BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS
A .-P U R E CHEMISTRY
DECEMBER, 1933.
G eneral, P h y sic a l, and In organ ic C h em istry.
Spectrum of H 2. B ands ending on 2p3H levels. III. 0 . W ." Ri o h a r d s o n and P. M. Da v i d
s o n' (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 40—62).—The band systems which end on 2jj3IIa& and come from 4d3S„ 4cZ3n 6j 4iZ3n a, and 4d3Ai, are described. The properties and consts. of the various levels 2p'iYlail, 3 d % , ?>dH\b, \icPna, 3d3A(,, 3d?Aa, 4 d % , 4dsUb, 4d3Ua, and 4dzAb are considered. L. L. B.
Spectrum of H 2. The 3d1 A and 4 ri1 levels.
0 . W. Ri c h a r d s o n and P. M. Da v id s o n (Proc. Roy.
Soc., 1933, A, 142, 63—76).—The bands which go down from Zd?-kab to 2 ^ 2 « and 2^1n aj are described.
These determine the ‘idlAab levels. Analogy with these 3-electronic states enables bands from 4-elec- tronic states to 2^1S and 2p1EI to be extended and
interpreted. L. L. B.
Isotope of hydrogen in the atom ic spectrum . D. H. Ra n k (Physical R e v ., 1932, [ii], 42, 446).—The H 2 y line, wave-length 4339-256 A., has been photo
graphed. L. S. T.
Continuous absorption spectrum of helium . J . P. V in ti (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 524—528;
cf. this vol., 199; Wheeler, ibid., 331).—Mathematical.
Intensity distributions, / vals., and series limits are found. The calc. at. absorption coeff. of He for the Ka. line of C is 3-24 X10-20 cm.-1 N. M. B.
N uclear spin of Li7 from hyperfme structure data. N. M. Gr a y (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 570—574).—Mathematical. Theoretical patterns for the X 5485 line of Li n are calc. N. M. B.
N uclear m om en t of berylliu m . A. E. Pa r k e r
(Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 1014— 1015).—An attem pt to find a band system due to Be2 was
unsuccessful. L. S. T.
Hyperfme structure of beryllium lin e s. P. G.
Kr u g e r and R. C. Wa g n e r (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 373).—No positive result for the nuclear moment of Be has yet been obtained. L. S. T.
Zeem an effect of the infra-red arc lin es of krypton. B. Po gAn y (Natunviss., 1933, 21, 719).—
A photograph showing the effect for field of strength
Il,800 gauss is given. A. J. M.
Second spectrum of krypton. T. L. d e Br u i n,
C. J . Hu m p h r e y s, and W. F. Me g g e r s (Bur. Stand.
J . Res., 1933, 11, 409—440).—By observation of the intensity changes accompanying variations of the capacity and inductance in the electrical circuit, 1050 hnes of the Ivr spectrum excited in Geissler tubes have been attributed to K r h . These cover the
wave-length range 2080—10,659 A., and their wave- lengths and relative intensities arc tabulated. The m ajority have been classified. The ionisation potential of K r+ is calc, as 24-4 volts. J . W. S.
Fluorescence spectra of cadm ium vapour.
W . Cr a m and J . G . Wi n a n s (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 388—389).—The 3050—22S8 A. band in the fluorescence of Cd vapour extends to 2212 A. The spectrum of the electrodeless discharge shows the same band with a different intensity distribution.
L. S. T.
Zeem an effect of the spectra of Sb i i and Sb i n . J . B. Gr e e n and R. A. Lo r in g (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 909).—Zeeman patterns of the lines of Sb n and Sb m obtained with fields of 40,000 gauss are in agreement with Lang’s classification. L . S. T.
V ariations of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of diatom ic tellurium vapour w ith tem perature and pressu re. M . Mi g e o t t e (Bull. Acad, roy. Belg., 1933, [v], 19, 789—808).—The absorption and fluorescence spcctra of Te2 vapour have been investigated a t pressures between its saturated v.p.
a t 334° and 560° and a t temp, of 480—780°.
J . W. S.
Perturbations in the barium I spectrum .
G . 0 . La n g s t r o t h (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 286—308).—I t is shown th a t the departures from the normal intensities which occur in certain Ba multi- plets are due to interactions of “ overlapping ” elec
tron configurations, and the mutually perturbed terms have been identified. The perturbations in the diffuse series are probably of magnetic origin, whilst those in the fundamental series are electrostatic. L. L. B.
N uclear m om ent of tantalum . J. H. Gi s o l f
and P. Ze e m a n (Nature, 1933,132, 566).—The nuclear moment of Ta obtained from an examination of hyperfme structure is (7/2)(A/2rc). L. S. T.
T erm sy stem of irid iu m I. W. Al b e r t s o n
(Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 4 43-^45).—D ata are
tabulated. L. S. T.
F irst spark spectrum of gold. A u II. B. V.
Ra g h a v e n d r a (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 118—
128).—All the terms of the configuration 5cZ86s2 have been identified, nearly all the terms of 5d®Gd, and several of those of the configuration 5ds6s7s. More than 100 lines have been classified. L. L. B.
Quenching of m ercury resonance radiation by hydrogen, carbon m onoxide, and nitrogen.
J . S. Ow e n s and 0 . S. Du f f e n d a c k (Physical Rev., 1219
1220 BR ITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.----A.
1932, [ii], 40, 1042; cf. this vol., 109).—From 200° to 700° the quenching of Hg resonance radiation by H 2 is a two-step process independent of temp., whilst th a t by CO and by N2 is a complicated jtrocess which decreases with rise in temp. L. S. T.
Radiation originating from a beam of electrons in m ercury vapour and the m ean life of the 23S 1 state. L. R. Ma x w e l l (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 148— 150).
Two vector problem in Pb v and B i V I.
Go b l e and J . E. Ma c k (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42,
909). L. S. T.
«/-value of the norm al state of B i I . R. F.
B a c h e r and J . W d u t (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 123).—The gf-val. of 1-05(4) of the normal state of B i
obtained from an investigation of the hyperfine struc
ture of the B i arc line 3067 A. with and without a magnetic field does not agree with the val. 1-45 given b}' the Stern-Gerlach experiment. L. S. T.
Series in the spark spectrum of radium . Ra ir.
E. R a s m u s s e n (Z. Physik, 1933, 86, 24—32).—An analysis of 62 lines between 18S0 and 11,000 A. gives the ionisation potential as 10-099 volts.
A. B. D. C.
Transition, probabilities in the subsidiary series of th a lliu m . A. Fi l i p p o v and W. Pr o k o f i e v
(Z. Physik, 1933, 85, 647—660). A. B. D. C.
P aschen-B ack effects in the spectra of th all
iu m . A. M. Cr o o k e r (Phil. Mag., 1933, [vii], 16, 994—1005).—Visible T1 lines were examined. Results agree with Goudsmit and Bacher’s theory (A., 1931,
135). H. J. E.
M ultiplet separations and perturbed term s.
N. G. Wh i t e l a w (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 544—
550).—Mathematical. N. M. B.
