CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN
THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7
•
199961-809Pozna«(Poland)
w.Mar in78
Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373
EDITOR
AleksanderKo±ko
EDITORIALCOMMITEE
SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska
(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska
(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko
(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)
SECRETARY
MarzenaSzmyt
SECRETARYOFVOLUME
AgnieszkaPrzybyª
ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY
INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES
INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY
Pozna«1999
ISBN83-86094-06-0
CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN
THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:
3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7
•
1999c
CopyrightbyB-PSandAuthors All rightsreserved
CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider
Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber
PrintedinPoland
EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5
ASSUMPTIONS ... 7
ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM
OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY
OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7
NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON
DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12
VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING
OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27
PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34
Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE
TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34
ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES
FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE
"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72
AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES
OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER
(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80
AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES
OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES
ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103
ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129
Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING
OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151
ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY
ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.
THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163
Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY
OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196
PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203
Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF
(POLISH)GROUPOFTHEGLOBULARAMPHORA
CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211
JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE
CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER
TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221
VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE
CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM
PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251
CONCLUSION ... 264
ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE
CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN
THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264
Referen es ... 283
ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h
arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying
betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest
andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland
fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment
syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto
individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14
Cdates havebeen ompared.The
dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir
representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred
to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully
made in the same 14
C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental
Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of
fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.
Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history
(3150--1850BC)isthe rstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned
1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe
nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.
2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish
literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew
term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.
3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres
followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,
vol.7:1999,129-150
PLISSN1231-0344
ElkeKaiser
RADIOCARBON DATES FROM CATACOMB GRAVES
Until now, the hronologi al lassi ation of theCata omb ulture(CC) has
beenbased onthetypologi al omparisonof ndingsandonsyn hronisationwith
other ulturalgroups,espe iallyinsouth-easternEurope[Bogataya,Manzura1994:
81 .℄.Itsabsolute hronologi alframe hadnot hangedsubstantiallysin eits rst,
andlast, ompleteexaminationinthe fties[Popova1955:28 .℄,a ordingtowhi h
theCCdatesfromthetransitionofthe3
rd
to2
nd
millenniaBCtothemiddleofthe
2
nd
millenniumBC.Inre entyears,therehavebeenanumberofattemptstodate
theearlyBronzeAgeinthestepperegionsfurtherba k,a ordingtothe hronology
of south-eastern and entral Europe [Pustovalov1994:86 ℄. However, theauthor
didnotgiveanyreasonsforthesenewdates.Thiswas ompli ated bythefa tthat
theabsolute hronologyof theearlyBronze Agein south-easternEurope didnot
seemsuÆ ientlyse ure[Ra zky1995:51 .;Makkay1996:219 .℄.Additionally,there
isoftenlittle eviden e to ompare the ndingsofthesteppegroupswith thosein
theCarpathianBasin andtheBalkansduringthisperiod.
Thus,thepursuittoobtainanindependent datingisunderstandable.In1997,
22 samples taken from ata omb graves of grave mounds in the Distri t
Niko-pol, of theDnipropetrovskRegion, were analysed in the 14
C L aboratory in Kiev
(StateS ienti Centerof EnvironmentalRadiogeo hemistry UkrainianA ademy
ofS ien es).The grave moundsare situatedin di erentkurgangroupsonthe
we-sternbank of theDnieperriveraround thetownofOrdzhonikidze (Fig.1). They
have beenex avated sin e 1979 byannual expeditions. The samples are bones of
skeletons from 21graves (Fig. 2), ve of whi h were ex avated in thesummer of
1997,theothers beingfoundintheyearsfrom1980to 1983.The authorwasable
toexaminethegravesoftheolder ex avations 1
.
