Widok ODCHODZĄCA ROSJA W POWIEŚCI DAWNA PODRÓŻ LEONIDA ZUROWA

UWM Olsztyn Acta Neophilologica, XIX (1), 2017 ISSN 1509-1619

3DWU\N:LWF]DN

=DNãDG/LWHUDWXU\L.XOWXU\5RV\MVNLHM

8QLZHUV\WHW.D]LPLHU]D:LHONLHJRZ%\GJRV]F]\

2'&+2'=ć&$526-$:32:,(ģ&,

'$:1$32'5Ðį/(21,'$=852:$

Key words/HRQLG=XURY5XVVLDQHPLJUDWLRQ,YDQ%XQLQ5XVVLDLQOLWHUDWXUH

/HRQLG=XURZQDOHİ\GRJUXS\W\FKHPLJUDQWyZURV\MVNLFK

SLHUZV]HMIDOLNWyU\FKWZyUF]RĤþQLHGRF]HNDãDVLčMHV]F]HV]F]HJyãRZHJRRPy

ZLHQLDSU]H]SROVNLFKEDGDF]\^1LHFROHSLHMV\WXDFMDSLVDU]DSUH]HQWXMHVLč

QDJUXQFLHURV\MVNLHJROLWHUDWXUR]QDZVWZD:UZ0RVNZLHXND]DãD

VLčPRQRJUDILDSWį\FLHLWZyUF]RĤþ/)=XURZD(ǴȖȕțȪȖȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ

ǹȂǵȡȞȜȐȎ>DZȞȜȚȜȐȎǵȎȣȎȞȜȐȎ@-HMDXWRUNLVNRQFHQWURZDã\VLč

MHGQDNSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPQD]DJDGQLHQLDFKSRHW\NLLFHFKDFKJDWXQNRZRĤFL

SUR]\=XURZDGODWHJRWHİQDGDOSR]RVWDMHZLHOHSUREOHPyZWZyUF]RĤFLWHJR

HPLJUDQWDZ\PDJDMĈF\FKDQDOL]\

:]ZLĈ]NX]W\PLİ=XURZMHVWVãDER]QDQ\SROVNLPF]\WHOQLNRPLEDGD

F]RPZDUWRSU]\ZRãDþNLONDHSL]RGyZ]MHJRİ\FLDRNUHVXHPLJUDFML]ZãDV]F]D

İHU]XFDMĈRQHĤZLDWãRWDNİHQDWZyUF]RĤþSLVDU]D=DQLP=XURZWUDILãSRUH

ZROXFMLSDĮG]LHUQLNRZHMGR)UDQFMLEčGĈFHMZRNUHVLHPLčG]\ZRMHQQ\PVZR

LVWĈ0HNNĈGODOLF]Q\FKSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLGLDVSRU\URV\MVNLHME\ãLQWHUQRZDQ\

Z(VWRQLLXF]\ãVLčZ&]HFKRVãRZDFMLDQDVWčSQLHSU]HQLyVãVLčGRâRWZ\JG]LH

VWDZLDãVZRMHSLHUZV]HNURNLMDNRSUR]DLN>ǿȜȘȜșȜȐ@:U

Z5\G]HXND]Dã\VLčSLHUZV]HWHNVW\=XURZD²QRZHOHKadet (ǸȎȒȓȠLOj- czyzna (ǼȠȥȖțȎ²NWyUHRGUD]X]ZUyFLã\XZDJčÅRMFyZµURV\MVNLHM]DJUDQLF\

L]GRE\ã\LFKX]QDQLH%RU\V=DMFHZSRSU]HF]\WDQLXKadetaQDSLVDãÅǻȎȥȎșȪ

țȎȭȑșȎȐȎȝȜȐȓȟȠȖțȎȝȖȟȎțȎȠȎȘȖȚȟȔȎȠȩȚȠȜȥțȩȚȖȜȏȞȎȕțȩȚȭȕȩȘȜȚ

ȜȠșȖȥȎȓȠȟȭȠȎȘȖȚȐȘȡȟȜȚȖȠȎȘȜȗȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțțȜȗȡȏȓȒȖȠȓșȪțȜȟȠȪȬȥȠȜțȓ

:RVWDWQLFKODWDFK=XURZRZLVZRMHGZDWHNVW\SRĤZLčFLãD%HDWD:HJQHUVND>:HJQHUVND

:HJQHUVND@

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

ȐȜȕțȖȘȎșȜțȖȘȎȘȖȣȟȜȚțȓțȖȗȝȓȞȓȒțȎȚȖȝȖȟȎȠȓșȪȝȜȒșȖțțȩȗȣȜȞȜȦȓȗ

ȝȞȜȏȩȝȖȟȎȠȓșȪµ>F\W]D:HJQHUVND@

3U]HãRPRZHGOD=XURZDRND]DãRVLčMHGQDNZ]EXG]HQLH]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD

X,ZDQD%XQLQDNWyU\]GHWHUPLQRZDãGDOV]ĈGURJčWZyUF]ĈSRF]ĈWNXMĈFHJR

OLWHUDWD$XWRU6XFKRGRãyZ (ǿȡȣȜȒȜșZOLĤFLH]JUXGQLDUSLVDã=X

URZRZLÅǼȥȓțȪȕȎțȭȠȠȜșȪȘȜȠȓȝȓȞȪȝȞȜȥȓșǰȎȦȡȘțȖȔȘȡ²ȖȟȏȜșȪȦȜȗ

ȞȎȒȜȟȠȪȬǼȥȓțȪȜȥȓțȪȚțȜȑȜȣȜȞȜȦȓȑȜȎȚȓȟȠȎȚȖȝȞȭȚȜȝȞȓȘȞȎȟțȜǺțȜȑȜ

ȝȜșȡȥȎȬȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȗȚȜșȜȒȩȣȝȖȟȎȠȓșȓȗ²ȖțȓȚȜȑȡȥȖȠȎȠȪȐȟȓȘȎȘ

