin, Y., 52 Haensell, Y., 121 Hagethom , N . E. M., 131
Hardenberg, H. J., 73 Harkins, W. D., 122 Hastings, S. H ., 121 Heath, W. A ., 61 Helmers, 0 . J., F21 Heltzel, W. G., 94, 95 Hirschler, A. E., 123 Hoffmeister, W. S., 69 Hoge, A. W., 109 Holm, H. K., 121 Houlton, H. G., 144 Houndry, E. J., 121 Howes, D. A., 121 Hudson, L. C., 66 Huff, L. C., 121 Hughes, E. C., 121 Hull, W., 121 Hume, G. S., 87 Hunter, T. G., 125 Hurley, P . E ., 121 Ipatieff, Y. N ., 110 Ipstieff, V. I., 121 Ivanovszky, L., 145 Jones, J. P ., 121 Jura, G., 122 Karle, J., 126 Kastrop, J. E., 50 Kellett, J., 121 Kellogg, F. N ., 48 Kennedy, H . T., 41 Kent, F. A ., 121 Kirk, J. H ., 121 Koester, E. A., 74 Krampert, E. W., 77 Krueger, M. L., 29 Kuhn, C. S., Jr., 121 Kurtz, S. S., Jr., 123 Lahee, F. H ., 67 Lambert, H. W., 97 Landes, K. K., 5 Lane, S. C., 121 Lesser, M. A ., 149
Littman, E. R ., 121 Loesser, E. H ., 122 Loetterle, G. J., 83 Loveley, H. R., 36 Luntz, D. M., 109 Maher, J. C., 17 Marisic, M. M., 121 Mark, P . L., 121 Marriott, R. H., 120 Marshall, E. T., 121 Mattox, W. J., 121 Matuszak, M. P., 121 Meyer, R. E., 121 Mills, F. W., 123 Mills, R. B., 99 Montgomery, P. A., 82 Moody, G. B., 71 Moran, T. G., 15 Monroe, W. H., 13 Murray, F. F., 43 Musselman, J. M., 121 Myers, C. L., 51 Myers, N. F., 121 McAllister, S. H., 121 McBain, J. W., 146 McNab, J. G., 121 Nelson, W. L., 96, 101,
102,106, 134 Noll, H. D ., 109 Norbisrath, H., 24 Norman, H. S., 93, 78,
121
Nottorf, H. A., 118 O’Kelly, A. A., 116,121 Olcott, Perry, 80 Oppenheimber, V., 34 Patrick, C. W., 121 Peters, J. G., 121 Petry, T. A., 121 Phénix, B. C., 119 Pierce, J. A., 121
ABSTRACTS.
Pilz, G. D ., 147
Pirson, S. J., 55 Sachanen, A. N ., 116 Sadler, 0 . G. A., 120 Sandidge, J. R ., 10 Schiller, H ., 66 Schmerling, L., 110 Schulze, J. W., 135, 136 Schulze, W. A ., 121 Schuppli, H. M., 40 Scott, P. L., 45 Scraliord, B., 84 Selfridge, F. W., 121 Seyfried, W. D ., 121 Shabaker, H . A ., 121 Shapiro, A., 66 Shelby, T. H. Jnr., 83 Shelton, J. S., 15 Sheppard, C. W., 1 Shoemaker, B. H ., 121 Short, E. H ., 47 Siskind, D. I., 44 Smith, A ., 98
Spivey, R. C., 25 Steele, C. T., 121
Varentzov, V. P., 133 Ver Wiebe, W. A ., 18
Prange, F. A ., 167 Steinitz, E. W., 142
Stieltjes, F. H ., 131 Stuart, A. H ., 141 Suderman, A. W., 132 Price, P. H ., 9
Price, W. A., 23 Prouty, O. E ., 28
Waldschmidt, W. A ., 16 Walters, R. F., 20 Walters, R. P ., 38 W alton, P. T., 22 Warren, W. C., 24 W atson, C. W., 121 Weatherburn, A. S., 168 Weber, G., 56, 65 Weiss, F . T., 121 Wharton, J. B ., 72 Whitehead, W. L., 1 Whitmore, F. C., 118 Williams, I., 121 W ilson, W. Kerr, 152
A O., 15 86
145 Reed, L. C., 32
Reed, J. C., 30 Reeves, F ., 89 Reynolds, J. J., 100 Richards, P. H ., 146 Rittenhouse, G., 8 Roberts, T. G., 25 Robinson, D. Van, 69 R occhini, A. G., 121 Rogers, D. T., 121 R ook, C. G., 103 Rose, G. F. R., 168
Sutton, F. A ., 35 Sutton, M., 144 Taylor, H ., 19 Thalmann, H. E., 33 Thomas, C. L., 121 Thomas, H. D., 29 Trimble, H. M., 132 Tsao, U ., 121 Tucker, A. J., 46 Tyler, W. S., 121
R oss, W. E ., 121
Rueggeberg, W. H . C., Smith, H. G., 121 105
Upham. J. D ., 121 Zobell, C. E ., 6
115 Smith, R. V., 57
Oi l f i e l d Ex p l o r a t i o n a n d Ex p l o i t a t i o n
G e o lo g y
1. F o rm a tio n of H yd ro carb o n s fro m F a tty Acids by A lp h a-P article B o m b ard m en t.
C. W . S h e p p a rd a n d W . L. W h ite h e a d . B u ll. A m e r. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 32.
— T h is p a p e r describ es som e o f th e re s u lts o b ta in e d to d a te in th e A m erican P e tro le u m I n s t i tu t e re sea rc h p ro je c t 43c, d e alin g w ith th e p o ss ib ility o f a ra d io a c tiv e o rigin o f p e tro leu m .
F o u r m em b ers o f th e s a tu r a te d f a tt y a cid series w ere s u b je c te d to b o m b a rd m e n t in tu r n fro m a lp h a -p article s . T h e l a t t e r w ere o b ta in e d fro m cap su les o f r a d o n gas, a rra n g e d in a su ita b le a p p a ra tu s .
T h e ex p erim e n ts are d escribed, a n d th e p ro d u c ts id en tifie d a re lis te d , as fa r a s th e y
co u ld be d e te rm in e d . E . N . T.
2. S ubm arine Slum ping an d L ocatio n of Oil Bodies. R . W . F a irb rid g e . B u ll. A m er.
A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 84.— T h e a u th o r su g g ests t h a t a s tu d y o f su b m a rin e slu m p in g effects m a y a ssist in th e d isco v ery a n d a p p ra is a l o f oil p ro sp e c ts , T he p aleo g eo g rap h ical occurrences o f slu m p in g seem to h a v e b e en a n a sso c iated fa c to r in oil fo rm atio n . T he C a rp a th ia n a n d C aucasus a re a s a re c ite d a s e x celle n t e x am p les
o f th is p h e n o m en o n . E . N . T.
3. Conodonts as Palseozoic G uide Fossils. S. P . E lliso n , J n r . B u ll. A m e r. A ss.
Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 93.— 80 C onodont g en era a re lis te d , w ith sk e tch e s a n d n o te s o f th e ir geologic tim e ran g es. T h e u se o f c o n o d o n ts a s m e th o d s o f s tra tig ra p h ic id en tific atio n a re discussed, w ith p a rtic u la r reference to th e D e v o n ian . E . N . T.
4. O rigin of C o ntinental Shelves. J . H . F . U m b g ro v e. B u ll. A m e r. A ss. Petrol.
Oeol., 1946, 30, 249.— A lm o st every w h ere th e re a l edge o f a c o n tin e n t lies a b o u t 200 m e tre s below sea-level. T h a t is to sa y t h a t th e c o n tin e n ts a re b o rd e re d b y sh allow p la tfo rm s, w hose t o ta l a re a is a b o u t 10,000,000 sq u a re k ilo m etres.