Severaldatingsbelongtogravesofthesamekurgans,anditseemsinterestingto
he ktherelative hronologyofthesebarrows.Mound3ofthegroupatChernaya
1
Fig.2.Calibrateddatesof15 ata ombgravesaroundOrdzhonikidze,NikopolDistri t,Dnipropetrovsk
Mogilawasex avatedin1980,and11 ata ombburialswerefound(Fig.3).Bones
fromthreeskeletonswereanalysed(Fig.2).A ordingtotheabsolutedating,grave
28istheoldest.Itdisplaysa onstru tionwithare tangularentran epit,anentran e
passageandasemi- ir ular hamber.Thede easedwaspla ed inashallowfoetal
positiononhis right side(Fig. 4).Aspreviously des ribed, these features seem to
be hara teristi for the early phase of the CC. Grave 27 is only 20 years more
re ent(inabsoluteterms),andwassituateddire tlyabovethe hamberofgrave28
(Fig.4). Theentran e pitwas notfound.Thede eased layin astret hedposition
on his ba k, whi h suggests a dating in the late phase of the CC, whi h is also
supportedbytheorientationofthegravewithinthekurgan.However,a ordingto
a alibrationwithaprobabilityof95%(2sigma),thegraves ouldbe ontemporary
to oneanother.Aprobability of68% (1 sigma) showsa time range from2450 to
2200BCforgrave 28,andfrom2350to2150BCforgrave 27.
Grave 17 of barrow3 is de nitely younger (Fig. 5). It ranges from 2300 to
2050BC,withaprobabilityof68%.Despitethis,thede easedlayinandeepfoetal
positioninthegrave,whi his onstru tedinthetypi alwayforthelatephase,with
an roundentran e pit and an oval-shaped hamber. On rst view, therefore, this
dateseems tobe ontradi toryto thetraditional lassi ation of ata ombgraves.
However,fortheregionbetween theOrelandSamararivers,I.F. Kovalevapoints
out that several graves whi h were built in the abovementioned way, and whi h
ontain skeletons in a foetal position, lying on one of their sides, represent the
latesthorizonoftheCC inthisarea[Kovaleva1983:20 .℄.
Theothersamples were takenfromthree moundsof thelarge groupat
Kru-glaya Mogila. A ordingtotheradio arbon dates,theoldestburialwas inbarrow
11 (Fig. 6). The skeletonof grave 12 layin a foetalpositionon itsleft side, in a
re tangular hamber with a similarly formed entran e pit (Fig. 7). The 14
C date
(3810
±
50BP) of the grave is slightly earlier than thatfor grave 28 of Chernaya Mogila. It ould have been onstru ted between 2450 and 2150 BC (with apro-bability of 68% - 1 sigma). The two other graves from this barrow whi h were
analysed are mu h younger. The three de eased of grave 17, as well as the
indi-vidual of burial 7, were buried in grave onstru tionswith a round entran e pit
andan oval-shaped hamber.Allwereburiedinastret hedpositionontheirba k.
In grave 17, one of the skeletons was partlydestroyed and apparently pushed to
thewall. Thiswas probably theresultof a pre edingburial. There isno
informa-tion on erning whi h skeleton the sample was taken from. Grave 17 was sunk
between2300and2050BC,grave7between2200and2000BC(withaprobability
of68%).
Of allthe gravesof barrow1(Fig. 8) whi hwere analysed, grave18 (Fig. 9)
istheoldest(witha probabilityof68%,itwas onstru tedbetween2300and2100
BC).Inthismound,six ata ombgraveswerefound.Radio arbondatesweremade
Fig.4.ChernayaMogila,barrow3,grave27and28
stret hed position of the skeleton. Grave 15 was empty, ex ept for a few human
bones whi h were foundin the lling of thepits. At thebottomof the hamber,
an egg-shapedpotwas found,althoughthere isnoothereviden e to suggestthat
this grave belongs to the early phase. Unfortunately, none of the skeletons in a
foetalpositionwere analysed(grave 6). Bothofthegraves foundin the northern
partofthekurganseemtorepresentamorere enthorizonofde easedburiedina
stret hedposition(Fig. 8).Grave15 ouldalsobe lassi edinthe rsthalfofthe
21st enturyBC,a ording toa probabilityof68%.The twomore re entgraves
-14and7-rangefrom2200to2000BC, witha probabilityof68%.
