N D U S T R I A L E D I T I O N
J U L Y , 1 9 4 4■ ■ B m g n H H R
„
HYPRESEAL TYPE
Screwed Bottom, Round Opening (A lso A vailable w ith Rectongular Opening)
HYPRESEAL TYPE
Flanged Bottom, Rectangular Opening (A lso Available w ith Round Opening)
M E R C O N O R D S T R O M V A L V E C O . - A S u b s i d i a r y o f P i t t s b u r g h E q u i t a b l e M e t e r C o .
M A I N O F F IC E S : 4 0 0 U X l N G t O N A V E N U E , P IT T S B U R G H 8, P E N N A ,
B ranches: A tla n ta , Basten. Bf safely«, ' Buff ala,. C h ica g o ,. C o lu m b ia , H eu ste n , K a n sa s City# le s . A n g e la , N e w 'Y o r k , O a k la n d . S a n Francisco, S e a t t l e Taisa!
H £ ( P U P P H P B & W P BOLTED GLAND TYPE
6 " and larger—Semi>Steel and Nordco Steel
lllUg THE DICALITE COMPANY
C H I C A G O 1 1 , I L L I N O I S . N E W Y O R K 5 , N E W Y O R K . L O S A N G E L E S 1 4 , C A L I F O R N I A OFFICES AND WAREHOUSES IN P R IN C IP A L CITIES OF U.S.A. AND IN CANADA
HOW IS YO U R S U P P L Y OF
L A B O R A T O R Y F IL T E R A ID ?
To t h e m a n y w h o r e q u e s t e d a n d w e re se n t a ja r of th is h a n d y la b o r a t o r y filte rin g m a te r ia l—don't h e si
ta te to a s k fo r a re fill w h e n y o u r p re se n t su p p ly runs lo w .
If yo u o p e ra te a re co g n ize d in d u s
t r ia l, re se a rch or control la b o r a to r y , an d h a v e not y e t se n t fo r y o u r su p p ly , do so n o w . T h ere is no ch a rg e « D ica lite L a b o ra to ry F ilte ra id
fe re d p u r e ly a s a s e r w i j B ^ te re st of uniform'*'
in test filter
! -30P
o f Dtp**' B
" t t f n s » ( H i e -
D U ST Ri
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EDITOR: WALTER J. M U R P lW J*
A sso cia te E d ito r: F. J . V A N ANTWERPEN A ssistant to E d ito r : N . A . PARKINSON A ssistant E d ito r: CHARLES J . CUNNEEN M a n u scrip t E d ito r: HELEN K. NEWTON M a k e -u p E d ito r: BERTHA REYNOLDS M a n u scrip t A ssistant: STELLA ANDERSON
A d v is o r y B o a rd W . L . B a d g e r h. R . M u r d o c k
H. E. B a r n a r d
W. H. Dow
G a s t o n D u B o i s
C . F . K e t t e r i n g
W. S . L a n d i s C . S . M i n e r
A . S . Ri c h a r d s o n
W . A . Sc h m i d t
R . N . Sh r e v e
L . V . St e c k
C . M . A . St i n e
E . C . Su l l i v a n
E . R . W e i d l e i n
The A m erican Chem ical S o cie ty assumes no re
sp o n sib ility fo r the statements and op in io n s ad
vanced by contributors to its p ub lications.
C o p y ris h t 1 9 4 4 by Am erican Chem ical S o cie ty
3 0 ,0 0 0 co p ies o f this issue printed
The girls In the picture are completing the v? w/’ i f .LG ? " co fPptessed oxygen cylinders at a Walter Kldde & Company plant. Hlgh-altl- tude bombing and escort flying have tremendously stepped up the need for the steel "bottles"
which dole out life-sustaining oxygen and thus prevent oxygen starvation and "brain blackout".
4 mmB
' C --- r K R r f ff !
»UED JULY 11, 1944 * VOL. 36, NO. 7 Q CONSECUTIVE NO. 13 E D IT O R IA L S ... ...
Physical Properties of A lk y late d Phenols. William A . Pardee and Whitney W einrich 595 Conduct of A m in o A c id s in Synthetic Ion Exchangers. D. T. Englis and H . A . Fiess 6 0 4 Sodium A lco h o l Sulfates. Properties Involving Surface A ctiv ity. E. E. Dregereta/. 6 1 0 Rate of Sedimentation. Nonflocculated Suspensions of Uniform S p h e r e s ...
Harold H . Steinour 6 18 Properties of Peanut M e al. T. D. Fontaine, Carolyn Samuels, and George W . Irving, J r . 625 Chemistry of Sulfur-Olefin R e a c t i o n s ...
Robert T. Armstrong, Julian R. Little, and Kenneth W . Doak 6 28 Natural and Synthetic Rubber Fibers. Electron M icroscope Studies. C . E. H a ll et a l. 6 34 Reinforcement of G R -S with Z in c O x i d e ...H . C . Jones 641 Cure of G R -S in Thick A r t i c l e s ...
Ross E. M orris, Joseph W . H ollister, and Paul A . M allard 6 4 9 Factors Influencing the Plasticity and Recovery of G R - S ...
Arthur M . Neal and Pieter Ottenhoff 653 Processing Behavior of High P o l y m e r s ...R. L. Zapp and A . M . G essler 6 5 6 Chemistry of Western P i n e s... Arthur B Anderson 6 62 Reduction of Nitrobenzene with Sulfite Waste Liquor ...
Irwin A . Pearl and Harry F. Lew is 664 Correlating V ap o r Pressure and Equilibrium Constant Data . . . Donald F. Othmer 66 9 M o llier Diagrams for Theoretical A lc o h o l-A ir and O ctane-W ater-A ir Mixtures—
C o r r e c t i o n ... . Richard W iebe 672 Phase Equilibria in the System E th a n e -E th y le n e -A ce ty le n e ...
J . Lloyd M cCurdy and Donald L. Katz 674 Protein-Aldehyde Plastics ...D. C . Carpenter and F. E. Lovelace 68 0 June’s H e a d l i n e s ...