ȏȡȒȠȜȥȓȟȠȪȥȓȟȠȪȬȎțȎȒȓșȓȐȟȓ©ȝȜȒȒȓșȘȖȝȜȒȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȜªȘȎȘȑȜȐȜȞȖș

ȀȜșȟȠȜȗȁȐȎȟȔȓȜȟțȜȐȎțȎȟȠȜȭȧȎȭµ>ǯȡțȖț@

OLVWRSDGDUSROLF]Q\FKQDOHJDQLDFKODXUHDWDOLWHUDFNLHM1D

JURG\1REOD=XURZZSURZDG]LãVLčGRZLOOL%HOZHGHUZ*UDVVHL]DPLHV]NDã

UD]HP]%XQLQHPLMHJRQDMEOLİV]\PL*DOLQD.X]QLHFRZDZVZRLPG]LHQQLNX

ZQDVWčSXMĈF\VSRVyEZVSRPLQDLFKSLHUZV]HVSRWNDQLHÅǽȞȖȓȣȎșǵȡȞȜȐ

ȄȓșȩȗȒȓțȪȝȞȜȐȓșȖȟțȖȚǰȟȓȚȝȜțȞȎȐȖșȟȭǸȜȑȒȎǶǮ%XQLQ²3:@

ȝȓȞȐȩȗȞȎȕȐȩȦȓșȘțȓȚȡȜțȟȠȎșȐȩȠȭțȡșȟȭȝȓȞȓȒțȖȚȘȎȘțȎȟȚȜȠȞȡ

ǽȞȖȓȣȎșȜțȐȥȡȠȞȎȟȒȐȡȚȭȥȓȚȜȒȎțȎȚȖȝȞȖȐȓȕȞȡȟȟȘȖȗȥȓȞțȩȗ

ȣșȓȏȎțȠȜțȜȐȟȘȖȣȭȏșȜȘșȖȝȜȐȜȑȜȚȓȒȎȐȭșȓțȜȗȏȎȞȎțȖțȩȖȝșȓȠȓțȘȡ

ȘșȬȘȐȩȎțȎȚȟǰǻ:LHUD1LNRãDMHZQD0XURPFHZD²3:²ȝȜȞȡȟȟȘȜȚȡ

șȡȘȜȦȘȡµ>ǸȡȕțȓȤȜȐȎ@

=XURZZSURZDG]LãGRJUDVVNLHMZLOOLSRZLHZĤZLHİRĤFLDVZRLPLSUH]HQ

WDPLUR]EXG]LãZĤUyGMHMPLHV]NDęFyZZVSRPQLHQLDR5RVMLV\PEROLF]QHJR

]QDF]HQLDQDELHUDMĈWXSU]\ZLH]LRQHDQWRQyZNLSU]\ZRG]ĈFHRGUD]XVNRMD

U]HQLD]QRZHOĈ%XQLQDSRGWDNLPZãDĤQLHW\WXãHPFKRþWUXGQRVWZLHUG]Lþ

F]\=XURZ]URELãWRĤZLDGRPLHâRĤMDNQD]\ZDQRZ*UDVVH=XURZD]SRZRGX

MHJRZ\VRNLHJRZ]URVWXZ]EXG]LãV]F]HJyOQĈV\PSDWLč:LHU\1LNRãDMHZQHM

NWyUHMãDWZLHME\ãR]QRVLþURPDQV%XQLQD].X]QLHFRZĈPDMĈFXERNXWRZD

U]\V]DGRUR]PyZ3RZVSyOQLHVSčG]RQ\FKPLHVLĈFDFK=XURZGRVWU]HJãMHGQDN

WDNİHWHFLHPQLHMV]HVWURQ\FKDUDNWHUX%XQLQDLSRF]XãVLčXEH]ZãDVQRZRO

QLRQ\F]HJRUH]XOWDWHPE\ã\SUREOHP\SLVDUVNLH8ZLHOELHQLHGODVZRMHJR

PLVWU]DSU]HURG]LãRVLčZUčF]ZQLHQDZLĤþ'ODWHJRWHİZGUXJLHMSRãRZLHODW

=XURZNLONXNURWQLHRSXĤFLã*UDVVHLSRGUyİRZDãGR(VWRQLL]HNVSHG\FMĈ

HWQRJUDILF]QĈ'RGDMP\İHZURSXĤFLãD%XQLQDUyZQLHİ.X]QLHFRZD

,,ZRMQDĤZLDWRZDVNU]\İRZDãDMHGQDNSRQRZQLHGURJLZV]\VWNLFKGRPRZQLNyZ

ZLOOL%HOZHGHU2NXSDFMč3DU\İDLODWDSRZRMHQQH%XQLQ:LHUD1LNRãDMHZQD

.X]QLHFRZDZUD]]HVZRMĈSDUWQHUNĈ0DUJDULWĈ6WLHSXQ=XURZL$OHNVDQGHU

%DFKUDFKSU]Hİ\OLUD]HP>/LV@

:UDFDMĈFGRG]LDãDOQRĤFLOLWHUDFNLHM=XURZDQDOHİ\SRGNUHĤOLþİH]DOLF]DQ\

MHVWRQUD]HP]*DOLQĈ.X]QLHFRZĈL1LNRãDMHP5RV]F]\QHPGRW]ZV]NRã\

%XQLQD&KRFLDİZSHZQ\PPRPHQFLH%XQLQ]DF]ĈãWãDPVLþ=XURZDWRPLPR

ZV]\VWNRWUXGQRQLHGRVWU]HFMHJRVLOQHJRZSã\ZXQDWZyUF]RĤþPãRGV]HJR

NROHJL=DIDVF\QRZDQLHOLWHUDWXUĈ%XQLQDE\ãR]DXZDİDOQHMXİZU\VNLFK