Identification of a certain num ber of lines observed in the spectra of the sun and of sun
sp ots. P. Sw i n g s (Bull. Acad. roy. Belg., 1933, [v], 1 9 ,925—928).—Some of the lines may be due to Ba++.
C. W. G.
A tom ic m u ltip lets in stellar spectra. L. M.
Do n n a y (Bull. Acad. roy. Belg., 1933, [v], 19, 755—769).—The intensities of the multiplets of normal and ionised Fe, Ti, V, 0 , and N observed in solar and stellar absorption spectra are compared with the respective calc, intensities. The fact th at the observed relative intensities are sometimes >
the calc, is attributed to superposition of lines.
J . W. S.
R esonance function for collisions of the second kind. W. Ha n l e and K. L a r ch e (Z. Physik, 1933, 85, 548—554).—Dependence of the efficiency of collisions of the second kind on the sharpness of resonance was determined from the polarisation of resonance radiation of Na vapour in a magnetic
field. A. B. D. C.
Intensities in atom ic spectra. M. H. Jo h n s o n,
jun. (Proc. N at. Acad. Sci., 1933, 19, 916—921).—
Mathematical. N. M. B.
C ollisions of the second kind involving ion is
ation and excitation. K. B. Th o m s o n and 0 . S.
Du f f e n d a c k (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 1042).—
The excitation of spark levels in metallic atoms by collisions of the second kind with rare gas ions has been studied as a function of the energy discrepancy.
In general, the probability of excitation of levels increases as the discrepancy between the level, measured from the normal atom, and the ionisation potential of the rare gas atom decreases, but ex
ceptions occur. L. S. T.
Nature of glow disch arges. H . Ro t h e and W. Kl e e n (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 772). A. J . M .
E lectronic structure of the a - X band sy stem of nitrogen. E. T. S. Ap p l e y a r d (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 254—255).—Certain bands belonging to this system, which is ascribed to a 1n „ -1S!7+
transition, have been measured and are discussed.
L. S. T.
A bsorption of oxygen in the region of short w ave-lengths. R. La d e n b u r g, C. C. Va n Vo o r-
h i s, and J. C. Bo y c e (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 1018—1020).—The absorption of 0 2 down to 300 A.
shows two strong absorption regions from 1750 to 1300 with a max. a t 1450 A., and from below 1100
to 300 A. L . S. T.
Isotope shift in neon. J . H . Ba r t l e t t, jun., and J . J . Gi b b o n s, jun. (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 538—543).—Mathematical. The theory of iso
topic displacement due to the motion of the nucleus is extended to atoms with any no. of electrons, and applied to the transitions 2^53.s— in Ne.
The shift in singlet is 0-0195 cm.-1 > in triplet states.
N. M. B .
Neon absorption lin es in stellar spectra.
D. H . Me n z e l and R. K . Ma r s h a l l (Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci., 1933, 19, 879—881).—The strongest line X 6402-24 of Ne i was observed in one stellar spectrum.
D ata and evidence for 20 lines of 6 multiplets of Ne n in certain stellar spectra are tabulated. Equal abundance of 0 2 and Ne is indicated. N. M . B .
P olarisation of sodium resonance radiation and nuclear m om ent of the sodium atom . N. P .
He y d e n b u r g, L . La r r i c k, and A. El l e t t (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 1041).—The polarisation in zero magnetic field of the Na D line resonance radiation has been calc, as a function of nuclear moment. The mean val. observed for the polarisation is 16-48+
0-33%, in agreement with the val. calc, for a nuclear moment of 1; band spectra indicate a nuclear moment < 3 / 2 and present views of nuclear structure, an odd multiple of $(h/2n). L . S. T.
T ransition probabilities in the subsidiary series of N a. L . S. Or n s t e i n and J . Ke y (Z.
Physik, 1933, 85, 565—567). A. B . D. C.
M agnetic rotation spectrum of the red bands of sodium . W . R. Fr e d r i c k s o n and C. R. St a n-
n a r d (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 632—637).—- For the region beyond 6800 A., data for absorption band heads and 28 magnetic rotation doublets are tabulated and discussed. N. M. B.
L. S. T.
* rp High-frequency glow discharge. A. C. v a n
Do r s t e n (Nature, 1933, 132, 675—676). L. S. T.
GENERAL, PH Y SICA L, AND INORGANIC CHEM ISTRY. 1221 L um inosity of sodium flam es. C. D . Ch i l d
(Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 146).—A criticism
(cf. A., 1932, 551). L. S. T.
P asch en -B ack effect of hyperfine structure and the polarisation of resonance radiation : the D lin es. L . La r r i c k (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 1041).—The polarisation of Na resonance radiation has been calc. Agreement with experimental vals.
is good, with certain exceptions. L . S. T.
P lausib le explanation of the alkali inverted doublets. H. E. Wh i t e(Physical Rev., 1932, [ii],
40, 316). L. S. T.
Inversion of doublets in alkali-like spectra.
(Mi s s) M . Ph i l l i p s (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 644—650).—Mathematical. The tendency to in
version, attributed to the polarisability of the corc, is examined by a study of the energies and wave functions of the excited core configuration states of the levels of the optical doublet for the spectra Na I
to S vi. N. M . B.
Theory of quantum defect due to polarisation, w ith application to m ultiplet anom alies in A1II.
N. G. Wh i t e l a w and J . H. Va n Vl e c k (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 389—390). L. S. T.
Q uantum defect of non-penetrating orb its, w ith special application to A 1I I . J . H. Va n Vl e c k and N. G. Wh i te la w (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 551—
569).—Mathematical. N. M. B.
Spectra of diatom ic sulphur m olecules. M. L.
Hu b i n (Bull. Aead. roy. Belg., 1933, [v], 19, 770—
788).—The resonance spectrum of S2, excited by a Hg arc, has been investigated. The results are discussed in relation to those of Rosen (A., 1927, 608) and of Christy and Naud6 (A., 1931, 779). A general formula is developed for the heads of the S2 vapour absorption bands and compared with those previously suggested. I t is concluded th a t certain vibration levels in the 32,7 state are perturbed, both odd as well as even levels. J . W. S.
Sulphur arc spectrum . K . W. Me i s s n e r, 0 . Ba r t l e t, a n d L. Ec k s t e i n (Z. Physik, 1 9 3 3 , 8 6 , 54—
76). “ A. B . D. C.
Sulphur spark spectrum S ii. 0 . Ba r t l e t and L. Ec k s t e i n (Z. Physik, 1933, 96, 77—81).
A. B. D. C.
Continuous absorption spectrum of chlorine.
G . E. Gib s o n and N. S. Ba y l i s s (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 388).—A rise in temp, decreases the absorption coeff. a t the max. and broadens the region of continuous absorption. The results agree qualit
atively with Gibson and Rice’s theory of continuous
absorption. L. S. T.
E fiect of the anode on the stab ility of the hom ogeneous colum n in argon. W. Pupp (Physi- kal. Z., 1933, 34, 756—761).—Experiments are described which show how the anode fall depends on the ions, in this case produced artificially, in the neigh
bourhood of the anode. In the presence of large ionic concns. it m ay become negative. A. J . M.