. I. & E. C. Report, 5. A s W e See It, 49. Last-Minute Flashes . . (A d vt. Sect.) 124
1 1 5 5 16th Street N W w h- S o cie ty at Easton, Pa. E d ito ria l O ffic e : J i e c L r n r w i , N „ L „ \ I ® ^ shlnsA °t?. 6 ' D „ C ' te le p h o n e. Rep u b lic 5 3 0 1 , ca b le , S eVt N W S X f i nen 9 AmeriCl3n 1Chem ical S o c ie ty , 1 1 5 5 16th
N e w V o \ 7 ^ ° ffi- 3 3 2 W est 4 2 n d Stree t,
o f M “ i eri V n V QeCOnod; cljSS matter the Post O ffic e at Easton, P a ., u n der the A c t E d itio n moArh? 1 63?* 4 Ae sr ~ industrial Editio n monthly on the 1st, A n a ly tica l S j W " ' r , y ° n thA J I th: A cce p ta n ce fo r mailing at special rate o f postage p ro v id e d fo r in Se ctio n 1 1 0 3 , A c t o f O c to b e r 3 , 1 9 1 7 , authorized J u ly 1 3 , 1918 o f a rM rT .r 5“ " ° r<jen fo r subscriptions and fo r single co p ie s, notices o f changes sent to rhe A Broi.e,sslo,n,! con nection s, and claims fo r missing numbers should be D C 10 S P cJ ety' 1 W 1 6 lh S tre e t, N . W „ W ashington 6 ,
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preceding month and fo r the A n a ly tic a l E d itio n not later than the 3 0 or the precedm g month. Claim s fo r missing numbers w i l l not be a llo w e d ( 1 ) if n ce ive d more than 6 0 days from date o f issue (o w in g to the hazards o f wartim e d e liv e r no claims can be honored from sub scrib ers outside o f N o rth A m e ric a ), ( 2 ) if loss w , due to failure o f notice o f change o f address to be re ceive d before the dates spécifié in the p reced ing sentence, o r ( 3 ) if the reason fo r claim is "m issing from files . unit m e m o ir? M r l n ' lnd,u^ l E d itio n and A n a ly tic a l E d itio n sold o n ly as A m A rîcan U nio n i; 9^5 c n °P-m eiTlj?.e n î 4 - ° ° - P o s t s g e t o countries not in the Pai American Union $ 2 .2 5 , C anad ian postage S 0 .7 5 . Single copies — current issue 1 0 8 0 l i ' N F J r A n a ly tic a l Editio n $ 0 .5 0 , back numbers, Industrial Editio JU .B O A n a ly tic a l Editio n p rices on request, special rates to members.
C hem ical S o cie ty also publishes C h em ica l a nd E n g in e e rin g N ew C he m ical A b itr a c ti, and Jo u rn a l o f the A m erica n C h em ica l S o c ie ty . Rates on reques'
4 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 36, No. 7
T
HE p h o to m icro g ra p h s above, som e o f them en larged u p t o 7 0 0 tim es, s h o w skeletons o f tiny, p reh istoric diatom s fro m the Johns-M anville d e p o sit o f diatom aceous silica at L o m p o c , Calif.T h e w id e variety o f shapes and sizes, the light, o p e n structure, the lo w effective specific gravity, and the chem ically inert nature o f these J-M C elite diatom s m ake them ideal fo r s o lv in g all kin d s o f wartim e filtration p rob lem s.
T h ro u g h many years’ research, scientists in the Joh n s-M an ville R esearch L aboratory—the larg
est and m ost com p lete o f its k in d —have studied these diatom s and, from them, have developed nine grades o f Celite Filter A id s, each design ed fo r a specific filtration con d itio n . Each o f these grades is d e sig n e d t o g iv e p ro ce sso rs faster flo w rates, greater clarity, o r cure oth er filtration problem s.
P.'<03/& o
O n e o f these particular grades may h elp solv e you r wartim e filtration problem s. N o ch an ge in present equipm ent may be necessary at all. J -M Filtration Engineers w ill b e glad to exam ine you r needs and to h elp you discover w h ich grade o f Celite w ill b e m ost profitable fo r you to use.
T h ere is n o o b lig a tio n fo r this service. For m o re facts, w rite to Johns-M anville, 22 E. 40th St., N e w Y o r k 16, N . Y .
CELITE FILTER AIDS PROVIDE:
L o n g e r filtratio n cy c le s L o n g e r filte r d o th life
F a s te r filte rin g P e rfe ct filtra te cla rity
C e lite is n o w a v a ila b le in q u a n tity !
JOHNS-MANVILLE H FILTER AIDS
GIVE MAXIMUM FLOW RATES WITH REQUIRED CLARITY ON EVERY FILTRATION SERVICE
i
N D U S T R I A I a n d E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
V 'e c iu u iia c fd f.
“ Product of the Month” . A few years ago the Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office gave data on what might be called a brand new field of chemistry—organosilicon com
pounds. With the advent of the war our hopes of obtain
ing an article or two on the subject were dashed by secrecy orders. Our curiosity was further aroused during a trip to Midland, Mich., in December, over the erection of sizable new buildings which were not explained by our hosts.
At least some of the veil of secrecy has now been lifted through announcements from Dow Corning Corporation and Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. Two other companies are in the field, General Electric and Mont
clair Research Laboratories, with the immediate possibility of still another. G. E. has had Dri-Film on the market, a new water-repellent treatment of ceramic bodies.
The Dow Corning announcement states that the develop
ment of Silicones on a semicommercial basis has been in prog
ress for a considerable time, and now commercial production has been reached. Several of these products are being made available by Dow Corning for applications essential to the war effort. Dow Corning products include water-white fluids for high- and low-temperature use and for electrical equipment, and lubricating greases for high-temperature and chemical-resistant purposes. These products, because of their unusual properties, have solved many problems where conventional materials have failed. Little factual information has been available on organosilicon products, although their possibilities have been the subject of recent short articles in the press.
Dow Corning Corporation was formed in February, 1943, by Corning Glass Works and Dow Chemical Company to manufacture and develop Silicones more intensively. Corn
ing Glass Works had been conducting research in organic derivatives of silicon for more than a decade. It is interesting to note that this early work followed the course of the de
velopment of plastics. Since glass is a silicon product, it was believed possible by Dow Corning technologists that organic derivatives of silicon would yield substances with valuable properties, perhaps similar in some degree to those of glass.
As so frequently occurs, the research led through unfore
seen paths. In the course of their investigations, water-white liquid polymeric Silicones were discovered with unusual chemical and physical properties. These materials, which
are interesting from an engineering standpoint, are now avail
able under the name of Dow Corning Fluids. They are manu
factured in various viscosities ranging from liquids as thin, as water to those which barely flow at room temperature. Their outstanding property, compared to that of previously used liquids, is an exceptionally low rate of viscosity change with temperature. Certain types are made that do not freeze at dry-ice temperatures and can be used at temperatures up to 400-500° F. Obviously the exact purposes for which these materials have been developed cannot be discussed at this time. However, they are now in quantity production.