SUyEDFKSLVDUVNLFK=XURZDZHZVSRPQLDQ\FKQRZHODFKKadet i Ojczyzna

2GFKRG]ĈFD5RVMDZSRZLHĤFL'DZQDSRGUyİLeonida Zurowa 

3HZQLHGODWHJRWHİ%XQLQWDNZ\VRNRRFHQLDãSRF]ĈWNXMĈFHJRSLVDU]D²]RED

F]\ãZQLPRGELFLHVDPHJRVLHELH

:Sã\ZHVWHW\NL%XQLQDQDWZyUF]RĤþ=XURZDRVLĈJQĈãVZRMHDSRJHXPSR

RVRELVW\PSR]QDQLXVLčSLVDU]\LZVSyOQ\P]DPLHV]NDQLX-HGQ\P]ZDİQLHM

V]\FK=XURZVNLFKWHNVWyZRNUHVXPLčG]\ZRMHQQHJRSU]HSHãQLRQ\FKSRHW\NĈ

%XQLQDMHVWSRZLHĤþ'DZQDSRGUyİ (DzȞȓȐțȖȗȝȡȠȪ²

0ãRGV]H SRNROHQLH SLHUZV]HM IDOL HPLJUDFML URV\MVNLHM JãyZQLH SLVDãR

RWUXGDFKİ\FLDFRG]LHQQHJRQDREF]\ĮQLH7HPDW\NDWDSRMDZLDVLčZXWZRUDFK

1LQ\%HUEHURZHMǯȓȕȕȎȘȎȠȎǽȜȐȓșȖȠȓșȪțȖȤȎ,ULQ\2GRMHZFHZHMǮțȑȓș

ȟȚȓȞȠȖǵȓȞȘȎșȜ*DMWR*D]GDQRZDǰȓȥȓȞȖǸșȫȞ:DVLOLMD-DQRZVNLHJR

(ǺȖȞȅȓșȬȟȠȪȫȚȖȑȞȎțȠȎ%RU\VD3RSãDZVNLHJRǮȝȜșșȜțǯȓȕȜȏȞȎȕȜȐ

DzȜȚȜȗȟțȓȏȓȟLZLHOXLQQ\FK:ãDGLPLU:DUV]DZVNLZVZRLPDUW\NXOH

SRĤZLčFRQ\PSUR]LHPãRGV]\FKHPLJUDQWyZZQDVWčSXMĈF\VSRVyEFKDUDN

WHU\]RZDãW\SRZHJRGODWHJRQXUWXOLWHUDWXU\ERKDWHUDÅȋȠȜ©ȝȞȎȕȒțȩȗª

Ȗ©șȖȦȓțȩȗȞȎȕȐșȓȥȓțȖȭªȫȚȖȑȞȎțȠȟȘȖȗȚȜșȜȒȜȗȥȓșȜȐȓȘȠȓșȖȦȓțțȩȗ

ȠȜȑȜȞȎȕȐșȓȥȓțȖȭȘȜȠȜȞȜȓȒȎȬȠȡȥȎȟȠȖȓȐȞȎȏȜȠȓȖȔȖȕțȖȒȞȡȑȖȣșȬȒȓȗ

ȐȜȕȚȜȔțȜȟȠȪȝȞȖșȜȔȖȠȪȟȐȜȖȟȖșȩȘȜȠȐȓȠȟȠȐȓțțȜȗȝȓȞȓȒșȬȒȪȚȖȒȓȭ

ȠȓșȪțȜȟȠȖµ>ǿȠȞȡȐȓ@

6WDUVLHPLJUDQFLQDWRPLDVWF]čĤFLHMVNãDQLDOLVLčNXWHPDWRZL5RVMLQS,ZDQ

%XQLQǴȖȕțȪǮȞȟȓțȪȓȐȎȀȓȚțȩȓȎșșȓȖ,ZDQ6]PLHORZǹȓȠȜDZȜȟȝȜȒțȓ

ǿȜșțȤȓȚȓȞȠȐȩȣ%RU\V=DMFHZǽȡȠȓȦȓȟȠȐȖȓDZșȓȏȎF]\$OHNVDQGHU.X

prin (ȌțȘȓȞȎ2F]\ZLĤFLHWHPDW5RVMLQLHUD]SRMDZLDãVLčWDNİHZXWZRUDFK

PãRGV]\FKSUR]DLNyZLRGZURWQLHVWDUV]HSRNROHQLHF]DVHPSLVDãRRVZRMHM

WHUDĮQLHMV]RĤFLQLHPQLHMMHGQDNPRİQDPyZLþRSHZQHMWHQGHQFML:VSRPLQDP\

RW\PQLHEH]SRZRGXZ\GDZDãRE\VLčERZLHPİHWHPDWİ\FLDQDREF]\ĮQLH

MHVWEDUG]LHMQDWXUDOQ\GOD=XURZDRND]DãRVLčLQDF]HM²WHPDWHPSRZLHĤFL

'DZQDSRGUyİ]UHV]WĈMDNLSRSU]HG]DMĈF\FKMĈQRZHOKadet i OjczyznaMHVW

5RVMD²MHGQDNQLH5RVMDLG\OOLF]QDVSU]HGUOHF]5RVMDSRJUĈİRQD

ZFKDRVLHZ\ZRãDQ\P,ZRMQĈĤZLDWRZĈLUHZROXFMĈEROV]HZLFNĈ*OHE6WUXZH

]ZUyFLãXZDJčQDWRİHÅǯȜșȪȦȖțȟȠȐȜȝȎȞȖȔȟȘȖȣȝȖȟȎȠȓșȓȗȚșȎȒȦȓȑȜ

ȝȜȘȜșȓțȖȭȏȩșȜȕȎțȭȠȜȟȎȚȖȟȜȏȜȗǵȡȞȜȐȔȓȏȩșȜȏȞȎȧȓțȘȐțȓȦțȓȚȡ

ȚȖȞȡǶȕȜȏȞȎȔȎȭȐȜȗțȡȖȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȬȜțȖȕȜȏȞȎȔȎșȖȟȠȖȣȖȗțȜȓȒȐȖȔȓ