" F l a s h ” in the afterglow of argon w ith a fixed vacuum . C. T. Kn i p p (Physical Rev., 1932,
[ii], 39, 871). L. S. T.
Zeem an effect in the 2II2S C aI I bands. W. P.
Cu n n i n g h a m (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 389).
L. S. T.
Hyperfine structure of the vanadium spectrum .
H . Wh i t e (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 1041).—
Preliminary results obtained with V i lines indicate th a t for the V nucleus / < 5/2 and th a t the (/-factor
is small. L. S. T.
Spark spectrum of iron in the extrem e ultra
violet. L. Bl o c h and E. Bl o c h (Compt. rend.,
19 3 3 , 197, 6 7 9 — 681 ; cf. this vol., 2 ).— 171 lines of Fe, XX 1 1 4 8 -9 2—3 6 4 -9 9 , have been measured, showing considerable disagreement from previous results (cf. A., 19 2 1 , ii, 6 0 9 ). C. A. S.
Fluorescence of diatom ic m olecules of arsenic.
P. Sw in g s and M . Mi g e o t t e (Compt. rend., 1933, 197, 836—838).—A resonance series is excited in the vapour of As a t 1100—1150° by each of Hg XX 2536, 2483, 2654, and 2804 ; the fundamental frequency is apparently 410 cm.-1, which gives as the distance As—As in As2 1-94 Â., or 77% of the distance in cryst.
As; the emission appears to consist only of a Q
branch. C. A. S .
M agnetic nuclear m om ent of rubidium iso topes. D. A. Ja c k s o n (Z. Physik, 1933, 8 6 , 131).—
Published work (this vol., 439) is in agreement with th a t of Kopfermann (ibid., 880), who gives Rb85 as 5/2, and Rb87 as 3/2. A. B . D. C.
X-Ray em ission spectra of gaseous elem ents : K spectrum of xenon (em ission and absorption).
H . Hu l u b e iand (Ml l e.) Y. Ca u c h o is (Compt. rend., 1933,197, 644—646 ; cf. this vol., 657).—The method was modified for smaller quantities of gas. W ith Ce, La, Cs, and I as reference elements K a%, K a v K $v and /ip 2 are respectively 419-58, 415-12, 367-72, and 359-16 X, and the crit. absorption limit for K is
357-77 X. C. A. S .
X-Ray em issio n spectra of gaseous elem ents : w eak lin es in /f- spectrum of krypton. (Ml l e.) Z.
Ca u c h o is and H . Hu l u b e i (Compt. rend., 1933, 197, 681—682; cf. this vol., 657).—More detailed examin
ation gives K$a 863-47, KS>2 864-34, K[35 869-04, 1 872-71, K $x 876-68, üTp3 “877-19, K% 881-40;
p4, p5 and (30, are identified with the forbidden tran s
itions KNxy-y, iTl/iv-v, and K M t, respectively.
C. A. S.
L-X-Ray spectrum of solid alum inium . T. H.
Os g o o d (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 517—519).—
The spectrum consists, not of sharp lines, b ut of a wide continuous band in the approx. range 170—
200 A., agreeing with the Pauli-Sommerfeld theory of free electrons in metals. N. M . B .
Kaxa2 doublet of phosphorus. 0 . Lu n d q u i s t
(Nature, 1933, 132, 518).—The doublet of P emitted from violet P, NaH2P 0 2 (I), and Na phosphate (II) shows displacements, relative to the doublet of P, of 1-7 X for (I), and 2-5 X for (II) towards
shorter wave-lengths. L. S. T.
Production of the m olybdenum La. satellites by fluorescent absorption of silver La radiation.
F. R . Hi r s h, jun., and F. K. Ri c h t m y e r (Physical
R e v ., 1932, [ii], 40, 1033). L. S. T.
1222 B R ITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.----A.
X-Ray satellites of high atom ic num ber elem en ts. F. K . Ri c h t m y e r and S. Ka t jf m a n
(Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 005—609).—Examin
ation in the at. no. range Ta (73) to U (92) gave two satellites for Lot, one extending from Au (79) to U (,92), and the other (shorter wave-length) from Os (70) to Bi (83). L$2 has two satellites, extending from Ta to U, and from below Ta to U, respectively. N. M. B.
Soft X-rays from (100) and (111) faces of copper sin gle crystals. M. L. Wil l i a m s (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 610—617).—In determining whether a difference exists in the soft X -ray crit.
potentials for different faces of the same crystal, 14 crit. potentials between 90 and 120 volts were found for both faces, each break being within 1-5 volts for the two targets. The bearing of the results on explanations of theoretical structure and calc,
vals. is discussed. N. M. B.
Ionisation potential of radon. H . Ya g o d a
(Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 316—317).—From the vals. found by various workers for the ionisation potential of Rn, the best val. is 10-7 volts. Calc, quantum defects and ionisation potentials of the inert gas are compared with observed vals.
L. S. T.
D istribution of energies of electrons in ga ses.
J. S. To w n s e n d (Phil. Mag., 1933, [vii], 16, 729—- 744; cf. A., 1930, 973).—Theoretical. J . W. S.
Inner potential of m eta ls. J. A. Da r b y s h i r e
(Phil. Mag., 1933, [vii], 16, 761—775).—There is definite evidence of refraction due to an inner potential when high-speed electrons are reflected from cleavage faces of Zn and Sb single crystals, b u t not in the cases of Bi and Te. The vals. calc, for the inner potential are 12+1 and 15-5+1 volts for Sb and Zn, re
spectively. J . W. S.
Electron diffraction patterns from platinised asbestos. D. A. Ri c h a r d s (Phil. Mag., 1933, [vii], 16, 778—787).—The electron diffraction patterns of Pt-asbestos show no P t pattern with the ratio asbestos : P t 1 : 1-8 (by wt.). The results are in agreement with the view th a t the platinisation results in a splitting of the fibres, with the result th a t a fresh surface of asbestos is presented to the electron beam, nullifying the effect of the P t. J . W. S.
A tom ic ionisation by electric fields. R.
Sc h u l z e (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 737).—Electrons may be split off atoms of S by application of electric fields.
A. J . M.
Diffraction of electrons by m eta l surfaces.
C. J . Da v is s o n and L. H. Ge r m e r (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 124; cf. this vol., 657).—Electron beams (13,000—55,000 volts) directed on etched surfaces of Au, W, Mo, and Co give about 20 Debye- Scherrer rings characteristic of the known structures of the metals. Ni gives rings of Ni and N iO ; Cr etched in dil. HC1 gives hexagonal Cr rings, and after re-etching in warm conc. HC1, a pattern of spots only, with radial distances possibly consistent with the rhombohedral structure of large crystals of CrCl3.
A single crystal of W finally gave rings indicating a body-centred cubic structure of const. 7-4 A.
L. S. T.
Theory of diffusion of high-voltage electrons.