The most re ent graves ould be identi ed in barrow 8 (Fig. 10). Grave 13
is hara terised bya re tangular grave onstru tionand an entran e passage, and
represents theoldest ata ombin this mound,althoughitsabsolutedate isabout
3720BP(Fig.11a).Comparedtotheother ata ombgraveswith hara teristi s of
Fig.5.ChernayaMogila,barrow3,grave17
buriedin a stret hedposition(Fig.11b). After alibration,bothgraves ouldhave
been sunkbetween 2200 and 2050 BC, with a probability of 68%. Grave5 isthe
mostre entgrave(Fig.12),showinga alibratedtimerangefrom2050to1800BC
-extreme omparedtotheotherradio arbonresults.
Thus,the 14
C dates fromthe barrownear Ordzhonikidze on rm thetheory
ofa relative hronologyofCCinsofarasthat, inthreekurgans,all thegraves with
hara teristi softheso- alledolderphaseoftheCCrepresenttheoldest ata ombs.
Onehas to admit, however, thatin two ases (mound 3of Chernaya Mogila and
Fig.7.KruglayaMogila,barrow11,grave12
so- alled \old"grave. A ordingtothe alibration,thetime rangeof onstru tion
isnearlythesameforallofthese graves.
a-Fig.8.KruglayaMogila,barrow1
after theotherand overlapin some pla es (Fig. 2) 2
.The rst range, whi h dates
from2450to 2200BC, overs fourgravesfrom threekurgans.Mostof themshow
afurthersmallrangeofprobabilitybeyondthementionedperiod.Thenextphase,
overing ve ata ombs, ranges from 2300to2000BC, witha probability of68%.
With the ex eption of thedate for grave 18 of barrow 1of Kruglaya Mogila, all
dates,withaprobabilityof95%,liewithinthisperiod,orseemtobeslightlyolder.
Fig.10.KruglayaMogila,barrow8
The nextrange, again overing ve graves,ofdi erent moundsfromthegroupat
KruglayaMogila, dates between 2200and 1950BC, witha probability of 68%.A
probability of 2sigma would extend the periodfrom 2300 to 1900BC. The most
re ent grave omes from kurgan 8 of Kruglaya Mogila. Itsabsolute dating is 80
years later thanthe pre edingone of thethird phase. This grave ranges between
2050and1800BC, withaprobabilityof68%.
A brief overview of the graves whi h ompose ea h of these phases, after
alibration, shows no dire t onformities of grave onstru tions, position of the
buried, rituals et . These graves and their relative hronology will be dis ussed
woodsamples takenfrom ata ombgravesindi erentregions ofUkraine[Telegin
1992:68 .℄. The largest series was taken from a group of mounds situated near
SvatovoonthenorthernDonetsriver.Onlyafewother ndingsfromthese graves
haveyetbeenpublished[Smirnov1996:Fig. 9:11;11:3;47:23.25℄.
Therangeoftimeresultingfromthe alibration ofallanalysedgravesismu h
longerthanthatforthegravesnear theDnieper. Theoldestfourgravesdatefrom
between2900and2600BC,withaprobabilityof68%(Fig.13).Theother vedates
are laterthan2500BC, onegrave followinggraduallyafteranother.The datingof
grave 2,mound12,has tobeex luded, sin ethestandarddeviation istoohighto
give a lear result.Unfortunately,thisis theonlygrave of Svatovowhi h has had
its ndingsanalysedandpublishedwithan illustration.Its onstru tion,witha big,
semi- ir ularentran e pit,whi hisonlyslightlysmaller thanthegrave hamber,is
regardedastypi alforthelate phaseoftheCCin theDonets region[Brat henko
1976:32,Fig.11;Smirnov1996:57℄.The datingsforSvatovo ouldprovethea tual
on eptionastobelongingtotheinternal hronologyoftheCC.A ordingtothis,
the ata ombsoftheDonets andDon regionare onsiderablyolderthanthosein
thewesternpartsof theUkrainiansteppe, wherethepopulationwhoburiedtheir
dead in ata ombslater expanded. The grave onstru tionsof thelate periodare
hara terisedbyroundentran epitsandoval-shaped hambers(see below).
