CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN
THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7
•
1999w.Mar in78
Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373
EDITOR
AleksanderKo±ko
EDITORIALCOMMITEE
SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska
(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska
(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko
(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)
SECRETARY
MarzenaSzmyt
SECRETARYOFVOLUME
AgnieszkaPrzybyª
ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY
INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES
INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY
Pozna«1999
ISBN83-86094-06-0
CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN
THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7
•
1999CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider
Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber
PrintedinPoland
EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5
ASSUMPTIONS ... 7
ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM
OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY
OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7
NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON
DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12
VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING
OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27
PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34
Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE
TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34
ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES
FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE
"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72
AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES
OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER
(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80
AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES
OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES
ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103
ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129
Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING
OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151
ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY
ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.
THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163
Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY
OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196
PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203
Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF
CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211
JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE
CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER
TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221
VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE
CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM
PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251
CONCLUSION ... 264
ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE
CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN
THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264
Referen es ... 283
ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h
arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying
betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest
andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland
fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment
syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto
individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14
Cdates havebeen ompared.The
dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir
representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred
to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully
made in the same 14
C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental
Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of
fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.
Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history
(3150--1850BC)isthe rstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned
1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe
nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.
2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish
literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew
term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.
3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres
followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,
PLISSN1231-0344
ViktorI.Klo hko
RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY AND
MIDDLE BRONZE AGE INTHE MIDDLE DNIEPER
REGION. THEMYRONIVKA BARROWS
In the south of the Kiev Region, on the right bank of the Dnieper, within
the Kaharlyk and Myronivka Distri ts, there is a natural lands ape phenomenon
knownas the\Myronivka Steppe",a pe uliar \island" ofthe steppelands apein
theright-bankforeststeppezone.
Ex avations of barrows in this region were rst undertaken by the dire tor
of the St. Petersburg Artillery HistoryMuseum N. E. Branderburg in 1888-1902
[Pe henkin1908;Ka halova1974℄.
In1984,anexpeditionledbytheauthorofthisarti leex avatedeightbarrows
oftheBronzeAgeinthevi inityofMyronivkaatthesouthernendofthis olle tion
ofmonuments[Klo hko1984℄(Fig.1).Thesewereemergen yex avations ondu ted
in an area where the irrigation system for a lo al olle tive farm was about to
be built.A des ription of the barrowsis given in a hypotheti al sequen e of the
onstru tionoftheir maingraves.
Barrow1.Thelargestbarrowintheex avatedgroup(barrow1,\KozatskaMogila")
was 6.6 m high, about 50 m in diameter, andstoodon thehigh left bank of the
Rosavariver(atributaryoftheRos),1.5kmtotheeastoftheKiev-Dnieperpetrovsk
motorway(Fig. 1). The surfa eof the barrow was edged with turf,but had been
badly damaged by subsequentdigging. In the entre, there was a large pit,up to
15 m in diameter, while the eastern side of the barrow was taken down when a
roadwas built a rossthe eld. The bank ofthebarrow was asymmetri in shape:
thenorthernside wassteeper,thesouthernsidemoresloping. Thebarrow,likeall
theother barrowsin this group, was ex avated using the te hnique developedby
Ukrainianar haeologistsinthe1960s-1970s,i.e.withtheuseofa100hpbulldozer.
Inthepro essofex avation,thebankwastakendown ompletelyex eptforsome
inner walls, later alsodestroyed. Be ause there was a eldroad runningpast the
edge of thebarrow, the walls hadto be deviated from the north-southaxis, and
Fig.1.Myronivka,KievRegion.L o ation(left)andplan(right)oftheMyronivkabarrows
assumedtobe thegenerally-a epted entre. The entral wall,2.5m wide, hadto
be moveda ordingly. The rstwestern wall was 2m wide, these ond 1mwide.
Due to theruination ofthebank, noadditional walls ouldbe left in theeastern
partofthebarrow.
Allin all,eightgraveswerestudiedinthebarrow.Astudyofthestratigraphy
ofthebanksandthelo ationofthegravesallowedustore onstru tthefollowing
sequen e ofburialritualsand onstru tionofthebarrow's banks.
0.9 m deep from the level of buried soil, with its long walls oriented, with
sli-ght deviation, along the east-west line. The soil removed during the digging of
thegrave hadbeen putintotwo banksalong thenorthernandsouthernedges of
thegrave,a ordingto itsoriginallayers(withbla k earth below and lay above).
The pit had been overed with wood,theremains of whi h ould be seen in the
lling. The bulkof thepreserved wood wasof thin, partially-burnedrods
(proba-bly, after the over was made, some smouldering oals were thrown onto it). In
se -Fig.2.Myronivka,KievRegion.Planofbarrow1
pit, and had probably on e served as the main support for the overhead over
(Fig.3:1).