J . Wi n t e r (Compt. rend., 1933, 197, 828—829; cf.
this vol., 550).—M athem atical; the method is applied to the case of very swift electrons, giving results in agreement with those of Born. C. A. S.
Influence of space charge on m easu rem en ts of excitation functions. J . M. W. Mi l a t z (Z.
Physik, 1933, 85, 672—675).—A method for measur
ing the velocity of electron beams is developed, and is applied to determination of space charge.
A. B. D. C.
Inelastic scattering of slo w electrons in g a s e s . III. F. H. Ni c o l l and C. B. 0 . Mo h r (Proc. Roy.
Soc., 1933, A, 142, 320—332; cf. A., 1932, 1185).—
The inelastic scattering of electrons in H 2, He, and A has been measured from 80 volts down to about 3 volts above the excitation potential of the gas atom, and over the angular range 10—155°. The curves for A show diffraction max. and min. a t large angles similar to those which occur for the elastic scattering;
these disappear as the energy of the electrons ap
proaches the excitation potential of th e gas. N o un
usual features are found for low-velocity electrons in H 2 and He. The inelastic scattering curves for small angles (10—30°) agree with those given by the Born formula down to relatively low velocities.
L. L. B.
Liberation of electrons from surfaces by ion s and atom s. H. Ka l l m a n n and A. Ro s t a g n i
(Nature, 1933, 132, 567—568).—Curves obtained for the electron emission of metallic surfaces by H 2, He, Ne, and A are discussed. L. S. T.
Electron affinity of hydrogen. G . Gl o c k l e r
(Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 685).—The empirical val. calc, for the electron affinity of hydrogen is
+0-66 ev. L. S. T.
Electron interference at m echanically worked surfaces. H. Ra e t h e r (Z. Physik, 1933, 82, 82—
104).—Changes in surfaces were followed by electron interference for ruling with steel points, rubbing with emery, and polishing both on polycryst. metals, on NaCl, CaC03, CaF2, FeS2, and graphite, and for pressing and hammering polycryst. metals.
A. B. D. C.
A ngular distribution of electrons scattered in m ercury vapour. A. L. Hu g h e s (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 147—148). L. S. T.
D iffraction of slo w electrons by graphite crystals. V. E. La s c h k a r e v, E. V. Ba r e n g a r t e n,
and G. A. Ku z m in (Z. Physik, 1933, 85, 631—646).—
The inner potential of graphite is 20 volts.
A. B. D. C.
E lectron-diffraction investigation of the struc
ture of m olecules of m ethyl azide and carbon suboxide. L. 0 . B r o c k w a y and P . P a u l i n g (Proc.
N at. Acad. Sci., 1933, 19, 860—867).—The 3 N atoms in MeN3 are in a line, with 1 triple linking (1-10 A.) and 1 double linking (1-26 A.). The Me—N distance is 1-47 A., and the linking angle is 135+15°. The C30 2 mol. is linear, the distances C—0 and C—C being 1-20+0-02 and 1-30+0 02 A. The linkings in C30 2 have properties intermediate between those of double
and triple linkings. H. J . E.
GENERAL, PH Y SICA L, AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1223 Electron-diffraction investigation of the m o le
cular structure of cyanogen and diacetylene (with a note on chlorine dioxide). L. 0 . Br o c k-
w a y (Proc. N at. Acad. Sci., 1933, 19, 8G8—874).—
G2N 2 is a linear mol. with the distances C—N and C—C l-16±0-02 and 1-43±0-03 Â. In diacetylene the distances C—C (at end) and C—C (in centre) are 1-21 ± 0-02 and 1-43±0-03 A. Wierl’s results (A., 1932, 670) are criticised. The Cl—0 distance in C102 is 1-53^
0 0 3 Â. (cf. this vol., 557). H. J . E.
Electron diffraction and m olecular structures : carbonyl com pounds. II. W. Do r n t e (J. Amer.
Chem. Soc., 1933, 55, 4126—4130)/—In general agree
m ent with other structural determinations, COS is linear, whilst the halogen-C linkings of COCl2 and COBr2 subtend an angle of 110°. AcCl and AcBr conform to the tetrahedral model. The C—O interat.
distance is const. J . G. A. G.
P o ssib ility of the em issio n of positive electrons from the nucleus by y-rays. A. Br a m l e y (J.
Franklin Inst., 1933, 216, 427—428; cf. this vol., 883).—I t is concluded th a t the photo-electric effect of positive electrons should be realisable with y-rays from radioactive sources. I f the nucleus were com
posed of heavy particles, e.g., protons, however, the effect of the photo-electric emission of protons under the action of .X-rays would be negligible. J . W. S.
H igh-speed hydrogen ion s. M. S. Li v i n g s t o n
(Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 441—442; cf. A., 1932, 554).—An apparatus which produces H ions with energies equiv. to 3,600,000 volt-electrons has been
constructed. L . S. T.
Energy levels of the hydrogen m olecular ion.
C. Gi l b e r t (Phil. Mag., 1933, [to], 16, 929—944).—
Theoretical. H. J . E.
L im itation in currents of positive alkali ions of hom ogeneous velocities. P. Keck and L. B.
Loeb (Rev. Sci. Instr., 1933, [ii],4,486— 490).—When K atoms were ionised by impact with a P t strip fila
ment a t 1000° in high vac. the currents a t the higher source temp, were limited by space charge, and the energy distribution was affected by the presence of the vapour. The method could be adapted to the separation of Li isotopes. N. M. B.
Ionisation of inert g a ses by slo w alkali ion s.
O. Be e c k (Ann. Physik, 1933, [v], 18, 4 14-416).—A comparison of th e results of Beeck (A., 1930, 1083, 1494) with those of Mouzon (A., 1932, 1184) is made.
In the case of K + in A there is considerable deviation between the results owing to scattering of primary ions through large angles. The best val. for the ionisation function of K + in A is Nordmeyer’s (this vol., 442). Observations of Beeck and Mouzon (A., 1931, 1206) are corr, A. J . M.
M obility of cæ sium atom s adsorbed on tung
sten. I. La n g m u i r and J . B. Ta y l o r (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 463—464; cf. A., 1932, 459;
this vol., 333). L. S. T .
P assa g e of positive ions through g a ses.
H. S. W. Ma s s e y and R. A. Sm it h (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 142—172).—Elastic and inelastic col
lisions of slow positive ions with gas atoms are dis-
cussed in term s of a quantum-mechanical theory of collisions. Good agreement is found between ob
served and calc, collision cross-sections. The case of collisions of ions with similar atoms is also considered
in detail. L. L. B.
P ositive ions of m a ss 220. L. L. Ba r n e s and R. C. Gi b b s (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 318).—A m ixture of alkali sulphates heated on P t between 600° and 700° a t < 10'6 cm. pressure in a Dempster mass spectrograph gave a steady emission of positive ions corresponding with singly-charged atoms of at.
wt. 220±1. L. S. T.
Radiation from m ovin g helium , neon, and argon ions. A. I. McPh e r s o n (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 686—687 ; 42, 903). L. S. T.
