Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 36, No. 6

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(1)the. REASONS ARE GRIMLY EVIDENT. •»«am m. V.*SS? SS;“,““0" p .■ /E^. C?6 1 2 7 7 0 7 f. W e ' d like to be li eve, as men o f business, that no. ¡Si'<?■. sales arguments are necessary for the purchase of Un ited S t a t e s W a r Bonds. Blo od— not yours or ours — is gushing. freely fo r. the d e fe n s e o f Am erica.. M oney— yours and o urs— is asked only to be lent to our country.. THE. LEAST W E CAN. DO. IS B U Y. BO N D S TO THE UTTERM O ST!. P resident.

(2) What type Glass-Enameled Agitators are available for H. IC ? H. .. U. I Y. c . g ita t ;o n ?. "G lass-enam eled d esign for high duty agitators involves four basic considerations: (1) Sim ple construc tion, free of sharp corners; (2) Mini m um w arpag e u n d e r h eat of enam el ing; (3) U nb alan ce kept w ithin p ra c tical limits; (4) Sufficient agitative capacity at relatively low s p e e d s /' says O W . G reen e, D evelopm ent Engineer.. P fa u d ler d e v elo p m en t w o rk in h ig h d u ty a g ita tio n c o v ers é m u lsi fication, gas a b so rp tio n , su sp en sio n of h e av y catalysts, e tc .— w h e re tu rb u le n t m ixing is a c c o m p lish e d efficiently. This w ork a n d th e su c c e ss of h u n d re d s of P fa u d le r in stallatio n s p ro v e g lass-e n am ele d im p e lle r a g ita to rs, in com b in atio n w ith p ro p e rly d e s ig n e d a n d p o sitio n e d baffles, a re b e st su ite d to th e a g itatio n p ro b lem s e n c o u n te re d in P fa u d le r g lass-lin e d e q u ip m e n t. Sim ple d e sig n p e rm its sh a p e s su itab le fo r g lass-e n am elin g ; sh o rt b la d e s k e e p th e u n b a la n c e d co n d itio n , im possible to o v e r com e e n tire ly in th e a p p lic a tio n of g lass to m etal, w ithin p ra c tic a l ra n g e s; th e bottom h e a d of th e v e sse l is utilized like one-h alf of a p u m p h o u sin g ; violent a g ita tio n c a n b e o b ta in e d w ith m inim um stuffing b o x w e ar. It h a s b e e n fo u n d th a t th re e ty p es of im p e lle rs — " s tr a ig h t b la d e , r e tr e a tin g c u rv e b la d e , " a n d " le a d in g c u rv e b l a d e / ' in co m b in a tio n w ith c o rre c tly e n g in e e r e d baffling, a n sw e r all h ig h d u ty a g ita tio n re q u ire m e n ts. T he stra ig h t b la d e im p e lle rs p ro d u c e m axim um a g ita tio n a t a g iv en sp e e d in c o m b in atio n w ith P fa u d le r c u rv e d baffles. T hey h a n d le a ll ty p es of liq u id s w ell, a lth o u g h p o w e r d e m a n d rise s c o n sid e ra b ly w ith h ig h e r viscosity liquids. W ith th e re tre a tin g b la d e im p e lle r, a n y re sista n c e from v is cosity o r c lin g in g to bottom h e a d , p ro d u c e s a d efin ite m o v em en t out from th e c e n te r o n th e bottom h e a d a n d u p th e sides of th e tan k . T his im p a rts a d efin ite " ro ll o v e r" of the p ro d u c t a n d in v e ry h e a v y p ro d u c ts, n o baffle is n e c e s s a ry to give g o o d ro ll o v e r a n d m ixing. It is of p a rtic u la r v a lu e in c ases w h e re p e rio d s of h e av y viscosity a re p re s e n t in th e p ro c ess. T h e le a d in g c u rv e b la d e im p e lle rs c a u se th e liq u id w h ic h e n te rs the c e n tra l portio n to flow a ro u n d th e b la d e s a n d to p ro d u c e a. b re a k in g u p , m ixing or em ulsifying actio n . This ty p e w ould be in d ic a te d w h e n m axim um effect is d e sire d at th e bottom of reactor w ith re d u c e d u p w a rd c u rre n ts. This type is u n su ite d to viscous liq u id s as ag itativ e effect is lo cal a n d h o rse-p o w er re q u ire d in c re a se s v e ry ra p id ly w ith th e viscosity. In th e m ajority of cases, h o w ev er, baffles a re essen tial. W hen im p e lle r a g ita to rs a re sta rte d w ithout a baffle, a v o rtex is form ed by th e c e n te r of the top liq u id b e in g d e p re s s e d slightly a n d setting e n o rm o u s c u rre n ts u p th e sid es of the tan k w h ic h b re a k o v e r sh a rp ly o n th e top. H ow ever, as this c o n tin u e s th e a g itatio n settles dow n in to p u re ly c irc u la r c u rre n ts w ith alm ost no u p w a rd c u r re n ts a g a in st the w all of the tan k a n d c o n se q u en tly n o a g ita tio n o r m ixing tak es p la c e . T he P fa u d ler p a te n te d a d ju stab le baffle, w ith flatten e d c u rv e d b lad e , h a s p ro v e d e fficient for b re a k in g u p th e se c u rre n ts w ithout r e ta rd in g w all velocity g re atly . W ith this co m b in atio n of c o rre c t im p e lle r d e sig n a n d baffles lo ca ted in the tan k in th e p ro p e r position in a c c o rd a n c e w ith th e duty, a g i tatio n c a n b e s e c u re d at low est p ra c tic a l sp e e d , w iths t r a i g h t b l a d e i m p e l l e r w it h p a t e n t e d —T. .. P fa u d le r a d ju s ta b le b a ff le a s a r r a n g e d. e x cessiv e H. P. re q u ir e a t y p i c a l P f a u d l e r r e a c t o r . T h is m en ts or u n d u e w e a r o n th e c o m b in a tio n h a s a w id e a p p lic a tio n stuffing b o x a n d d riv e. in high duty a9itationIf h ig h d u ty a g ita tio n c a n im p ro v e y o u r p ro d u c ts, o r sp e e d up o p e ra tio n s, le t P fa u d ler E n g in e e rs give you th e b e n e fit of th e ir long e x p e rie n c e a n d w ork out for y o u a n e co n o m ica l a n d efficient a p p lic atio n . Out. THE PFAUDLER C O ., R ochester 4, N Y. B ranch Offices: 3 3 0 W est 42nd St., N ew York 18, N. Y.; 1442 Conway Bldg., C hicago 2, 111.; 1325 H ow ard St., San Francisco 3, Calif.; 455 Paul Brown Bldg., St. Louis, Mo.; 7 3 1 0 W oodw ard Ave., Detroit 2, Mich.; 1318-1st N at'l Bank Bldg., C incinnati 2, O .; 1228 C om m ercial Trs. Bldg., P hiladelphia 2, Pa.; 751 Little Bldg., Boston 16, Mass.; 1034 W ashing ton Bldg., W ashington 5, D. C.. Retreating Blade Im peller. T H E P F A U D L E R C O M P A N Y , R O C H E S T E R 4, N E W YOR! E N G I N E E R E D. G L A S S - L I N E D. S T E E L. A ND. ALL OY. E Q U I P M E N.