țȖȓșȬȒȟȘȖȣȚȎȟȟȎțȓȠȜșȪȘȜȝȜȠȞȓȐȜȔȓțțȩȣȞȓȐȜșȬȤȖȓȗȥȓșȜȐȓȥȓȟȘȖȣ

ȜȟȜȏȓȗµ>ǿȠȞȡȐȓ@

:W\PWHPDW\F]Q\PSRGRELHęVWZLHPRİQDGRSDWU\ZDþVLčWHİSU]\F]\Q\

XZLHOELHQLD%XQLQDRF]\PĤZLDGF]ĈWDNİHVãRZD$OHNVDQGUD6RNRãRZDNWyU\

NRQVWDWRZDãÅȄȓțȠȞȎșȪțȜȗȠȓȚȜȗȞȎțțȖȣȖȝȎȞȖȔȟȘȖȣȐȓȧȓȗǵȡȞȜȐȎȐȟȓ

ȠȎȔȓȠȓȚȎǾȜȟȟȖȖǰȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜȗȚȓȞȓȠȓȚȎȠȖȥȓȟȘȎȭȏșȖȕȜȟȠȪțȓȘȜȠȜȞȩȣ

ȐȓȧȓȗǵȡȞȜȐȎȣȎȞȎȘȠȓȞșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞțȩȣȝȞȖȟȠȞȎȟȠȖȗȝȞȖȐșȓȘȎșȖȘțȓȚȡ

ǯȡțȖțȎµ>ǿȜȘȜșȜȐ@

1LHW\ONRSUREOHPDW\NDOHF]WDNİHSU]HGHZV]\VWNLPSRHW\NDLPDQLHUD

SLVDUVNDZVND]XMĈQDZVSyOQRWčZDUWRĤFLZ\]QDZDQ\FKSU]H]%XQLQDLMHJR

ÅXF]QLDµ3RZLHĤþ'DZQDSRGUyİ]QDF]QLHRGELHJDRGG]LHZLčWQDVWRZLHF]QHM

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

WUDG\FMLNODV\F]QHMSRZLHĤFLURV\MVNLHM3R]EDZLRQDMHVWRQDZDUWNLHMDNFML

MDVQRSRVWDZLRQHJRFHQWUDOQHJRSUREOHPXZ\UDĮQLH]DU\VRZDQ\FKJãyZQ\FK

ERKDWHUyZVWDQRZLUDF]HM]ELyUOXĮQRSRZLĈ]DQ\FK]HVREĈDIDEXODUQ\FKHSL

]RGyZ]GXİĈGDZNĈOLU\]PXZNWyU\FKQDNUHĤORQD]RVWDãDV\WXDFMDSROLW\F]

QRVSRãHF]QD5RVMLSRF]ĈWNX;;Z:SLVXMHVLč]DWHP=XURZ]HVZRLPWHNVWHP

ZQXUWQHRUHDOL]PXNWyU\VWDQRZLVZRLVWĈV\QWH]čUHDOL]PXV\PEROL]PX

LPSUHVMRQL]PXLOLU\]PX-DNSU]HNRQXMH6HUJLHM7X]NRZÅǻȓȜȞȓȎșȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȎȭ

ȝȎȞȎȒȖȑȚȎȝȞȓȒȝȜșȎȑȎȓȠȏȜșȓȓȦȖȞȜȘȖȗȝȜȟȞȎȐțȓțȖȬȟȘșȎȟȟȖȥȓȟȘȖȚ

ȞȓȎșȖȕȚȜȚȐȕȑșȭȒțȎȚȖȞȖȥȓșȜȐȓȘȎȏȩȠțȎȟȩȧȎȓȠȟȭȏȩȠȖȓȚȎȠȎȘȔȓ

ȠȭȑȜȠȓțȖȓȘȝȟȖȣȜșȜȑȖȕȚȡȟȖțȠȓȕȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțțȜȑȜȖȢȖșȜȟȜȢȟȘȜȎțȠȞȜ

ȝȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȜȑȜțȎȥȎșțȓȜȚȖȢȜșȜȑȖȕȚµ>ȀȡȕȘȜȐ@

1DWHV]F]HJyOQHFHFK\=XURZVNLHMSUR]\]ZUyFLãXZDJčWDNİH%URQLVãDZ

.RG]LVNWyU\VWZLHUG]LãÅ«ȚȜșȜȒȜȗȝȖȟȎȠȓșȪ=XURZ²3:ȭȞȘȜȝȞȜȒȓ

ȚȜțȟȠȞȖȞȜȐȎșȟȐȜȬȖȚȝȞȓȟȟȖȜțȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȡȬȚȎțȓȞȡȝȖȟȪȚȎțȎȤȓșȓțțȡȬ

ȐȝȓȞȐȡȬȜȥȓȞȓȒȪțȎȐȜȟȝȞȜȖȕȐȓȒȓțȖȓȟȡȏȨȓȘȠȖȐțȩȣȜȧȡȧȓțȖȗȖțȎȟȠȞȜ

ȓțȖȗȝȜȐȓȟȠȐȜȐȎȠȓșȭµ>ǸȜȒȕȖȟ@

&KRFLDİNDQZčIDEXODUQĈ'DZQHMSRGUyİ\VWDQRZLĈZ\GDU]HQLDKLVWR

U\F]QHWRZFHQWUXP]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD=XURZD]QDMGXMHVLčWDNQDSUDZGčQLH