A t. w t. of tellurium . II. Synthesis of silver telluride. O. Ho n i g s c h m id (Z. anorg. Chem., 1933, 214, 281—288; cf. Brauner, J.C.S., 1895, 67, 540).—
Ag2Te was synthesised by slowly passing Te vapour, carried in N 2, over heated Ag. The product was heated in vac. a t 550—600° to const, wt. Vals. found were AgoTe : 2A g= 1-591446; Te=127-61 (Ag=
107-880). “ H. J . E.
Isotopes. A. J . G. Ka p t e i n (Chem. Weekblad, 1933, 30, 695—701).—A review.
P o ssib ility of the existence of the chlorine isotope Cl39. M. F. As h l e y and F. A . Je n k i n s
(Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 438—440).—A more complete account of negative evidence previously given (this vol., 204). L. S. T.
Transform ation product of p otassiu m . F.
Al l i s o n and R. Go s l in (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 1015—1016).—Four samples of sylvite each gave a min. of fight intensity intermediate between Ca40 and Ca44 and appropriate to Ca41. The approx. % of Ca41 (I) and of ordinary Ca (II) in the samples were 0-2, 0-04; 0-1 and 0-2; 0-1 and 0-005; and 0-02 and 0-005, respectively. The concns. of (I) are > the calc. vals. (A ., 1931, 1209). The approx.
% of (I) and (II) in (C.P.) K compounds are KC1 (Merck) 3 X 10“° and 2 x 10-3, K 2S04 (Merck) 2 x 10 ° and 4 x 1 0 ^ , KOH (Merck) 1x10® and 1X10-3, and K 3P 0 4 (Baker) 3 x l0 ~ 3 and 4 x 1 0 ^ , respectively. Recrystallisation of the KC1 reduced the (I) content by 90%. (I) was detected in six out of fourteen Ca reagents (C.P.) and hence the optical min. is not due to a third isotope of (II). I t is not possible to assign a mass of 41 rather than 42 or 43 to (I), but its mass lies definitely between 40 and 44.
A third isotope of K which might be responsible for the radioactivity and which might be the parent of a Ca atom of mass other th an 41 could not be found.
No min. corresponding with a Ca isotope of mass 39 associated with sylvite exists, indicating th a t K 30 does not take p a rt in the radioactivity of K. The results appear to show th a t Ca of probable at. mass 41 is the transformation product of K. L. S. T.
Long-range a-rays em itted by active actinium deposit. (Mm e.) P. Cu r i e and (Ml l e.) W. A. Lu b
(J. Phys. Radium, 1933, [vii], 4, 513—516).—Preps, of active kc-B-\-C-\-C'+G " emitting a-rays of the amount emitted by 5—8 millicuries of Ra-C" appear
1224 BRITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.— A.
to give rise to rays of approx. 10 cm. range in the proportion of 3 x 10~7 per a-ray of Ac-C. N. M. B.
A n alysis of the lon g-ran ge a-particles from radium-C' by the m agnetic focu ssing m ethod.
( Lo r d) Ru t h e r f o r d, W. B. Le w i s, and B. V. Bow
d e n (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 347—361).—
The velocities of the long-range a-parfcicles from Ra-C" have been accurately measured by means of the annular ring magnet (this vol., 443). The a-ray spectrum has been analysed into twelve groups (thus separated for the first time), and the corresponding energy levels of the excited nucleus have been deduced.
The observed «-particle levels are correlated with the emission of y-rays. The relative intensities of the a-ray groups and the y-rays show variations, which suggests the necessity of dividing the y-rays into quadripole and dipole. Quantum nos. have been tentatively assigned to the levels. L . L . B.
A pplication of probabilities to the counting of a-particles. N. I. Ad a m s, jun. (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 651—653).—Mathematical. N. M. B.
T h e o r y o f ( 3 - ra y d i s i n t e g r a t i o n . G. Be c k and
K . Si t t e (Z . Physik, 1933, 86, 105—119).—The [3-ray is one of a pair of positive and negative electrons arising in the nucleus, the positive electron being absorbed by the nucleus. A. B . D. C.
E m ission of y-rays by actinium and its deriv
atives. (Mm e.) P. Cu r i e and P. Sa v e l (J. Phys.
Radium, 1933, [vii], 4, 457—458).—The absorption in Pb was measured, and mass-absorption coeffs. were obtained, for highly penetrating y-rays of R a and of Ac accompanied by its derivatives. The initial intensity per atom transformed for Ac is approx.
0-1 of th a t for Ra. N. M . B.
Interaction betw een y-rays and atom ic nuclei.
E. St a h e l and H. Ke t e l a a r (J. Phys. Radium, 1933, [vii], 4, 460—485).—The nature of the radiation em itted when screens of Pb, Al, S n , and Fe were irradiated with y-rays from R a was investigated by the ionisation method. The emitted radiation, attributed to interaction with at. nuclei, contains components softer than the prim ary rays. D ata for wave-lengths, intensities, and coeffs. of absorption are given; the relation with the corresponding Compton radiation, divergences from the results of other investigators, and theory of the effect observed
are discussed. N. M. B.
Internal conversion of y-rays. II. H. M.
Ta y l o r and N. F. Mo t t (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 215—236).—Mathematical. I f a y-ray escaping from a nucleus be represented by an electromagnetic wave, then the reduction of intensity suffered by it in passing through the K ring is not equal to the no.
of electrons ejected, but is generally small, even when this no. is comparable with the no. of y-ray quanta
emitted. L. L. B.
E f f e c t o f i n t e r n a l c o n v e r s i o n . J . So l o m o n
(Compt. rend., 1933, 197, 670—672).—The author’s inferences regarding the electronic transitions ac
companying internal conversion (cf. this vol., 995) point to the emission of a y-ray of energy 2-852 X106 ev. in the case of radiation from Ra-C-J-C'; the
absence of such favours Dirac’s theory and the results of Sauter and Hulme (cf. A., 1930, 271; 1931, 1209,
1346). C. A. S.
G am ow ’s treatm ent of radioactive d isin te
gration. G. Br e i t (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 127).—Theoretical. Gamow’s method is justified as a means of finding the probable energies and the
disintegration const. L. S. T.
Exponential la w of radioactive disintegration.
A. E. Ru a r ic (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 654—
656).—Mathematical. The assumption of const, decay probability is justified. N. M. B.
H alf-life of actinouranium and the problem of geologic tim e. F. We s t e r n and A. E. Ru a r k
(Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 675—681).—Assuming U235 as the only long-lived U isotope, equations are developed for its decay const. These equations also give the decay const, of U238 and mineral ages. The half-life of U238 is (4-58+0-09) X109 years. A quant, study of leaching is initiated, and applied to Katanga
pitchblende. N. M. B .
A ctinium branching ratio. F. We s t e r n and A. Ru a r k (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 903).
L. S. T.
Electrons by “ m aterialisation ” and by trans
m utation. (Ml l e.) I. Cu r i e and F. Jo l io t (J.