Theresults ofradio arbondatings ofBronzeAge gravesfromKalmykia,
in -ludingCC graves, havealready beenpresented [Aleksandrovskiyet al.1997: 9 .℄.
Thegravesof vedi erentbarrowgroupswereanalysedand,takingextremevalues
into onsideration,thedatingsfortheCCrangefrom2600to1850BCinthisarea.
The most re ent values, however, often range from 2200 to 2000 BC, the oldest
beingabout2500BC[Aleksandrovskiyetal.1997:20,Tab.2℄ 3
.
Althoughthese are stillpreliminary results, and notall of themare
ompre-hensible,theperiodofthe ata ombgraves anbe omparedwiththatofthegraves
near Ordzhonikidze.In ontrasttothis,theearlydatingsfromSvatovointhe
Do-nets regionseem to be toohigh. A omparisonof dates and graves is, therefore,
indispensablein ordertobeable toworkwith thedatings.
J.P.MalloryandD.Y.Teleginpublishedtheresultsoftheradio arbonanalysis
ofwoodsamplestakenfrom ata ombsinwhi htheremainsofwagonswerefound
[Mallory,Telegin1994:30 .℄.Onewagonwasfoundintheentran epitofgrave11of
mound9nearKamenka-Dniprovskaya,ZaporizhiaRegion[Chernykh1991:137 .℄.
The grave was onstru tedwith a re tangular entran e pit, whi h was onne ted
througha50 mlongentran epassagewithasemi- ir ular hamber.Onthebottom
ofthepit,an elderly manwasburiedina shallowfoetalpositiononhisrightside.
The grave onstru tion andthepositionof theskeleton are assigned tothe early
phaseoftheCC[Chernykh1991:139℄.
3
InTab.1ofthispubli ationallresultsofanalysesarelistedindetail,butthereisno ultural lassi ationof
Threesamples fromthisgravewere takenandanalysed. Theyea h datefrom
di erent a period. The two extreme values ome from the laboratory of Kiev
(Ki-3368: 3900
±
50BC; Ki-3592: 4370±
50BC). Another value was determined in a di erent radio arbon laboratory (UB-3135) and gives a date of 4062±
19 BC. The oldest result would be mu h earlier than the earliest datings of SvatovointheDonetsregion, these ond ouldbe orrelatedwith thegravesofSvatovoand
themostre entisparallelwiththeoldestCCfromOrdzhonikidze,in theDnieper
region.
The other published results of radio arbon analyses of wagon graves range
from4200 to4100 BC, whi hitself suggeststhatthese ond datingofgrave 11 of
Kamenka-Dniprovskaya is the orre t one. The only grave whi h falls outside of
thisrangeis grave27of mound11at Marevka,whi h showsan absoluteresultof
about3908BC. However,thestandarddeviationof
±
120yearsistoohightoshow a leardatingafter alibration.The wagonwas foundinoneofthetwo hamberswhi h bran h o from a more or less re tangular entran e pit [Cheredni henko,
Pustovalov 1991:206 .℄. Inthe eastern hamber, three adultsandone hild were
buried behindtheremains ofa two-wheeledwagon.Again,thegrave onstru tion
andthepositionoftheskeletonsuggestthatthegravewasbuiltintheearlyphase
of the CC. The site is situated on the right bank of the Dnieper river, not far
from the ity of Zaporizhia, also lose to the wagon grave of
Kamenka-Dnipro-vskaya.
Ultimately,thedivergingresultsmeanthattheabsolutedatingofthe ata omb
graves ontainingwagonsisstillin on lusive.Theexistingvaluesseemtoproveonly
thattheybelong to theearlyphase of theCC. Onehas to admitthatthebase of
radio arbon dates is still not solid enough to give exa t limits for the absolute
hronologi alpositionoftheCC.