KLVWRULDDOHF]ãRZLHNVWDZLDQ\ZVNUDMQLHWUXGQ\FKV\WXDFMDFK]PXV]DQ\

GRSRGHMPRZDQLDQLH]Z\NOHZDİQ\FKGHF\]MLQDWXU\PRUDOQHM-DNZVND]XMH

VDPW\WXãXWZRUXPRW\ZHPSU]HZRGQLP'DZQHMSRGUyİ\MHVWPRW\ZGURJL

NWyU\]DMPRZDãQLH]Z\NOHZDİQHPLHMVFHUyZQLHİZWZyUF]RĤFL%XQLQDRF]\P

ĤZLDGF]\PRQRJUDILD$QQ\0DMPLHVNXãRZ%\GJRVNDEDGDF]NDSRGNUHĤOD

İHZčGUyZNDERKDWHUDOLWHUDFNLHJRF]čVWRR]QDF]DQLHW\ONRMHJRSU]HPLHV]F]DQLH

VLčZSU]HVWU]HQLOLQHDUQHMDOHWDNİHUXFKZSU]HVWU]HQLHVWHW\F]QRPRUDOQHM

,QDF]HMU]HF]XMPXMĈFPLDQHPKRPRYLDWRURNUHĤOLþPRİHP\UyZQLHİERKD

WHUDNWyU\SU]HFKRG]LZHZQčWU]QĈPHWDPRUIR]č>0DMPLHVNXãRZ@

:'DZQHMSRGUyİ\RILFHU$OHNVDQGHU1D]LPRZLV]HUHJRZ\İRãQLHU]7LPRILHM

0DNVLPRZSRGUyİXMĈZ]QDF]HQLXGRVãRZQ\PRUD]SU]HFKRG]ĈHZROXFMč

GXFKRZĈQDNWyUĈZSã\ZDMĈGRĤZLDGF]HQLDZRMHQQH:UDFDMĈRQL]IURQWX

GRURG]LQQ\FKGRPyZWDNZLčFPRW\ZGURJLãĈF]\VLč]PRW\ZHPSRZURWX

LELEOLMQ\PREUD]HPV\QDPDUQRWUDZQHJRZUDFDMĈFHJRQDãRQRURG]LQ\-DN

VLčMHGQDNRND]XMHRVLĈJQLčFLHSU]H]QLFKFHOXQLHNRęF]\LFKSRGUyİ\²5RVMD

NWyUĈ]RVWDZLDOLZ\MHİGİDMĈFQDIURQWMXİRGHV]ãDLQLJG\QLHZUyFL2GQD

OH]LHQLHVLčZQRZHMV\WXDFMLMHVWEDUG]RWUXGQH%RKDWHURZLHWHNVWX=XURZD

]RVWDOLVND]DQLQDZLHF]QDWXãDF]Nč

:DİQHPLHMVFHZNRQWHNĤFLHUR]SDWU\ZDQLDPRW\ZXGURJLZSRZLHĤFL'DZ- QDSRGUyİ]DMPXMHPLWRORJHPNROHLİHOD]QHMSRMDZLDMĈF\VLčZZLHOXXWZRUDFK

=XURZD2EUD]NROHLFKDUDNWHU\]XMHVLčERJDWĈVHPDQW\NĈ:'DZQHMSRGUyİ\

SU]\QRVLQDMF]čĤFLHMSR]\W\ZQHNRQRWDFMHSU]\EOLİDERZLHPERKDWHUyZSRZLHĤFL

GRURG]LQQHJRGRPX:LGRN]EOLİDMĈFHJRVLčGRVWDFMLSRFLĈJXPDMĈFHJR]DEUDþ

İRãQLHU]\GRLFKJQLD]GURG]LQQ\FKZ\ZRãXMHZQLFKRJURPQĈUDGRĤþÅȁȐȟȓȣ

2GFKRG]ĈFD5RVMDZSRZLHĤFL'DZQDSRGUyİLeonida Zurowa 

ȟȐȓșȜșȖȤȎȘȜȑȒȎȐȒȎșȖȖȕȕȎȟȓȭțțȜȗȘȞȡȝȜȗȒȎșȖȝȜȘȎȕȎșȟȭȒȩȚǼȒ

ǾȜȟȟȖȖȚȓȒșȓțțȜȦȓșȝȜȓȕȒ

²ǻȡȘȎȘǺȎȘȟȖȚȜȐ"ǸȎȘȕȓȚșȭȥȜȘ"²ȞȎȒȜȟȠțȜȟȘȎȕȎșȠȜȝȠȎȐȦȖȗȟȭ

ȜȘȜșȜȚȓȦȘȜȐȚȎșȓțȪȘȖȗȘȜȞȜȠȘȜțȜȑȖȗȟȜșȒȎȠ

²DzȜȚȜȗȓȒȓȚ²ȜȠȐȓȠȖșǺȎȘȟȖȚȜȐ²ǽȜȦșȖțȎșȖțȖȬȞȓȏȭȠȎ

ǽȎȞȜȐȜȕȠȓȝșȜȖșȓȑȘȜȕȎȒȩȚȖșǻȡȟșȎȐȎǯȜȑȡȃȜȞȜȦȜ ȝȜǾȜȟȟȖȖȝȜȦȓșZ\UyİQLHQLH²3:µ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