Theskeletonofa 35-45-year-oldwoman[anthropologi alde nitionshere and
belowaregivenbyDr.SvetlanaI.Kruts℄layonitsba k,headtothesouth-west.The
Fig.3.Myronivka,KievRegion,barrow1.1-grave1/8;2-grave1/4;3-vesselfromgrave1/4
Key:a-humus(arablelayer);b- lay(ro k-bed); -digging; d-oldtren h;e-remains ofmat;f
with brightraddle(red o hre), while otherbones of theskeletondisplay tra es of
dark raddle;there was also darkbrown rot(remains of lothes?) alongthebones
andundertheskull(Fig.3:1).Thebottomofthepitdisplaystheremainsofa ane
(?)mat.
Theradio arbondateofthegrave|4235
±
60BP(Ki-6741)wasobtainedfrom thewoodoftheoverhead over.Overthegravetherewasabankofbla kearth,2.5mhighand14mindiameter
(Fig.2:bank I).
Afterashortperiodoftime (tooshortforthegrasstogrowonthesurfa eof
the rstbank)anothergrave oftheYC No.1/4(Fig. 2),wasmade ontheeastern
edge of theinitial barrow in a re tangular pitwith rounded edges, 0.9 m x 1.9m
in size, 0.8 m deep from the level of theburied soil. The soil removed whenthe
pit was dug lay in two banks along the long walls of the pit, the northernbank
partly overingtheedgeofthe rstbank.Between theedgesof thebanksformed
bythedis harges, we founda stonewall made oflarge slabsof granite. The wall
wasupto0.5mhigh,builtattheleveloftheburiedsoil(theremainsofthean ient
grasslayer ouldstillbeseenundertheslabs),andshieldedthegravefromtheside
oppositethebarrow.
The grave ontainedtheremains ofa wooden eiling thathadfallenparallel
tothelongwalls.Atthebottomofthepit,therewere skeletonsofan elderlyman
anda babyundera yearold.Theadultskeletonlayonitsba k,headtothe
south--west. The arms were extended along the body; thelegs had been bent with the
knees up,andlater fell to theright.The babyskeletonlay in afoetal positionon
its right side, also with the head towards thesouth-east (Fig. 3:2). To theleft of
the skeletons, in the orner of the pit, there was a moulded erami vessel. The
whole grave was sprinkled with lila o hre. On the bones of the adult were the
remains of lothes made of oarse-woven linen fabri , nished with leather, with
tra es of o hre painting,andbla k long-haired fur.Near thebabyskeleton wasa
brightraddleartefa tmodelledin theshapeofastret hedrhombus.
Thevesselwasmadeof lay,withanadmixture ofmi a. Ithadroundedsides,
a small,slightly onvexbottomanda shortne k. Onbothsides,from theedge to
the ribs, there were moulded \ear-shaped" handles. The light brown surfa e was
overedwithalayerofbla korgani substan e,withathi kerlayerinsidethevessel.
Thevesselwas13.2 mtall,with adiameterof11.7 mattherim (Fig.3:3).
Above thegrave was a bank, whi h in reased the height of the barrow to 3
manditsdiameter to22m.Thebankwasasymmetri : itssouthernhalfwasmore
sloping,thenorthernone steeper,andthetopwas at(Fig.2:bankII).L ateron,
itwas overedwithgrass,tra es ofwhi h ouldstillbeseen,whi hprovesthatthe
bankhadstoodopenforalongperiodoftime.
are tangularpitwithrounded orners,1.0mx1.5minsize,about0.9mdeepfrom
the level of the buried soil. The dis harge from thisgrave was notfound,as the
buried soil in thisarea hadbeen partially removedduringthe onstru tionofthe
rstandse ondbanks;therefore,thepit ouldbe learlyseenonlyatthemainland
lay level.The lling ofthepitwasheavily mixed,witha substantialadmixture of
lay. As forthewooden eiling, only one, poorlypreserved fragmentof thebeam
wasfound,onthebottomofthepitinthenorth-western orner.Itspositionallows
ustoassumethatthebeamsofthe eilingwerelaidalongthelongwallsofthepit,
similarlytotheearlier graves.
The skeleton of a managed 50-55 layon itsba k, with the knees raised up,
head tothe south,and handsunderthe pelvis.Ithad beenpartially ruined when
grave1/6wasmade.Thelowerpartoftheskullandhandboneswere foundinthe
llingofthepit.Theupperpartoftheskullhadbeenseveredandwasnotpresent
in the grave (a ording to theanthropologist, the se tion was made onrelatively
fresh bone). The bones in thepelvi area displayed slight tra es of o hre. Atthe
bottomof thepit there were tra es ofa mat. The northernpartof thegrave had
been ruined when grave 1/6 was built (Fig. 4:1). The nature of the ruination of
theskeletonallowsus toassume thatit hado urredbefore the eiling of thepit
ollapsedandtheburial hamberwas lledwithearth.Inmypersonalopinion,all
thesefa tssuggestthatthere ouldhavebeennomorethan100yearsbetweenthe
onstru tionofgrave1/5andtheruinationofgrave1/6.Mostprobably,itwasover
thisgrave thatthethird and nal bankof thebarrow(Fig. 2:bank III)was built,
whi h in reased the barrow's diameter to 31 m. L ater on, the upperpart of this
bank was destroyedbyamateur ex avations, but its height is re onstru tedas no
morethan5-6metres.