In the relative hronology of the steppe region, the CC is followed by the
Srubnaya ulture (SC),whi h wasalso spread overa wideterritory-between the
DnieperandtheVolgarivers.The separateperiods,espe ially indi erentregions,
still need further investigation. As yet, there exist no interpretable radio arbon
resultsfrom theNorthern Ponti zone. However, someof thegravesnear Utevka
were analysed, whi h are said to represent the Potapovo period. This period is
suggested to be the foundation for the evolution of the SC in the forest steppe
zone of the entral Volga region [Trifonov 1996: 62 Tab. 1; Vasilev, Kuznetsov,
Semenova 1992: 52 .℄.The results give a possible dating from 2100 to 1700 BC,
witha probabilityof68% (1sigma,Fig. 14).
The graves of KrivoyeOzero,from whi h horsebones were alsoanalysed by
Trifonov, probably belong to thesame horizon [Trifonov 1996: 62, Tab. 1℄. After
alibration,thefourdatingsshowtwo phases- the rstrangingfrom2300to2000
BC, these ond from 2000 to 1800 BC (again with a probability of 68%).If one
Fig.13.CalibrateddatesofninegravesofSvatovo,Donetsregion[afterTelegin1992,68 ℄
regions of Ukraine is mu h older than in western parts, and if one adjusts the
datingsofSvatovo,theresultsoftheSCgraveswill orrespondtothe hronologi al
on ept.
It is ultimately proposed that the CC and SC existed simultaneously, when
SC was still in an evolutionary phase. The Potapovo phase was pre eded by the
Poltavkinskaya ulture,whi h,insomeparts,existedparalleltotheCC[Kuznetsov
1996:56 .℄ 4
.
4
Fig.14.CalibrateddatesofSrubnaya ulturegraves(fromUtevkaandKrivoyeOzero,afterTrifonov
1996:62Tab.1)
Althoughfurtherradio arbonanalysesmay,inthefuture,resultinsome
han-gesinabsolute hronology,theexistingresultsallowustobuildaninitialframefor
theabsolutedatingoftheearlyandmiddleBronzeAgeineasternEurope.
Howe-ver,eventhe15datesfromthemoundsnearOrdzhonikidzeonly(approximately) t
intothisframebe ausedatingsofdi erentregionswerelinked.Evenmore
ompli- atedisthe hronologi al positionoftheYamnaya ulture(YC).Several resultsof
radio arbonanalyseshavealreadybeenpublished[Telegin1977:5 .;Telegin,
Sobo-tovi h,Kovalyu h1978:55 .;Telegin, Sobotovi h,Kovalyu h1981:78 .;Sementsov,
Romanova,Dolukhanov1969:251 .;Dvoryaninov,Dzigovskiy,Subbotin1985:161℄,
but the standard deviation is mostly too high for a alibration to be su essful.
AnotherproblemwiththeoldUkrainiandatingsistheexisten eof manyextreme
The only reliable results urrently available ome from samples whi h were
taken from material of pit graves in Bulgaria [G orsdorf,Boyadzhiev 1996:155f.℄.
Their hronologi alrangesarefrom3100to2910BCfortheoldergravesandfrom
2890to2490BCforthemorere entones,withaprobabilityof68%.Samplesfrom
boththe entral and these ondary burials of themound of Poru hik Geshanovo
wereanalysed.Theauthorssuggestthatthismoundwasinuseforaperiodofabout
100years, and onsequentlydate itfrom 2950to 2850 BC(2960-2860BCforthe
moundofPla idol,these ond sitefromwhi hsampleswheretaken).
Consideringthe nalpossibledatingfortheBulgarianpitgravesofabout2500
BC, and the fa t that they probably do not represent the most re ent phase of
the whole late pit grave horizon,these dates an be orrelated with thoseof the
ata ombsnearOrdzhonikidze.
Thisleadstothe on lusionthattheCC ouldbesyn hronisedwiththeearly
Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin and in the Balkans (and with the Middle
BronzeAgeinBulgaria). Afterlinkingthe ivilisationsinMesopotamiaandEgypt,
via theirrelations to Creteand Anatolia,with the ulturesof themiddle andlate
Eneolithi in south-eastern Europe H.Parzinger integrated the latter intoan
ab-solute hronologi al system.TheEneolithi insouth-easternEuropeendswiththe
so- alled horizon 13, whi h in ludes the Vu edol ulture andin uen es of Glina
III.This horizonisdated from2500/2400to 2300/2200BC [Parzinger 1993:270f.,
290℄.