(3) INDUSTRIAL ED IT O R : W A LT ER J .. a n d. E N G IN EER IN G CHEMISTRY. M U R PH Y. ISSUED JU N E 14, 1944. «. •. VOL. 36, NO. 6. ^ rto c /a te Editor: F. J .. V A N AN TW ERPEN. ED ITO RIA LS. Assistant to Editor: N .. A . P A R K IN S O N. A G IT A T IO N A N D M IX IN G SY M P O SIU M :. Manuscript Editor: Make-up Editor:. H ELE N K. N E W T O N. BERT H A R EY N O LD S. Manuscript Assistant:. ST ELLA A N D E R S O N. Advisory Board. W. L. Badger. H. R. Murdock. H. E. Barnard. A. S. Richardson. W. H. Dow. W. A. Schmidt. G aston Du Bois. R. N. SHfeEVE. C. F. KETTERING. L. V. STECK. W. S. Landis. C. M. A. STINE. C. S. M iner. E. C. Sullivan E. R. W eidlein. Copyright 1944 by American Chemical Society. •. e d it io n. C O N SEC UTIVE NO. 11. .......................................... ....................................................... *............................... 485. N ature and M easure of A gitatio n ....................................................A rthur W . Hixson_ 4 8 8 Basic Problem s in Conducting a Research P r o g r a m ................... Everett S. Bissel I 497 A M ass V e lo c ity Theory for L iquid A g itatio n . . F. D. M ille r and J. H . Rushton 4 9 9 Perform ance of A g ita te d G as-L iquid Contactors .......................... • • • • • • £ . M . C o o p e r, G . A . Fernstrom, and S. A . M iller 5 0 4 H e a t Transfer Coefficients in A g ita te d V essels ,• jb ü ' i l ' ' c-in T. H . C hilton, T. B. D rew , and R. H . Je b e n s 5 1 0 G as-L iquid Contacting by M ix ers. ..H. C. Foust, D. E. M ack, and J. H . Rushton 517 H e a t Transfer in the V o t a t o r ......................................................................H . G . H oulton 5 2 2 M ass Transfer and Chemical Reaction in L iquid-Solid A g itatio n . . . . . . . . A rthur W . Hixson and Sidney J. Baum 528 M e ta llic Substitutes for H o t-D ip p ed Tin P la te .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ■ ■ • •. Roger H . Lueck and Kenneth W . Brighton. 532. Catalytic V apor-P hase O x id a tio n of N ic o tin e to N icotinonitrile . ■ • • • • • • • C. F. W o o d w a rd , C. O . Badgett, and J- J . W illaman Chem ical-Catalytic L iquid-Phase O x id a tio n of N ic o tin e , /3-Picoline, and Q u in o lin e to N icotinic A c id . . C. F. W o o d w a rd , C. O . Badgett, and Jerom e G . Kaufman. c .n 540. Industrial Precipitated Tricalcium Phosphates. .. . .. . . . . . .. 544. W . H . M a cln tire,. S. H . W in terb erg , H . L. M arshall, G e o rg e Palmer, and B. W . H atch e M oisture A b so rp tiv e Pow er of Starch H y d ro ly zates . J . E. C leland and W . R. Fetzer 552 Fire-Cured T obaccos . . Jo se p h Naghski, Ernest G . Beinhart, and Jam es F. C ouch 5 5 6 Influence of N itrogen O x id e s on Toxicity of O z o n e ............................ R- D. W atson 5 5 9 M ineral O il O x i d a ti o n ............................ .... . . . . . • • M ild red M . Hicks-Bruun, Bruce L. Ritz, R obert E. Ledley, Jr., and Johannes H . Bruun 5 0 2 V iscosities .n d M. The American Chemical Society assumes no re sponsibility for the statements and opinions ad vanced by contributors to its publications.. i n d u s t r ia l. l . =1 H y d , o , e n „ . d C . B o ^ . d ^ .. Inhibition of F o .m in j in S olvent. C o n t.in ln j Known t a n. „. p. ^. ^. J. ^. , , J0. Purification of Sugar B eet J u i c e s .................................K. S. Skaar and R. A . M cG innis H yd ro ca rb o n G ases.. Sp ecific H e a t,. ^. S. &. 574. o. 580. 30,200 copies of this issue printed. B itum en-A ggregate A d h e s i o n ................... ......................................... Sw anson 584 Critical Solution Tem peratures of Paraffins with N itro b en zen e and /J,£ -D ich lo ro eth v l E t h e r ................................. H . M ilton W o o d b u rn , Keith Smith, and Hyman Tetew sky 5 8 8 The view at the top of the page shows a unit, built b y The Lumus Company, which charges 15,000 barrels per day of reduced crude oil.. M a y ’s H e ad lin e ..................................................................................................................• ' ' * I. & E. C. R eport, 5. A s W e See It, 53. L ast-M inute Flashes . . . (A dvt. Sect.). Published by the American Chemical Society at Easton, Pa. Editorial Office 1155 16th Street, N . W . , Washington 6, D. C ., telephone, Republic 5301, cable, Jiechem (Washington). Business O f f i c e : A m e r i c a n Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N . W . , Washington 6, D. C . Advertising O ffice: 332 W est 42nd Street, N e w Vorlcl 8, N . Y ., telephone, Bryant 9-4430. Entered as second-class matter at the Post O ffice at Easton, Pa., under the A ct of M arch 3 ,1 87 9 , as 24 times a year — Industrial Edition monthly on the 1st, Analytical Edition monthly on the 15th. Acceptance for mailing at special rate pro' vided for in Section 1103, A c t of O cto b er 3 ,1 9 1 7 , authorized Ju ly 13, 1918. Remittances and orders for subscriptions and for single copies, notices ot changes of addresses and new professional connections, and claims for missing numbers should be sent to the American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N . W „ Washington 6, D. C . Changes of address for the Industrial Edition must be received on or before the. 132. 18th of the preceding month and for the Analytical Edition not later than the 30th of the preceding month. Claims for missing numbers w ill not be allo w ed m it re ceived more than 60 days from date of issue (ow ing to the hazards of wartime delivery, no claims can be honored from subscribers outside of N o rthA m erica), (2 ) if loss was due to failure to notice of change of address to be received before the dates specified i n t h e preceding sentence, or (3 ) if the reason for claim is missing Irom tiles . Annual subscription — Industrial Edition and Analytical Edition sold only as a unit, members $3.00, nonmembers $4.00. Postage to countries not in the PanAmerican Union 52.25; Canadian postage $0.75. Single copie:> 7 " ^ S Fdiiion Industrial Edition $0.75, Analytical Edition $0.50, back numbers, Industrial Edition $0.80, Analytical Edition prices on request, special ratesto members. Tfie American Chemical Society also publishes Chemical and Engineering News, Chemical Abstracts, and Journal oI the American Chemical Society. Kates on request..

(4) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. are six of the many grades of pure diatomaceous silica, known as Celite M in eral Fillers. They have helped improve scores of products in many ways. Celite has been used to increase a product’s bulk, to give it strength, to toughen it, to raise its melting point, or to improve its absorption. A bove. J-M Celite can do all these things— and many. more—because of its unique nature. Celite is inert to practically all chemical re-agents ex cept strong alkalies. It has a melting point. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 6. above 2900° F. It is extremely light in weight, one grade weighing only 8 lb. (loose dry weight) per cu. ft. Celite has a large specific surface, a low refractive index, and will absorb as much as 220% of its weight in liquid. Whatever you make—matches, silver polish, paper, paint—it m ay pay you to consider how one of these Celite Fillers might improve your product—or cut its cost. Johns-Manville will be glad to help you. For more information, write Johns-Manville, 22 E ast 40th Street, New l'ork 16, N ew York.. JOHM S-MAWHl» ‘ A m o rp h o u s, d ia to m a c e o u s , o p a lin e silic a. HSI JOHNS-MANVILLE. C E U T E M IN E R A L F /U E R S.

(5) in DU STRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY. Penicillin Success Story. The paper delivered by R. D. Coghill at the Cleveland meeting of the A m e r i c a n C h e m i cal S o c i e t y , the report by L. A . Monroe before the chemical engineers in the same city last month, and, perhaps of greatest significance, the distribution of pen icillin for treatment of civilians—all bear witness to the speed with which this new drug has been transformed by chemists and chemical engineers of America from the laboratory-curiosity stage to large-scale production in the face of insufficient manpower, equipment shortages, etc. Industrial manufacturing techniques have been devised which represent many departures from previously estab lished techniques in the field of fermentation. Full credit should be given those technologists who were not bound by former precedents but were willing to accept this challenge with confidence in their ability to revise, to devise and, quite often, to improvise. The success story in synthetic rubber, magnesium, aviation gasoline, etc., has been repeated in penicillin. This does not mean that we have reached the stage of perfection either in its manufacture or therapeutic uses; chemists, engineers, biologists, physicians, and specialists in many fields will find much to engage their attention. The recent success in synthesizing quinine will no doubt encourage those scientists who are striving to achieve a similar result on penicillin. How much success has crowned such efforts is not generally known. Like syn thetic quinine, the actual synthesis of penicillin may not m ea»the immediate development of a satisfactory method for large-scale production. If and when such a process is worked out, the effect on the economics of penicillin may or may not be far-reaching. It has been estimated that production of between 20 and 30 pounds per day will provide sufficient material to treat every individual in the world who is suffering from diseases for which penicillin has proved to be a specific cure. Such production, carried out synthetically, would constitute only a fair-sized laboratory operation. However, this factor alone is no indication of cost, and production via the fermentation route might well prove to be competitive with a synthetic method. Unless such a process is dis covered quickly, it is possible that even those companies which have privately financed their plants will have reached a high degree of amortization of these facilities.. Fruits of Research. Even editors of technical journals continue to be impressed with the flow of new products from the laboratories in wartime. Of course, those which are publicly disclosed represent only a fraction of the total, thereinainder being withheld for good and sufficient reasons. A roll call of the month’s new products brings out a new type of lubricating oil which thickens when heated and thins when cooled [developed by a Standard Oil (Cali fornia) subsidiary, California Research Corporation], a method of producing isoprene, important ingredient of Butyl rubber, and a new process for utilizing the powerful properties of chlorine dioxide, introduced by Mathieson Alkali Works. Chemists of Universal Oil Products Company report that isoprene, heretofore produced from turpentine, can be made by a process based on the use of readily available petroleum hydrocarbons (isopentanes and isopentenes) and claim that production can be performed in a single operation. They report ,that yields as high as 80% can be obtained through the use of a special catalyst. Although chlorine dioxide has been known to chemists for many years, its use has been impractical because it does not remain stable and was difficult to employ com mercially in large quantities. In the technique developed by Mathieson, the user prepares the bleach from chlorine and sodium chlorite at the point of use and in the quantity required. On an experimental scale, sterilizing the atmos phere with chlorine dioxide is said to increase the yield of penicillin. Among other uses now under investigation are: improving taste in public water supplies, checking blue mold in citrus fruits, reducing spoilage in canned foods, maturing and bleaching flour. It is expected to prove use ful also for bleaching such materials as starch, soap, paper, and textiles. Last month Rohm & Haas Company piloted a large dele gation of science editors through an impressive demonstra tion of the role chemistry is playing in insect and fungi de struction, and specifically announced “plant inoculation” possibilities of diethylene sodium bisdithiocarbamate. The product, sprayed on the ground and absorbed by food-producing plants to render them immune both to insect and fungi attack, has been shown, it was stated, to increase potato crops as much as 25 to 100 bushels per acre. (Continued on page S). A * t ¿H i& ipJietaiiue m o+ itU Lf cU tj& lt {¿on. o lte m ic a l e*Uf¿M£&i¿-r ohcL etœ ctd io e* . th e. cluutO ccd pJioduocH tj. a n d ck e* m c a l co*Uu*tt¿*uf. ¿ n d u á iw U ..