All further burials in the barrow were sunk from the surfa e of this bank;
however, their sequen e may only be assumed on the basis of their typologi al
hara teristi s:
(1)Agrave of thelate YC No. 1/1,(Fig.2;5:1) wasfoundinside thebank ofthe
barrow,initssouth-easternpart,2.3mdeepfromthesurfa e.Theshapeofthepit
was almost impossible to determine and was tra edonly by therotfrom themat
thathadbeenputonthebottom.
Ahuman skeleton, verypoorly preserved, lay in a foetal position on itsleft
side,headtothenorth.Thelegswerebentattheknees.Theleftarmwasextended,
handunderthethigh;therightarmbentattheelbow,handonthepelvis.Overthe
skeletonthere were tra es of the eiling, made of wooden beams thathad fallen
lengthwise (parallel to thelong walls of thepit).On thebones there were tra es
of lothes represented bysome brown rot.At thebottom of the pit there was a
smear of rot from the mat. The mat had been made in several layers: underthe
rotandwhitishgrassrot.Amongstthegrassrot,one ouldseelarge stalksofreed
withleaves, and nestemsofsomegrass.
(2)Agrave oftheMiddle Dnieper(?) ulture(MDC)No.1/6(Fig.2;4:2,3),was
found in the south-eastern part of the barrow, 6 m deep from the surfa e. The
re tangular pit with rounded orners, 1.8m x 0.6m insize, ould be tra ed from
themainland lay level.
At thebottom of the pit, along thewestern wall, there was the skeleton of
a womanaged 30-40,stret hedonitsba k, head towardsthesouth.The skeleton
waspoorly preserved andbadlyruinedby shrewholes. Underthebones werethe
remains of a bir h bark rug. Several oals were foundby the legs and the feet,
wherethe earth was sprinkledwith lila o hre. Attheskull there were fragments
ofa erami vessel.
Thevesselwasanasymmetri lay\amphora", oarselymoulded, witha
sphe-ri al body,a atbottom,anda shortstraightne k(Fig.4:3). Ontheupperpartof
thevessel there were two oval moulded \ears"with verti al openings. The upper
partwasde oratedwithtworowsoflightimpressionsmadewithasti k.Thedough
wasbla k, rumbly and oaly. Thesurfa ewas overedwith alight reddish-yellow
oatingthathad akedo inpla es.Thevesselwas overed,insideandout(under
the oating),withgrasss rat hes.Itwas15.4 mtalland20 mindiameter. While
theformofthisunusualvesselwassomewhatsimilartothatofGlobularAmphora
erami s,thete hnologyofmanufa tureresemblesthatofburialritual erami sof
theCata omb ulture(CC).
The YC grave 1/5 was partially ruinedwhen grave 1/6was built.Part of this
oldergrave, foundinthe on nesof the6/1pit togetherwithsome legbones and
theremains of thewooden eiling, was overed with earth andwell-embedded in
thebottomof thenew grave. As was mentionedabove, eld and anthropologi al
observationssuggestthattheperiodoftimebetweenthesetwograveswasrelatively
short(under100years).
(3)AgraveoftheCCNo.1/7,(Fig.2;5:3)wasalsofoundinthesouth-easternpart
ofthebarrowneargraves5/1and6/1.There tangularentryshaft,0.6mx0.7min
size, in thelowerpart (atthemainland lay level), 6.35 mdeep fromthesurfa e,
was lledwith laywithan admixture ofhumus.Inthelowerpartoftheshaft,we
foundpartofa pig ar ass(thespine andribs).Theentran e to the hamber was
lo ated intheeastern wallof theshaft.The eiling ofthe hamberhad ollapsed.
The hamber was lledwith mudand ontained numerousshrew holes. Nearthe
entran e there were tra es ofawooden shield thatusedto overit.The hamber
was oval in form,and orientedalong thenorth-southline. Itwas 1.8m x 1m in
size,thebottomofthe hamber 0.3mbelow theentran e shaft.
Theskeletonofayoungmanaged18-22layonitsba k,headtothesouth.The
arhombus.Underthebonestherewerefainttra esofabrownandgreymat.Near
theskullthere weretwolumpsoflila o hre;atthefeet were several oals.
(4) Agrave of theMDC No. 1/2,(Fig. 2; 5:2)was foundin thesouthern part of
thebarrow,4.4m deepfromthesurfa e.The re tangular pitwaspartlyruinedby
thebulldozer duringtheex avation. The remaining part is 1.1 m longand 0.7m
wide.
Theskeletonofanelderlymanlaystret hedonitsba k,headtotheeast.The
right arm was bent at the elbow, with thehand at theshoulder;theleft arm was
extended alongthebody,with thehandunderthepelvis.The skullwas turnedto
theleft.Undertheskeletonweretheremainsof amat,nowrepresentedbytra es
oflight brownrot.Inthene karea, we founda longbronzebeadrolled froma5
mm-longplate.Thebeadwasinaverypoor onditionand ouldnotbetakenfrom
theex avations.
