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Double Portraiture in Art: The Couple Connection

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Double Portraiture in Art:

The Couple Connection

Ruth Dorot

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Abstract

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doi: 10.15503/jecs2021.1.357.374

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YHG IURP KWWSVZZZSV\FKRORJ\WRGD\FRPXVEORJGUHDPIDFWRU\

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Representations, 44

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>@ 'DOL6  50 Secrets of Magic Craftsmanship'RYHU'RYHU3XEOLFDWLRQV

>@ 'LJE\+  Rembrandt/RQGRQ%URPSWRQ%RRNV

>@ 'RUIPDQ-6KDPHV9$ .LKOVWURP-)  ,QWXLWLRQ,QFXEDWLRQDQG,QVLJKWLQ*

8QGHUZRRG (G Cognition in Problem Solving, SS 1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\

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>@ )UHXG 6   7KH 7KHRU\ RI ,QVWLQFWV The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, XXIII/RQGRQ+RJDUWK3UHVV

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6DQWD%DUEDUD3UHVV

>@ +DOO(  7KH$UQROÀQL%HWURWKDO0HGLHYDO0DUULDJHDQGWKH(QLJPDRI9DQ(\FN·V'RXEOH

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>@ +DUELVRQ&  6H[XDOLW\DQG6RFLDO6WDQGLQJLQ$UQROÀQL·V'RXEOH3RUWUDLWRenaissance Quarterly, 43  

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(18)

>@ .OHLQHU)6  Gardner’s Art through the Ages%RVWRQ:DGVZRUWK3XEOLVKLQJ

>@ .RVWHU0/  7KH$UQROÀQL'RXEOH3RUWUDLW$VLPSOHVROXWLRQApollo 158  

>@ /DQGVEHUJHU)  Rembrandt, the Jews and the Bible 3KLODGHOSKLD7KH-HZLVK3XEOLFDWLRQ

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>@ /HKUHU -   8QORFNLQJ WKH 0\VWHULHV RI WKH $UWLVWLF 0LQG Psychology Today, July 1. 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVZZZSV\FKRORJ\WRGD\FRPLQWODUWLFOHV

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>@ /RUDQG5   2QWKH1DWXUHRI$UW7HO$YLY'YLU3XEOLVKLQJ+RXVH

>@ 0DUNXV5  6XUUHDOLVP·V3UD\LQJ0DQWLVDQG&DVWUDWLQJ:RPHQWoman’s Art Journal, 21  

>@ 3DOODVPDD-  The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses&KLFKHVWHU:LOH\ 6RQV

>@ 3DQRIVN\(   -DQ9DQ(\FN·V´$UQROÀQL3RUWUDLWµBurlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 64  .

>@ 3DQRIVN\(   Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origin and Character&DPEULGJH0DVV

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>@ 0HUOHDX3RQW\ 0    /·RHLO HW /· HVSLULW ,Q + .HQDDQ (G  0DXULFH 0HUOHDX

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>@ 5RVHQEHUJ-  . Rembrandt: Life and work /RQGRQ3KDLGRQ3UHVV

>@ 6FKQHLGHU1   The Art of the Portrait&RORJQH%HQHGLNW7DVFKHQ9HUODJ

>@ 6HLGHO/  -DQYDQ(\FN·V$UQROÀQL3RUWUDLW%XVLQHVVDV8VXDO"Critical Inquiry 16  



>@ 6HLGHO/  7KH9DOXHRI9HULVLPLOLWXGHLQWKH$UWRI-DQYDQ(\FNYale French Studies, 6SHFLDO,VVXH

>@ 6PLWK'  5HPEUDQGW·V(DUO\'RXEOH3RUWUDLWVDQGWKH'XWFK&RQYHUVDWLRQ3LHFHThe Art Bulletin, 64  

>@ 6PLWK '   ´&RXUWHV\ DQG LWV 'LVFRQWHQWV )UDQV +DOVµ ¶3RUWUDLW RI ,VDDF 0DVVD DQG

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>@ 9OLHJKH+  Flemish Art and Architecture 1585-17001HZ+DYHQ&7<DOH8QLYHUVLW\

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>@ :HVW6  Portraiture2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

>@ :LQQLFRWW'  Playing and Reality1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH

>@ :RRGDOO'0  Sharing Space: Double Portraiture in Renaissance Italy&OHYHODQG&DVH

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>@ :XOOVFKODJHU-   Chagall 1HZ<RUN$OIUHG$.QRSI

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