(6) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 6. We’ ve Already Engineered Your Thermex Unit! Standard Thermex models give a complete range of capacities. Any high frequency heating or bonding requirement you might have can be exactly met — be it a small laboratory test unit or huge plant equipment. Each Thermex installation consists of a single 7in it . . . completely self-contained, ruggedly built,' thoroughly engineered, largely automatic and easily operated. Sizes up to 45,000 BTUs per hour capacity are 100% portable, an extreme convenience in many operations. Extensive data and application engineering experience in high frequency heating of dielectrics are at your disposal. Consult The Girdler Corporation, Thermex Division, Louisville 1, Ky.. THE. FIRST. IN D U STRIA L. HIGH. FREQUENCY. DIELECTRIC. H EATIN G. EQ UIPM EN T.

(7) June, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. How a Small Steam Plant Solved a Coal Handling Problem to storage silo (200-ton capacity) with a Bulk-Flo elevator-conveyor (capable of handling 30 tons of coal per hour). On top of silo is a short horizontal screw conveyor discharging coal to center of silo. Another Bulk-Flo elevator-conveyor (capable of handling 15 tons per hour) delivers the coal from the silo to a hori zontal screw conveyor which feeds all tw elve stoker hoppers of the four boilers. Link-Belt is prepared to help you solve your problems. Send for Catalogs.. • Coal handling problems vary but all successful solutions require engineering experience and a wide variety of con veying equipment such as Link-Belt Company manufactures. H ere is how a mid-west plant, burning from 5 to 10 cars of coal per day successfully solved their problem. Slow, dusty, labor wasting and costly hand shoveling has been re placed with this simple, clean, compact Link-Belt conveyor system. Coal from hopper bottom railroad cars is delivered. SCREW CONVEYOR. O FFSET GATE. Section of B u lk -F lo e lev ato r-co n v ey o r SCREW CONVEYOR. B u lk -F lo c o m b in e s in a single u n it th e fu n c tio n s of a n e le v a to r, a co n v ey o r a n d fe ed e r. I t h a n d le s flow able, n o n -a b ra siv e , n o n -co rro siv e m a te ria ls u n d e r a ll c o n d itio n s of load in g . In s ta lla tio n re q u ire s o n ly a fra c tio n of th e sp a c e of o th e r c o n v ey o rs a n d e le v a to rs— less s u p p o rtin g stru c tu re s , sh a llo w er p its, e tc . E x tre m e fle x ib ility of la y o u t m a k e s p o ssib le a sim p le , low -cost so lu tio n to w h a t m ig h t o th erw ise b e a c o m p lic a te d , e x p en siv e h a n d lin g p ro b le m .. 8U LKFLO -. O FFSET GATE. COAL FORMERLY SHOVELED FROM, CAR THRU THIS ^ WINDOW TO FLOOR OF BOILER ROOM. SCREW CONVEYOR. BOILER. SECTION A-A. LINK-BELT COMPANY C hicago 9, In d ia n a p o lis 6, P h ila d e lp h ia 40 , A tla n ta , D allas 1, M inneapolis 5, S a n F rancisco 24 , T o ro n to 8. Offices in prin c ip a l cities. 9494-B. CONVEYORS. CHAINS. m aterials. SSION. preparation. EQUIPMENT.

(8) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. PALMER will be ready for YOU ! (i5q J60Q. I tst-h. 550. âtfoHI « 15(i. i. Í30 ! 30Q J. m gooi. There will be no “ recon version waiting period” for Palmer Thermometers. While we are kept busy now, producing Thermometers, for which there is yet a critical need, we are not unmindful of your Post War needs.. Palmer Thermome ters that have with stood the stress of war duty will be m uch improved, re taining their funda mental tough quality and their extreme accuracy and sensitiveness for which they have been famous. Remember PA LM ER Thermometers!. THE PALMER CO. MFHS.: INDUSTRIAL. LA BO R A TO RY . RECORDING 4 DIAL THERMOMETERS. 2512 NORWOOD AVE., CINCINNATI. NORWOOD, O. CANADIAN BRANCH: KING AND G EO R G E S I S .. TORONTO. Demonstrations also were made of new synthetic organic compounds, /3,/3'-dithiocyanodiethyl ether and /3-butoxy /3-thiocyanoethyl ether, designed to replace the stomach poisons lead and calcium arsenates. Most dramatic, however, was the announcement of the synthesis of quinine, a goal of chemists for more than a hundred years. The problem which Sir William Henry Perkin worked on in 1856 has finally been solved by two American chemists. To Robert B. Woodward and William E. Doering go the plaudits of their fellow scientists and appreciation of millions of human beings the world over. The plan for synthesizing the complex drug was originated by Woodward and incorporated in the basic research pro gram of Polaroid Corporation last year. A Harvard instructor in organic chemistry, AVoodward has' been a chemical consultant to Polaroid since June, 1942. Doering was engaged by Polaroid as collaborator on the project. Of more than passing interest are the ages of both men; Woodward is 27 and his associate, 26. The Polaroid quinine research project was not under taken in an effort to produce a synthetic suitable for use in the production of light-polarizing material. Quinine was formerly employed, but efficient synthetic polarizers were invented by Polaroid several years ago when it was feared that the Japanese might threaten the steady flow of natural quinine into the United States. The synthesis of quinine does not mean immediate commercial production. That may not come for years, or it may come quickly. Nor m il the work of Woodward and Doering halt the research program seeking to produce a chemical which will possess specific preventive properties. Neither quinine nor Atabrine is a sporozoiticide. Chemists are still challenged by the need for a true causal prophy lactic that will prevent infection with malaria. Insurance Plants. Donald B. Keyes, of the Office of Production Research and Development, utilizing the inimitable Keyes approach, made a plausible plea for “insurance plants” before the chemical engineers’ meeting last month in Cleveland. The speaker expressed the opin ion that, if a proposal made in the summer of 1940 to build a government rubber plant of 50,000 tons capacity had been heeded, we would have been able to design and construct facilities much more rapidly and would have had a capacity of at least half a million tons of synthetic rubber by the spring of 1943. This would have speeded the war supply program, and no one. would have ques tioned the expenditure for such an insurance plant. The latter assumption would be open to question if. the speaker was referring to the existing sentiment in 1940. However, Keyes made it plain that he was referring to public opinion post-Pearl Harbor, for it must be remembered that as late as 1941 few, including many high officials, were willing to admit that the Japanese could take the rubber-producing areas of the Far East and cut the sea lanes of the Pacific. As Keyes pointed out, in time of war it is highly essential that we have in this country the “know how” of ¡ill major developments that may be of use, even though there is no assurance that plants based on (Continued on page 10).

(9) June, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. .Gi. AND. ONSULT. ENGINEERING. GIRDLER. CHEMISTRY. on a n y question involving. 'production or purification oi g a seo u s mixtures. or liquid hydrocarbons.. GIRDLER offers en gi. neering service backed by a long and successful record of prompt, practical, and econom ical solu tions to g a s processing problems.. Our engineers. are arm ed with facts, experience and — most impor tant — ability to contribute constructive‘ideas, whether the job at hand is sim ple or com plex. Call Girdler f i r s t !.