Among the other products that stemmed from Corning research are electricalinsulating varnishes and resinsnow avail
able from Dow Corning Corporation. These materials are the culmination of early efforts by Corning investigators to find suitable coating resins for use with glass textiles for electrical insulation or for other purposes where elevated temperatures are likely to be encountered. In general, none of the organic varnishes was substantially better, from the standpoint of heat resistance, than the cotton or paper gen
erally used in electrical windings. Hence there was a definite need for resinous dielectrics that would not decompose and carbonize when electrical equipment was overheated.
Dow Corning Silicone resins for electrical insulation extend the range of operating temperatures possible in electrical equipment beyond the limit of thermal stability of con
ventional organic materials. One of the resins is available as a coating and impregnating varnish which may be applied to Fiberglas cloth, asbestos cloth, asbestos paper, and Fiber- glas-covered wire, etc., by conventional dipping and drying methods. It requires baking at 250° C. for 1-3 hours to cure to a non tacky state. Another is an impregnating var
nish which sets with heat at 200° C. These materials do not carbonize or darken when subjected to prolonged heating at the curing temperatures.
Westinghouse’s announcement reports that as much as 50% reduction in weight of electric equipment is possible where design limitations are based on insulating temperatures by using the new Silicone insulating varnishes. Westing
house is not a producer of Silicones, but uses products manu
factured by Dow Corning. It is thought likely that the starting material for production of organosilicon products is silicon tetrachloride, SiClj. (Continued on pagcl8)
¿3** cnt& ipA etatioe m oftlhhf, d ic je it ch e m iili., ch em ica l e*t<fine&iir a*tci execu tw ei. in th e ch em ica l fVuxLuciHCf and. ch em ica l coninm intp. incU tilnieü.
irst, the telephone
oday, product heating or bonding
evolutionized by Electronics!
The electronic tube transformed the telephone from an intra-city convenience and luxury to a transcontinental communications service that millions could afford. In a comparable manner, elec
tronic heat is revolutionizing many industries that employ dielectric materials. W h ole new markets are being created as electronic heat
makes (1 ) new products practical; (2 ) existing products more serviceable or lower in cost; ( 3 ) existing plants more flexible, more
efficient, and more productive. By the simple addition o f Thermex high frequency heating equipment, fo r example, the molded plastics
manufacturer can double his output and extend the size, variety, and strength o f his m oldings! Is your industry being radically
changed by high frequency heat and are you benefiting by this change? Investigate Thermex high frequency heating today.
Consult The Girdler Corp., Thermex Division, Louisville 1, Ky.
FROM BUCKET
TO STORAGE BIN
BUCKET ELE'
LEVATCr j J J
-■
** '■. 3 1 ' ...,
' J V ,
¿'3
T hird floor— bucket elevator delivers to screw co n v ey or which in turn feeds
Compactness and cleanliness were two of the deciding factors in selecting a L -B Screw Con- veyor-Bucket Elevator system for this m od
ern station. This installation, in operation since 1941, represents a unique departure from the conventional manner of handling chemicals.
From R.R. car a suction system feeds mate
rial to a short screw conveyor, discharging into bucket elevator. Elevator raises chemicals three stories (about 45 feet) to screw conveyor, feeding four screw conveyors— tw o direct to bins in water treatment system and the other two into two storage bins. Thus the chemicals
tw o screw con veyors to water treatm ent plant and tw o to storage bins.
can be handled to process or to storage, as de
sired. T he bottom of each storage bin has a side delivery slide gate which permits material to be discharged into screw conveyor discharg
ing into the boot o f elevator, so that the mate
rial can be taken to process when needed.
The drives on all units are L -B motorized reducers and “R C ” roller chain.
Because Link-Belt builds all types o f con
veyors and power transmitting machinery, our engineers are unbiased in recommending the most effective combination for each application.
Consult the nearest Link-Belt office.
July, 1944 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
H A N D L IN G W A TER T R E A T M E N T C H EM IC A LS E F F IC IE N T L Y A N D E C O N O M IC A L L Y
at FALL CREEK PUMPING STATION of INDIANAPOLIS WATER CO.
ELEVATORS AND CONVEYORS
O ne _ o f the screw con veyors delivering C on vey or under storage bins delivers into another chem icals direct to water treatm ent plant. screw con veyor which em pties into bucket elevator.
Offices and warehouses in principal cities.
j^ B t
F o r e xce llence in
9508 W a r production
L I N K - B E L T C O M P A N Y
C hicago 8, Indianapolis 6, Philadelphia 4 0,
B A C K T H E A T T A C K — B U Y M O R E B O N D S
ROUND CORNERS
for Faster Cleaning and Longer W e a r
A
LL out war production calls for continuous operation . with minimum shutdowns for cleaning. That’s why Round C om er Construction is necessary for processing vessels today. Vessels with Round Corners are stronger.They take less time to clean. ,
Y ou r fabricator must have specialized experience and equipment to produce round corner stainless steel vessels econom ically. Blickman engineers have pioneered in this field. They can be o f great help to you in designing UNINTERRUPTED P R O D U C T IO N into your equip- ment right from the beginning. Consult with us.
T h e o rd in a te s re p re se n t th e a p p r o x im a te c h a ra c te r o f m a x im u m stre sse s in th e re g io n o f a s q u a re co rn e r in a v e s s e l u n d e r p re s s u re . N o te the c o n s id e ra b le in c re a s e in s tre ss a t th e c o rn e r. T h is is d ue to h ig h stress c o n ce n tra tio n in th e s h a rp a n g le an d to d is c o n tin u ity s tre sse s o r ig in a tin g fro m th e ra p id ch a n g e o f d ire c tio n o f th e s u rfa c e .
The o r d in a te s h e re re p re se n t the a p p r o x im a te c h a ra c te r o f m a x im u m stre sse s in the re g io n o f a ro und co rn e r o f a v e s s e l u n d e r p re ssu re . S tre s s c o n ce n tra tio n is e n tire ly e lim in a te d , d is c o n tin u ity s tre sse s a re s m a lle r . H ence th e re is lit t le in cre ase in s tre ss a t th e c o rn e r. Equ ip m en t s ta n d s up b e tte r.
ROUND CORNERS ARE EASY TO CLEAN
E ve n th e b est b ru s h e s re q u ire e x t r a tim e to c le a n a c c u m u la tio n s g ath -
<ered in s q u a re co rn e rs. W ith g um m y m a te r ia l o r m a te ria l th a t h a rd e n s , co m p le te re m o v a l m a y n e v e r be p o s s ib le .