T hese c o n tin e n ta l shelves c an b e a c c o u n te d fo r b y sp a sm o d ic w a rp in g s h a v in g ta k e n p lace alo n g th e c o n tin e n ta l b o rd e r, c au sin g su b m erg en ce o f th e edges o f th e c o n tin e n ts . I t is su g g ested t h a t th e perio d ic a ctio n o f su b -c ru s ta l c o n v ec tio n c u rre n ts m a y a c c o u n t
5. P o ro sity th ro u g h D olom itization. K . K . L an d e s. B u ll. A m e r. A s s . Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 305.— A n u m b e r o f oilfields in th e U n ite d S ta te s p ro d u c e fro m lo ca lly d o lo m itized lim esto n es. N o ta b le e x am p les a re th e T re n to n field o f O hio a n d I n d ia n a a n d th e A d am s a n d D eep R iv e r fields in M ichigan. P re v io u s th eo ries a d v a n c e d to e x p la in th e p o ro s ity d u e to lo cally d o lo m itize d zones in lim e sto n es a re in a d e q u a te . I t is su g g ested t h a t lo cal d ia s tro p h ism m a y h a v e p ro d u c e d m a s te r fissures in th e
fo r th is p h en o m en o n . E . N . T.
TRACTS.
lim estones, a n d a rte s ia n c u rre n ts c irc u la te d u p w a rd s fro m d eep er d o lom ites in to th e lim estones. T hese w a te rs m a y h a v e re p la ce d som e o f th e lim esto n e b y d o lom ite t h a t is locally p o ro u s w here th e re h a s b een a n excess o f so lu tio n over p re c ip ita tio n . F ro m th e p o in t o f view o f e x p lo ra tio n , it is su g g ested t h a t a d ry hole in w hich th e lim esto n e sam p les c o n ta in m ore th a n av erag e m ag n esiu m c a rb o n a te sh o u ld encourage e x p lo ra tio n la te ra lly in th e h o p e o f finding tr u e d olom ites. E . N . T.
6. Studies on Redox P o te n tia l oi M arine Sedim ents. C. E . Zobell. B u ll. A m er.
A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 477.— T he red o x p o te n tia l is a q u a n tita tiv e m ea su re of th e s ta te o f a rev ersib le o x id a tio n -re d u c tio n sy stem . I t is m easu red in v o lts a n d te rm e d E h, w here
(Ox.) E h = E 0 -f- 0-03 log
(R ed.)
I n th is e q u a tio n E„ a n d 0-03 a re c o n sta n ts a n d (Ox.) a n d (R ed.) are c o n c e n tra tio n s o f th e oxidized a n d re d u ce d form s o f th e sy stem s. W h en (Ox.) = (R ed.), o r w hen th e sy stem is 5 0% in th e oxidized a n d 50% in th e red u ced s ta te s , E h = E 0. T h u s, E c an be defined as th e E h o f a rev ersib le O /R sy ste m w hich is h a lf reduced.
T he red o x p o te n tia l is a n e xpression o f th e red u cin g in te n s ity or electron-escaping te n d e n c y o f a sy stem , w hich a re d is tin c t fro m th e red u cin g c a p a c ity or poise o f a sy stem .
T echniques for e stim a tin g th e red o x p o te n tia l a n d re d u cin g c a p a c ity w ith in d ic a to r d yes are o u tlin e d , as w ell as e le ctro m etric m eth o d s. A ccuracy o f d e te rm in a tio n w ith m arin e m u d sam p les is no g re a te r th a n ± 0 -0 1 -0 -0 5 v o lts. T he E h o f re c e n t m arin e sed im en ts v aries b etw een -f 0-350 a n d - 0 - 5 0 0 v o lts, a n d th e p H ran g es from 6-4 to 9-5. N e g ativ e E h v alu es a re c h ara c te ris tic o f fine sed im en ts, rich in organic m a tte r a n d b a cteria . P o s itiv e E h v a lu e s te n d to occur in coarse, w ell-oxygenated m ate ria l.
T he s tu d y o f th e re d o x p o te n tia ls o f sed im e n ts m a y b e o f g re a t significance in th e
p ro b lem o f p e tro leu m origin. E . N . T.
7. T ran sfo rm atio n of O rganic M aterial in to P e tro leu m u n d e r Geological Conditions (The Geological Fence). B . B. Cox. B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 645.—
T h is o u tlin e su m m arizes th e p re se n t p o sitio n o f th e p ro b lem o f p etro leu m genesis, w hich is being in v e s tig a te d u n d e r th e A m erican P e tro le u m I n s titu te F u n d a m e n ta l R esearch P ro je c t N o. 43.
T he lim itin g c o n d itio n s considered a re th o se o f m arin e en v iro n m en t, re la tiv e ly low p ressu res a n d te m p e ra tu re s o f fo rm atio n , a n d th e tim e fa cto r. K now ledge of th ese m a tte rs is fa irly d efinite, b u t d e ta ils o f th e processes a n d a c tu a l re ac tio n s leading to th e fo rm atio n o f p e tro leu m fro m organic m a tte r a re s till unknow n.
T he possible processes o f conversion a re th o se o f ra d io a c tiv ity , b a cteria l actio n a n d cataly sis. T he evidence re g ard in g each o f th e se processes is sum m arized, an d suggestions for fu tu re s tu d y in ch em istry , ph y sics, a n d biology are m ade.
E . N . T.
8. G rain R oundness— A V aluable Geologic Tool. G. R itte n h o u se . B u ll. A m er. A ss.
Petrol. Oeol. 1946, 30, 1192.— T h e ro u n d n e ss o f h e a v y m in erals can b e u sed as a v a lu a b le to o l in geologic w ork, p a rtic u la rly in ex p lo ra tio n for-gas a n d oil.
E x am p les a re giv en to illu s tra te how in th e A p p alac h ia n B asin ro u n d n ess h as been used to d iffere n tia te p ro d u cin g zones a n d help in te rp re t th e geologic h isto ry o f th e
a rea. E . N . T.
9. G eologists’ Place in Service. P . H . P rice. B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1115.— G eologists w ere u sed in th e la te w ar, b o th in un ifo rm an d as civilians, to a fa r g re a te r e x te n t th a n in th e 1914-18 w ar.
H ow ever, th e p o te n tia l v a lu e o f th e geologist in tim e o f w ar as well as in peacetim e has n o t y e t been fu lly realized in official circles. E . N . T.
10. E xpanding A ctivities of Paleontologists. J . R . Sandidge. B u ll. A m er. A ss.
Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1088.— E conom ic p a le o n to lo g ists w ere originally em ployed as
ABSTRACTS.
m icro sco p ists for th e ro u tin e e x a m in a tio n o f well sam p les. T o d a y th e y a re b ein g g iv en co n sid era b ly w id e r scope a n d re sp o n sib ilitie s.
P a leo n to lo g is ts a re p ro v id in g u sefu l a p p ra isa ls o f s tra tig ra p h ic h is to ry fo r e x p lo ra tio n a n d e x p lo ita tio n w ork, a n d th e ir w o rk in th e s e fields is lik e ly to e x p a n d .
E . N . T . 11. P u b licatio n of G eophysical Case H istories. H . C. C ortes. B u ll. A m e r. A ss.
Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1095.— T h e n e ed e x is ts fo r p u b lis h in g m o re g e o p h y sical case h isto rie s. I t is s u g g e ste c b th a t a p la n c a n b e follow ed fo r th is p u b lic a tio n w h ich w ill e n su re t h a t n o in fo rm a tio n t h a t a co m p a n y w ishes to w ith h o ld w ill b e p u b lis h ed , w hile a t th e sam e tim e p ro v id in g usefu l d a ta fo r w o rk ers a n d s tu d e n ts in th is field.
E . N . T . 12. T he G eological A ttac k . M. G. C heney. B u ll. A m er. A s s . Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1077.— T h is is th e p re sid e n tia l a d d re ss o f th e th ir ty - f ir s t a n n u a l m e e tin g o f th e A m erican A sso ciatio n o f P e tro le u m G eologists, w h ich w as h e ld in Chicago on A p ril 2, 1946.