(10) Today. LL o u t w a r p ro d u c tio n calls fo r c o n tin u o u s o p e ra tio n » w ith m in im u m sh u td o w n s fo r c le a n in g . T h a t's w h y R o u n d C orner C onstruction is necessary fo r p ro c e ssin g vessels to d ay . V essels w ith R o u n d C o rn e rs a re s tro n g e r. T h e y ta k e less tim e to clean.. A. Y o u r fa b ric a to r m u st h a v e sp e c ia liz ed e x p e rie n c e a n d e q u ip m e n t to p ro d u c e ro u n d c o rn e r sta in le ss steel vessels e co n o m ica lly . B lic k m a n e n g in e e rs h a v e p io n e e re d in th is field. T h e y can b e o f g re a t h e lp to y o u in d e sig n in g U N IN T E R R U P T E D P R O D U C T IO N in to y o u r e q u ip m e n t r ig h t fro m th e b e g in n in g . C o n su lt w ith us.. The ordinates represent the a p p ro x im ate character o f m axim um stresses in the region o f a square com er in a vessel under pressure. Note the considerable increase in stress at the corner. This is due to high stress concentration in the sharp an g le and to discontinuity stresses orig inating from the rap id change o f direction o f the surface.. Even the best brushes require extra time to clean accum ulations g a th e re d in square corners. W ith gummy m aterial or m aterial that hardens, com plete rem oval m ay never be possible.. **What to L ook F o r W h e n Y ou Specify Stainless Stee! fo r Y o u r P r o c e s s in g E q u ip m e n t,” a v a l u a b le g u id e fo r eng i n e e r s s e n t to those w ho w rite us o n th e ir co m p an y statio n ery .. The ordinates here represent the appro xim ate character o f m aximum stresses in the region o f a round corner o f a vessel under pressure. Stress concentration is entirely elim inated, discontinuity stresses are sm aller. Hence there is little increase in stress at the corner. Equipment stands up better.. In Blickm an round corner construe* tion the brush has no difficulty in cleaning the entire surface o f the round corner. Shutdow n tim e fo r cleaning is a p p re ciab ly lessened.. A l l O R D E R S S U B JE C T TO « O V I R N M I N T PRIORITY REGULATIONS. S . B L I C K M A N , 11ÏH .. 6 0 6 G R E G O R Y A V E N U E , W E E H A W K E N , N . J.. TANKS • -KITTIES • CONDENSERS • AGITAIORS • EVAPORATORS • PANS VATS • CYLINDERS • A U O Y PIPING. ■. these developments will be able to operate economically after the war is ended. The speaker presented an interest ing list of developments now underway to ensure the United States with adequate knowledge for operation of necessary essential industries—for example, wood waste hy drolysis to produce alcohol, glycerol from blackstrap molasses, fuels from coal hydrogenation and from shale oil by distillation, fuels from waste hydrocarbon gases by the Fisher-Tropsch process, aluminum from clay, and the synthesis of certain materials for Buna S. In conclusion, the speaker stated that it is a relatively simple matter to convince industry or government to put up funds for developments that seem essential in a war period, but once peace is declared, we may revert to our former attitude. He suggested that it is the duty of the scientists of the Nation to continue urging the erection of small plants for security purposes. This proposal raises some pertinent questions. Would it be advisable to define more clearly the respective fields of government and private industry in the matter of re search? Should government restrict its research activities to pure or fundamental research and leave to private industry the field of applied or industrial research? No one denies that considerable overlapping exists and that government is in both fields. Private industry resents and fears government in applied research as a direct threat of competition with industry. Perhaps an impartial committee made up of some of the country’s leading tech nologists could clarify this picture in the postwar period. Such leadership does not require a science “czar” and should be free of political entanglements. Keyes was em phatic that neither government nor industry should be pri marily charged with this responsibility, but that it should stem from leadership derived from technical societies. Cooperative Research. There is a growing trend among the trade associations toward cooperative research. At the spring symposium of the Federation of Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Production Clubs at Cincinnati, a plan was announced for coordinating all research, in the field through the Technical Committee of the national group. In fact, the Committee intends to “farm out” problems concerned with government specifications to members, and carry the work forward as a joint enterprise. While difficulties surrounding government orders were the immediate cause of the program, the discussion was forward looking and not concerned merely with wartime necessity. At the recent meeting of the Society of the Plastics Industry, cooperative research again stepped into the spot light. The Society’s Technical Committee reported it was preparing a handbook to list all products, applications, and materials. in the industry. The handbook will not be considered a finished job, once it is published. It is being prepared in loose-leaf binding. Time was when the typical business convention'program was devoted to buying and selling. However, from these two indications, it seems apparent that the research worker, long neglected, is at last being recognized as the man who makes buying and selling possible. (Continued on -page IS).

(11) June, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. Tube-Tum welding fittings help to bring true stream-* lining to a piping system. T lie y ^ o t only save space and weight, but perm it neater layout and m ore com pact design, with lines of piping nestling..closely together, hugging walls and making the best use of com ers or odd spaces. Insulation is far easier in pip* ing systems where Tube-Tum welding fittings are used. Tube-Turn seamless steel welding fittings them selves are basically streamlined. Their smooth inner. CHEMISTRY. surface, e a s y ‘ sweeping turns and fu ll circularity reduce pressure l o s s and’flow resistance at vital points where flow direction changes. No flow-impeding “offsets” where Tube-Tum fittings are used — no waves or ridges to accelerate corrosion or erosion! Write for Catalog 111. T U B E T U R N S (In c .) L o u is v ille , K e n tu c k y . Branch O ffices: N ew Y o rk , Chicago, P hiladelphia, P ittsburgh, C leve land, D ayton, W ashington, D. C., H ouston, San Francisco, Seattle . . . D istributors located in all principal cities.. TRADE M ARK.

(12) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. G o s tu n e s ic e. Foreign Trade. A new light was thrown on foreign trade for the benefit of the O’Mahoney Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary by Ralph W. Galla gher, president of Standard Oil Company (N. J.) when he appeared before that body. The Subcommittee was hold ing hearings on a bill which would open to the public details of contracts held by American companies in foreign countries. The bill grew out of the mild furor caused by government frowns on cartels. What Gallagher wanted to know was how an American business or enterprise could observe the trade laws of foreign lands and still not be liable to action under our own laws which are totally different. For instance, he pointed out that restrictions on production and distribu tion hardly ever originate with the Americans. Gallagher explained to the Subcommittee that his company had been obliged to enter restrictive marketing arrangements in Iraq, France, Italy, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile:. Proved Satisfactory Under Severe Tests In Vital War Plants THESE efficient units are measuring up to the severe continuous service required in vital war industries. W hen more capacity is needed extra BA R-N UNS are usually ordered to supple ment the capacity o f the first machines that have proved so satisfactory. Some o f the reasons for the popularity o f the BAR-N UN are: com plete rotary m otion, mechanically controlled; sturdy heavy-duty construction; and, large capacity for small space and pow er requirements. Available in 9 sizes— 4 to 60 square feet o f cloth surface, for sifting or grading o f dry, powdered, granular or flaked materials.. T h e c irc u m stan c es s u rro u n d in g th e fo rm a tio n of th ese re s tric tiv e m a rk e tin g a rra n g e m e n ts w ere a lm o st th e sam e in each case. T h e process ¡joes so m e th in g like th is: E ith e r th e G o v e rn m e n t itself o r n a tio n a ls w ith g o v e rn m e n t s u p p o rt e n te r th e in d u s try —-usually a s m a rk e te rs. T h e y find d ifficulty in com p e tin g w ith th e p riv a te ly ow ned co m p an ies. T h e G o v e rn m e n t th e n ta k e s ste p s to e stab lish i ts p o sitio n . T h e G o v e rn m e n t u su a lly calls to g e th e r th e v a rio u s p riv a te ly ow ned com panies, a d v ises th e m of its decision to sa fe g u a rd th e local o r g o v e rn m e n t c o m p a n y w ith a definite p e rce n ta g e of th e b usiness, a n d suggests t h a t th e com panies a ll g e t to g e th e r, talk- th e m a t t e r over, th e n com e b a c k to th e G o v e rn m e n t w ith a n a g ree d p e rc e n ta g e of th e business to be a llo c ated to each p a rty .. Thus, practices designed to save the business “child” of some foreign government might put any American busi ness in an unfavorable position before the public because of ignorance of the causes that brought about the contract. Gallagher favors the idea of depositing, with a stipulated government agency, contracts made abroad. However, he cautioned against publication of trade secrets, prices, financial terms, or other data, the disclosure of which might handicap American interests. Summarizing, Gallagher told the Subcommittee that Standard Oil Company was willing to “open its books” to any government agency designated. On the other hand, if American business is expected to compete in foreign markets with resultant benefit to domestic consumers, then the Government must acknowledge the expedient of "when in Rome, do as the Romans do”. The Gallagher appearance before the O’Mahoney Sub committee again focuses attention on the lack of a clearcut policy for the postwar period in the field of export and foreign trade. American business men are experiencing a deep feeling of frustration, for they know well that their competitors in other countries are not waiting for “D ” day to formulate plans for capturing the major prize ex port markets. So far, we have been told all the things that cannot or must not be done. What are the ones, says the business man, we will be permitted to do? In short, he asks a positive rather than a negative policy. Surely there must be some solution to this extremely knotty problem. Perhaps some (Continued on page 14). COMPLETE IN FO RM ATIO N ON REQUEST. B. F.GumpCo. cu u L. ■ CHIC A G O B 7^°lix !. ENGIN EERS « t d M A N U F A C T U R E R S SINCE 1 8 7 2. 12.

(13) June, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. T W O G AM ES T O D A Y. '^TTvpMffliCT1. You can do these two processing steps at one time. with. one. machine — the. Votator!. Equally important, in processing liquids or viscous materials, Votator does each step faster and more efficiently. Votator accom plishes this by passing a thin film at high speed over a large cylindrical heat transfer surface. The rotor and blades that contin uously clean this heat transfer surface simul taneously mix the material. Being completely dosed, air and moisture are kept out and gk^es can be introduced in desired quantities. Un^s are practically automatic, self-contained and 'compact, thereby assuring savings in space and labor. Consult with The Girdler Corporation, Votator Division, Louisville, Ky.. A. G I R D L E R. P R O D U C T. ♦ T rade M ark R egistered U . S. P aten t O ffice.