" W h a t to L ook For W h en Y o u Specify Stainless Steel for Y o u r P r o c e s s in g E qu ipm ent,” a v a l
uable gu ide fo r en- g i n e e r s s e n t t o those w h o w rite us on their com pany stationery.
In B lic k m a n ro u n d co rn e r co n stru c
tio n th e b ru sh h a s no d iffic u lty in c le a n in g th e e n tire s u rfa c e o f the ro u n d c o rn e r. S h u td o w n tim e fo r c le a n in g is a p p r e c ia b ly le sse n e d .
A l l O R D E R S S U B J E C T T O G O V E R N M E N T P R I O R I T Y R E G U L A T I O N S
S. B L I C K M A N , 11 TH.
1 2 0 7 GREGORY AVENUE, WEEHAWKEN, N. J.
TANKS • KETTLES • CONDENSERS • AGITATORS • EVAPORATORS • PANS VATS • CYLINDERS • ALLOY PIPING
S r a l r ' S d
Today
Research Marches On. While the story on Silicones easily held first honors in the month’s list of new products, we must report a water-resistant match and a new type recoil oil which replaces seven individual types of recoil fluid now used in field artillery pieces. Actually the mystery green oil has been known for two years as “ 808” . It functions flawlessly in atmospheric temperatures rangihg from —30°
to + 125° F.
Recently we “ sat in” on a discussion by a nontechnically trained group who were wondering why, in World War I and more especially in World War II, we had been singularly free of the infamous mistakes of other wars, such as embalmed beef, etc. The answer, of course, is the utilization of the scientists of the nation. This makes us wonder why we are dissipating so many and are refusing to train replacements in adequate numbers.
Balls-Tucker Process. This process, consisting essen
tially of the treatment of wheat or granular wheat flour slurries with sodium sulfite to liberate and activate wheat amylase, has been studied for the Office of Production, Research, and Development by W. L. Faith, Chemical Industries Branch of WPB. Faith states that OPRD cannot recommend the general commercial use of the Balls-Tucker process throughout the alcohol industry since probable malt savings arc counterbalanced by additional equipment require
ments, probable additional manpower requirements, and a probable loss in alcohol production during the period of perfecting process operations.
Transmutation Encore. Du Pont’s dramatic announce
ment of the qualities that can be added to low-grade wood through impregnation with methylolurea has created world-wide interest. More than 2300 companies and indi
viduals from Mexico, Sweden, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand have asked information regarding the process and chemicals. Inquirers range from pipe makers to ship- >
builders.
Already about twenty companies are installing equipment, and the process may go to war by hardening wood enough to replace metal in certain types of military equipment. Un
questionably there will be many a piece of chip-proof warp- proof furniture to delight the housewife in the not too distant future, but it will be interesting to see just how many other items previously reserved for plastics and cheap metal will be on the market after the war.
Synthetic Rubber up in the Air. From the viewpoint of automobile economy, synthetic rubber seems important only for tires, but data supplied by Iiycar Chemical Com
pany indicate that perhaps a bird’s-eye view, plus the worm’s-cye, gives a truer picture. They state that each four- motored bombing plane, exclusive of tires, requires approxi
mately one ton of synthetic rubber. Of this amount, 20% is represented by bullet-sealing fuel tanks. Hard synthetic rubber sponge is utilized to fill void spaces in the wings to prevent accumulation of slow-leaking gasoline. Other air
borne uses are: oil-resistant and (Continued on page 10)
July, 1944 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 9
. r inanllfQCtUrC' \
r0b- lU Girdler OIl^ “ rdrogeI1
¿ « t c o n c e r f * ' * * * * Ie , /-arbo11 „„l gas.
lul1 am «"*1' ’“ “ a M l '" - refi” 6^ i,ydrogCIt>
carbon.
O r ‘ ë i n ® ^ p r © c ® 5S G i r b o t o ' **
G IR D LER ON A N Y G A S P R O C E S S IN G J O B !
Whatever your problem concern
ing gaseous mixtures or liquid hydrocarbons— whether immediate or prospective — now is the time to take advantage of Girdler's consult
ing service. Our highly skilled and experienced staff of engineering and construction specialists has established a fine record of dealing
with difficult gas processing prob
lems swiftly . . . economically . . . best of all, s u c c e s s f u l l y !
If you have a gas processing problem affecting wartime oper
ation or reconversion plans, the time to benefit by Girdler service is n o w ! Write today for helpful and complete information.
CHEMICAL ENG INEERS
T h e G IR D L E R C O R P O R A T IO N
t f a A . 'fê u r a £ s i4 - e s i. 0 ¿ v - ¿ ^ L ¿ (rK - ' / « ¿ i k v i Ä / CONSTRUCTORS
T H E D ISC (1) IS PULLED D IR EC T L Y AW AY F R O M I T S S E A T B Y T H E OPENING LUG 12) BEFO RE IT STARTS
TO MOVE TO TH E OPEN POSITION. W AR C O N TRACTS HAVE BEEN T A K IN G A M AJOR P O R T I O N O F R E E D V A LV E P R O D U C T I O N , BUT DUE TO GREATLY E X P A N D E D FACILITIES W E A RE N O W IN A P O S I T I O N T O G I V E PROMPT DELIVERY ON MOST ITEMS.
Reed V a lv e s a re a lw a y s e a sy to operate. The discs cannot becom e w ed g ed into the seat, a s line pressure, rather than m echan ical tightening, holds the discs a g a in st the seats. The discs a re not subject to e xpan sio n or contraction of the v a lv e body, a n d fluid tem peratures can v a ry w id e ly w ithout sticking the v a lv e .
For fu rther inform ation w rite the com pan y or the follow ing distributors:
REP U BLIC SU PPLY C O . FR IC K & L IN D S A Y C O . LO S A N G E L E S , C A L IF . P ITTSBURGH , PA.
SO U TH ER N SU P PLY C O . TA Y LO R SU PPLY C O . W IC H IT A , K A N S A S D ETRO IT, M IC H .
CU LBERT PIPE & FIT TIN G C O .,
JE R S E Y C IT Y , N . J . < " • «
I. & E. C.
Reports on the <r / / Chemical World /ech4ixUo<f4f
Today
bullet-sealing fuel, oil, and hydraulic hose; diaphragms for carburetors, fuel gages, and control system valves; and gaskets.