The middle part of the barrow had been ruined by the digging of a tren h
during amateur ex avations (ora robbery?) ondu ted, judging from the nds of
fragmentsof erami s in thepit, at theendof the19
th
entury. The ndsin the
pit suggest that the ex avation destroyed a burial of theMnogovalikovoi Pottery
ulture(MPC)(fromtheremainsofthepit,itappearstobegraveNo.1/3),agrave
oftheEarlyMiddle Ageperiod(aniron stirrupandhorseteethwere foundinit),
and theremains of a funeral feast of the Yamnaya period (as may be seen from
thefragments of erami s). In thesouthernpart of thebarrow the\resear hers"
made several shaftsthatwentintothemainland lay as deeplyas 2m.The earth
removedfromthepitwass atterednearbyattheedgeofthebank,mostlyontoits
north-westernslope,andin reasedthediameter ofthebarrow to40m.Following
theex avations,thepitwasnot lledin,anda raterwhi hemergedtheredamaged
the entralandsouthernpartsofthebarrow.
Barrow2.Barrowwassituated300mfurthertothesouth-eastofbarrow1(Fig.1).
Itwas 0.7m highand31min diameter,anditssurfa ehadbeenploughed.
Allinall,fourgraveswereinvestigatedinthebarrow(Fig.6).Thestudyofthe
verti al (stratigraphy)andhorizontal(planigraphy)lo ation oftheobje tsallowed
us to re onstru t thefollowing sequen e of burial rituals and onstru tionof the
barrow'sbanks.
First,therewasaYCNo.2/2,(Fig.6,7:1).Itsdis hargelayintwobanksalong
the burial pit at the level of the buried soil. The re tangular pit, with rounded
orners,is1.6mx1.4minsizeand1.1mdeepfromtheleveloftheburied soil.Its
longwallsareoriented,withslightdeviation,alongtheeast-westline.Thegravewas
damagedduringthe1892ex avations(seebelow).Bonesofa womanofinde nite
age,heavily olouredwitho hre,weremovedtoonesidebythear haeologistsand
layinasmallpileinthenorthern ornerofthepit.Overthegravetherehadbeena
Fig.6.Myronivka,KievRegion.Planofbarrow2
At a later period, a late YC No. 2/3, (Fig. 6; 7:2a) was made in theeastern
part ofthebank.The re tangular pit, withrounded orners,was oriented withits
long sides along the north-south line. The northern wall was taken down at the
time grave 2/4 was sunk. The size of the remaining part is 1.25 m x 0.95 m, the
depth1.8 m fromthesurfa e. At thebottomof thepit there wasthe skeletonof
position,mostprobably,wasinafoetalpositionontherightside.Totheright,there
was theskeletonofa hildaged under 7,in a foetalpositiononitsleft side.The
hild'sskullwas olouredwitho hre.Thereweretheremains ofareefmatonthe
oor.
Theradio arbondateofthegrave|3875
±
60BP(Ki-5826)|wasdetermined fromthebonesoftheadult.Overthegrave therewas these ond bank ofthebarrow,whi h in reased its
size to31m.Itsheight ouldnotbedetermined.
L ater on, yet another late YC grave No. 2/4 (Fig. 6, 7:2b), was made in the
eastern partofthebarrow,partlyruininggrave 2/3.There tangular pitwas 1.5m
x1.3minsize,and1.8mdeepfromthesurfa e.Theskeletonofamanaged25-35
layinafoetalpositiononitsleftside,headtothewest.Theleftarmwasextended
along thebody,therightarm bent at theelbow, withits handonthethigh. Near
the left elbow was a pie e of oal. The bones of the skull, thelower part of the
hest,andthefeet were lightly olouredwitho hre.
Theradio arbondateofthegrave|3810
±
55BP(Ki-5825)|wasdetermined fromthehumanbones.Grave No. 2/1,foundin thenorth-westernpart ofthebarrow, wasattributed
totheMPC(Fig.6;7:3). Thesquare pit,with rounded orners,was1.3mx 1.3m
insize and1.6mdeepfromthesurfa e.Thepoorlypreservedskeletonofayoung
manlayinafoetalpositiononitsrightside,headtothenorth-west.Thearmswere
extendedtotheknees.Underthebonesweretheremains ofamat,identi edfrom
brownrot,andtra es ofo hre.
At theend ofthe 19
th
entury, a 1 m-widetren h was dug that utintothe
entre of thebarrow (Fig. 6). During the ex avations, thebarrow's entral grave
wasdamaged 1
.
Barrow3.Barrowwassituated2.3kmtothenorthofbarrow(Fig.1).Thebankwas
ploughed,andtheremainingpartis0.5mhigh.Thebarrowis28mindiameter(the
bankwaswidened byploughing;theoriginaldiameterisassumedtobe11-12m).