(14) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. u e. N e w. t h e r*. Q u ,lt lb y. c |ose-C°. ,. j. pui|tp. i f u g. O n d u A Ż su f and G o m n te /ic e. modification of the Industry Advisory Committee idea can be perfected. This lias proved valuable in the war program as a modus operandi for industrial and govern ment cooperation. It is generally understood that some such idea is being developed by the State Department in the international oil situation. If the United States is to as sume the role of a world power, then it must have knowl edge of and control over international trade agreements entered into by private industry. Great Britain appears to have solved this problem to a large extent, and govern ment and industry cooperate actively in such matters. Temporary Lull. The easy situation which has de veloped in the fats and oils market cannot be taken too hopefully as a long-range outlook. Although there seem to be enough inedible fats to allow soapmakers to fill their warehouses at prices below ceilings, the War Food Adminis tration takes a different view and encourages housewives to save drippings for salvage. There will be no letup in the salvage drive, at least not in the immediate future, according to informed govern ment circles. The countries we are marching through, and will march through, could use much of the present abun dant supply if ships were not needed for more essential cargoes. Meanwhile, soapmakers are making “hay” as well as soap during the current plenty. One firm is said to have purchased 50 million pounds of pork fat. Edible fats are running from 1 to 3 cents below ceiling prices, while drying oils, such as oiticica and castor, have been removed from allocation although WFO-42 still re stricts their use. Cashew nutshell oil and raw linseed have also been released from allocation control. Never theless, until this market shows it can carry its normal load and still have something left in the stretch a month or two from now, it appears best to hold a view not too sanguine.. Q U I MB Y P U M P COMPANY I N C O R P O R A T E D. ,. . 1. So Sorry! Not only are the Japanese losing a war be cause of Pearl Harbor, but also Japanese business, after the surrender, will find that it has lost much of what formed its lively commerce with the United States. The latest blow which chemistry has landed is in menthol. Best informed quarters predict that, with cresols available in normal supply, we will be self-sufficient in this product through synthesis. The situation in menthol today is chaotic. Brazil is supplying us with natural menthol. This amounts to only a small portion of our needs. Brazil is being paid handsomely for this contribution. The material found its way into the hands of speculators who drove the market from $3.00 per pound, which it had maintained for ten years prior to Pearl Harbor, to $24.50 per pound until OPA stepped in with a ceiling of $16.50. This contract was made with the Brazilian Government and everyone seems satisfied. However, many United States merchants, needing menthol at any price, had entered into contracts at the higher figure. OPA has now declared they may cover themselves on the'se contracts. (Continued on page 60).

(15) June, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. A .N D E N G I N E E R I N G. CHEMISTRY. DO YOU KN O W. ABOUT. RESINS?. FU R F UR A L F U R F U R Y L ALCOHOL TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL HYDROFURAMIDE A lso ask fo r th is F ree B o o k le t. T he first large scale use for Furfural was as an aldehyde reactant in the manufacture of phenol-aldehyde resins. Over the years this use has ex panded, although curtailed somewhat at the present time. Just as soon as Furfural again becom es readily available, it is expected to expand further. One o f the outstanding characteristics of Furfural-phenol thermoset ting resins is their extremely lon g or extended flow at low er m olding tem peratures. On the other hand, at higher temperatures these resins actu ally cure more rapidly and with less difficulties than the corresponding formaldehyde materials. Furfural-phenol m olding materials do not give the excessive blistering, burning, and sticking usually found at higher m olding temperatures. Other outstanding properties are chemical in ertness,water resistance, heat resistance, and superior electrical properties. Another material o f interest to resin manufacturers is Furfuryl A lcohol. Furfuryl A lcohol has the unique ability o f resinifying in the presence of acids or acidic materials and w ill also condense with other materials to form resins of value. Applications include coating com positions, im pregnating materials, and m olding materials. A bibliography listing all available patent and literature references has just been com piled and issued as our bulletin #90. This bulletin consists of 20 pages of m imeographed references that have appeared to date. A copy w ill gladly be sent without obligation to anyone requesting it on their Company letterhead.. Research today w ill pay dividends tomorrow.. T h e Q u ak er O ats (pm pany T E C H N IC A L D IV IS IO N 1-6 141 W . JA C K SO N B O U L E V A R D , C H IC A G O. 4, IL L IN O IS. F U R F U R A L - F U R F U R Y L ALCOHOL - HYDROFURAMsDE . . . TETRAH YD RO FURFU RYL A LC O H O L . . ..

(16) 16. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 6. TOTAL PROTECTION ALL-IN CLUSIVE ACE RUBBER PROTECTION FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS WILL HELP YOU DEFEAT THE COSTLY RA VAGES OF y CORROSION AND CONTAMINA TION.. COMPLETE line of equipm ent proofed a g a in st corrosion! Offered to you to d a y - e v e n a s before the w a r—b y Ace.. J. ACE (PLASTIC) SARAN P IP E, FITTINGS, TUBE FITTINGS AND THIN WALL TUBING. This com plete protection is yours every s te p of th e w a y : from s to ra g e , th ro u g h p u m p s , p i p in g a n d t a n k s —a n d e v e n through to w aste lines a n d flue ducts. Ace service is two-fold: 1. It p rovides a pro tective surface over m etal parts, a n d 2. It provides the com plete m olding of other vul n e ra b le p arts. M aterials u sed m ay b e Ace n a tu ra l ru b b er w ithin governm ent lim ita tions, synthetic ru b ber, both soft a n d hard, Thiokol, N eoprene or Ace (Plastic) S aran. Your p la n t h a s u n d oubtedly relied on som e of our Ace products. H ave you investig ated recently to find out how extensive this p ro tection c a n b e m ad e today? O ur en g in eer ing services a n d research lab o rato ries a n d staffs a re a t y o u r service w ithout obligation.. WRITE FOR YOUR FREE COPY T he 6 5 -p a g e c a t a lo g of A ce R u b b e r P ro te c tio n is a n in v a lu a b le re fe re n c e b o o k fo r p la n t e x e c u t i v e s , e n g i n e e r s a n d la b o r a to ry a s s is ta n ts .. This n ew m aterial is fully resistant to prac tically all active chem icals. R eadily molded a n d ex tru d ed b y m od ern m eth od s, A ce Saran is successfully replacing critical met als for sp ecial parts in chem ical processing equipment. A notable exam ple is the spinnerette coupling show n in the illustration at right. Saran Pipe is availab le in a range of iron p ipe sizes from V2 inch to 4 inches. Stand ard fittings are availab le up to 2 inches in diameter. A ce engineers invite you to con sult them freely on an y problems involving chem ical corrosion and contam ination w here our protective equipm ent m ay m aterially reduce d am age and cut overhead costs.. AMERICAN HARD RUBBER COMPANY 11 MERCER STREET, NEW YORK 13, N. Y. A k ro n 4, O h io •. 111 W . W a s h in g to n Street« C h ic a g o 5# 111..

(17) June, 1944. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. C H E M I S T R Y _______________________________ 17. AGAINST CORROSION. P IP E & FITTINGS S olid h a r d ru b b e r, fla n g e d or th re a d e d , V2 ” 8" s ta n d a r d size s, re a d ily a s s e m b le d a t y o u r o w n p la n t. A lso h a rd or soft ru b b e r lin e d p ip e a n d fittings, fla n g e d , s iz e s U /j" u p .. VALVES G a te , d ia p h ra g m a n d c h e c k v a lv e s w ith p e rfe c tly b o n d e d r u b b e r p ro te c tio n for a ll s u rfa c e s in c o n ta c t w ith c o rro siv e so lu tio n s.. TANKS A ce R u b b e r lin e d a n d c o v e re d s te e l ta n k s c o n n e c te d w ith A ce H a rd R u b b e r p ip e a n d fittings.. ACE PLASTIC (SARAN) P ip e a v a ila b le in a ll iro n p ip e sizes from 1/ 2 " to 4” I.D . F ittin g s p re s e n tly a v a ila b le u p to 2 " I.D .. COUPLINGS S p in n e re tte c o u p lin g s of A ce (P la s tic ) S a r a n u s e d to r e p la c e m e ta l c o u p lin g s w ith a non-m etal# n o n -c o rro siv e m a te ria l for e x tru s io n in r a y o n p ro c e ss in g .. P U M PS S in g le a n d d o u b le a c tin g , c e n trifu g a l a n d ro ta ry g e a r , p ro v id e p e rfe c t h a r d r u b b e r c o v e r a g e a g a i n s t a tta c k o n m e ta l p a rts . M a d e in full r a n g e of r a te d c a p a c itie s .. < % *u c. g. U. f. f. B. B. E. R. PROTECTION for CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES.

(18) 18. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 6. FOR THAT TOUGH CORROSION PROBLEM SP ECIFY GENERAL CERAM ICS COMPANY CHEMICAL STONEWARE OR PORCELAIN GENERAL CERAMICS COMPANY STONEWARE CASCADE TOWERS A vailable in sizes up to 48" diam eter T he tow er illustrated was designed specifically for drying chlorine and has been adapted as standard equipm ent for this purpose by the Chemical W ar fare Service and the leading chlorine m anufacturers on the American continent.. GENERAL CERAMICS COMPANY S T O N E W A R E T U B U L A R GAS. <m C O O L E R The thin w alled tubes are furnished in lengths u p to 10 feet and are made of a special ceramic body having a relatively high therm al conductivity. Any.num ber of tubes can be arranged for series or parallel flow as desired. W e are prepared to offer recommenda tions for this service or other possible applications of the equipm ent.. N E W YORK, 30 Brood Street; BUFFALO, 306 Jockion Build ing; SA N FRAN CISCO , 598 Monadnock Building; SEATTLE, 1411 Fourth Avenue Building; LOS A N G E L E S , 415 South Central Avenue; SPO K A N E, 3219 W ellington Place; PORT LAND, 3019 N . E. 26th Avenue; TACOMA, Tacoma Build ing; M ONTREAL, Canada Cement Building; TORONTO, Richardson Agencies, Ltd., 454 King St.. W .. C h e m ic a l K E A S B E Y. S to n e w a re •. N E W. D iv is io n J E R S E Y. Plants at Keasbey, N. J. and Metuchen, N. J..