Thisdating,basedonar haeologi al-histori al omparison,isessentially
on r-medbyRa zky,who omparedtheradio arbondatingsfortheEneolithi gravesin
theCarpathianBasinandalongtheL owerDanube,aswellasthosefortheAegean
andnorth-westernAnatolia [Ra zky1995:60,Fig.1℄.A ordingtohissystemati s,
all Eneolithi ulturesare approximately100yearsolder thanthedates suggested
byH.Parzinger. The datingsoftheearlyBronzeAge inBulgaria orrespondwith
theresultsoftheradio arbonmeasurements[G orsdorf,Boyadziev1996:107℄.
The newresults of 14
C datings allow usto on rm thegeneral su ession of
YC,CCandSCinthe3
rd
millennium,andthebeginningofthe2
nd
millenniumBC.
Exa ttime ranges forthetransitional periodsbetween ultures are stillnot lear.
In the area west of the Dnieper river, the CC de nitely begins about 2500 BC,
although there is some eviden e of mu h older graves su h as thewagon graves
in thesurroundings of Zaporizhia. In the Donets and Don regions, some of the
analysed burials are mu h older than in thewestern part,and seem to prove the
suggestion thata entral part of CC was situated here. However, further details,
andthe on rmationoftheinternal hronologyoftheCC, requireadditionalseries
of 14
C samples.
Finally, theresults ofthe radio arbon measurements from thethree mounds
of Kruglaya Mogila give rise to a number of spe ulations whi h, although as yet
Mogila ontainedmorethan18kurgans.Insixofthese, ata ombgraveswerefound,
whi hwereallse ondaryburialsingravemoundsofEneolithi orYC.Thereisno
proofofanykindofarti iala umulationofearth abovetheCCgraves,andthus
noeviden eforverti alstratigraphi observations.The hara teristi s forgravesof
theso- alledearlyandlatephases oftheCChavealreadybeenmentioned.
Theresults oftheradio arbon analysisindi ate thatthe onstru tionof
ata- omb graveswas started at di erenttimes in ea h mound. Asalready shown,the
oldestandthemostre entgraveswith hara teristi s oftheoldphasewerefound
inmound11inmound8respe tively.Itisnotsurewhenthe rst ata ombburial
in barrow 1 was established, be ause there is no analysis from grave 6, whi h is
probably theoldest. However, thesu ession ofthe ata omb burialsof mound1
seemstoimply thatafterea hgeneration anewgravewasbuilt.Thereareseveral
hints whi h point to the fa t thata kurgan group represents the grave yard of a
parti ular ommunity (for example, the ata ombs of Kruglaya Mogila are often
situatedin opposite\ orners" ofthemound; theonlytwo graveswith stoneaxes,
ofallthegroupsaroundOrdzhonikidze,werefoundinbarrow1and8inthegroup
ofKruglayaMogila).
Itmight be suggested that theestablishment of ata omb graves in a kurgan
begins with ahighlyrespe ted gureof the ommunity,and perhapsthestatusof
the buried was emphasised bya orrespondinggrave onstru tion( ompare with
barrow11/grave 12,barrow8/grave 13 ofKruglaya Mogilaand barrow3/grave 28
of Chernaya Mogila). Afterthis rst grave had beensunk, othermembers of the
ommunitywere allowedtobeburiedinthesame mound.Thiswouldalsoexplain
whysomeofthegraveshitherto onsideredtobeolderdonotdi erdistin tlyfrom
the younger ones a ording to the 14
C dates. At the beginning of this arti le, it
waspointedoutthatthevalues oftheradio arbon analysisof thebarrowsaround
Ordzhonikidze, after alibration, ould be divided intofour phases. The dates of
theold ata omb gravesare spread overtwo of these phases. Noresultsof
anth-ropologi alanalyses were available, soit wasnotpossibleto makeanystatements
on erninggenderintheburialrites.