Themain(andtheonly)graveinthebarrowbelongedtotheYC.The
re tan-gular pit,with rounded orners, was 1.8m x 1.1 m in size and 0.85 m deep from
thelevel oftheburiedsoil.Thepitwas overedwithareedrug.Theskeletonofa
man(?)aged20-23layonitsba k,headtothesouth-west(Fig.9).The legswere
raisedattheknees;thearmsextendedalongthebody.Atthebottomofthepitwas
ase ondreed rug.Therewasbrownrotfrom lothesonthebones.Athi k(upto
0.5 m)layerofsimilarrot ouldbe seenundertheskull.
1
Inthepitwasleftabrandybottle, ontainingseveralvisiting ardsandasilverRussian5-kope k oin,dated
1890.Allofthevisiting ardswereprintedinPolish,andbelongedtothefollowingpeople:aProfessorofWarsaw
University,Prof.dr.TeodorWierzbowski(AlejeJerozolimskie25);alo allandlordAugustMorzkowski(Mironivka
Kievskoygubernii);TadeuszandAnnaWierzy«ski;StanisªawZu h;andJózefJakobi.OnthereversesideofProf.dr.
Fig.8.Myronivka,Kievregion.Polishar haeologists'visiting ards
Theradio arbondateofthegrave|4010
±
60BP(Ki-5828)|wasdetermined fromthehumanbones.Barrow 7. Barrow was situated 1 km to the north-eastof barrow 1 (Fig. 1). The
bank had been ploughed, and the remaining part was 0.3 m high and about 20
of a ontinuous semi- ir le ontheburied soil.The re tangular pit, with rounded
orners,was2.0mx1.5minsizeand0.9mdeepfromtheleveloftheburiedsoil,
itslongaxis orientedalongtheeast-west line.
It was a olle tive grave: there were four skeletons in the pit, all with their
headstothewest.Inthe entreofthepitwastheskeletonofawomanaged30-35,
whi h lay on its ba k with its knees raised (legs falling to the right), and arms
extended along the body. To the right of this was theskeleton of a hild aged 5
or 6, stret hed on its right side, fa ing thewoman. The right arm was extended
alongthebody,theleftarm bentat theelbow.Between thewomanandthe hild
wasthe(poorlypreserved)skeletonofababy,lessthanayearold,stret hedonits
ba k.
Thebonesdisplayedsignsofyellowrot(theremainsoffabri ?)andgrass;there
were remnantsof leather(?)onthebottomofthepit,andof thi kfelt, oloured
witho hre,undertheskull.The bottomofthepithadbeen overedwitha rug|
paintedwitho hre.Undertheskullofthebabytherewasasmudgeoflila o hre,
4-5 mindiameterand0.5 mthi k.
Theradio arbondateofthegrave|3895
±
60BP(Ki-5823)|wasdetermined fromthehumanbones.Aburial oftheMPC No. 7/1(Fig. 10:3),was sunkin thebankof thebarrow
to thesouthofthe maingrave. Itwas dis overed at thedepth of0.5 mfrom the
surfa e. Theedgesofthepitwere indistin t.The skeletonofan adultman(?)lay
in a deepfoetal positiononitsrightside, head tothenorth-west. The armswere
bent at theelbows, hands pulled upto the hin. There were tra es of brown rot
underthebones,and oalsattherightshoulder.
Theradio arbondateofthegrave|3610
±
30BP(Ki-5827)|wasdetermined fromthehumanbones.Barrow8.Barrow wassituated 0.6kmtothenorth-eastof barrow7(Fig.1).The
bank was heavily ploughed|a ording tolo al residents, thebarrow's bank had
been takendownwith a bulldozer bya lo al olle tive farm in order tofa ilitate
agri ultural work; before that,it had rea hed theheight of4-5 m. Atthe time of
theex avations, theremainder ofthebank was1.5m highand32 min diameter.
Thebarrow ontainedninegraves,whi hwerestudiedduringtheex avations.The
graveshadbeenmadeinthefollowingorder.
The main grave in thebarrow wasthe YC grave No.8/9 (Fig. 11; 12:1).The
dis harge from the grave lay in two banksup to 30 m high. The re tangular pit
was 1.9 m x 1.0 m in size and 0.8 m deep from the level of theburied soil. The
lling ontainedtheremains ofawooden eiling.
Theskeletonofamanaged25-35layonitsba k,withitskneesraised(legs
fal-lingtotheright),andarmsextendedalongthebody.Thebonesweresprinkledwith
Fig.11.Myronivka,KievRegion.PlanofBarrow8
The arrowhead, made of\smoky"grey, semi-transparent int,was triangular
inshapewithagrooveatthebase; itsedgeswere overedwith neretou h.Itwas
2 mlongand1.3 mwideatthebase (Fig.12:2).
Thegravein ludedtwo re-beds(Fig.11).The rst,lo ated0.5mtothe
south--westofthepit, ontainedseveralsmallfragmentsofmoulded erami s.These ond
wasfound3mtothesouth-westofthe rst,and ontaineda fragmentofaglossy
bla k vessel.