Seldom thought of is the need for synthetic rubber in de- icing equipment where a special sunlight-resistant compound is employed as veneer over the de-icers. U. S. Rubber states that nearly 5000 pounds of rubber go into the construction of the Boeing B-29, superbomber which recently raided Japan’s largest steel-producing center. More than two hundred rub
ber items are used in each of these giant carriers of destruc
tion.
Synthetic Sugar. Comes a war, sugar is one of the first commodities to be rationed. Perhaps this was the motivat
ing influence that led Michael DoudoroiT, assistant professor of bacteriology, H. A. Barker, assistant professor of soil microbiology, and W . Z. Hassid, assistant professor of plant nutrition, all of the University of California, to attempt a synthetic substitute. It was a virgin task; even the chemical steps involved in formation of sucrose in plants was a mystery.
About a year ago, the first step in their research was com
pleted. The trio announced they had determined how su
crose could be produced synthetically but had not isolated any sugar. Recently, however, they completed their experi
ments with the production of 2 grams of pure crystalline sucrose, identical with that found in sugar beet, sugar cane, and other plants.
The researchers used fructose and phosphorylated glucose as a base. An enzyme abstracted from the bacterium, Pseudomonas saccorophila, was used to bring about the reac
tion resulting in the production of sucrose. In the process the' fructose combined with glucose phosphate, and a molecule of phosphoric acid was eliminated. The crystals which formed were identical with natural sucrose, according to the research
ers. The process is not yet practical because of its high cost, as compared with that of beet and. cane sugar.
Synthetic organic chemistry is making spectacular ad
vances— first quinine and now sugar; and perhaps the syn
thesis of penicillin is just around the corner. Again it should Be emphasized that actual synthesis is one thing and large- scale commercial production still another. In between must be considerable research, chemical engineering, and an appre
ciation of the economics of the individual situation.
Postwar Prospects for Feldspar. Despite strong compe
tition from such products as “ aplite” and nepheline syenite, the long-term outlook for feldspar is encouraging, accord
ing to Bureau of Mines experts. Such optimism is based on an expected recovery of enameled products and on the likelihood of still wider adoption of froth flotation in the re
covery of feldspar. This process has been developed for the separation of quartz and feldspar. Two plants whose pri
mary product is spodumene also have been recovering feld
spar by this method, and another plant is now being erected to process feldspar-rich pegmatite. These developments may presage less selective mining methods and more economi
cal recovery of feldspar values. (Continued on page 14)
QUICK OPENING OR
CLOSING IN ANY SER V IC E
July, 1944 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
design'1
100 YEARS’ PROGRESS of MULTI
Swenson
has pioneered in the development of improved, More Efficient Evaporators
Swenson Engineers have worked con
stantly toward the improvement o f meth
ods and equipment used in the chemical process industries. Most satisfactory re
sults come from the accurate adaptation o f equipment to meet specific needs.
As leaders in the field o f Process En
gineering, it is only natural that Swenson Engineers have pioneered numerous im
portant developments in evaporator de
sign. They have at their command the skill acquired through sixty years o f practical experience . . . plus up-to-the- minute technical information and a con
tinuous program o f original research.
By using Swenson ProcessEngineering Service, you employ these resources for the solution o f your individual problems, 1,
Only SWENSON provides this complete Process Engineering Service
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 36, No. 7
S W E N S O N E V A P O R A T O R C O M P A N Y Division of Whiting Corporation
15671 LATHROP A Y E. HARVEY, ILLINOIS
EVAPORATORS • FILTERS • CRYSTALLIZERS Douthitt Gray-Jensen Spray Dryers
A letter outlining your evapor
ation problem s w ill receive the attention o f Sw enson engineers.
They w ill gladly consult with you w ith a view to providin g com plete Sw enson P rocess En
gineerin g Service to meet specific needs.
5WEN5DN
July, 1944 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
EFFECT EVAPORATION
S w e n s o n E n g i n e e r s have adapted Evaporation to a wide v a riety of processes i n . . .
• T h e alkali industry
• Sulfate pulp mills
• V is c o s e rayon and ce llo phane plants
• Beet sugar factories
• Soap factories
• T a b le salt manufacturing
• R e c o v e r y o f in d u s tr ia l wastes
• and many other processes in the chem ical field
C A S T L E A D E V A P O R A T O R S
Specially designed fo r the c o n centration o f acids and other corrosiv e liq u ors.
Swenson L on g -T u b e V ertica l Evaporators
—specially engineer
ed f o r the specific re
quirements o f an up- to-date plant.
VE R T I C A L T U B E EV AP OR AT OR S
Specially design ed fo r the rapid concentration o f thin, foam y, n on -sca lin g liqu ors.
FORCED CIRCULATION EVAPORATORS
For handling foam in g, viscous, o r salting liqu ors that scale up o r d i
nary equipm ent.
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: ; ■ - ■:.■ ' . .. ...
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Ü V I M B Y P U M P C O M P A N Y
I N C O R P O R A T E D
c t S â * » < ~ *n
Today
The Consolidated Feldspar Corporation, building a new flotation plant at Kona, N . C., will treat a 70-foot pegmatite containing 70 per cent feldspar. It is said that the mica and quartz are so intimately associated with the spar that separa
tion can be effected only by flotation. The by-products, scrap mica and commercial silica, will be marketed.
Shortage of Phthalic Anhydride. Existing critical shortages of phthalic anhydride were reported in this column in April. Now comes the announcement that the War Production Board has requested industry to increase its output by at least 12 million pounds. The scheduled production of approximately 125 million pounds for 1944 falls far short of demands. On the basis of expansion of facili
ties now under consideration, peak production of 165 million pounds a year is expected in the second quarter of 1945. Yet this will not suffice for contemplated manufacture of phthalic anhydride insectifuges or to make phthalic anhydride avail
able for highly essential civilian needs—lacquer and cello
phane, dyes for civilian clothing, food and drugs, etc. Hence the WPB request for an additional 12 million pounds.
Little relief can be expected from the substitution of maleic anhydride for phthalic anhydride because the former is now in short supply. Additional production facilities for maleic are under consideration at this time. With a view to the con
servation of phthalic anhydride, members of the Phthalic Anhydride Advisory Committee have suggested that addi
tional cuts of the percentage content of phthalic anhydride in alkyd resins may be feasible. It is also reported that sub
stitute materials for dimethyl phthalate to be used in the production of insectifuges are now being developed.
Whether new plant facilities for phthalic anhydride will be created or producers null try to step up output by 12 mil
lion pounds with existing plants has not been determined.