These re e tionsare intendedto bespe ulative. Theyare tolead tonew
ap-proa hesinanalysing ata ombgraves,espe ially intheterritorytothewestofthe
Dnieperriver. However,there isnodoubtabouttheneedforfurtherradio arbon
measurements and further investigations to be arried out, in order to solve the
generalproblemofabsolutedating,theproblemofinternal hronologyandspe i
LISTOFTHEGRAVESANDTHE 14
CDATES
INFORM : Referen es - M. Stuiver and R.S. Kra [eds.℄ 1986 Radio arbon
28(2B):805-1030;OxCal v2.18 ubr:4 sd:12prob[ hron℄
DATEChkal.K7/8(Chkalovo,groupI,K7/gr.8)[Ki-6558℄:3835
±
40BP:68.2% on den e:2460BC(0.14)2420BC;2400BC(0.68)2270BC;2240BC(0.18)2200BC.95.4% on den e:2460BC(1.00)2190BC
DATE Chern. K3/28 (Chernaya Mogila, K3/gr. 28) [Ki -6555℄: 3825
±
40BP: 68.2% on den e:2450BC(0.08)2430BC;2400BC(0.05)2380BC;2350BC(0.87)2200BC.95.4% on den e: 2460BC(0.97)2190BC;2160BC(0.03)2140BC
DATE Krug. K11/12 (Kruglaya Mogila, K11/gr.12) [Ki-6568℄: 3810
±
50BP: 68.2% on den e:2450BC(0.04)2430BC;2350BC(0.89)2190BC;2160BC(0.07)2140BC.95.4% on den e: 2460BC(1.00)2130BC
DATEChern.K3/27[Ki-6554℄:3805
±
45BP:68.2% on den e:2340BC(0.92) 2190BC;2160BC(0.08)2140BC.95.4% on den e:2460BC(1.00)2130BCDATE Krug. K1/18[Ki-6563℄: 3775
±
50BP:68.2% on den e: 2300BC(1.00) 2130BC.95.4% on den e:2460BC(0.03)2420BC;2400BC(0.89)2120BC;2090BC(0.08)2040BC
DATE Krug. K1/15 [Ki-6562℄:3750
±
45BP: 68.2% on den e: 2280BC (0.28) 2230BC;2210BC(0.59)2130BC;2070BC(0.13)2040BC.95.4% on den e:2330BC(1.00)2030BC
DATEChern.K3/17[Ki-6553℄:3745
±
50BP:68.2% on den e:2280BC(0.26) 2230BC;2210BC(0.56)2130BC;2080BC(0.19)2040BC.95.4% on den e:2350BC(1.00)2020BC
DATEChkal.K1/20(Chkalovo,groupII,K1/20)[Ki-6559℄:3740
±
45BP:68.2% on den e:2280BC(0.18)2240BC;2210BC(0.60)2130BC;2080BC(0.22)2040BC.95.4% on den e:2320BC(1.00)2030BC
DATEKrug.K11/17[Ki-6569℄:3730
±
45BP:68.2% on den e:2280BC(0.09) 2250BC;2210BC(0.61)2120BC;2090BC(0.30)2040BC.95.4% on den e:2300BC(0.99)2020BC;2000BC(0.01)1980BC
DATE Krug. K8/13[Ki-6566℄: 3720
±
50BP:68.2% on den e: 2200BC(1.00) 2030BC.95.4% on den e: 2300BC(1.00)1970BCDATE Krug. K1/14[Ki-6561℄: 3710
±
40BP:68.2% on den e: 2200BC(1.00) 2030BC.95.4% on den e: 2280BC(0.06)2230BC;2210BC(0.94)1970BCDATE Krug.K8/12[Ki-6565℄:3690
±
45BP:68.2% on den e:2190BC(0.11) 2160BC;2140BC(0.89)2030BC.95.4% on den e:2280BC(0.02)2250BC;2210BC(0.98)1950BC
DATE Krug. K1/7 [Ki-6560℄: 3680
±
45BP: 68.2% on den e: 2180BC (0.01) 2170BC;2140BC(0.92)2020BC;2000BC(0.07)1980BC.95.4% on den e:2200BCDATE Krug. K11/7[Ki-6567℄: 3680
±
50BP:68.2% on den e: 2190BC(0.07) 2160BC;2140BC(0.84)2020BC;2000BC(0.09)1980BC.95.4% on den e:2280BC(0.02)2250BC;2210BC(0.98)1920BC
DATE Krug. K8/5 [Ki-6564℄: 3560
±
55BP: 68.2% on den e: 2030BC (0.13) 2000BC;1980BC (0.74) 1870BC;1840BC (0.08)1820BC; 1800BC(0.06)1780BC.95.4% on den e:2120BC(0.03)2080BC;2040BC(0.97)1750BC
AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.
AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.
BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.
EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.
FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.
KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.
KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,
Kiev.
KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy
kul-tury,Moskva.
KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo
Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.
MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.
NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi
Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.
SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.
SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.
ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.
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IvanI.Chernyakov
InstituteofAr haeology
UkrainianA ademyofS ien es
GeroivStalingrada12
254655Kiev
Ukraine
ElkeKaiser
Seminarf urUr-undFrehgesi hte
FreieUniversitatBerlin
Altensteinstrae15
14195Berlin
Germany
ViktorI.Klo hko
InstituteofAr haeology
UkrainianA ademyofS ien es
GeroivStalingrada12
254655Kiev
Ukraine
AleksanderKo±ko
InstituteofPrehistory
AdamMi kiewi zUniversity
±w.Mar in78
61-809Pozna«
Poland
E-mail:koskomman.poznan .pl
NikolayN.Kovalyukh
DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry
InstituteofGeo hemistry
andPhysi sofMinerals
UkrainianA ademyofS ien es
Palladina34
252142Kiev
Ukraine
VladimirA.Kruts
InstituteofAr haeology
UkrainianA ademyofS ien es
GeroivStalingrada12
254655Kiev
Ukraine
MykolaN.Kryvaltsevi h
InstituteofHistory
A ademyofS ien esofBelarus
F.Skaryna1
Minsk220072
Belarus
VadimL.L akiza
InstituteofHistory
A ademyofS ien esofBelarus
F.Skaryna1
Minsk220072
Belarus
JanMa hnik
InstituteofAr haeologyandEtnology
PolishA ademyofS ien es
Sªawkowska19
31-016Kraków
Poland
SergeyV.Nazarov
DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry
InstituteofGeo hemistry
andPhysi sofMinerals
UkrainianA ademyofS ien es
Palladina34
252142Kiev
Ukraine
AllaV.Nikolova
InstituteofAr haeology
UkrainianA ademyofS ien es
GeroivStalingrada12
254655Kiev
Ukraine
VadimV.Skripkin
DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry
InstituteofGeo hemistry
andPhysi sofMinerals
UkrainianA ademyofS ien es
Palladina34
252142Kiev
Ukraine
MarzenaSzmyt
InstituteofEasternStudies
AdamMi kiewi zUniversity
Nowowiejskiego55
61-734Pozna«
Poland
E-mail:marzenamain.am u.e du. pl
MihailoY.Videiko
InstituteofAr haeology
UkrainianA ademyofS ien es
Vydubi kaya40
252014Kiev
Ukraine
CenturiesB.C., byViktorI.Klo hko.
Vol.2:NomadismandPastoralismintheCir leofBalti {Ponti EarlyAgrarian
Cultures: 5000{1650B C,editedbyAleksanderKo±ko
Vol.3: CemeteriesoftheSo evkatype:2950{2750B C, editedbyAleksander
Ko±ko
Vol.4: Eastern Exodus of the Globular Amphora People: 2950 - 2350 B C,
editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.
Vol.5: BeyondBalkanization,edited byLu ynaDoma«ska,KenJa obs and
Aleksander Ko±ko.
Vol.6:TheTrz inie AreaoftheEarlyBronzeAgeCivilization:1950{1200B C,
editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.
Orders regardingB-PS should beadressed dire tlyto theEditorialOÆ e
(Balti -Ponti Studies,InstituteofPrehistory,w.Mar in78,61-809Pozna«,
Poland).
Thepubli ationsis arriedoutwithintheresear hproje tNo.1H01G05912
(in part No. 1H01G01810) nan ed in the years 1997{1999 by the