T h e a u th o r o u tlin e s th e a p p lic atio n s o f geologic science, p a rtic u la rly w ith re la tio n
to th e oil in d u s try . E . N . T .
13. P re-S elm a U pper C retaceous S tra tig ra p h y of W . A lab am a. W . H . M onroe, L . C.
C o n an t, a n d D . H . E arg le. B u ll. A m e r. A s s . Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 187.— T h e pre- S elm a U p p e r C retaceous b e d s o f w e ste rn A la b am a h a v e long b e en d iv id e d in to th e T u scalo o sa a n d E u ta w fo rm a tio n s, b u t re c e n t field w o rk show s t h a t six u n c o n fo rm a b le s tra tig ra p h ic u n its c an b e m ap p e d . T h ese a re, going dow n, th e E u ta w , M cShan, G ordo, C oker, E o lin e, a n d C o tto n d a le fo rm atio n s. D e ta ils o f lith o lo g y a re giv en .
E . N . T.
14. M ineralogy of L ate U pper Cretaceous, P aleocene, an d E ocene S andstones of Los B anos D istrict, W est B order of San Jo a q u in V alley, C alifornia. S. N . D av iess. B u ll.
A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 63.— T he h e a v y m in e ra l c o m p o sitio n o f 192 o u tc ro p a n d core sam p les fro m L os B an o s sa n d sto n e s o f la te U p p e r C re taceo u s, P aleo cen e, a n d E o cen e age is ta b u la te d . T h e conclusion is m ad e t h a t a s tu d y o f th e m in eralo g y o f th es e sed im en ts does n o t p e rm it s tra tig ra p h ic d iffere n tia tio n .
I t is in te re s tin g to n o te t h a t th e m in e rals p re s e n t seem to h a v e b e en d e riv e d fro m
b o th e a s te rn a n d w e ste rn sources. E . N . T .
15. M iocene C onglom erates of P u e n te an d San Jo se H ills, C alifornia. A. O. W o o d fo rd , T . G. M oran, J . S. S helton. B u ll. A m e r. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 514.— T he P u e n te a n d S an Jo s e H ills fo rm a tria n g u la r u p la n d t h a t rises ab o v e th e L os A ngeles, S an G ab riel, a n d o th e r p h y sio g ra p h ic b a sin s e a s t a n d s o u th e a s t o f th e c ity o f L os A ngeles. M ost o f th e co n g lo m erates o f th e m id d le M iocene T o p a n g a fo rm a tio n a n d th e U p p e r M iocene P u e n te fo rm atio n a re in th e fo rm o f th ic k lenses, w ith p eb b les a n d b o u ld ers of p lu to n ic , a n d m e ta m o rp h ic rocks.
I t is p ro b a b le t h a t th e b a sin w h ich in clu d ed th e p re s e n t a re a o f th e s e hills receiv ed d e b ris fro m th e n o r th a n d e a s t d u rin g M iocene tim e s, a n d th e tra n s g re ss in g shore line m o v ed slow ly in la n d , crossing th e p re s e n t n o rth e a s t m a rg in o f th e hills in ea rly
a n d m id d le P u e n te tim e . E . N . T .
16. G ram p ’s F ield, A rc h u le ta C ounty, Colorado. W . A. W a ld sc h m id t. B u ll. A m e r.
Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 561.— T h e oilfield o f th is n a m e w as d isco v ered in C olorado in 1935. Oil com es fro m th e U p p e r C retaceous D a k o ta sa n d sto n e , o f w h ich th e p ro d u c in g th ic k n e s s is 152 ft. T h e p ro d u c in g a re a is 127 acres, all p riv a te ly ow ned. A ll w ells a re a t a n a v era g e h e ig h t of m o re t h a n 8000 ft. ab o v e sea level, a n d th e a v era g e hole d e p th is 1250 ft.
T o ta l p ro d u c tio n fro m G ra m p ’s field u p to J a n u a r y 1945 h a s b e en 2,124,202 b rl.
T h e s tr u c tu r e is a n e a s t-w e s t f a u lt crossing a n o r th - s o u th a n tic lin a l a x is. E . N . T.
17. C orrelation of Paleozoic R ocks Across Las A nim as A rch in B aca, L as A nim as, an d O trero Counties, Colorado. J . C. M aher. B u ll. A m e r. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1756.— T h e H a n k in s N o. 1 w ell in S .E . B a ca c o u n ty , C olorado, p e n e tr a te d P e rm ia n ,
ABSTRACTS.
P e n n sy lv a n ia n , Ivlississipian, a n d O rd o v ician rocks a n d w as a b an d o n e d a t 6171 ft in th e A rb u ck le lim esto n e. T h is w ell w as low on th e so u th e a s t flan k o f th e L as A n im as arch , a n d w ells d rilled n e a r th e c re st of th e a rch show ed t h a t m ore th a n three- q u a rte rs o f th is sequence is a b se n t th e re , w hore P e rm ia n overlies th in A rb u ck le s tr a ta , u n d e rla in b y th e p re-C am b rian .
O n th e w e st o f th e a rch M ississipian fo rm atio n s ov erly th e O rdovician. E . N . T.
18. K in d erh o o k D olom ite of Sedgwick County, K an sas. W . A. V er W iebe. B u ll.
A m er. A ss. Petrol. Geol., 1946, 30, 1747.— T h e K in d e rh o o k d o lo m ite o f Sedgw ick c o u n ty , T ex as, h a s g iv en oil fro m sev e ral wells. I t h a s b e en v a rio u s ly called W es te r - field, M isener, V iola, a n d H u n to n in th e p a s t, b u t th e w rite r su g g ests t h a t i t is definitely
K in d e rh o o k in age. E . N . T.
19. S iluro-D evonian S tra ta in C entral K an sas. H a ll T ay lo r. B u ll. A m er. A ss.
Petrol. Geol., 1946, 30, 1221.— T h e S ilu ro -D ev o n ian H u n to n L im esto n e a n d o v erlying M isener s a n d sto n e o ccu r in th e su b su rface over m u c h o f C e n tra l K a n sa s. T h ey are o n ly a p p ro x im a te ly e q u iv a le n t to O k lah o m a fo rm atio n s o f th e sam e n am e.
I n som e a rea s th es e b e d s a re oil reserv o ir rocks. T he lith o lo g y , c o rrelatio n s, a n d a re a l e x te n t o f th e fo rm atio n s a re d escribed.
I n n o rth -c e n tra l K a n sa s th e H u n to n is do lo m itic. I t th in s so u th w e stw a rd s from sev eral h u n d re d fe e t to n o th in g . T h e H u n to n o f so u th -c e n tra l K a n sa s is n o rm ally less t h a n 60 f t th ic k , a n d is n o t d irec tly co n n ec te d w ith th e n o rth e rn beds. I t is
h e re p ro b a b ly S ilu ria n in age. E . N . T.
20. B uried P re-C am b rian H ills in N.E. B a rto n C ounty, C entral K an sas. R . F . W alters.
B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. GeolT, 1946, 30, 660.— Six b u rie d p re -C am b ria n h ills h a v e b e en defined b y drillin g in th e K ra ft-P ru s a , B eav er, a n d B loom er oilfields. T hese are fla t-to p p e d q u a rtz ite m o d an o c k s on a C am b rian p e n ep lain ero d ed across p re-C am b rian q u a rtz ite , sch ist, g ra n ite , sy e n ite , g ran ite-g n e iss, a n d p e g m a tite. T he hills a re now b u rie d u n d e r 3300 f t o f P e n sy lv a n ia n , P e rm ia n a n d C retaceous rocks. Oil com es fro m P e n n sy lv a n ia n lim estones, shore-line sa n d s o f th e P e n n sy lv a n ia n , m arin e co n g lo m erate, C am b ro -O rd o v ician do lo m ite a n d re sid u al san d , a n d p re-C am b rian q u a rtz ite .
T h e s tr u c tu r a l re la tio n s h ip o f th e b u ried hills to th e o v erly in g sed im en ts is
e x h a u s tiv e ly an aly zed . E . N . T.