Interplanetary Resources. Wallace E. Pratt, director and vice president of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, recently presented Harlow Shapley, astronomer of Harvard University and president of Sigma Xi, to the Esso Research Club. The occasion was installation of the Club as the first industrial group in the honorary scientific society.
Pratt gave a few good-natured digs to ribs in Washington:
Within the last‘ few months our astronomic telescopes, reach
ing far out into space, have discovered'something on the surface of Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, which Dr. Shapley de
scribes as of really titanic significance (or at least very interesting;
he could not resist the pun!). I f the security censor were con
vinced that it would not give aid or comfort to the enemy, our speaker this evening might tell us what he has recently learned namely, that the atmosphere of Titan consists of methane, the most stable constituent of the complex mixture of hydrocarbons we call petroleum! . . . . Here in our stills and laboratories the commonest hydrocarbon we have to deal with in our petroleum raw material is methane; and there, at the very frontiers of the solar system, the astronomers again encounter methane!
N o doubt, with the low temperatures of the Titan climate, the methane there is in liquid form— an oil, very much like the gasoline we put into our airplanes and our automobiles every day. W ould it not be reassuring, perhaps, to our national lead
ers, who have been fearful recently that we are running out of oil here in America, if we could tell them of this new oil dis
covery? Talk about pipe lines in Arabia; now we can build an aerial “ Big Inch” to Titan. {Continued on page 16)
led
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C o u p
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:
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14
July, 1944 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
G ra v e r desig n s a n d m an u factures Hot P ro cess W ater Softeners— Zeolite W ater So fteners— D e m in e ra lirin g S y s te m s— W ater F ille rs — Iron Re
m o v a l Filters Taste a n d O d o r R e m o v a l Filters— OH R e m o v a l Filters—
R eactiva to rs C h e m ic a l M ix in g Equipm ent— C h e m ic a l P ro p o rtio n ed
— V a cu u m Filters— M ixers— and a ll typ es of P ro cessin g Equipm ent.
A N E W S E C R E T
P ro ce ss Equipm ent Division
G R A V E ? T A N K ° & M F G . C O - I N C .
4 8 0 9 -5 3 Tod A v e ., E a st C h ic a g o , In d .
N E W Y O R K C A T A S A U Q U A , P A . C H I C A G O T U L S A Y e s , a n e w secret w eapon, b u t one th at
save lives, n o t take th e m . T his 40 in ch d ia m eter by 37 feet long rotating d ru m , an excel
len t exam ple o f Graver craftsm anship and facili
ties, is for th e propagation o f th e wonder drug, Penicillin.
W hile this is b u t one o f Graver’ s m a n y war
tim e jo b s , it is an indication o f w hat Graver
you now and w hen th e war is won.
years Graver has been a leader in o f Processing E qu ipm en t o f all types, to the m o s t exacting specifications. No m a tter w hat your problem s m ay be, or how d if- ficul t, Graver can furnish com ple teand thorough consultation service to you or your Consulting Engineer w ithout obligation. W rite today!
R -S Cast Steel Butterfly Valves are d ivid ed into tw o classes. Class A are ligh tw eigh t, clo se co u p led 15-pou n d valves with series 15 flanges. For lim ited pressure d rop s, ball bearings Gan be used.
Class B are constructed fo r heavy duty service.
T h e face-to-face dim en sion is greater than that o f Class A valves, perm itting the installation o f oversized shafts, bearings, stuffing b oxes, etc. fo r h igh er w o rk in g pressures and temperatures.
In o rd e rin g any R-S Butterfly V alve, regardless o f type, class o r service fo r w h ich it is to be used, it is essential to furnish the fo llo w in g inform ation:
1 . Size o f valve and type o f flanges.
2 . Nature o f gas, liqu id o r other material to b e shut-off o r co n trolled .
3 . Line pressure and pressure loss in valve.
4 . Rate o f flow and operatin g temperature.
5 . M e th o d o f c o n t r o l (h a n d le v e r , c h a i n le v e r , h a n d w heel,chain w heçl,extended shaft f o r in accessible lo c a tions o r p o w e r op e ra tion ).
Save this page f o r reference.
Write, w ire or telephone f o r fa s t service.
V A L V E D I V I S I O N
R-S PRODUCTS CORPORATION
Germantown A ve. & Berkley St., Fhila. 4 4 , Pa.
N o . 610 Heavy-duty air m o tor operated steel v a l v e e q u i p p e d w it h h a n d j a c k , m e r c u r y s w it c h , h a n d w h e e l d e clutch in g unit and dual stuffing b o x .
I- & E. C. 9 n d Lu t> u i Reports on the , ' Chemical World n
Today (¿G-w uneSice
Chemical Allocations. War Production Board’s June allocation of chemicals does not indicate, in general, an improved situation. Some products are available in greater quantities. In this category are acetic acid, acetic an
hydride, acetone, bismuth chemicals, methyl ethyl ketone, sodium nitrate, pine oil, carbon black, cresylic acid, cresol, and diphenylamine, to mention a few. Slight improvement was reported even in carbon black and caffeine.
On the other hand, alkanolamine, allyl alcohol, calcium hypochlorite, naphthenic acid, naphthenates, nicotinic acid, pentaerythritol, and feri-butanol showed adverse trends.
Sodium cyanide is critically short, as is quinoline and iso
propanol. Toluene continues as “ problem child” number one. Little or no easing of this situation is expected for several months to come.
Despite several new chlorine plants which bring produc
tive capacity in excess of 1,500,000 tons, the outlook is none too promising for additional supplies for civilian needs. The loss of technical men and skilled operators is becoming evi
dent in the chemical allocation program.
The Drought Ends. The much rumored holiday' from industrial alcohol manufacture for producers who are normally interested in the business of preparing beverage alcohol has at last come with the authorization of WPB Chairman Nelson, on June 20, for distillers to resume production of whisky during'August. Loud shouts of joy greeted this announcement, and the industry’s preliminary predictions placed possible production at 15-25 million gallons; this amount would make up into 35-60 million gallons of bottled goods after the proper dilution and blending with aged whisky.
The latter estimates are probably wishful thinking, for 25 million gallons practically represents a rate of 126% of the prewar capacity to produce. Granted that the plants have increased facilities since the war started, there are several drawbacks to the realization of this goal. Foremost is the question of whether the distillers are to work on a 7-day, 24- hour schedule. If the top rate is to be met, this is an absolute must. In addition, August is a notoriously poor month for the beverage men and usually shows up on production charts as the worst month of the year, mainly because of water shortages in the Kentucky region. The most feared bottle
neck (no pun intended) is the cooperage capacity. After losing the alcohol trade entirely, it is doubtful whether barrel makers can produce enough to meet demand. Used barrels are taboo in the United States.