Fig.12.Myronivka,KievRegion,barrow8.1-grave8/9;2-arrowheadfromgrave8/9;3-grave8/8;
Fig.13.Myronivka,KievRegion,barrow8,gravesof theMiddleDnieper ulture.1-grave 8/3;2
GraveNo.8/3(Fig.13:1),wasfound2mtothesouth-eastofthe entre.Atthe
level ofthedis hargetakenfromthe entralgrave itwas overedwithareed mat,
pla edonthin(3-6 mindiameter)woodenrods.Thenarrowpitwasofre tangular
form,1.9m x 0.6 min size and0.45m deep from the overlevel. The longwalls
of the pit were strengthenedwith thinwooden bars 0.02-0.03m long, positioned
horizontallyandwedged at the orners. Thepit broadened outat thebottomand
hadatrapeziumshapeinse tion.Theskeletonofawomanages25-35laystret hed
onitsba k,headtothenorth-east.The armswereextendedalongthebody,hands
atthepelvis.Onthebottomofthepit,betweenherlegs,neartheknees,there was
a lumpofbright raddle. The bones displayedtra es of darkbrown rot,o hre-like
inpla es.
Grave No. 8/6(Fig. 13:2),was found3m to thesouth-eastof the entre,1.6
mdeepfromthesurfa e.Thepitwasmadeintheburiedsoil;itwasre tangularin
shape, with rounded orners,1.25 m x 0.45 m in size, with itslong walls oriented
alongthesouth-west-to-north-eastline.Theskeletonsoftwo hildrenaged3-4and
6-7 lay stret hed ontheir ba ks, heads in opposite dire tions. The skeletons had
been partly eaten away by rodents. Under the bones there were tra es of light
brownrot.
Theradio arbondateofthegrave|3690
±
45BP(Ki-5824)|wasdetermined fromthehumanbones.GraveNo.8/4(Fig.13:3),lo ated 3mtothesouthofthe entre,wasmadein
the rstbankofthebarrow,1.3mdeepfromthesurfa e.Theedgesofthepit ould
notbedistinguished.Theskeletonofanadoles entlaystret hedonitsba k,head
to thewest. The arms were extended along thebody, hands at thepelvis. Under
thebonestherewasdarkbrownrot.
These graves were overed with these ond bank, of bla k earth with a light
admixture of lay (Fig.11: bankII),whi h enlarged theoriginal barrowto17.4m
in diameter. The height of thebank was impossible to determine, as its tophad
beenruined.
AburialoftheCCNo.8/8(Fig.11;12:3,4),wassunkintothisbank.The lay
dis hargefromthegrave wasfoundonthenorth-westernedgeofthese ondbank
andwas overedwitha nelayerofnewly-formedsoilandbythethirdbankofthe
barrow.
Anentran eshaft,squareinse tionand0.7mx0.7minsize wasfound4.5m
tothenorth-westofthe entre.Itwas lledwithmainland lay and3mdeepfrom
thesurfa e.
Theentran etothe hamberwaslo atedinthenorth-easternwall.Thebottom
ofthe hamberwas5 mlowerthantheentran eshaft.The hamberwasof ir ular
shape(1.7mdiameter), andits eiling had ollapsed.
pelvis,whiletherighthandlayonthethigh.Asmallmouldedvessellaytotheside
of the right shoulder. Under the bones there was dark brown rot, and the oor
undertheboneswas lightlysprinkledwitho hre.
Thevesselhadroundedsides,a atbottomandashortstraightne k.Itwas10
mhigh;thediameter ofthebodywas13 m, and6 mat thebottom(Fig.12:4).
The dough was bla k and rumbly; thesurfa e o hre-like with dark stains.There
were s rat hesbothinside andout.
L ater,fourburialsoftheMPC weresunkintothese ondbank.
GraveNo. 8/5(Fig.11;14),was found8mtothesouth-westofthe entre.A
re tangular pit 2.9x1.6m and2.6m deep measuringfrom thesurfa ewas
investi-gated.Itwas lledwith lay withsome hernozem. Inthe llingmaterialpie es of
woodwere re orded oming fromthestru ture overingthegravepit.Onthe
bot-tom,onathinlayerof hernozem,3-5 mdeep,askeletonofamanaged25-35years
layonitsleftside,ina exedposition,withtheheadpointingeast.Thestateofthe
skeleton'spreservationwaspoorandtheboneswere overedwith adark-red lm.
Theradio arbondateoftheburial,namely3325
±
50BP(Ki-5829),was pro u-redfromhumanbones.Grave No. 8/2 (Fig. 11; 15:1) was found 1,8 m to the south of the entre,
0,8 m deep from the surfa e of the barrow's bank. The edges of the pit ould
notbe distinguished learly andhad to be tra ed from theremains of a wooden
\sar ophagus".Theskeletonofanadultlayinafoetalpositiononitsleftside,head
tothewest.Thelegswere bentattheknees,withtheheelspulleduptothepelvis.
The armswere bentat theelbows,thelefthand pulleduptothe hin.There was
a bone bu klenear theelbow ofthe left arm, andtra es ofbrown rot underthe
bones.