21. Fossil P la n ts an d Ju ra ssic-C retaceo u s B o u n d ary in M o n tan a an d A lberta. R . W . B ro w n . B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Geol., 1946, 30, 238.— F o ssil p la n ts seem to in d ic a te t h a t th e re is a n u n c o n fo rm ity in th e b a sa l p a r t o f th e K o o te n ai fo rm atio n in M o n tan a, a n d a t th e b a se o f th e B lairm o re fo rm a tio n in C an ad a.
T h is u n c o n fo rm ity p ro b a b ly m a rk s th e J u ra ss ic -C re ta c e o u s b o u n d a ry . E . N . T.
22. E llis, A m sden, an d Big Snow y G roup, J u d ith B asin, M ontana. P . T . W alto n . B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Geol., 1946, 30, 1294.— T he J u d i t h B a sin a re a o f C en tral M o n ta n a is a to p o g rap h ic a n d s tr u c tu r a l low . G e n tly n o rth e a s t d ip p in g U p p e r C retaceous C olorado sh ale b ed s o ccu p y m o st o f th e J u d i t h B asin , b u t o u tcro p s o f ste ep e r, older fo rm atio n s a re fo u n d in th e su rro u n d in g m o u n ta in s.
T he B ig Snow y g ro u p is d iv id e d in to th e H e a th , O tte r, K ib b ey , a n d C harles fo rm a tio n s, in descending o rd er. I t lies disc o n fo rm a b ly o n th e M adison in th e so u th e rn p a r t o f th e area.
T h e u p p e r m arin e A m sden lim esto n e ov erla p s successively th e low er A m sden red- b e d s a n d th e u p p e r B ig Snow y beds.
T he E llis is a tran sg ressiv e m arin e d e p o sit re stin g o n a J u ra s s ic m arin e e v ap o rite series in th e e a s te rn p a r t o f th e a rea , a n d o v erlap p in g th e A m sden, th e B ig Snow y
m em b ers, a n d th e M adison a t o th e r lo calities. E . N. T.
23. Algse Reefs in Cape R ock of O gallala F o rm a tio n on L lano E stacado P lateau , New Mexico, an d Texas. W . A. Price, M. K . E lia s, a n d J . C. F ry e . B u ll. A m er. A ss.
Petrol. Geol., 1946, 30, 1742.— R e e f bodies h a v e b een fo u n d in th e O gallala cap rock on th e L lan o E sta c a d o p la te a u o f N ew M exico a n d T ex a s sim ilar to th o se p reviously d escribed fro m a lim esto n e in th e sam e p o sitio n in K a n sa s a n d elsew here on th e N o rth e rn H ig h P la in s.
ABSTRACTS.
T h e c h a ra c te ris tic c o n cre tio n a ry s tru c tu re s o f th e reefs is d e sc rib ed , a n d a sy n g en etic o rig in u p h e ld fo r th e b a n d e d c o n cre tio n a ry bodies. E . N . T.
24. S tratig rap h y oi U pper N ehalem R iver B asin, N.W . O regon. W . C. W a rre n a n d H . N o rb is ra th . B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 213.— T h e ro ck seq u en ce o f th e U p p e r N eh alem riv e r b a sin is h e re d iv id e d in to th re e d is tin c t g ro u p s, s e p a ra te d b y u n co n fo rm ities. T h e o ld est g ro u p is th e T illam o o k E o cen e v o lcan ic series, w h ich is follow ed b y a b e lt o f sed im en ts ra n g in g in age fro m U p p e r E o cen e t o M iddle M iocene.
T h e y o u n g e st g ro u p is t h a t o f th e C olum bia R iv e r b a s a lts , w hich a re o f M iddle M iocene
age. E . N . T.
25. L ow er P en n sy lv an ian Term inology in C entral T exas. R . C. S p iv ey a n d T . G.
R o b e rts . B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 181.-— T h e p resen ce o f fu sifo rm fu su lin id s in M arble F a lls lim e sto n e show s t h a t th is fo rm a tio n is p o st-M o rro w in age.
L am p a s a s is n o t a p p ro p ria te as a series n am e, so e le v atio n o f th e A to k a fo rm a tio n of O k lah o m a to A to k a series, a n d use o f th is te rm in C e n tra l T ex a s is p ro p o sed .
E . N . T.
26. Geology of K a ty Field, W aller, H arris, an d F o rt B end Counties, T exas. A. P . A llison a n d o th ers. B u ll. A m e r. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 157.— T h e K a t y field, 35 m iles n o r th o f H o u s to n , w as d isco v ered in 1935. T h e p ro d u c tiv e a re a is a b o u t 30,000 acres in e x te n t, a n d c o n ta in s th e m o st im p o rta n t g a s-co n d e n sa te re serv e in th e U n ite d S ta te s.
T h e s tru c tu re is a b ro a d , u n fa u lte d an tic lin e. G as-co n d en sate a n d oil a re p ro d u c ed b e tw ee n d e p th s o f 6250 a n d 7450 f t fro m Y e g u a san d s.
O n J u l y 1, 1945, 85 w ells h a d b e en co m p leted in th is field, o f w h ich 44 g av e gas, 29 g av e oil, a n d 12 w ere d ry . A t th is d a te th e a v era g e d a ily allo w ab le p ro d u c tio n fro m th is field w as 1000 b rl o f oil, 14,000 b rl o f c o n d en sate, a n d 450 m illio n cu. f t o f gas, o f w hich 8 5% is b ein g r e tu rn e d to th e re serv o ir. E . N . T . 27. S tratig rap h y of W aller a n d H a rris Counties, T exas. R . L . B e ck elh y m er. B u ll.
A m er. A s s . Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 52.— I n th e Wallei* a n d H a rris c o u n ties, T ex a s, a th ic k n e ss o f 11,004 f t o f G u lf C oast P la in fo rm atio n s a re k n o w n , ra n g in g fro m th e L issie fo rm a tio n (Pleistocene) to th e W ilcox (E ocene). T h e w rite r d esc rib es all possible m eth o d s o f classifying a n d su b d iv id in g th es e se d im e n ts. E . N . T.
28. L ow er M iddle O rdovician of S.W . V irginia a n d N .E. T ennessee. C. E . P ro u ty . B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1140.— T h e low er m id d le O rd o v ician o f S.W . V irg in ia a n d N .E . T ennessee can b e d iv id e d up in to 29 lith o lo g ic a n d fa u n a l u n its . T h e tw o m ed ia n b e lts d ire c tly a u to c h th o n o u s to th e S a ltv ille th r u s t show th e m o st c o m p lete sections.
D e ta ile d sectio n s m ea su re d along seven b e lts a re c o m p a red w ith th e re v ised s ta n d a r d se c tio n o f T azew ell C o u n ty , V irginia, a n d th e s tr a tig r a p h y is ex am in ed in d e ta il.
I t is c o n clu d ed t h a t th e c u rre n t classification o f m a jo r b o u n d a rie s in V irg in ia a n d T ennessee sh o u ld a w a it f u rth e r co m p ariso n s w ith th e s ta n d a r d sectio n s. E . N . T.
29. L ate P aleozoic an d E arly Mesozoic S tratig rap h y of U in ta M ountains, U ta h . H . D.
T h o m a s a n d M. L. K ru e g er. B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1254.— A t th e w e ste rn en d o f th e U in ta M o u n tain s th e J u ra s s ic fo rm atio n s a re, going u p w a rd s : N u g g e t sa n d sto n e , T w in C reek lim esto n e, P re u ss re d b ed s, S tu m p sa n d sto n e , a n d M orrison fo rm atio n .
G oing e a s tw a rd alo n g th e m o u n ta in s, it is fo u n d t h a t th e N u g g e t s a n d sto n e p e rsists, b u t is called th e N a v a jo ; th e T w in C reek lim e sto n e in te rto n g u e s w ith th e C arm el r e d b e d s ; th e P re u ss re d b ed s g ra d e in to th e cro ss-b e d d ed E n tr a d a s a n d s to n e ; th e S tu m p s a n d sto n e g ra d es in to C u rtiss sh ales a n d lim e s to n e s ; th e M o rriso n th in s a n d
becom es less con g lo m eratic. E . N . T .