Phys. Radium, 1933, [vii], 4, 494—500).—Penetrating radiation excited by a-rays in Be cause the emission of positive electrons from m atter which they traverse, the emission being attributed to y-rays. The effect is interpreted as due to the transformation of a y- ray, on impact with a nucleus, into a positive and a negative electron (materialisation). Deductions on the complexity of a proton and the mass of a neutron
are considered. N. M. B.
The neutron. J . Ch a d w i c k (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 1—25).—Bakerian lecture. Recent work on the production and properties of the neutron
is reviewed. L. L. B.
N eutron in quantum m echan ics. B. M. Se n
(Nature, 1933, 132, 518).—Theoretical. L. S. T.
Spin of the neutron. R. F. Ba c h e r and E. U . Co n d o n (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 683—685).—- Hypothetical. Various possibilities of spin and nuclear structure are discussed especially in relation to Li6, Li7, and N14. I t is concluded th a t the neutron m ust have a spin and th a t the proton has a spin of
£ in the nucleus. L. S. T.
N eutrons. J. Pe r r i n (Compt. rend., 1933, 197, 628—631).—The consequences of the view th a t the neutron, o>, is simple and the proton, consists of a neutron and a positron, i.e., co[3+, are discussed. I t is suggested th a t the demihelion (or hydron), v], is gj2J3+, and not - 2p~, and the helion consequently co,132+) formed with loss of 0-050 of mass, instead of
~iP2~, with loss of 0-032. Thus all at. nuclei consist of ?i«+m[3+ associated as protons, hydrons, orhelions, and containing no free electrons, S- . Radioactive emission of [3-rays would result from simultaneous formation of p+ and (3~ by absorption of a penetrating photon, p- being expelled, |3+ uniting with a neutron.
The bearing of these ideas on the conversion of m atter
GENERAL, PH YSICAL, AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1225 into light (in the stars) and conversely (in space)
with production of cosmic rays is considered.
C. A. S.
D isintegration of elem ents by high-speed pro
ton s. J . D. Co c k c r o f t (J. Phys. Radium, 1933, [vh], 4, 421—426).—A lecture. N. M. B.
A rtificial production of n eutrons. H . R. C r a n e ,
C. C. L a u r i t s e n , and A. S o l t a n (Compt. rend., 1933, 197, 639—641).—A plate, one side of brass and the other of Be, was bombarded by He ions accelerated by 10 milliamp. a t 6—9-75 x lO 5 volts, accompanying electrons being deviated magnetically. The resultant radiation (neutrons and y-rays) was determined in an ionisation chamber with walls (a) covered with par
affin (b) uncovered and more sensitive to y-rays and less so to neutrons. Results indicate a rapid increase of neutrons when the voltage exceeds 7 X 105 volts, whilst a tube working with 30 milliamp. a t 9-5 X
105 volts is a much more intense source of neutrons than P o + B e as usually employed. C. A. S.
D isintegration of the nuclei of nitrogen and other lig h t atom s by neutrons. I. W. D.
Ha r k i n s, D. M. Ga n s, and H. W. Ne w s o n (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 529—537).—Of 31 disintegrations of N found in 7600 Wilson photographs when neutrons were shot from a Be-MsTh source, 19 were disin
tegrations in which the neutron was captured accord
ing to : No1'1-)-«!'— ^ N j15— >-B111-)-He04. The velocity limits for disintegration were 1-9 X 10° and 5-5 X109 cm. per sec. The conversion of disappearing energy into y-rays, and disintegration as related to scattering are discussed. In 3200 photographs, 13 disintegrations of Ne nuclei and 2 of C2H 4 (probably of C nuclei) were found. N. M. B.
A rtificial atom ic disintegration. F. Ki r c h n e r
(Physikal. Z., 1933, 34, 777—786).—A summary of recent work on at. disintegration by protons, H 2, and He, with special reference to the cloud-chamber method of investigation. A. J. M.
D isintegration of lith iu m by sw iftly-m ovin g protons. E. 0 . La w r e n c e, M. S. Li v i n g s t o n, and M. G. Wh i t e (Physical Rev., 1932, [iij, 42, 150—
151).—Preliminary experiments on the disintegration of Li by bombardment of LiF with protons having energies of 360,000, 510,000, and 710,000 volts support, in the main, the results of Cockcroft and W alton (A., 1932, 893). Slight divergencies are discussed. The results agree with Gamow’s theory.
L. S. T.
E xcitation of neutrons in beryllium . G. Be r-
n a r d e n i (Z. Physik, 1933, 85, 555—558).—The in
tensity of neutrons emitted by Be has been related to the range of the exciting a-rays. A. B. D. C.
Chem ical detection of artificial transm utation of elem en ts. W. So k o l o v and M. Gu r e v i c h
(Nature, 1933, 132, 679).—Examination of the dis
integration of A1 by a-rays by the method described shows the formation of quantities of H 2 > those formed by the scintillation method. Bombardment of Li and of N a l with |3-rays from strong R a emission preps, forms traces of He and of He and Ne, respect
ively. ELI gave negative results for formation of inert gases. K emits small quantities of H 2 even
without the action of (3-rays : this suggests th a t H 2 is a product of the radioactive decomp, of K, which is supported by the fact th a t only the natural gases from K salt deposits contain H 2. L. S. T.
A tom ic transm utation and the tem peratures of stars. (Si r) A. S . Ed d i n g t o n (Nature, 1933,132,
639). L. S . T .
U ltra-penetrating radiation in the Jungfrau.
(Ml l e.) I. Cu r i e and F. Jo l io t (J. Phys. Radium, 1933, [vii], 4, 492—493).—No evidence of excitation of at. nuclei by cosmic rays a t the Jungfrau scientific station was obtained, indicating the absence of neutrons in the cosmic rays. N. M . B .
Absorption of cosm ical radiation. I. F.
So d d y (Nature, 1933,132,638—639). II. II. Bo o t h
(ibid., 639). L. S . T .
A bsorption of cosm ic rays. H. J . Bhabha
(Z. Physik, 1933, 86, 120—130).—The simplest hypo
thesis consistent with experimental data is th a t of complete absorption to give the “ showers ” of Blackett and Occhialini (this vol., 441).
A. B. D. C.
Conservation theorem in the theory of m etals.
F. Bl o c h ( J . Phys. Radium, 1933, [vii], 4, 486—491).
—Mathematical. From the lattice theory of metals a principle of “ conservation of wave vectors ” is
established. N. M. B.
Size of the m ercury m etastable atom . H. W . W e b b and H. A. M e s s e n g e r (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 466—467).—The distance between the centres of metastable Hg atoms (I) and N2 mois, a t impact has been found to be 3-7 X 10~8 cm. The small differ
ence between this and the kinetic theory val. of 3-35 X 10~8 cm. indicates th a t (I) are not very different in size from the normal atom. L. S . T.
P hysical sy stem of the elem en ts. C. G. Be d-
r e a g (Compt. rend., 1933, 197, 838—849; cf. A., 1925, ii, 363).—The arrangement of the elements pre
viously deduced has been confirmed by subsequent investigations with slight modifications ; revised tables
are given. C. A. S .