8İ\FLHSU]\VãyZNyZÅFLHSãRµÅOHNNRµLÅGREU]HµZVND]XMHQDVWDQGXFKD

RF]HNXMĈF\FKQDSRFLĈJİRãQLHU]\²]MHGQHMVWURQ\RGF]XZDMĈRQLXOJčG]LčNL

WHPXİHSR]RVWDZLDMĈ]DVREĈIURQWNWyU\RGFLVQĈãQDLFKGXV]DFKQLH]DFLH

UDOQ\ĤODG]GUXJLHMİ\ZLĈQDG]LHMčQDSRZUyWGRQRUPDOQRĤFLVSRNRMQHJR

İ\FLDQDURV\MVNLHMSURZLQFML

'ãXJDFLĈJQĈFDVLčSU]H]ZLHOHGQLSRGUyİSREXG]DãDGRZVSRPLQDQLD

WHJRFRİRãQLHU]HSR]RVWDZLDOL]DVREĈ,FKHPRFMHFHFKXMHDPELZDOHQFMDUR]

GDUFLHZHZQčWU]QH1D]LPRZQLHSRWUDILF]HUSDþSHãQLV]F]čĤFLD]WHJRİHMXİ

QLHGãXJR]REDF]\VLč]PDWNĈERZLHPSU]HGMHJRRF]DPLSRMDZLDMĈVLčNDGU\

]IURQWXNWyUHZ\ZRãXMĈZ\U]XW\VXPLHQLD²ERKDWHUF]XMHVLčQLH]UčF]QLH

]WHJRSRZRGXİHXGDãRPXVLčSU]Hİ\þÅǰȟȓȒȎșȪȦȓȜȠȣȜȒȖșȢȞȜțȠȀȭȔȓșȜ

ȏȩșȜȒȡȚȎȠȪȥȠȜȠȎȚțȎȏȞȎȠȟȘȖȣȘșȎȒȏȖȧȎȣ²țȜȥȪȥȠȜǻȖȘȜșȎȓȐȖȒȞȡ

ȑȖȓȝȜȑȖȏșȖȎȜțȓȒȓȠȘȚȎȠȓȞȖȖȞȎȒȡȓȠȟȭȥȠȜȐȟȓȝȜȕȎȒȖȖȓȔȓȒțȓȐțȜȓ

ȜȔȖȒȎțȖȓȟȚȓȞȠȖȖȥȎȟȠȩȓȝȜȑȞȓȏȓțȖȭȖȡȠȞȓțțȖȗȐȠȓȚȎțȓȜȠȞȎȔȓțțȩȗ

șȓȟȜȚȝȡșȓȚȓȠțȩȗȦȡȚµ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

:DJRQ\SRFLĈJXVWDMĈVLčQDPRPHQWGODMHJRSDVDİHUyZD]\OHPW\PF]D

VRZ\PGRPHPRGG]LHODMĈF\PLFKRGZURJLHJRĤZLDWD7\ONRNUyWNLHSU]\VWDQNL

QDNROHMQ\FKVWDFMDFKSU]\SRPLQDã\LPSRQRZQLHRRNUXFLHęVWZDFKZRMQ\

²RJOĈGDOLRQLERZLHPPDVRZHJURE\W\FKNWyU]\PLHOLPQLHMV]F]čĤFLDLMXİ

QLJG\QLHSRZUyFĈGRVZ\FKQDMEOLİV]\FK>ǵȡȞȜȐ@įRãQLHU]HF]XMĈ

MHGQDNİHLFKEH]SLHF]HęVWZRMHVWLOX]RU\F]QHL]DFKRZXMĈFSR]RU\EH]WURVNL

ZU]HF]\ZLVWRĤFLGUčF]HQLVĈUR]U\ZDMĈFĈWčVNQRWĈ0RW\ZWčVNQRW\]DXWUD

FRQ\PUDMHPZ'DZQHMSRGUyİ\XND]DQ\]RVWDãSRSU]H]SU]\JQčELDMĈFĈSLHĤę

ZVSyOQLHĤSLHZDQĈSU]H]1D]LPRZDLMHJRWRZDU]\V]\

ǺȩȠȞȖȑȜȒȎȝȞȜȟșȡȔȖșȖ

ǻȖȜȥȓȚȚȩțȓȠȡȔȖșȖ

ǿȠȎșȥȓȠȐȓȞȠȩȗțȎȟȠȡȝȎȠȪ² ǿȠȎșȖȒȡȚȎȠȪȒȎȑȎȒȎȠȪ

ǸȎȘȏȩȒȜȚȎȝȜȏȩȐȎȠȪ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

0LWRORJHPSRFLĈJXZSRZLHĤFL=XURZDW\ONRSR]RUQLHSU]\QRVLVSRNyMEH]