30. R ecen t In v estig atio n s by U nited S tates Geological Survey of P e tro le u m Possibilities in A lask a, j . c . R e ed . B u ll. A m e r. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1433.— A s a w ar em erg en cy m ea su re th e U n ite d S ta te s G eological S u rv e y in 1944 a n d 1945 e x am in ed
.a. .oo TRACTS.
th e oil p o ssib ilities o f se v eral a re a s in A laska. T hese w ere th e G u lf o f A lask a area, th e A la sk a P en in su la^ C o o k I n le t a rea , a n d n o rth e rn A laska.
I n th e G u lf o f A lask a a re a th e oil a cc u m u la tio n s w ill be confined to T e rtia ry s tr a ta . I n th e A lask a P en in su la-C o o k I n le t reg io n J u ra s s ic rocks ov erly a possible source in th e T riassic lim esto n e. I n N o rth e rn A lask a e x p lo ra tio n w o rk is being c arried on b y th e N a v y D e p a rtm e n t in N a v a l P e tro le u m R eserv e N o. 4. H e re th e re is a g re a t a re a o f g e n tly folded C retaceous rocks.
I t is c o n clu d ed t h a t m u ch a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n m u s t b e g a th e re d befo re i t is possible fo r g eologists to e s tim a te th e p o te n tia l oil reserv es o f A laska. E . N . T.
31. T ectonic F ram ew o rk of N orthw est S outh A m erica. F . E . V on E sto rff. B u ll.
A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 581.— T h is p a p e r is a discussion o f th e tec to n ic s w hich h a v e influenced th e a re a b e tw een L a titu d e 12° N o rth a n d 6° S o u th , a n d L o n g i
tu d e s 66° a n d 82° W est. I t covers a ll o f C olom bia a n d E cu a d o r, a n d p a r ts o f P a n a m a , V enezuela, B razil, a n d P e ru .
I t is concluded t h a t th e re a re tw o m a jo r tre n d s , o rie n ta te d a t a p p ro x im a te ly N . 40° E . a n d N . 30° W . T hese tre n d s a re c o n tin u o u s over larg e a rea s a n d in te rse c t a t a b o u t 70°. T hese tr e n d s p ro b a b ly reflect th e o rie n ta tio n o f larg e c ru s ta l blocks, a n d h a v e a p ro fo u n d influence on th e sed im e n ts a n d co n seq u en tly th e a cc u m u la tio n
o f oil. E . N . T .
32. San P edro Oil Field, Province of S alta, N. A rg en tin a. L . C. R e ed . B u ll. A m er.
A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 591.— T he S an P ed ro oilfield is th e m o st im p o rta n t o f th e n o rth e rn A rg e n tin a fields. T h ere are seven fields in th is a re a w hich h av e b etw een th e m a cc o u n te d fo r som e 10% o f th e t o ta l oil p ro d u c tio n o f A rg en tin a. S an P e d ro h a d p ro d u c ed 12,941,259 b rl o f oil u p to th e e n d o f 1944.
G eologically, it is s itu a te d in th e P erm o -C arb o n ifero u s T a rija b asin , in w hich th e re is p ro b a b ly as m u ch as 30,000 f t o f sed im en ts. T h e oil reserv o irs are in th e glacial sed im en ts o f th e P erm o-C arboniferous, th e oil source rocks being p ro b a b ly D ev o n ian . T h e s tru c tu re s a re ty p ic a lly th r u s t- f a u lte d an ticlin es.
T h e T a rija B a sin fields a re re m a rk ab le for th e g re a t age d is p a rity b etw een th e fo rm atio n o f th e source beds, in th e D e v o n ian , an d th e first folding, in th e la te T e rtia ry ,
w h ich co u ld h a v e cau sed a c cu m u latio n . E . N . T.
33. M icropalaeontology of U pper Cretaceous an d P aleocene in W . E cu ad o r. H . E . T h a lm a n n . B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 337.— I n th e w este rn , c o asta l a re a o f E cu a d o r, th e U p p e r C retaceous is p re se n t as th e Callo a n d G u a y aq u il fo rm a tio n s, a n d th e P aleo cen e is re p re se n ted b y th e E s ta n c ia fo rm atio n . T h is p a p e r gives n o te s on th e lith o lo g y a n d m icrofossil c o n te n t o f each o f th ese fo rm atio n s, w h ich a re v e ry p o o r in m ic ro fau n a w hen c o m p a red w ith th e e q u iv a len t s t r a ta in n o rth e rn P e ru
a n d C olom bia. E . N . T.
34. Geological R econnaissance of S.E. P e ru . V. O ppenheim er. B u ll. A m er. A-ss.
Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 254.— T h is p a p e r gives th e re su lts of a geological reconnaissance m ad e acro ss th e C ordillera d e V ilca n o ta a n d th e C ordillera de C a rab a y a o f s o u th e a s te rn P e ru .
T h e reg io n al geology is larg e ly re p re se n te d b y p re-C am b rian sch ists a n d q u a rtz ite s, o v e rla in b y O rd o v ician slates. U p p e r P aleozoic shales a n d san d sto n es occur to th e w e st o f th e section, a n d to th e e a s t th e re a re v a s t T e rtia ry p lains.
S tru c tu ra lly , th is p a r t o f th e C ordillera O rie n ta l is n o rm ally b lo ck -fau lted . E . N . T.
35. Geology of M aracaibo B asin, V enezuela. F . A. S u tto n . B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol.
Oeol., 1946, 30, 1621.— T h e M aracaibo B a sin in n o rth w e st V enezuela occupies a s tru c tu ra l a n d to p o g rap h ic dep ressio n b etw een th e A ndes de M erida a n d th e Sierra de P e rija . T h e b a sin e x te n d s in to e a s te rn C olom bia.
T h e a re a o f th e b a sin is 23,572 sq u a re m iles, o f w hich a b o u t 5000 sq u a re m iles are covered b y th e b ra ck ish L ak e M aracaibo. T he m ax im u m e lev atio n in th e b a sin is 328 ft, a n d larg e tr a c ts a re th e re fo re sw am py.
Oil w as first discovered in 1914 in th e M ene G ran d e field, a n d a t p re sen t th ere
ABSTRACTS.
a re th ir te e n a c tiv e fields w ith in th e b a sin — eig h t in V en ezu ela a n d five in C olom bia.
I n 1945 th e p ro d u c tio n w as 9 % o f th e w orld to ta l, i.e., 221,730,000 b rl. O n D ecem b er 31, 1945, th e c u m u la tiv e p ro d u c tio n w as 2,634,430,000 b rl. P re s e n t re serv e s are e s tim a te d a s 5,500,000,000 b rl.
T h e h ig h la n d s b o rd e rin g th e lak e show a geologic sectio n e x te n d in g fro m th e pre- C a m b ria n to th e R e c e n t. O il is fo u n d in a ll b u t tw o o f th e se v e n te en fo rm a tio n s b e tw e e n th e to p o f th e M iddle C retaceous a n d th e M iddle M iocene. T h is sequence h a s a n o v e rall th ic k n e ss o f 23,000 ft.
A c cu m u latio n s a re b o th s tra tig ra p h ic a n d s tru c tu ra l.
T h e B o liv a r C o a stal field, one o f th e la rg e st fields in th e w orld, is on th e lak e w ard - d ip p in g n o rth e a s te rn lim b o f th e b asin , o n a m on o clin al s tru c tu re . T h is field p ro d u c e d
186,861,000 b rl d u rin g 1945. E . N . T .
36. G eological O ccurrence oi Oil in U nited K ingdom , w ith R eference to P re se n t E x p lo rato ry O perations. H . R . L ovely. B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1444.— T h e searc h fo r oil h a s b e en c arried o n in th e U n ite d K in g d o m since 1936 b y s ev eral m a jo r com panies. “ W ild -c a ttin g ” b y in d e p e n d e n t o p e ra to rs h a s n o t b e e n e n co u rag ed , a n d geological in fo rm a tio n o f th e su b su rfac e is th ere fo re s till re la tiv e ly lim ite d .