Quantum m echanics of lithium hydride. M . Mu s k a t and E. Hu t c h is s o n (Physical Rev., 1932,
[ii], 39, 859). ‘ L. S . T .
N uclear spin of cæ sium by the m ethod of m olecular beam s. 1.1. Rabi (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 39, 864).—The difference in the effect of a weak, inhomogeneous magnetic field on beams of Cs and K atoms shows the presence in Cs of a nuclear spin
which can be calc. L. S. T.
M odels of the electric field and of the photon.
(Si r) J. J . Th o m s o n (Phil. Mag., 1933, [vii], 16, 809—
845).—In the model developed the ether is regarded as a gas of which the mois, (granules) are infinite
simal in comparison with electrons. Electrons and protons are the ends of tubes of force, which latter are represented as vortex filaments in the gas. This theory leads to Maxwell’s equations and is in agree
ment with other known laws. J . W . S.
Stream ing p rocesses in g a ses at low p ressu res represented by R eynold’s num bers. H. Eb e r t
(Z. Physik, 1933, 85, 561—564). A. B. D. C.
1226 B R ITISH CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.— A.
P h ysics of cold and of the atom ic nucleus.
H. St u c k l e n (Naturwiss., 1933, 21, 772—776).—A summary of a conference. A. J . M.
Nature of w aves and corpuscles. ]£. Se v i n
(Compt. rend., 1933, 197, 980—982; ef. ibid., 1929, 188, 9S6; 1933, 196, 1379; this vol., 881).—Mathe
matical ; the conclusion is th a t in nature there are neither symbolic waves nor photons, but waves and material particles are subject to one and the same dualism, which includes the conceptions of both Fresnel and Maxwell. They may therefore be viewed
from both aspects. C. A. S.
Quantisation of the K ram ers and Pauli m odel.
P. M. Da v id s o n (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 269—
274).—Mathematical. L. L. B.
Structure of atom ic nuclei. J. H. Ba r t l e t t,
jun. (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 370—371; 42, 145—146, 737).—Previous views (A., 1932, 894) are extended to nuclei of intermediate wt., which may consist of closed shells of protons and neutrons, an arrangement which would explain the presence of clusters of nuclei discovered by Barton. Certain difficulties can be avoided if it is assumed th a t elec
trons have a separate existence in some nuclei, thus making three types of prim ary particle, the proton, the neutron (a simple unit and not proton-{-electron), and the electron. Known as well as predicted iso
topes are discussed. L. S. T.
U nitary theory, pure num ber ratios, and the m a sse s of atom ic nuclei. E. E. Wi t h e r (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 317).—Numerical formulae for certain pure no. ratios of the universal dimensional physical consts. and for masses of at. nuclei have
been found. L. S. T.
Probable values of c, li, e /m , and a. R. T.
Bi r g e (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 319—320; cf.
A., 1932, 672). L. S. T.
Probable values of e, h, e /m , and a. W. N.
Bo n d (Physical Rev., 1 9 3 2 , [ii], 4 1 , 3 6 8—3 6 9 ; cf.
preceding abstract).
Value of e/m . R. T. B i r g e (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 736).—Corr. results (cf. above) are —h (6-5420 +O-00S3) X 10~27 erg. sec., e(4-766S±0-003S) X 10-10e.s.
units, e/m (1-7592+0-0011)
x
107 e.m. units, and 1/a 137-374+0-048. An examination of recent work indicates th a t (1-759 +0-001)x
107 e.m. units is the present most probable direct evaluation of e/m.L. S. T.
G yrom agnetic ratios for nickel and cobalt.
S. J . Ba r n e t t (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 147).—
Preliminary vals. for the gyromagnetic ratios for Ni and Co are 1-06m/e and 1-07mje, respectively, in agreement with previous work. L. S. T.
Law of force betw een two helium a to m s. W. G.
Pe n n e y (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 5S5).—The law of force obtained by recent quantum considerations is in good agreement with th a t found from classical considerations of vj and the equation of state of He gas (A., 1925, ii, 253). L. S. T.
Perturbation theory of m olecules form ed from 2p a tom s. J. R . St e h n (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 42, 582—584).—A comparison of the various methods
used to determine the energy levels of diat. mols. for the case of a mol. formed from two similar atoms each containing a single 2p electron. L. S. T.
E nergy levels of the ra re-ga s configurations.
G. H. Sh o r t l e y (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 666—
674).—Mathematical. N. M. B.
Experim ental proof of E instein's radiation recoil collision. R. Fr i s c h (Z. Physik, 1933, 86, 42—48).—A beam of slowly moving Na atoms irradiated with resonance radiation showed recoil at absorption and emission. A. B. D . C.
M agnetic deviation of isotopic hydrogen m ole
cules and the m agnetic m om ent of the ‘ ‘ deuton.”
I. Es t e r m a n n and 0 . St e r n (Z. Physik, 1933, 86, 132—134).—The nuclear moment of H 2 is > , and is probably < , th a t of H1. A. B. D . C.
O ptical properties of m eta llic and crystalline pow ders. A. H. P fu n d (J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 1933, 10, 375—378).—Au, Ag, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, Sb, Se, and Te “ blacks ” have been prepared by distill
ation of metals a t relatively high pressures. The transparency in the infra-red region has been deter
mined. NaCl and T1C1 distilled on to radiometer vanes yield a selective receiver for the far infra-red.
A now type of transmission band, shown by coarsely powdered quartz and calcite, is described. E. S. H.
L ight absorption of m e ta ls . A. Smakula (Physi- kal. Z., 1933, 34, 788—790).—The absorption of Cu, Ag, Au, Al, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cr, and Mn has been in
vestigated in the range 700—1S6 mjj.. The absorption of Ag does not diminish below 250 mjx. Cu and Au show no new transmission ranges in the ultra-violet.
Besides the m ajor absorption max. all the metals investigated show numerous smaller max. and min.
over the whole range. The absorption of Cu, Ag, and Au can be explained by considering the behaviour of colloidal layers. The absorption min. are related to the at. conductivity of the metal. A. J . M.
Absorption spectra of solutions of iodine brom ide, cyanogen iodide, and cyanogen brom ide. A. E. Gil l a m (Trans. Faraday Soc., 1933, 29, 1132—1139).—IB r (and in a limited sense CNI) exhibits dicliroism, giving in unsaturated solvents (e.g., EtOH) yellow solutions with an absorption band near 400 m[* and in saturated solvents (e.g., CHC13) red solutions with a band near 490 mjjt.
CI2, Br, I, BrCl, ICI, and IB r exhibit broad bands in the visible or near ultra-violet, CNI and CNBr exhibit only some end absorption in the ultra-violet.
In HC1 or HBr, IB r forms the compounds HIBrCl
and H IB r2. A. G.
Investigations of the negative group of CO+.
H. Bis k a m p (Z. Physik, 1933, 86, 3 3 -4 1 ).—Twenty- two new bands were investigated, and potential- nuclear separation curves are given. A. B. D . C.
Absorption of aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid in the far ultra-violet. R. Tr e h i n (J. Phys.