SLHF]HęVWZRLXNRMHQLH7RUDF]HMZ\REUDİHQLDİRãQLHU]\NWyU]\FKFĈZLHU]\þ

ZWRİHLFKWUXG\ODGDPRPHQWGRELHJQĈNRęFD:U]HF]\ZLVWRĤFLMHGQDNMDGĈ

RQLZQLH]QDQHGODF]čĤFL]QLFKQDWRPLDVWSRGUyİWD]DNRęF]\VLčĤPLHUFLĈ

:RMQDMHV]F]HVLčQLHVNRęF]\ãDDNUDMGRGDWNRZRSRJUĈİ\ãVLčZZHZQčWU]Q\P

FKDRVLH=ZROHQQLF\UHZROXFMLRNDİĈVLčQLHMHGQRNURWQLHEDUG]LHMEH]OLWRĤQL

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

QLİ1LHPF\1DQLHMHGQR]QDF]QRĤþV\PEROLNLNROHLİHOD]QHMZSUR]LH=XURZD

]ZUDFDXZDJčUyZQLHİ:LNWRULD=DFKDURZDNWyUDNRQNOXGXMHÅǰȚȖȢȜȝȜ

ȓȠȖȥȓȟȘȖȚȣȡȒȜȔȓȟȠȐȓțțȜȚȚȖȞȓǹǵȡȞȜȐȎȝȜȓȕȒȔȓșȓȕțȎȭȒȜȞȜȑȎțȓ

ȠȜșȪȘȜȞȎȕȒȓșȭȬȠȝȞȜȟȠȞȎțȟȠȐȎȖȐȞȓȚȓțȎțȜȝȜșȡȥȎȬȠȟȠȞȎȦțȩȗȐȓȘȠȜȞ

ȒȐȖȔȓțȖȭ²ȘȝȜȥȠȖțȓȖȕȏȓȔțȜȗȟȚȓȞȠȖǶȫȠȜȝȞȖȜȏȞȓȠȎȓȠȡȔȓȚȎȟȦȠȎȏ

ȜȏȧȓțȎȞȜȒțȜȗȠȞȎȑȓȒȖȖµ>ǵȎȣȎȞȜȐȎ@

1D]LPRZSRSRZURFLHGRGRPX]DXZDİDİHVĈVLHGQLPDMĈWHN]RVWDãGR

V]F]čWQLH]QLV]F]RQ\İHURG]LQQDRNROLFDRGDUWD]RVWDãD]HVZ\FKQDMZDİ

QLHMV]\FKDWU\EXWyZEH]SLHF]HęVWZDLEH]WURVNL=QLV]F]RQH.XGURZRVWDMH

VLčDOHJRULĈSU]HGZRMHQQHM5RVMLNWyUDMXİQLJG\QLHPDVLčRGURG]LþWDNĈ

MDNĈ]DSDPLčWDãMĈ1D]LPRZÅǿȚȓȞȘȎșȜȟȪȘȜȑȒȎȜțȝȜȒȜȦȓșȘǸȡȒȞȜȐȟȘȜ

ȚȡȝȎȞȘȡȟȒȐȡȚȭȑȜșȜțȓȟȠȩȚȖȓșȭȚȖǽȜȒȡȐȦȖȗȐȓȠȓȞȝȞȖțȓȟȘȞȓȝȘȖȗ

ȕȎȝȎȣȑȎȞȖǰȟȓȏȩșȜȟȜȔȔȓțȜǼȝȎșȓțțȩȓȒȓȞȓȐȪȭȥȓȞțȓșȖȐȟȡȚȓȞȘȎȣ

>@ǯȩșȜȠȖȣȜȠȞȓȐȜȔțȜțȓȣȜȞȜȦȜµ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

3U]HVWU]HęDUW\VW\F]QDZSRZLHĤFL'DZQDSRGUyİNRQVWUXRZDQDMHVWSU]H]

=XURZDQD]DVDG]LHNRQWUDVWX2EUD]RPĤPLHUFLPDVRZ\FKPRJLãHJ]HNXFML

LJUDELHQLDPDMĈWNyZSU]HFLZVWDZLD=XURZREUD]5RVMLVLHOVNLHMSHãQHMFLHSãD

VSRNRMXL]DSDFKXGRPRZ\FKSRWUDZ1LHVWHW\REUD]\Z\LGHDOL]RZDQHM5RVML

QDMF]čĤFLHMSRMDZLDMĈVLčZHZVSRPQLHQLDFKERKDWHUyZ=XURZVNLHMSRZLHĤFL

²UHDOQRĤþQDWRPLDVW]D]Z\F]DMQLHZ\REUDİDOQLHSU]\JQLDWDLUDQL:UDFDQLH

P\ĤODPLGRURG]LQQHJRGRPXSRPDJDãRSU]HWUZDþFLĈJQĈFHVLčZQLHVNRęF]R

QRĤþW\JRGQLHVSčG]RQHZRNRSDFKį\FLHQDIURQFLHVSU]\MDãRGRFHQLDQLXW\FK

DVSHNWyZİ\FLDSU]HGZRMQĈQDNWyUHZF]HĤQLHMQLH]ZUDFDãRVLčXZDJLĤZLDWãR

ODPS\NVLĈİNLLNRQDURVQĈFHSRGRNQHPV\SLDOQLGU]HZR>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

3U]HWUZDþRNUXFLHęVWZRZRMQ\SR]DZVSRPLQDQLHPD]\OXGRPRZHJRSRPD

JDã\F]čVWHPRGOLWZ\:RNRSDFKNLHG\MXİVLčĤFLHPQLDãR]DSDWU]HQLQLHER

İRãQLHU]HPRGOLOLVLčZVDPRWQRĤFLQLHSR]ZDODMĈF]JDVQĈþWOĈFHMVLčMHV]F]H

ZQLFKQDG]LHLQDV]F]čĤOLZ\SRZUyWGRGRPX>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