T h is p a p e r discusses in d e ta il th e geological h is to ry o f th e c o u n try fro m th e p e tro le u m g eo lo g ist’s p o in t o f view . G re a t B rita in h a s la in fo r th e m o st p a r t o u tsid e th e m a jo r geosynclines o f se d im e n tatio n , a n d h a s b e e n su b je c te d to th re e v io le n t orogenies.
T hese fa cto rs h a v e lim ite d th e possible oil a cc u m u la tio n s to lo cal p o o ls in th e C arboniferous a n d J u ra s s ic rocks.
T h ere a re w id esp read m in o r oil show s, b u t to d a te th e o nly com m ercial a cc u m u la tio n s h a v e b een fo u n d in th e E n g lish e q u iv a len t o f th e P o ttsv ille , P e n n s y lv a n ia n sy stem .
I t is co n clu d ed t h a t w hile fu tu re oilfields a re lik e ly to b e fo u n d , th e s e w ill b e o f a
re s tric te d n a tu re . E . N . T.
37. P e tro le u m Geology of A qu itain e B asin, F ra n c e. A. J . E a rd ly . B u ll. A m er.
A s s . Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1517.— T he F re n c h G o v e rn m en t a n d som e p r iv a te in te re s ts a re a t p re s e n t ex p lo rin g th e oil p o ssib ilities o f th e A q u ita in e B a sin in S.W . F ra n c e . T h is is a larg e Mesozoic a n d T e rtia ry b asin , a b o u t 200 m iles across. G as h a s b e en fo u n d in one d is tric t n e a r th e P y ren e es.
T h e possible oil b ed s a re th e J u ra s s ic a n d U p p e r C retaceous, w hich sh o u ld b e fo u n d n o t d eep er t h a n 3000 f t in th e c e n tra l p a r t o f th e b asin .
T h ere is a n in te re s tin g zone o f g y psiferous shale plu g s o r dom es in a fo o th ill b e lt
o f th e P y re n e es. E . N . T.
38. Oil Fields of C arp ath ian R egion. R . P . W a lte rs. B u ll. A m e r. A s s . Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 319.— T h is p a p e r review s th e k n o w n oilfields o f E u ro p e w e st o f R u ss ia . A ll th es e fields lie in th e reg io n o f th e C a rp a th ia n M o u n tain s, w h ich a re a n o r th e r n off
sh o o t o f th e A lps, ex te n d in g fro m th e L ittle C a rp a th ia n s e a s t o f V ien n a, th ro u g h P o la n d a n d R o u m an ia , a n d b en d in g e a s tw a rd s in to th e B a lk a n M o u n tain s.
T h e m a jo r oilfields o f P o la n d , th e e a s te rn R o u m a n ia n fields a n d th e ric h so u th e rn fields o f R o u m a n ia lie on th e o u te r edge o f th is m o u n ta in aro. T h e T ra n s y lv a n ia n g as fields a n d th e sm all oilfields o f S.W . H u n g a ry lie in sid e th e a rc, a n d th e A u s tria n fields a re asso c iated w ith th e o u tsid e.
I n th e V ie n n a B a sin oil com es fro m th e S a rm a tia n (U p p e r M iocene), th e S chlier (M id-L ow er M iocene), a n d fro m th e F ly sc h . S tru c tu re s a re r e la te d to fa u ltin g alo n g a b u rie d F ly sc h ridge.
I n P o la n d p ro d u c tio n com es fro m com plex o v e rth ru s t s tru c tu re s , fro m O ligocene re se rv o ir horizons. I n e a s te rn R o u m a n ia th e re a re m a in ly o v e r th r u s t s tru c tu re s w ith O ligocene, E o cen e a n d L ow er M iocene reserv o irs. T h e s o u th e rn R o u m a n ia n fields, c e n tre d ro u n d P lo e sti, p ro d u c e 98% o f t h a t c o u n try ’s oil, m a in ly fro m P lio cen e sa n d s (D acian a n d M eotian), w ith som e M iocene a n d O ligocene p ro d u c tio n . S a lt h a s p la y e d a n im p o rta n t s tr u c tu r a l p a r t in th e R o u m a n ia n oilfields.
I n T ra n s y lv a n ia , m u c h g as is o b ta in e d fro m S a rm a tia n b e d s in a n tic lin a l folds.
T h e s o u th w e st H u n g a ria n fields give oil fro m n o rm a l a n tic lin es fro m low er P lio cen e
s tr a ta . N . T.
ABSTRACTS.
39. E v o lu tio n o í R eei Corals in E a s t Indies since M iocene Tim e. J . H . E . U m bgrove.
B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 23.— I t h a s b een fo u n d t h a t th e p ercen tag e an aly sis o f U p p e r T e rtia ry corals in th e E a s t In d ie s can b e u sed as a m eth o d o f s tra ti- g ra p h ic co rre latio n . T h e p e rce n ta g e o f p re s e n t liv in g species increases from 0-50 in th e M iocene to 5 0-70 in th e P liocene a n d 70-100 in th e P leisto cen e a n d R ecen t.
I t seem s lik e ly t h a t th e e v o lu tio n o f th e re ef corals evolved sm o o th ly e x cep t for acceleratio n s in th e U p p e r M iocene a n d Pliocene, th e reasons fo r w hich a re discussed.
A co m p ariso n is m ad e b e tw een th e ev o lu tio n ra te s of re e f corals a n d of m olluscs.
E . N . T.
40. Oil B asins of E as t In d ia n A rchipelago. H . M. S chuppli. B u ll. A m er. Ass.
Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1.— T h is p a p e r an aly ses th e regional tec to n ic s o f th e T e rtia ry oil b a sin s o f th e E a s t In d ies . T h ere is a n acco m p an y in g geotectonic sk e tch m ap of th e a rea.
T h e oilfields o f S u m a tra , J a v a , a n d B o rn eo h a d p ro d u c ed m ore th a n a billion b a rre ls o f oil u p to th e e n d o f 1940. T h ere a re s till v e ry considerable p ro v ed reserves.
M ost o f th e oil w as p ro d u c ed fro m M iocene a n d P liocene sa n d s, b u t sh o rtly before th e J a p a n e s e in v asio n com m ercial pools w ere discovered in th e E ocene. T riassic oil is kn o w n in th e B oela field o f C eram .
S tru c tu re s a re u su a lly g en tle to m o d e ra te ly steep an ticlin es, an d stra tig ra p h ic tr a p s w hich d o u b tle ss also occur h a v e a s y e t n o t b e en ex p lo ited .
T h e g eo tecto n ics a re com plex, bein g th e re s u lt o f th e folding o f tw o m ajo r geosyn- clines in to orogenes a n d th e ir in te rse ctio n . T hese a re th e circum -A siatic a n d th e A u stralo -P acific geosynclines. T h e T e rtia ry b a sin s o f B orneo lie o utside th ese tw o b e lts a n d a re re a lly in tra -c o n tin e n ta l geosynclines. E . N . T.
G eo p h y sics and G eo ch em ica l P r o sp e c tin g .
41. Geophysical P a te n t. H . T . K en n e d y , assr. to G u lf R esearch a n d D evelopm ent Co., U .S .P . 2,406,611, 27.8.46. G eochem ical P ro sp ec tin g M ethod.— A m eth o d of pro sp ectin g for s u b te rra n e a n gas a n d oil d e p o sits b ased on th e q u a n tita tiv e d e te rm in a tio n o f th e e th a n e c o n te n t o f g ro u n d w a te r sam ples ta k e n from su rv ey ed p o in ts in
th e region. R . B . S.
D rillin g.