The bone bu kle (Fig. 15:1) was oval in shape, pointed, with a large holein
the entre and asmall holeat theedge. The bu kle was4.5 min diameter, and
thelargehole1.8 m. Thesurfa eofthebu klewaspolished.
GraveNo.8/1(Fig.11;15:2),waslo ated 8.5mtothesouthofthe entre,0.8
mdeepfromthesurfa eofthebarrow'sbank.Theedgesofthepitwereindistin t.
Onandunderthebonesweretheremainsofawooden\sar ophagus".Thepoorly
preserved skeletonofan adultlay ina deepfoetalpositiononitsrightside, head
totheeast.The woodofthe\sar ophagus"wasburntinpla esonthebottom.
Grave No.8/7(Fig. 11;15:3), waslo ated 1m tothenorthofthe entre,1.6
m deepfromthesurfa e, in theburiedsoil.The skeletonofa hildaged 9-10lay
inafoetalpositiononitsleftsideinawooden\sar ophagus"gougedfromawhole
tree trunk.The wooden lid ofthe\sar ophagus" layimmediately onthebones; it
hadbeenmade fromthin\plates",assembledlengthwise.
Over these graves | most probably, originally over grave 8/5 | there was
Fig.14.Myronivka,KievRegion,barrow8,grave8/5
strengthen thebarrow surfa e. The bank enlarged thediameter of the barrow to
26-27m;itsheight ouldnotbedeterminedasthetophadbeendestroyed.Aswas
mentionedabove,thebankofthebarrowwaspartiallytakendownwithabulldozer
bya lo al olle tive farm.
Intermsoftime,thenextbarrowoftheMyronivkaburialsite(i.e.theonethat
Fig.15.Myronivka,KievRegion,barrow8,gravesoftheMnogovalikovoiPottery ulture.1-grave8/2;
Barrow6.Thisbarrowwassituated1.4kmtothenorth-westofbarrow1.Itsbank
hadbeenheavilyploughedandwashardlyvisible.Itwasapproximately16min
dia-meterand0.3mhigh.Inthe entreofthebarrow,wefoundtra esofanex avation
byrobbers(endofthe19
th
|early20
th
entury,judgingfromthe erami sfound
inthebarrow), 6m x5m insize and0.5mdeepfrom thesurfa e(thebottomof
thispitrea hedthelevelofthemainland lay).Inthe entreofthebarrow,atthe
bottomoftherobbers'pit,wefoundtheremains ofaburialpit.
Thepit(Fig.16:1)waslongandnarrow,withrounded orners,2.3mx0.9min
size,1mdeepfromthesurfa e, withitslongwallsoriented(withslightdeviation)
alongtheeast-westline.Inthe llingofthepit,wefoundbonesofawell-builtman
aged 30-40;thebones were olouredwitho hre.Judgingfromthelo ation ofthe
remains, theburied bodylay in astret hed positiononitsba k,head tothewest.
Astoneaxe-hammerwasfoundinthebanknear thegrave.
The axe-hammer, madeof solid bla k stone(Fig. 16:3), isshort(10 m) and
wide(7 m),witharoundedbutt,polishedsurfa e,anda ylindri alloop,2.5 min
diameter,drilledintoitwiththehelpofa intbore(theinnersurfa ewasuneven).
Thegrave,mostprobablyoftheMDC,wasdestroyedinmoderntimes.
Thelastbarrowsinthisgrouptobe builtweretwobarrowsoftheMPC.
Barrow4.Barrow (Fig.1;17;18)waslo ated 30m tothesouth-eastofbarrow 3,
and ontainedthree MPC graves.Itsbankwas heavilyploughed, 0.5mhigh, and
about38min diameter.
The main grave in thebarrow, probably, was grave No. 4/2 (Fig. 17:1; 18:2),
lo ated2.6mtothewestoftheassumed entreofthebarrow.There tangularpit,
withrounded orners,was2.4mx1.2minsize, 1.3m deepfromthesurfa e.The
skeletonofawomanaged20-25layin afoetalpositiononitsleftside,headtothe
south-east. The bones were in poor onditionand, therefore, theposition of the
arms ould notbe determined. Thebones were olouredwith darkraddle. Under
thebonesthereweretra esofdarkbrownrot,bla k inpla es. Abovetheheadand
atthefeet were theremains ofwood(froma\sar ophagus"?).Thebones andthe
rotwerefoundonthelayerofbla k earth,0.2-0.1mthi k, that overedtheentire
laybottomofthepit.
Grave No. 4/1 (Fig. 17:1, 2) was lo ated 3.5m. to thesouthof theassumed
entre,at thelevel oftheburied soil,0.9m. deepfrom thesurfa e.The ontours
of the pit ould not be tra ed. A skeleton in very poor ondition lay in a foetal
positionon itsleft side, head to thewest, with the right arm extended along the
spine, and the left arm pulled to the knees. The skull was oloured with herry
o hre.