The question immediately arises: Why a distillers’ holiday in August when all signs have pointed to the impossibility of any such permission in 1944? Prime reason is that Bradley Dewey, Rubber Director, reported 1944 requirements of alcohol would-be about 20 million gallons less than estimated, and 1945 requirements about 30 million gallons less. This means that production of butadiene from alcohol is higher than rated capacities, and butadiene from petroleum is being delivered in more encouraging quantities. Also, there is the problem of storage facilities for alcohol, which are heavily
taxed. (Continued on page 56)
N o . 53 1 5 0 - p o u n d s te e l valve w ith raised face. H and w heel o p e r a t e d . E x tra r u g g e d construc
tion .
July, 1944 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 17
“ Thunderbolt” — said to be the most powerful single seat fighter in the world, heavily armed, and with a flying speed o f 400 m. p. h. plus — and a diving speed greater than the speed o f sound.
PO W ELL Engineers have perfected valves especially adapted for catalytic cracking, where very high tem
peratures are frequently encountered— for example, in the handling o f flue gases and hydrocarbons on transfer lines. These valves, in all sizes and pressure classes from ISO pounds to 2500 pounds, are available in special alloys, which tests have proven are not subject to embrittlement— so often the cause o f fracture and failure. They are designed to provide the best possible flow characteristics with least amount o f wear and tear on internal parts.
T o be victorious in m odern warfare, an arm y must not on ly have enough planes bu t they must be planes o f m any types. Each o f these must satisfy all functional requirements peculiar to the service in which it will be used.
“ M u sts” are constant in industrial, as in m ilitary achievements. A nd the only “ stock -bin ” o u t o f which
“ musts” are solved is the stock-bin o f experience and specialized appli
cation. P O W E L L , for nearly one hundred years, has made valves, and o n ly valves . . . valves for all flow control requirem ents. . . valves for the “ m ust” requirements in all fields o f industry. Our experience in producing t h e valve to do t h e specific jo b — “ to meet the m ust” — is yours on request.
F i g . 3 0 5 3 (right)— Class 300-pound Cast Alloy Steel Angle Valve with flanged ends.
Streamlined flow areas through the body assure minimum restriction and pressure drop. This valve is adapted for high tem
peratures up to 1400 F. Equipped with top mounted, explosion proof electric motor operator for quick, positive opening and closing.
litwaou
F i g . 3 0 2 3 M o d . —Class 300- pound Cast Alloy Steel Gate Valve with flanged ends. Has 16" port size venturied to 24"
size end flanges to accom m o
date insulated pipe. Equipped with top mounted, totally enclosed, explosion proof elec
tric motor for quick, positive operation.
The Wm. Powell
ff/ X T Call, Dependable Valves Since 184$ '¿/¿¿¡gang.
Cincinnati 22, Ohio I 2
>31— Class 300-pound hel Globe Valve, with lends, outside screw and bolted flanged
18 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y Vol. 36, No .7
Five Hooker Chlorides anxious to give up their Chlorine v
»
ere arc five H ooker.C hlorides that are being w idely used in chlorinating reactions. T h eir application is so widespread that we can only touch briefly here on' a few o f their uses in organic synthesis.
Sulfuryl Chloride
, 80*01*. is com m on ly used to form organic acid chlorides. It m ay be used to produce chlor derivatives o f phenols and in th e presence o f certain catalysts to produce chlor derivatives o f hydrocarbons o r the sulfonyl chlorides of hydrocarbons.Thionyl Chloride
S0C1*. available in a high degree o f purity is a popular chlorinating agent because b y products o f its reactions are sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride, gases
readily rem oved by heating. I t reacts with organic acids to form either acid chlorides or anhydrides depending upon ratio o f acid to T h ion yl Chloride.
Sulfur D ichloride,
SC I*. is used as -a chlorinating agent and in these reactions m ay be considered the equivalent of chlorine dissolved in sulfur m onochloride. It reacts with sodium salts o f organic acids to produce acid anhydrides.Sulfur Monochloride,
S*C1*.and
Sulfur Dichloride,
SCI*.are used in m etallurgy to chloridize sulfide ores. T h ey react with unsatu
rated hydrocarbons introducing sulfur or chlorine, or both into the molecule.
PH YSICAL DATA
S u l f u r v l C h l o r i d e
T h i o n y l C h l o r i d e
S u l f u r D i c h l o r i d e
S u l f u r
M o n o c h l o r i d o l 'h o j g c t t e
F o r m u l a SO2CI2 SOClz SCI2 S2CI2 COCI2
M o l e c u l a r W e ig h t 133 110 103 135 08.9
D e s c r i p t i o n Light yellow liquid
Pale yellow to red liquid
Dark brown or Yellow to reddish liquid slightly
reddish liquid
Colorless nas or light yellow liquid under f pressure
F r e e i i n s P o i n t Below-34'C Be!©w-73°C -78° C -SO'C -H 6 °C
B o i l i n g P o i n t o r R a n g e
6S« to 70eC Technical Grade 7^* to 79*C Refined Grade 75° to 7SeC
Decomposes
above 40°C 13S°C fCTC
S p e c i f ic G r a v i t y a t 15.5CC
1.667 ±.003 1.640 ±.003 1.633±.005 1.690±.005 1.39-2
A n a l y s i s Over 00% by Technical Grade
weight SOaGla 03.0% by wt.
SOCL2 Refined Grade 06.0% by wt.
SOCI2
Minimum Cla
by wt. 66% Minimum O2 by wt. 50%
Shows no free C l2 when bubbled for one minute thru 0.1%?
K. I. Solution
C A U S T IC . S O D A M U R I A T I C A C ID
C H L O R IN E P A R A D I C H L O R B E N Z E N E S O D IU M S U L F H Y D R A T E S O D IU M S U L F ID E
HOOKER ELECTROCHEMICAL COMPANY
Unsaturated fatty acids are treated with these chlorides to produce cutting oil bases. T h e y also find extensive use in the m anufacture o f dy e interm edi
ates, rubber substitutes, m ilitary gases, insecticides, and pharm aceuticals. T h e Sulfur chlorides w hich have a ready source o f chlorine are ideal chlorinating agents with the added advantages of ease of handling and storage and o f low cost.