42. D evelopm ents in Oil D rilling E q u ip m e n t. A. G. A rend. Petroleum , 1946, 9, 240.— T he search for re lia b ility in d rillin g p la n t, especially n ecessary a t g re a t d ep th s, h a s led to th e d e v elo p m en t of im p ro v ed r o ta r y p la n t, a n d a gen eral sim plification in c o n stru ctio n . C om parison is giv en w ith p la n t u sed in earlier p ractice.
S tep less re g u la tio n h a s now b een rep laced b y 4, 6, or 8 ra te s o f speed w hich has been fo u n d sa tis fa c to ry even a t e x tre m e d e p th s . C o n stru ctio n o f m o d ern m o to rs is discussed a n d d e ta ils o f m o d e rn d rillin g tec h n iq u e given. K . C. G. K . 43. D evelopm ent, Use, a n d Care of D rilling E qu ip m en t. F . F . M u rray . Oil Gas J ., 5.10.46, 45 (22), 100.— A b rie f a n d g en eral discussion o f th e need for co-operation b etw ee n m a n u fa c tu re r a n d u se r o f drillin g e q u ip m e n t is p re sen te d . A. H . N.
44. D rilling Costs Up Sharply Above P rew a r. D . I . Siskind. Oil W k ly , 7.10.46, 123 (6), 37.— T h e causes for h ig h er d rillin g c o sts a re a n aly sed . T hese include higher w ages a n d salaries, m ore ex p en siv e e q u ip m e n t, sh o rtag es, less efficiency am ong w orkers, g re a te r drillin g d e p th s , m ore w ild ca ttin g , a n d re la tiv e ly m ore d ry holes
d rilled . A. H . N.
45. H ard -R o ck R o tary D rilling. F . L. S c o tt. Oil Gas J ., 5.10.46, 45 (22), 7 4 ; Oil W k ly , 7.10.46, 123 (6), 17. (Presented before S a n A n to n io M eeting o f A m erican A ssociation of Oil W ell D rillin g Contractors.)— C o m p arativ e h a rd n ess o f rocks is d is
cussed a n d ta b u la te d . D iag ram s a re p re se n te d fro m w hich th e speed o f drilling in different rocks m a y be e stim a te d from th e speed o f ro ta tio n a n d w eig h t on th e b it.
In c re a se in w eight on h a rd ro ck m a y increase r a te o f p e n e tr a tio n ; in so ft fo rm atio n i t m ay m erely flounder th e b it. E x p erien c e h a s to b e gained before using general
1 0 a ABSTRACTS.
ru les. A s h a rp b it, w h e n r u n w ith in itia lly h e a v y w e ig h t o n .d o lo m ite (a h a r d ro c k h a v in g h ig h s tre n g th ), w ill suffer u n d u e to o th b re ak a g e. A p ro g ra m m e in clu d in g a m in im u m s ta r tin g w eig h t, w ith a g ra d u a l in crease as th e b i t d u lls, w o u ld n o t o n ly m a in ta in a n a v era g e d e sirab le p e n e tra tio n r a te th ro u g h o u t th e ru n , b u t sh o u ld secu re m o re fo o tag e /ro u n d trip . T h e stresses in te e th o f ro ller b its a re b riefly in d ic a te d , a n d th e m e ta llu rg y a n d en g in eerin g p ro b le m s o f b it d esig n a re o u tlin e d . T h e influence o f t h e c irc u la tin g fluid a n d d rill ste m on d rillin g a re discussed. A. H . K . 46. B ollard M ethod for Shallow W a te r D rilling. A. J . T u ck er. O il W k ly , 16.9.46, 123 (3), 98.— T h e m e th o d is d ev elo p ed fo r d e p th s fro m 8 to 21 ft. A# la n d in g sh ip (tan k s) is c o n v e rte d fo r d rillin g b y in sta llin g a d e rric k a n d re q u is ite m a c h in e ry on th e fo recastle h e ad . I n th e h u ll, w h ere th e b o w ra m p a p e r tu r e w as lo c a te d , a n a lte ra tio n h a s b een acco m p lish ed so t h a t d rillin g c an b e c o n d u c te d th ro u g h th e b o tto m ' o f th e sh ip . O n d eck a n d a b a f t th e rig, p ip e ra c k s h a v e b e en in s ta lle d o n e ith e r side
o f th e c e n tre lin e to h o ld d rill ste m , casing, a n d sp a re p ip e. B e tw ee n th e s e ra ck s, th e l' law d o w n ” device tra v e ls . V essel is m o o red to fo u r b u o y s on b o w a n d q u a r te r a n d is su n k o n to th e ocean floor. T h e B o lla rd is s u n k in p o s itio n in t h e d rillin g c h am b er a n d is enclosed w ith in th e th r e e w alls a n d th e b o w do o rs, th e r e b y se rv in g a s p iv o t p o in t fo r th e ship. T h ro u g h th e B o llard , d rillin g o p e ra tio n s a re c o n d u c te d . S a fe ty a n d o th e r c o n sid era tio n s a re b riefly discussed. A . H . 1ST.
47. S hell’s R ig M akes Successful A ttac k on W est T exas C hert. E . H . S h o rt, J r . O il O a s J ., 12.10.46, 45 (23), 76.— T he d rillin g in W est T e x a s is v e ry h a r d a n d a sp ecial rig w as m ad e w hich c o st a p p ro x im a te ly 7% m o re th a n th e s ta n d a r d rig , b u t w hich effected a b o u t 23% sav in g in w ell co st. T h e d e rric k w as ra is e d b y 7 f t 8-in a n d th e d ru m speed w as in creased w ith a u to m a tic b ra k e c o n tro ls b e in g in tro d u c e d . I n o rd e r to red u ce c irc u la tin g p ressu res in deep d rillin g , a sp ec ia l s trin g o f 5 -9 /1 6 -in d rill p ip e w as u sed . T h is s trin g w as m a d e u p o f s ta n d a r d A .P .I. G rad e E R a n g e 3 d rill p ip e w ith a special re q u ire m e n t o f 4 2 -4 4 ft ra n g e le n g th , w ith 4£ to 5 f-in o.d. b y 3 -5 /3 2 -in i.d ., e x tra -h o le to o l jo in ts, flash-w elded on to th e p ip e. A g roove w as c u t a t th e th ic k e s t p a r t o f th e p in en d o f th e to o l jo in t to en ab le th e d rille r to see th e b re a k p o in t cle arly w h en com ing o u t o f th e hole. I n view o f th e re q u ire m e n t fo r d eep d rillin g t h a t e ith e r slu sh p u m p sh o u ld b e a v ailab le fo r m ix in g m u d o r s ta n d b y , a n d t h a t th e engine p o w ering th e r o ta r y ta b le sh o u ld p re fe ra b ly n o t b e c o n n ec te d to a n y engines w h ich a re o p e ra tin g p u m p s, fo u r 6-cyl engines w ere in clu d e d in rig d esig n to o b ta in th e u tm o s t flex ib ility . In c o rp o ra tio n o f a ll m a in engines in to one tra n s m iss io n p e rm its th e m a x im u m u se o f a v a ilab le horsepow er, a n d b re a k d o w n o f one engine u s u a lly affects th e p e rfo rm a n ce o f th e rig o n ly s lig h tly . T h e en gines o p e ra te on n a tu r a l g as a n d d eliv er a p e a k to ta l o f a b o u t 1200 h p . a t 800 r.p .m .
O th e r ch an g es w ere effected in m u d ta n k s a n d d itc h e s a n d a u x iliaries. T h e p e r fo rm an ce o f th e rig is describ ed w ith th e a id o f c h a rts a n d o th e r re co rd s o f th e d rillin g
o p e ra tio n . A . H . N .
48. California D rilling P ractices. F . N . K ellogg. O il O a s J ., 19.10.46, 45 (24), 140.—
P ra c tic a l d e ta ils o f th e a v era g e p ra c tic e s in C alifornia, o f sizes a n d c a p a c itie s o f d rill p ip e, b its a n d o th e r e q u ip m e n t, o f speeds a n d w e ig h t o n b its , o f m u d c h a ra c te ris tic s
a n d sa fe ty p ra c tic e s a re review ed. A . H . K .