GraveNo.4/3(Fig.17;18:1)wasfound1mtotheeastoftheassumed entre,
intheburiedsoil,0.7mdeepfromthesurfa e.There tangularpitwas1.5mx0.9
Fig.17.Myronivka,KievRegion,barrow4.1-planofthebarrow,2-grave4/1
withthearmsbentattheelbows,andhandspulledtothefa e.Thebonesdisplayed
tra esofdark raddle.Onthebottomofthepitthere wasbrownrot.
Barrow 5. Barrow (Fig. 1;19; 20) was found0.3 km to thenorth-east of barrow
4 and ontained two MPC graves and a L ate Middle Age grave. The surfa e of
The main grave in the barrow was grave No. 5/2 (Fig. 19:1; 20), lo ated in
the entre. The lay of thedis harge taken fromthe grave lay onthe buried soil
and formeda bank to thenorthof thepit, whi h was also partially lledin with
the lay.The pitwasre tangular inshape, with learlydistinguishable orners,2.0
m x 1.0m in size, 1.8m deep from thelevel of theburied soil.Itslong axis was
oriented alongthenorth-west-to-south-eastline. The skeletonof an adult woman
(?)layinawooden\sar ophagus"inadeepfoetalpositionposition,slightlyar hed
at the hest, head to the south-east. The arms were bent at the elbows; theleft
handwas pulled to theknees, while the righthand layat the rightshoulder. The
\sar ophagus"hadbeengougedfromasinglewoodentrunkand overedwithtwo
trunksupto30 mindiameter.
Overthis grave there was a barrowbank, onstru tedin onestage, and later
usedtoa ommodatethesinkingofagraveoftheMPCNo.5/3(Fig.19:1,2),whi h
wassituated4mto thesouthofthemaingrave.The pit,intheshapeofan ar h,
was4.2m x 2.3m insize, 1.6m deepfromthesurfa e, withitslongaxis oriented
along the north-west-to-south-east line. The grave had been ruined (robbed?) in
an ient times. Small fragmentsof bones, teethofa young man(?), and pie es of
wood (from the eiling or the sar ophagus) were found in the lling andat the
bottomofthepit.
GraveNo.5/1wasfound0.4mtotheeastofthe entre,0.3mdeep fromthe
surfa e. The edges of thepit ould notbe distinguished.The boneswere inpoor
ondition,partlyruinedbyaplough.Thebodyhadbeenpositionedstret hedonits
ba k,head tothewest.In ourview,thegravebelongstothelate MiddleAge(?).
CONCLUSIONS
Summingupthisinvestigation,itispossibletosaythattheMyronivkabarrows
produ ed a stratigraphi olumn embra ing a number of ultures of the Bronze
Age whi hhad followedone anotherin thisregion overa period of300years. A
series ofradio arbon dates, determined at Kiev laboratory (Table 1),allows us to
al ulate theabsoluteage of these ulturesand thedurationof their existen ein
MiddleDnieperregion.
Isitimportanttonotethatthesedates,produ edwiththehelpofanew
te h-nique, di er substantially from earlier dates (the \Rosava" series, Ki-2730, 2732,
2734,3036). The approximated newradio arbon dates for ultures of theMiddle
Myronivka,KievRegionofRadio arbondatesfromtheMyronivkabarrows
No. Stratigraphi GroupsandCultures Chronology
BP BC
I. YamnayaCulture 4235
±
60-4010±
60- 2804±
90-2522±
83 -(Graves1/8;1/4;1/5;2/1;7/2;3;8/9) 3895±
60 2367±
88II. L ateYamnayaCulture 3875
±
60-3810±
55 2350±
95-2229±
96 (Graves1/1;2/3;2/4)III. MiddleDnieperCulture 3690
±
45 2048±
75 (Graves1/6;1/2;8/3;8/6;8/4;6)Cata ombCulture
(Graves1/7;8/8)
IV. MnogovalikovoiPotteryCulture 3610
±
30-3325±
50 1941±
49-1577±
64 (Graves2/1;7/1;8/5;8/2;8/1;8/7;4/1;4/2;4/3;5/3;5/2)
Table 2
Chronologi alframeworkofthesequen eofBronzeAge ulturesintheMiddleDnieperRegion
Cultures BPDates BCDates
Yamnaya ulture 4200-3900 2800-2350
L ateYamnaya ulture 3900-3800 2350-2200
MiddleDnieper,Cata omb ultures 3700-3600 2050-1950
MnogovalikovoiPottery ulture 3600-3300 1950-1600
Here, itshouldbenotedthatthedateof4200 BPistheonlyonefortheYC
in thisregion, and, therefore, demands furtherveri ation. It is alsone essary to
determine learly when theCC emerged inthe Rosriverbasin. Furthermore, the
datingsfortheMDC,basedonasingleradio arbondate,arepreliminaryandrefer
only to the Myronivka group of this ulture (whi h, in our view, deserves to be
onsidered separately).Ingeneral, the\ ord" monumentsoftherightbankofthe
MiddleDnieperarea requireseriousrede nitionanda newlevel ofresear h.
AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.
AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.
BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.
EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.
FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.
KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.
KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,
Kiev.
KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy
kul-tury,Moskva.
KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo
Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.
MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.
NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi
Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.
SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.
SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.
ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.
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