P h osgen e
(C a r b o n y l C h lo r id e ), COC1*. is the acid chloride o f carbon ic acid. W ith alcohols it form s either c h lo r fo r m a te s or ca r b o n a te s . Wi t h amines it form s chloram ides, substituted ureas or isocyanates. It enters into many l'riedel-C rafts syntheses to produce arom atic acids or ketones. It m ay also act as an agent for direct chlorination.W ith metallic oxides and sulfides, it gives anhydrous chlorides. R eacting with organic acids it has been used to make acid chlorides and anhydrides.
Bulletin No. 328A,
a technical discussion on H ooker Chlorinating A g en ts gives m ore in fo rm a tio n on these chlorides and is available upon request. Our technical staff is also at y ou r service in helping to solve problem s involving the introduction o f chlorine in to organic chem icals or in the ap plication o f any o f the many H ooker chem icals.
9 Forty-seventli Street N I A G A R A F A L L S , N . Y .
CHEMICALS
N E W Y O R K . N . Y '. • T A C O M A , W A S H . • W I L M I N G T O N , C A L I F .
LI S I. CHEMICAL NEWS
July A Monthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the Solvents and Chemical Consuming Industries 1944
Non-Critical Resin Announced by U. S. I.
Made entirely from nori'-critical raw ma tenais, li. S. I.’s new synthetic resin, S&W Arochem 348, combines high melting point (obtained without the use of metals, phenol formaldehyde, or dibasic acids) with the abil
ity to aid in the bodying of “ soft” oils. This combination facilitates the production of var nislies superior to ester gum varnishes, and appoaching the quality of modified phenolic or modified maleic varnishes.
H igher Viscosities O btainable Varnishes compounded with S&W Arochem 348, for example, are faster drying and have greater film hardness than comparable ester gum varnishes. They are freer from after- brittling and possess better elasticity, durabil
ity, and color retention. Varnishes of much higher viscosity can be obtained with Arochem 348 than with ester gum, when processed with dehydrated castor or similar oils. On the other hand, equivalent viscosities can be ob
tained with much less cooking. This means important savings in time, and varnishes of paler color.
Arochem 348 requires no special precau
tions or methods of handling; it is completely soluble even in very high-viscosity drying oils.
Its specifications are as follows:
R esin Specification s Acid V a lu e... 15-25
Melting Point (Mercury Method) . 115-130°C Color (G.H. 1933— 50% Solution in
Toluol) ... 10-12 Viscosity (G.II.—60% Solution in
Toluol) ...Approx. C Specific Gravity ... 1.1
Holds Even Temperatures Using Ether as Coolant
An ingenious new heat exchange device cools liquids to pre-selected temperatures, and then holds them within narrow limits, accord
ing to a recent patent.
Taking advantage of the high volatility of ethyl ether, the new device provides for pre
selection of the temperature by adjustment of the pressure in the coolant chamber. Pressure is set to maintain the boiling point of the ether at the desired level. As the temperature rises above this level, evaporation of the ether accelerates so that a constant ratio is held between cooling needs and cooling effect.
Suggests W ay to Better Blood Plasma Quality
The possibility that the normal chemical balance of human blood can be more closely maintained, and the value of the resultant plasma still further improved, is suggested by two bacteriologists. They propose collecting and storing blood in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide and thus preventing the loss of COj which occurs when blood is shed in air.
It is this loss of CO2 which normally results in a gradual increase in the potassium ion concentration in the plasma, and other changes which adversely affect the plasma.
TRAVELING CLOTHES FOR A P-40
S& W Arochetn 3 4 8 Developed fo r Varnish Formulations
with Soft Oils
"W rap p in g u p" planes or plasm a, w a r ’ s unusual packaging jobs c a ll f o r - a n d g et—unusual adhesives.
Production Short Cuts Seen
With War-Born Adhesives
u . s .
I. Solvents, Plasticizers and Resins Expected to Play Increasingly Important Roles as Essential Ingredients
Dating back comparatively few years to the introduction o f cellophane, resin adhesives are the newcomers in a long line o f chemicals employed in the vitally important jo b of “ making tilings stick” . As newcomers, they are currently the
most interesting. Certainly they hold the
L. W . Bass Takes Post on U.S.I.-Aireo Research Staff
Dr. Lawrence W. Bass has been appointed Associate Director of Chemical Research, to serve in this capacity jointly for U. S. Indus
trial Chemicals, Inc., and Air Reduction Company, Inc. He will be responsible for the development of plans for coordination and expansion of research
of the two companies, as well as for the co
ordination of the work of the Research De
partment of each com
pany with the work of the various operating departments.
Dr. Bass has been serving as Director of the New England In
dustrial R esearch Foundation in Boston.
Previously, he was L. W . B a s s
associated with the Rockefeller Institute, ihe Borden Company as Director of Research, and Mellon Institute as Assistant Director. He is Vice-President of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and Non-resident Vice President of the Chemists’ Club in New York.
Tico N ovel Engine Cleaners
Two patents have recently been issued, one
greatest promise of future growth.
T ypes o f Glue
Starch-base glues, because of their low cost and suitability for paper and other water- permeable materials, represent by far the largest volume of adhesive sales; doubtlessly they will continue as leaders in many packag
ing and paper-converting applications. Casein and latex glues have numerous accepted and important uses. Animal glues, while less significant volume-wise, continue to fill cer
tain specific needs. However, it is in the resin adhesives, with their fast-setting properties and adaptability to a wide variety of materials, that the really fascinating postwar possibili
ties lie.
Bundles f o r Beachheads
“ Amphibious” packaging of military' sup
plies is strictly a war problem. But in the development of adhesives to provide water
proof seals, to adhere to the new water
proof papers, to withstand rough handling, to serve in tropic heal or arctic cold, advances of great peacetime promise have been made.
The same is true in the development o f ply
wood glues, which have revolutionized our ideas of wood as a structural material; of metal bonding agents rivalling welding in strength; of adhesives combining high hold
ing power with high dielectric strength, re
sistance to insects, mold and fungi, or any one of many other special characteristics.
Speed and M ore Speed
Equalling the remarkable new functional abilities of these war-born adhesives in promise, are their almost incredible savings in application and curing time. Plywood can in the I mted States and the other in Germany. I now be cured in minutes instead'of hours- on so vents to remove carbon deposits from in- j many packaging operations can be speeded ternal combustion engines. The first covers a , up: labelling machines can be designed to mixture of dibutyl phthalate and cresol. The j operate faster. And in such industries as book- second uses a mixture of wax. trichloro- binding, furniture making, and shoe manufac- ethylene, camphor, acetone, turpentine oil and ture, where production set-ups have been
amyl acetate. j (Continued on next ■naaet