(19) A D V E R T IS E M E N T — T his entire page is a paid advertisement.. Prepared M onthly by U. S. Industrial Ghemieais, Inc.. U.S.I.CHEMICAL NEWS June. 1944. A M o n th ly S eries fo r C hem ists a n d E xecutives of th e Solvents a n d C h e m ic al C o nsum ing In d u s trie s. Wide P oten tialities P ictured for U.S.I.’s E tliyl CM o r o f o r in at e Product’s Reactivity Facilitates Numerous New Organic Svntlieses Two factors are cu rren tly com bining to ro u se new interest in ethyl cliloroform ate (ethyl c h lo ro c a ib o n a tc ), a product w hich U .S.I. has been m anu factu rin g on a com m er cial scale for m any years. F irst of these is the broad ra n g e of synthetic possibilities opened up by recen t investigation of the re actions of th is unusual com pound. Second is Ihe low ered cost, re su ltin g from im provem ents in equipm ent design and process control.. Major Uses Am ong the o lder a n d b e tte r know n uses of ethyl cliloroform ate are the production of flotation agents for ore refining and the syn thesis of ethyl carbonate by a special process developed by U .S.I. N ew er uses, dem onstrat ing the extrem e reactivity a n d versatility of ethyl cliloroform ate, include the follow ing: 1. W ith am m onia i t gives u re th a n ; w ith hydroxylam ine it gives N -hydroxy-uretlian; w ith hydrazine h y d ra te it gives etliyl b icar b am ate; w ith u re th a n or sodium u re th a n it gives ethyl im idodicarboxylate; w ith etliyl i m idodicarboxylate it gives etliylN -carbethoxyim idodicarboxylate; w ith u re a it gives etliyl allo p h an ate and cyanuric a cid ; w ith guani dine it gives ethyl g uanidine dicarboxylate; w ith sodium cyanam ide or w ith cyanam ide in concentrated caustic soda solution i t gives ethyl cyanam idedicarboxylate. 2. I t condenses w ith m etallic sodium and ethyl iodide to give ethyl secondary-butyl ketone and o th er products. 3. I t reacts w ith phenyl m agnesium bro m ide to give ethyl benzoate and triphenylc arb in o l; w ith etliyl m agnesium brom ide it gives trie th y lc arb in o l; w ith alkyl m agnesium brom ides it also gives ethyl alkylcarboxylates. ( C ontinued on n e x t page). O ther C h loroform âtes P roduction of chloroform lc acid esters of m ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl alcohols has been carried out successfully on a pilot p lan t scale in U .S.I.’s laboratories. W hile these p roducts a re not now in com m ercial production, in q u irie s concerning them will b e w elcom ed.. Innovations in Chemical Usage Help Create New Paper Products Finishing and Coating Patents Reveal Many Novel Applications for Solvents, Plasticizers, and Resins Parachutes of rain-resistant paper “deliver llie goods” to isolated troops. Paper paint containers “pinch hit” for tin cans. Waterproof paper “wraps” pro tect everything from aircraft engines to blood plasma. In scores of dramatic ____________________________________ -j ^ __ _______ ^ ways, new paper 1 products take their. P redicts A dequate S u p p ly o f S u per P Y R O Anti-Freeze F aced w ith the prospect of keeping th e “old bus” going through a nother w ar w inter, m o torists w ill welcom e U .S.I.’s recen t announce m ent th a t Super PYRO can b e expected to be available this F all in about the sam e quan tity as last year. P articu larly im portant in these days when new rad iato rs, and even re p airs, are difficult to obtain, Super PY RO affords an e x tra m ar gin of safety in its high heat resistance and unique ru st prevention features. D espite w arm spells a n d sustained engine heat, Super PY RO stays on the jo b , seldom re q u irin g re p la ce | m en t; it’s alw ays ready for sudden cold snaps.. Vitam in R epels M osquitoes; R educes Itching from Bites D ram atic resu lts have been obtained in the treatm ent of individuals severely affected by m osquito bites, according to reports in a r e cent issue of M innesota M edicine. T ests show ed th a t heavy in itial doses of thiam in chloride, follow ed by sm aller re g u la r doses, not only rcduce itching, b u t actually m ake th e individual repellent to m osquitoes. One case history was th a t of a m ail abnor m ally affected by m osquitoes. B efore a fishing trip , he took three 40 m g. doses of thiam in. W hile other m em bers of his p arty w ere bitten ferociously, h e was b itte n b u t a few tim es, and none of the bites w ere troublesom e. Size of dosage in other cases varied w idely, de pending on the individual treated.. ,. Paper parachute a , work.. places am ong the significant techno lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m ents of the war. In m any presentday developm ents in pap er finishing and coating, U.S.I. so lv e n ts , re s in s , an d o th er chem i c a ls a r e f in d in g novel uses. Zcinalcohol s o lu tio n s , for exam ple, arc uged (Q waterproof. w rapping paper. Scaling and coating processes utilize phth alates as plasticizers. In p ap er coatings, especially w here oil and grease-proofing are required, U.S.I. alkyd resins are em ployed. A nd, of course, in a variety of processes, acetates, alcohols, and acetone are th e key solvents.. Postwar Possibilities In m uch of th e progress prom ised for to m orrow, moreover, U .S.I. products seem des tined to tak e an even m ore prom inent pari. H ere are a few paten ts culled from recent lite ratu re w hich show the tren d : 15A m ethod to prevent discoloration of vinyl resin papers by heat entails the addition of th e calcium chelate derivative of ethyl acetoacetate. 4F o r pap er of high w et stren g th , a new product is added to th e paper-m aking stock, and the m ixture acidified w ith alum . The pap er is then form ed and h eat-treated dr)’. T he product involved is m ade by reacting glue and form aldehyde, and using ethyl al cohol to a rre st the reaction ju s t short of the gelling stage. ^F usible, flexible, w ater-im perm eable coat ings for bread-w rapping paper are prepared using a n e u tra l resin, diam yl phth alate, p a r affin w ax, and the reaction product of m an ganese oxide a n d dam m ar gum. * A n o th er m oisture-proofing p aten t covers the trea tm e n t of regenerated cellulose w ith a m ixture of ethyl cellulose, paraffin 'w ax, ester gum , etc., using toluene a n d alcohol con jointly as the solvent. *Still a third patent in this field includes the use of dibutyl p h th ala te as plasticizer for vinyl resin com positions. ( C ontinued on n e x t page). Prep aring shells to be hurled a g ain st the Ja p s . N ote the discarded. p ap erb o ard. containers in.