49. B oring w ith D iam ond D rill. A non. P etroleum , 1946, 9, 230.— D e ta ils a re g iv en o f re c e n t ach iev e m en ts in co rin g w ith d iam o n d d rill b its c o n ta in in g 400 to 500 d iam o n d s to ta llin g 60 to 100 c a ra ts in a n a lu m in iu m b ro n ze allo y b o n d . T h e te s ts w ere m a d e in c e n tra l O k lah o m a, w e ste rn K a n sa s, a n d so u th e a s te rn M exico a t 7300 f t, 3700 ft, a n d 7000 f t to ta l d e p th s in lim e sto n e a n d d o lo m ite fo rm a tio n s. K . C. G. K . 50. Big Slush P u m p . J . E . K a s tro p . O il W k ly , 9.9.46, 123 (2), 58.— T h is re c e n tly in tro d u c e d d u p lex p o w e r-d riv e n p u m p is c ap ab le o f tr a n s m ittin g a lm o st 600 h p . in to th e d rillin g fluid c irc u la to ry sy ste m . T h is m ak e s i t possible to h a n d le h ig h v isc o sity fluids a t g r e a t d e p th s w ith little co n cern fo r o v e rb u rd e n in g p u m p in g e q u ip m e n t or stic k in g d rill p ip e. F ro m th e c h a ra c te ris tic cu rv e o f th e p u m p i t is seen t h a t 763 g al o f m u d /m in u te a re d eliv ere d w ith a 7§-in p is to n a t 55 s tro k e s /m in u te w ith per-
ABSTRACTS. 11 A
m issible p re ssu re s u p to 118 lb /s q . in. A m ax im u m p erm issible p ressu re o f 2910 lb /s q . in is d ev elo p ed b y th e 5-in d ia m e te r p is to n w hich d elivers 295 g a l/m in u te a t th e r a te d speed o f 55 stro k e s /m in u te . T hese figures a re b a se d on 100% v o lu m e tric efficiency u p to a m ax im u m p erm issible p re ssu re in d ic a te d fo r each size liner. P u m p
d esig n c o n sid era tio n s a re discussed. A. H . N.
51. R everse C irculation in O klahom a W ells. C. L. M yers. Oil W k ly , 23.9.46, 123 (4), 29.— R ev erse circ u la tio n is b ein g u se d in co m p le tio n o f w ells u p to 10,000 f t in d e p th . R e v erse c irc u la tio n co m p letio n s h a v e b e en fo u n d especially effective in w ells p lag u e d w ith cav in g shale w hich is easily a n d q u ick ly w ash ed to th e surface w ith o u t clogging th e p a y a n d th u s red u cin g p o ro sity . W h ere th e oil horizo n is a s a n d y shale a n d h a s to be sh o t, o r in b ore holes w ith a low b o tto m -h o le p ressure, th is m eth o d h a s b e en fo u n d successful. R igs u sed in rev erse circ u la tio n com pletions o r c le an o u ts resem ble larg e r r o ta r y u n its , b u t a re m u ch sm aller. T he rig s c o n ta in c e rta in fe a tu re s p ecu lia rly a d a p te d to th e class o f w ork th e y m u s t p erfo rm . One c o m p an y o p e ra tin g o u t o f th e T u lsa a re a h a s d eveloped sev eral u n iq u e devices, in c lu d ing a w ash in g to o l, a n a p p lic a tio n o f th e to rq u e c o n v e rte r fo r servicing, a four-w ay v alv e, a n d a sp ecially c o n stru c te d p ack o ff h e ad , all o f w hich h a v e b een used effectively.
I n th e S tro u d pool a p p ro x im a te ly 38 w ells serviced b y th is m eth o d a n d u sin g th ese a n d o th e r sp ecially desig n ed e q u ip m e n t re p o rte d e x ce p tio n a lly good re su lts an d in creased p ro d u c tio n . T y p ic al ex am p les a re re p o rte d . A n im p o rta n t a d v a n ta g e claim ed fo r rev erse circ u la tio n is t h a t o f a c c u ra te logging w hile d rillin g in. B ecause o f th e v e lo c ity w ith w hich c u ttin g s a re b ro u g h t to th e surface, i t is possible on a 4500-ft hole to c u t one fo o t o f fo rm a tio n a n d h a v e th e c u ttin g s a t th e surface in seven m in u te s. U sin g n o rm al c irc u la tio n it w ould ta k e c u ttin g s from a co m p arab le d e p th a p p ro x im a te ly 24 h o u rs to re ac h th e surface. O th e r a d v a n ta g e s claim ed fo r th e m eth o d include ra p id ity in p u ttin g w ells o n p ro d u c tio n , p ro te c tio n to th e p ro d u cin g fo rm atio n , no loss o f oil o r gas in th e process, g re a te r efficiency in sh o t holes, a n d g re a te r econom y. T h e m eth o d a n d eq u ip m e n t can be successfully ap p lied to drilling in, deepening, cleaning o u t, plu g g in g b ack , acidizing, fishing, p u llin g tu b in g a n d ro d s o r ru n n in g sam e, sw abbing, sa n d p u m p in g , b a iling, drillin g o u t re ta in e rs an d cem ent, a n d c o n d itio n in g hole for squeezing a n d p erfo ratin g . R ev erse circu latio n is com pared w ith s ta n d a r d d rillin g u n d e r differen t circu m stan ces. A. H . N.
52. D rilling P a te n ts. V. G uillem in. U .S .P . 2,406,764, 3.9.46.— A u to m atic G rap h D raw in g R e co rd e r : a g ra p h d raw in g m ach in e (w hich could b e a d a p te d to log drilling rig fu n ctio n s).
M. O. J o h n s to n . U .S .P . 2 ,4 0 7,081,3.9.46. G u n P e rfo ra to r for W ell Casing : a gun p e rfo ra to r in w hich th e p ro jec tiles a re h e ld b y a flange u n til th e firing pow er o f th e ex plosive sh ears th e flange from th e p ro jec tile. R . B. S.
• P ro d u ctio n .
53. T rends an d D evelopm ents in P e tro leu m P ro d u ctio n E ngineering. S. E . B uckley.
B u ll. A m er. A ss. Petrol. Oeol., 1946, 30, 1131.— T h is p a p e r sum m arizes th e tre n d s a n d d e v elo p m en ts in p e tro leu m p ro d u c tio n engineering since 1941.
T h e m o st im p o rta n t tre n d in re ce n t y e a rs h a s been th e tra n s itio n fro m th e q u a lita tiv e to th e q u a n tita tiv e sta g e. T h is process is b y no m ean s co m p lete y e t, b u t th e m o d ern p e tro leu m p ro d u c tio n engineer m u s t th in k m ore a n d m ore in a q u a n tita tiv e
fashion. E . N . T.
54. B acteria in Oil P ro d u ctio n . A non. W orld P et., 1946, 17 (12), 78.— A b rief d esc rip tio n is giv en o f th e efforts b ein g m ad e b y th e P e n n sy lv a n ia G rade C rude Oil A ssociation to e rad ica te th o se w a ter-b o rn e b a c te ria w hich a re u n d e sirab le (su lp h ate red u cers, slim e p ro d u cers, e tc.). T h e degree o f to x ic ity o f th e a d d itiv e s being in v es tig a te d is lim ite d b y th e fa c t t h a t th e in p u t w a te r is used for drin k in g . A sh o rt review is g iv en of th e w o rk o f D r Zobell, p e rta in in g to th e p a r t b a c te ria p la y in th e fo rm a tio n a n d tra n s fo rm a tio n o f p e tro le u m h y d ro c arb o n s. F . S. A.
55. M ath em atical M ethods oî D ecline Curve E x trap o latio n and Reserve C alculation.
S. J . P irso n . Oil W k ly , 9.9.46, 123 (2), 45.— T here are several ty p e s of decline curves a n d th ese m u st be defined s tric tly for a n y p a rtic u la r problem . T he d ifferen t ty p e s