Radium, 1933, [vii], 4, 440—456 ; cf. this vol., 111).—
Full data are tabulated and plotted for optical density and mol. absorption coeffs. in the range 2S16—1990 Â. a t 20°, 40°, 60°, and S0°, the HC1 and H20 bemg highly purified. The absorption is
GENERAI/, PH YSICA L, AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1227 continuous a t all concns. and temp. The mol.
absorption coeff. increases regularly with decrease of concn. and with rise of temp. N. M. B.
Absorption, of NaCl, KC1, and KI in the far ultra-violet. A. S m i t h (Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 520—523).—Absorption curves for the range 190—1550 A. are given. Max. are : N a d , 655, 535, 350, 890; KC1, 705, 530, 320, 1120; K I, 825, 025, 510 A., a t variance with earlier extrapolated vals.
N. M. B.
Additive colouring of alkali halide crystals.
III. Spectrophotom etric resu lts. E . Re x e r
(Z. Physik, 1933, 85, 1—13).—Spectrophotometric measurements showed th a t absorption due to amicro- scopic particles moves towards the red with rising te m p .; th a t due to colloid particles was uncertain in position for untempered crystals, but tempering gave these bands a position independent of temp.
Motion of electrons and additive colouring by foreign vapours were also studied. A. B. D. C.
A bsorption spectrum of sulphur d ioxid e. J . A.
D u n c a n (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 41, 388).—The absorption spectrum of S 0 2 has been photographed in the region 2165—2410 A. The bands are partly resolved into rotational band lines and are analysed particularly with regard to rotational structure.
L. S. T.
N ew sy stem of bands in sulphur dioxide.
T. C. C iio w (Physical Rev., 1932, [ii], 40, 1039;
cf. this vol., 144).—Approx. 80 bands in the region 2000—2400 A. have been obtained from a discharge in rapidly flowing S 02 gas. These bands do not belong to SO, 0 2, or 0 2+. S 0 2 is the probable emitter.
L. S. T.
Spectrum of sulphur dioxide. T. C. C h o w
(Physical Rev., 1933, [ii], 44, 638—643).—From a discharge in flowing S 02 with comparatively little dissociation, data and analyses are given for emission and absorption bands in the regions 4000—2500 and
2600—2000 A. N. M. B.
Absorption spectra of burning hydrocarbons.
A. E g e r t o n and L. M. P i d g e o n (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1933, A, 142, 26—39).—The absorption spectra of various hydrocarbons undergoing combustion show three characteristics : (1) an absorption in the far ultra-violet, proved to be due mainly to the formation of acid s; (2) bands identified with those of CH20 ; and (3) in the case of the higher hydrocarbons, a band with a max. a t about 2600 A. During the induction period no absorption is visible. For C4H 10 and higher hydrocarbons the band a t 2600 A. is the first to appear, and is followed by the aldehyde bands. The corresponding aldehydes do not give this band on combustion. L. L. B.
U ltra-violet absorption of substances contain
in g tw o benzene rin g s. Ci i a i x (Bull. Soc. chim., 1933, [iv], 53, 700—711).—Ultra-violet absorption curves of fluorene, CH2Ph2, carbazole, NH Ph2, fluorenone, COPh2, Ph2S2, Ph2Se2, diphenylene sul
phide, Ph2S, (p-CGH4Me)2S, Ph2Se, diphenylene sulph- oxide, Ph2SO, P h jj-tolyl sulphoxide, m.p. 73°
[the compound, m.p. 124°, described as this by Gilman et al. (A., 1926, 1239) is (I) (below)], (j>-
C6H4Me)2SO, (p-C6H4Br)2SO, Ph2SeO, diphenylene sulphone, Ph2S 0 2, ^-C0H4Me-SO2Ph (I), and (p- C6H4Me)2S 0 2 are given; J//2000-solutions in EtO H are used. For the compounds Ph2X, the chromo- phoric effect of X decreases in the order Se2, CO, S2, Se, S, SO, SeO, S 02, CH2. (CSH 4)2X are more bathochromic than Ph2X. B r exerts a bathochromic
effect. H. B.
U ltra-violet absorption of alkyl- and allyl- ci/eiohexanones. (Mm e.) Ra m a r t- Lttcasand Co r-
n u b e r t (Bull. Soc. chim., 1933, [iv], 53, 744—753).—
Comparison of the ultra-violet absorption spectrum of an allylcycZohexanone (I) with th a t of the corre
sponding propylcycZohexanone (II) shows th a t the positions of the absorption max. are approx. the same ; the coeff. of absorption of the (I) is > th a t of the (II).
Increase in the no. of 2- and 6-substituents causes an increase in the absorption intensity and a displace
m ent of the absorption max. towards the visible.
Curves are given for solutions (in EtO H and hexane) of 2-propyl-, 2 : 6-dipropyl-, 2 : 2 : 6 : 6-tetrapropyl-, 2 : 2 : 6 : 6-tetramethyl-, 2-allyl-, diallyl- (containing about 87% of the 2 : 6- and 13% of the 2 : 2-deriv
atives), 2 : 2 : 6-triallyl-, and 2 : 2 : 6 : 6-tetra-allyl- c?/cZohexanoncs. Increase in absorption corresponds with a diminution in chemical reactivity. H. B.
Polyatom ic m olecules. Structure and activ
ation of benzaldehyde. I. A bsorption of ultra
violet lig h t by benzaldehyde vapour. F. Al m a s y
(J. Chim. phys., 1933, 30, 528—547).—The positions of the absorption bands have been determined in the regions 3747-3—3162-6, 2963-0—2599-2, and 2428-0—
2348-9 A. E. S. H.
E xtinction curves of alkaloids of the quinoline group. I. Ma n t a (Z. physikal. Chem., 1933, B, 22, 465—468).—In the alkaloids of the quinine group it is the substituted quinoline nucleus which is responsible for the two characteristic max. on the absorption curve; the quinuelidine nucleus has no material effect on the form of the curve, and therefore neither has the replacement of a vinyl group of this nucleus by a CO,H group or addition of IE t. Quinine and its derivatives have the spectrum of ^-methoxy- lepidine and cinchonine derivatives the spectrum of
lepidine. R - C.
Character of link ing in hydrogen halides de
duced from absolute intensity m easurem en ts on infra-red ground vibration bands. E. Ba r t h o-
l o m é (Z. physikal. Chem., 1933, B, 23, 131—151).—
I f to the gas under examination is added a foreign gas, X, under sufficient pressure, the fine structure of the band disappears and the extinction coeff., even with the small dispersion of a prism apparatus, becomes approx. const, over the whole slit width, so th a t a single measurement of the band a t this pressure of X gives the abs. intensity. Measurements have been made with the H halides in presence of air/60 atm. The vals. 1-93 XlO15, 1-67 xlO 15, and 0-35 X 1015 have been obtained for the probability of tran s
ition, B \ , and the vals. 0-086e, 0 075s, and 0-033e for the effective charge, e, of HC1, HBr, and H I, respectively. These small vals. of e arc reconcilable only with a homopolar linking. R . C.