(20) A D V E R T ISK M R N T — T h is en tire page is a paid advertisement.. U.S.I.CHEMICAL NEWS. June. Stabilizes Thionitrites in Diesel M otor Fuels. E thyl C h loroform ate. T E C H N IC A L D E V E L O P M E N T S. (C o n tin u ed fr o m prcccding bayc). 4. W ith allyl iodide in the presence of zinc, it gives am ong o ther things triallylcarbinol. 5. W ith m etal com pounds of alkylacetylenas it gives ethyl alkylacetylenecarboxylates. 6. W ith alcohols or alcoholates it gives neu tra l alkyl carbonates—eith er m ixed ethyl car bonates, or di-substituted alkyl carbonates; w ith q u in in e th ere results quinine ethyl car bonate. 7. W ith phenol i t gives ethyl phenyl c ar bonates and ethyl salicylate. 8. W ith sodium sulphide th ere results dicarbethoxy su lp h id e; w ith sodium etbanethiol there results ethyl tbiolcarbonate. 9. W ith ethyl sodium m alonate it gives ethyl m eth anetricarboxylate; w ith ethyl sodium m ethanetricarboxylate it gives ethyl m ethanetetracarboxylate. W ith ethyl sodium aceto Removal of o b jectionable tastes and odors acetate there re su lts m uch 0 - and a little from fat-soluble, vitam in-containing m aterials C-ethyl carbethoxyacetoacetate; w ith ethyl of the fish oil and fish liver group is the ob sodium cyanoacetate it gives ethyl cyanomalona te ; w ith sodium benzoate it gives ethyl jective of a recently p atented process. T he vitam in-bearing m aterial or concentrate benzoate and benzoic an h y d rid e; w ith sodium is first m ixed w ith a n a tu ra l antioxidant — ethylene glycol it gives diethyl ethylene d i containing substance such as vegetable oil. carbonate, from w hich ethylene carbonate can T h is m ixture, dissolved in an alcohol, ester or be ob tain ed ; w ith potassium cyanate there reketone solvent, is cooled to a tem perature at sidts carbethoxy isocyanate, and, depending w hich layers form , sep aratin g the solvent con on the conditions, the tricarbethoxy deriva tive of isocyanuric acid, and also the triethyl, cen trate from the insoluble residue. O bjectionable ing red ien ts are th en rem oved the diethyl carbethoxy, and the ethyl dicarbeby heating the e x tracted concentrate, under thoxy derivatives of isocyanuric acid. reduced pressure. 10. It reacts w ith benzene in the presence of alum inum chloride to give ethylbenzene. 11. W ith brom obenzene a n d sodium am al gam it reacts to give ethyl benzoate. 12. W ith acetone and potassium cyanide there results O -carbethoxy-alpha-hydroxyisoE xcellent resu its have been obtained in the butyronitrile. 13. W ith phenol carboxylic acids and alkali treatm ent of ivy poisoning by in jectin g an cx tract m ade by steep;~g pow dered ivy leaves there result carbethoxy derivatives. in absolute alcohol, according to a recent article in the M ilitary Surgeon. T he extract is said to re ta in its effectiveness a n d brilliant ( C ontinued fr o m preceding page) green color indefinitely.. Further information on these items may be obtained by writing to U.S.I.. T he effectiveness of thionitrites in improv ing the ignition p roperties of diesel fuels is well established. T he difficulty has always been in the instab ility of the thionitrites after addition to fuel, w here the presence of higher oxides of n itrogen ten d to accelerate th eir decom position. R ecently granted paten ts describe a m ethod of stabilizing these thionitrites by th e a d d i tion of sm all q u a n titie s of ethyl acetoacetate or sim ilar compounds.. Colored plastics can be produced by dipping a c ry lic and acetate plastics in a newly-developed d ye , it is reported. The new dye is offered in 12 colors, including red, y e llo w and blue. (N o . 817) U S I A paint ond varnish rem over, which comes as a w a ter soluble, non-inflammable, semi-liquid mate rial, is recommended by the manufacturer for use on metal, w ood, plaster, and fabric. Because of the slow-drying property claim ed for it, the new product should be good for large are as, w h ile its run-proof properties recommended it for use on vertical surfaces. (N o . 818) U S I A new sealing tape, said to be w aterpro o f and suitable for use on various containers, has been developed. This new p aper tope, when applied with the special solvent which comes with it, is claim ed to become absolutely water-tight 72 hours after ap plicatio n. (N o. 819). New P rocess D eodorizes Vitam in-Bearing Fats. Ivy P oisoning R esponds to Extract T reatm en t. N ew P a p e r P roducts. c. T a ck ifyin g ” Synthetic R ubber. A new p aten t covers a m ethod for im parting “ tack” to certain types of synthetic ru b b er. T he process involves the application to the surface of the ru b b e r a solution of alkyl phthalyl glycolate in an organic solvent such as acetone, ethyl acetate, ethylene dichloride, or acetone a n d isopropyl chloride.. *In am ino-acid-diam ine-dibasic acid in te r polym ers used for coating paper, an alcoholw ater m ixture serves as the solvent. 5T o im prove the flexibility of abrasive paper, ethylene glycol is added to the bond ing m aterial. ’’In a paper-coating com position com prised of cashew -nutshell liq u id and urea-form aldehyde resin, butyl alcohol is used as the sol vent. T h is coating is claim ed to be especially suitable for lining th e caps of food and other containers, a n d for electrical insulation.. U . S . I N D U S T “ ,AL ® 60. E A S T 4 2 ND. ^ ST., N E W. YORK. CHiMIC>tT~>1. Ansnf PR. U S I A permanent ink, for use on glass and ceram ic surfaces, is announced. The new product is a p plied with a writing pen or fine brush ond may be stored in ordin ary cans or bottles. The ink, when d ry is reported to be unaffected by soapy w ater and most solvents, ond to be non-corrosive, non-inflammable, and non-poisonous. (N o . 820' U S I A new synthetic rubber, reported to remain flexi ble at extremely low temperatures, is now being manufactured. In securing this cold resistance, how ever, some sacrifice of tensile strength and oil resistance is entailed. (N o . 821) U S I A now lanolin replacem ent, suitable for use as o base in pharm aceutical and cosmetic manufacture, is announced. The new base can usually be em ployed without changing formulas o r processes, says its maker. (N o . 822) U S I A new disinfectant, of interest for use in surgical ond g yneco log ical procedures has been d e ve l oped Among the features claim ed for the product is the fact that it can be used by pharmacists in preparing low-cost aqueous dilutions. (N o . 823) U S I Repairs of rubber belts can be effected with sec tions of belting made from the new GR-S synthetic rubber, according to a rubber manufacturer. The synthetic and natural rubbers are ¡oined by a vulcanized splice, using standard vulcanizing m aterials. ^ (N o . 824) Protection against corrosion and fungi, tor e le c tric equipment, is said to be afforded by a new liquid compound which may be ap p lie d by brush or spray. The product is reported to have good adhesion, high d ielectric strength, and an effec tive tem perature range from minus 50 F to plus 350 F. ^ ^ ^ [N o. 825) Cleaning and polishing copper, chrome, nickel and other surfaces can be accom plished in one o p e r ation, say the makers of a new acid-free metal polish. (N o . 826). Ch e m ic a l s , (. som m. 17, N . Y .. A LC O H O LS A C E T IC ESTERS A m yl Alcohol A m yl A ce ta te Butanol (N orm al Bu tyl Alcohol) Bu ty l A ce ta te Fusel Oil— Refined Ethyl A c e ta te Ethanol ( Ethyl Alcohol) O X A L IC ESTERS Specially Denatured— all regular • Dibutyl Oxafate and anhydrous formulas D iethyl O x alate C om pletely Denatured— a ll regular P H T H A U C ESTERS and anhydrous formulas Diam yl P h th a la te Pure — 190 proof, C.P. 9 6 % , Dibutyl Ph th a la te Absolute D iethyl Ph th a la te -Super Pyro A nti-freeze O T H ER ESTERS 'S a io x Pro p rietary Solvent ?D ia to l »A N S O LS Diethyl Carbonate Ansol M Ethyl Chloroform ate. 1941. B R A N C H ES. IN T E R M E D IA T E S Aceto acetan ilid e Acetoacet-orlho-anisidide Acetoacet-ortho-chloranilide Acetoacet-ortho-toluidide Acetoacet-para-chloranilide Ethyl A ce to ace tate Ethyl Benzoylacetate Ethyl Sodium O x alacetate ETHERS Ethyl Ether: Ethyl Ether Absolute— A.C.S. R E S IN S N aturo l. I n c. 7 - -------------IN. ALL. P R IN C IP A L. C IT IE S. ACETO N E C h em ically Pure FEED C O N C EN T R A T ES »C urb ay B-G »C urb ay Special Liquid i!V a ca to n e 40 O T H E R PR O D U C T S Collodions Ethylene Ethylene Glycol " i: lndalone Nitrocellulose Solutions Urethan.

(21) Wh e n the job d e m a n d s steel t h a t w i l l g i v e p r o p e r r e s i s t a n c e to corrosion. Wh e n the job calls for t he use of d e p e n d a b l e h e a t - r e s i s t i n g alloy steels.. w n. in whItf. y 0U are ¡nterestec. Ingersoll So lid -Sta in le s: Steel. □ Ingersoll Heat-Resistînc Steels □ IngAclad Two-Ply Stain less-Clad Steel. A ll o f fh e a b o v e s te e l in C h ro m e-N ickel Type □ Free M anual of W eldini and Fabricating Proced.

(22) 22. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 6. D. O. Ja m e s W o rm G e a r Reducers are a v a ila b le in 26 sizes w ith a ratio ran g e o f 6 to 65:1 an d from 1/3 2 to 150 horsepow er. Either horizon tal or vertical d rive an d in the S tan d ard Reducer or M otorized.. Established. 1888 Mi. « ■". 56 YEA R S M A KERS O F. -. if • x "-T. E V E R Y TY P E O F G E A R A N D G E A R R ED U C ER. D . O . J A M E S M A N U F A C T U R IN G C O ., 1 1 4 0 W E S T M O N R O E STR EET, C H IC A G O 7, ILL..

(23) JENKINS VALVES OF AIR FURNACE MALLEABLE IRON. fïj d e S H u C i iv f. i ;. ri );. best a n d save r h i;. i. m. ijei:t . »i. ç 6 in. leakins. foni® Mounfed. COMPARE. TEMP ERATURE LIMIT. TENSILE STRENGTH. CORROSION RESISTANCE (R elative). VALVE. Stoni» Moun'«“. ASTM 95-36. 70,000. CARBON STEÎL. «ILM*5«. IÑ,. O N LY ,m m Dor T. 36/000 ib$. h»so. m!. FU R W A Ç E . M A L L B A B I-I M EA S U R E S U P. confuse:-Air 'Vurtiace. -T0 . T H E S E. P R O P E R T IE S. M a lle a b le w i t h :! - Tnspectidn a n d N a v ig a t io n , U , :S Æ cw st G u a r d ,. o th e r types o f inalie able ^roa,% :T o p -fa te d i:- V H f e H 'W B K O S I t îW ^ J f s iïT ilW C e iA if fu rioa ce grade is -'A it Fw rnace S ta n d a rd Spe sm c atio a M a lle a b le Ito «- V a lv e s resist co rro s io n better; aST--ï -î: ■*'■ tirade "*£ typp ■ ! ?ïéê£ ■ cast iron valves,. "This used by je o k in s i. . a dva ntag e , c o m b in e d w ith , h ig h loapw.’t-re -i meets, ti, s , s t a n d a r d s - A i t îm fn ic e M a il« - sistancé, recom m eads -tliese 'new valves fo r able ir o n V s ïv ttï m eet s ta a d a iJs o f. U . » . s;.aAn~, p e tio ,s ? a m , • a a n i n g , a n d . v i t k m * M a r itim e .C o m m iss io n , a nd B u re a u o f M a l i n « '.c h e m ic a l arid o th e r la d ù s to à l services.. orue Mounted SwinqCheck. j 1 N K I N S. VALVES.

(24) Vol. 36, No. 6. WeldELLS alone combine these features: • S e a m le s s — g re a te r and uniform ity.. A. side outlet tee? Hardly, because the included angle between the outlets is 120°. A cross? W ell, w hat do you th in k?. Perhaps th e best term w o u ld be "double branch tee”. A nyw ay, it is fo rm ed seamless in carbon-moly— is 10" p ip e size in the run w ith .605" w all, and 7 " size in each branch ivitb .429" walls. This double-branch tee Is just one of hundreds of examples of the endless procession of problems that we have tackled and solved across the years— many of them far more difficult than this. N o wonder, then, that we are able to give you extra values in our regular line of WeldELLS and other Taylor Forge w elding fittings. There is nothing that can be desired in w elding fittings which is not within the scope of our facilities, methods and experience . . . no desirable feature, in fact, that has not already been engineered into the Taylor Forge line. That is why you find those added touches in WeldELLS like extra metal properly distributed where stresses are greatest. . . why WeldELLS have tangents . . . why dimensions are so extremely accurate . . . why they have features, listed opposite, that are combined in no other weld ing fittings . . . why, in the phrase that tells the story so w ell . . .. W. e. ld. E. L. L. S. TAYLOR FORGE & PIPE WORKS, N e w Y o rk Office: 50 C h u rch S tree t. •. e v e » i |t l ù n < ^. G e n eral Offices & W o rk s: C hicago, P . O . Box 4 85 P h ila d e lp h ia Office: B road S treet S ta tio n B ldg.. s tr e n g t h. • Tangents.—keep weld away from zone o f highest stress— sim plify lining up. • Precision. quarter-marked. ends. — sim plify layout and help insure accuracy. • Sele ctive reinforcem ent — pro vides uniform strength. • Permanent and complete identi fication marking —saves tim e and. eliminates errors in shop and field. • W a ll thickness never less than specification minimum —assures fu ll. strength and long life. • Machine tool beveled ends —pro vides best welding surface and ac curate bevel and land. • The most complete line of W e ld ing F ittin g s and Fo rg e d S t e e l Flanges in the W o rld — insures. complete service and undivided re sponsibility..

(25) June, 1944. BIGGEST SUCCESS t v v -belt h ist o b y ! M illion G oodyear Steel Cable B elts take over toughest “belt-eater” drives introduction a little over a year ago, the Goodyear Steel Cable V-Belt has convincingly dem onstrated its great superiority over any other type of V-belt.. S. in c e its. On the hardest belt-killing multi-V drives — on drives where Y-belts were never thought practical before —it is handling the load with ease. On all types of military equipment — on fans, pumps and turrets in. tanks, troop carriers, armored cars and landing barges — it is giving round-the-clock service where con ventional belts quickly failed. M ore than a m illion o f these belts now in use have given such stand out perform ance, m any plants notv w ant th em fo r all m u lti-V drives.. It’s stronger-more flexible The reasons are simple. The Good year Steel Cable belt has far greater power capacity than con v e n tio n a l cord b e lts — strength to spare for peak overloads, or the higher tension o f low speeds. This greater strength makes it possible to. r. pull a given load with fewer belts, m a k in g a m ore com p act d riv e, often elim inating outboard bear in gs. Or h ea v ier lo a d s can b e handled w ith no increase in number of belts. Yet it is more flexible than ordinary belts, grips the sheaves uniformly. It has p r a c tic a lly zero stretch , therefore retains constant length in service — does not shrink in storage. O nce m a tch ed , a set is alw ays matched. For fu ll information about this rev olutionary and exclusive Goodyear d ev elo p m en t, see th e G.T.M . — Goodyear Technical Man. Or phone your nearest Goodyear Industrial Rubber Goods Distributor.. GOODYEAR INDUSTRIAL 1RUBBER PRODUCTS. Specified. steel cable. 1 ;•. V-BELT for Mulfi-V drives. n eavy, super-tough black' cover with uniform friction, longer life. L G REATEST LET’S A LL B A C K THE A T T A C K — W IT H W A R BO N D S. r u b b e r.

(26) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 36, No. 6. ..- ...........l i r x - .... ....... ...... •. /. <. -. -. LäÄS. ■. ' p ’it. ;. ■ I ü¡ y. ä. i. ■ • ii. A N A L Y S IS OF INDIVIDUAL P L A N T C O N D IT IO N S A nalysis . . . thorough, experienced . . . is obviously the first step required for successful solution of any problem. The CHEMICO organization brings to the an alysis of problems of chem ical plant design and construction a thoroughness and an experience based on 30 years of specialization, together with unequalled facilities and resources in this work. In addi tion, CHEMICO analysis is further b ased on the results obtained in plants designed, built, and in highly successful operation all over the world. These are som e of the reasons w hy CHEMICO recom m enda tions are authoritative . . . trustworthy, and w hy CHEMICO Plants are profitable investments.. CHEM ICAL C O N S T R U C T I O N C O R P . 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA. N EW YORK 20. N. Y.. E u r o p e a n R e p re s e n ta tiv e s . C y a n a m id P ro d u c ts, Ltd., B erk h a m ste d , H e rts, E n g la n d C a b le s , Chem iconst» N e w Y ork. The 6 -P o in t Chemico Service 1. A n a ly s is. o f in d iv id u a l p la n t c o n d itio n s. 2 . S e le c t io n. o f p ro c e s s e s. 3 . L a y o u t a n d d e s ig n o f p la n t 4 . E re c tio n o f p la n ts 5. T r a in in g a n d in it ia l s u p e r v is io n o f 6. G u a r a n t e e o f re s u lts. CHEMICO. CHEMICAL PLANTS ARE PROFITABLE INVESTMENTS.

(27) INDUSTRIAL. June, 1944. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. LEWIS. VERTI CAL m i d pumps. Forced Flow of H2S 0 4 with Maximum Safety: A Lewis Vertical A cid Pump, mounted on and supported by the top of the pump supply tank itself, provides the safest m eans of moving sulphuric. acid to a higher. elevation.. All. w e t t e d working parts of the-pump are en closed in the tank — only the discharge p ipe extends outside'.. Built so that the acid in the pump boot remains at approxim ately the same lev el as that in the pump supply tank, the acid pum ped never com es in contact with the shaft packing.. CH ns. s. L e w i s & c o ., i n c . V. s t . Louis, m o.

(28) precision, versatility and sp e e d in chem ical and physical determination by X - R A Y DIFFRACTION. In X-Ray Diffraction, Industry has at hand an' indispensable means for quick, accu rate, chemical and physical determinations, by g ra p h ic dem onstration of the actual microscopic structure of materials. The Picker Diffraction X-Ray Unit offers to the scientific and engineering professions an apparatus of the utmost precision, con ven ien ce and v e rsa tility . Fo ur typ es of Diffraction Cam eras are shown, mounted w ays with perfect reference edges to insure consistently accurate alignment. The is also readily adaptable for use with any special cameras such as the Weissenfor single crystal analysis. Transformer and tube a re w a te r cooled, perm itting continuous operation.. PICKER X - R A Y DIFFRACTION APPARATUS p o rta l lo w filtra tio n b e ry lliu m w in d o w C ontin u ous o p e ra tio n — tu be a n d tra n sfo rm e r w a te r co o led O p era tio n fu lly au to m a tic—co n tro l 5 K V to 5 0 K V in 20 step s X -R a y tu b e s w ith ta rg e ts o f d iffe re n t elem en ts a re a v a ila b le a n d in te rch a n g e a b le C o n ce a le d in su la te d w a te r lin e s to m inim ize co n den satio n C o n ce a le d sto ra g e com pa rtm en t fo r X -R a y tu b e s, a n d a cce sso rie s Picker X-R ay Corporation m anufactures industrial X-Ray equipm ent covering e v e ry phase of appli. . . ra d io g ra p h y, fluoroscopy, diffraction.. corporation 3 0 0 Fourth A ven u e , N e w Y o rk IO , N . Y» WAITE MFG. DIVISION * CLEVELAND 12, OHIO BRANCHES. AND. SERVICE. DEPOTS. IN. PRINCIPAL. CITIES. OF. U.S.A.. AND. CANADA.

(29) [he Laue C am era is used for the observation s! preferred orientation of g rains or fiber tortures and the study of cold w o rk and [(crystallization.. T y p ic a l Laue C am era D iffraction Pattern; shows preferred orientation.. lie Back Reflection C am era is used for reeise m easurem ent of lattice constants, leasurement of surface stresses, observaon of distortion in crystals and the deterlination of composition of solid solution Hoys. Sam p le and film m ay be rotated y motor.. T y p ic a l Back R e fle ction C am era Diffraction Pattern. REFLECTION CAMERA. )r routine identification of substances or [iknowns the 70 mm. P o w d e r C am era is sed. Specim en can be rotated by motor.. ypical 70 mm. P o w d e r Cam era Effraction Pattern.. V or more precise m easurem ent of lattice instants and the determ ination of a llo y institution d iagram s, and for studies w h ere le highest resolution is required, the 200 im. P o w d e r C am era is used. Specim en can s oscillated or rotated b y motor.. 2 0 0 m m . POW DER CAMERA ypical 200 mm. Powder Camera Diffraction Pattern. lofe the greater resolution of lines as compared. iith the 70 mm. pattern of the same area above.. Y O U R LO CAL PIC K ER E N G IN E ER IS A S N EA R AS Y O U R PH O N E - O R USE THIS C O U P O N. 7 0 m m . POW DER CAMERA.