0RGOLWZDMHVWMHGQ\P]QDMF]čĤFLHMSRZUDFDMĈF\FKPRW\ZyZQDVWURQLFDFK

=XURZVNLHM'DZQHMSRGUyİ\$XWRUMDVQRGDMHGR]UR]XPLHQLDİHWRWUDG\FMD

SUDZRVãDZQDMHVWW\PFRSRPDJDSU]HWUZDþQDURGRZLURV\MVNLHPXQDMWUXG

QLHMV]HFKZLOH0RGOĈVLčQLHW\ONR]QDMGXMĈF\VLčQDIURQFLHİRãQLHU]HDOH

WDNİHLFKURG]LQ\=XURZSRND]XMHİHZRMQDGRWNOLZLHGRĤZLDGF]DQLHW\ONR

W\FKNWyU]\XF]HVWQLF]ĈZQLHMEH]SRĤUHGQLROHF]WDNİHW\FKNWyU]\]WUXGHP

]QRV]ĈUR]ãĈNčLQLHXVWDQQ\VWUDFKSU]HGĤPLHUFLĈQDMEOLİV]\FK5yZQLHİ

LZW\PSU]\SDGNXXNRMHQLHSU]\QRVLİDUOLZDZLDUD0DWND1D]LPRZD²

'DULD)LRGRURZQD²ZVSRPLQDĤZLčWD:LHONLHMQRF\VSčG]RQHZVSyOQLH]V\QHP

8F]HVWQLFWZR ZH PV]\ ĤZLčWHM QLHVLH ]H VREĈ RJURPQĈ UDGRĤþ /LWXUJLD

ZSRZLHĤFL=XURZDXUDVWDGRUDQJLPLVW\F]QHJRREU]čGXÅǻȎȥȎșȎȟȪȘȎȘȎȭȠȜ

ȝȞȓȜȏȞȎȔȓțțȎȭȟȐȓȠșȎȭȟșȡȔȏȎȟșȜȐțȜțȓȟȦȎȭȐȟȓȞȎȒȜȟȠȖȖȟȥȎȟȠȪȓ

ȒȞȓȐțȜȟȠȖǾȎȒȜȟȠțȜȝȓșȣȜȞȜȐȜȟȘȞȓȟȦȓȚȃȞȖȟȠȓȟȐȭȧȓțțȖȘȘȎȒȖș

ȘșȎțȭșȟȭȣȞȖȟȠȜȟȜȐȎșȟȭȖȓȚȡȜȠȐȓȥȎșȎȐȟȭȤȓȞȘȜȐȪµ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

2GFKRG]ĈFD5RVMDZSRZLHĤFL'DZQDSRGUyİLeonida Zurowa 

8F]HVWQLFWZRZHPV]\UR]ĤZLHWODGXV]HMHMXF]HVWQLNyZLRWDF]DMĈFĈLFK

SU]\URGčÅǰȜȕȐȞȎȧȎșȖȟȪțȎȞȎȟȟȐȓȠȓǿșȜȐțȜȜȚȩȠȜȓȏȜșȪȦȜȓȞȜȕȜȐȜȓ

ȟȜșțȤȓȐȩȣȜȒȖșȜȖȕȕȎșȓȟȎDzȜȞȜȑȎȦșȎȝȜȐȓȟȓșȩȚȕȎȠȜȝșȓțțȩȚșȡȑȎȚ

ȖȘȎȕȎșȎȟȪȘȜȞȜȥȓǿȏȜșȪȦȎȘȎȏȩșȖǵȎȟȓȘȖȒȜȚȑȒȓȜțȎ'DULD)LRGRURZ

QD²3:ȝȞȜȔȖșȎȔȖȕțȪȖȑȒȓȞȜȒȖșȎȟȩțȎµ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

6SRĤUyGLQQ\FKPRW\ZyZFKU]HĤFLMDęVNLFKSRNWyUHVLčJD=XURZZDUWR

ZVSRPQLHþWDNİHRBibliiNWyUHMOHNWXUDUHJXODUQLHNRLãDWčVNQRWč$QDVWD]ML

0LFKDMãRZQHM]DXWUDFRQ\PV\QHPģZLčWD.VLčJDE\ãDPLPRZROQ\PĤZLDGNLHP

QDMZDİQLHMV]\FKVFHQ]İ\FLD$QDVWD]ML0LFKDMãRZQHMRF]\PĤZLDGF]ĈSRF]HU

QLDãHLOXVWUDFMH]DNãDGNL]NZLDWyZLZ\EODNãHQRWDWNLURELRQHQDPDUJLQHVDFK

MHV]F]HSU]H]G]LDGNDREHFQHMZãDĤFLFLHONL6WDMHVLčBibliaZW\PNRQNUHWQ\P

SU]\SDGNXV\PEROHPİDUOLZHMZLDU\LRJURPQHMZDUWRĤFLMDNĈMHVWURG]LQD

DWDNİHV\PEROHPGDZQHM5RVMLSDGDMĈFHMSRGFLRVDPLZRMHQQRUHZROXF\MQHM

]DZLHUXFK\'RGDMP\İHFKDUDNWHU\VW\ND3LVPDģZLčWHJR$QDVWD]ML0LFKDM

ãRZQHMMHVWMHGQ\P]OHSV]\FKPRPHQWyZRPDZLDQHMSRZLHĤFLGODWHJRZDUWR

SU]\WRF]\þFKRþIUDJPHQWWHJRSRUXV]DMĈFHJRRSLVXÅǯȖȏșȭȏȩșȎȒȞȓȐțȭȭ

ȐȒȡȏȜȐȜȚȜȏȠȭțȡȠȜȚȘȜȔȓȗȝȓȞȓȝșȓȠȓ«ǼȠșȖȟȠȜȐȝȎȣșȜȐȜȟȘȜȚȖȕȞȓ

șȜȗȕȓȚșȮȗ«ǺȓȔȟȠȞȎțȖȤșȓȔȎșȖșȮȑȘȖȓșȎțȒȩȦȖȞȜȕȩȔȎȟȚȖțȩ

«ȖȘșȓțȜȐȩȓșȖȟȠȪȭǯȖȏșȖȭȏȩșȎȐȤȐȓȠțȩȣȕȎȘșȎȒȘȎȣȏȎȏȘȖțȎ

ȝȎȞȥȜȐȎȭ²ȟȓȞȓȏȞȭțȩȓȠȞȎȐȩȝȜȕȓșȮțȜȚȡȝȜșȬȖșȬȏȖȚȎȭȚȎȠȓȞȖțȟȘȎȭ

²ȑȜșȡȏȎȭȟȏȖȟȓȞțȜȗȐȩȦȖȐȘȜȗȖȒȓȐȖȥȪȭȠȮȚțȜȟȖțȭȭșȓțȠȎȖȕȘȜȟȩ

dzȮǮțȎȟȠȎȟȖȭǺȖȣȎȗșȜȐțȎȝȜșȜȔȖșȎȐȒȓțȪȟȐȎȒȪȏȩǿȞȓȒȖȕȎȘșȎȒȜȘ

ȏȩșȎȎșȎȭȎțțȓțȟȘȎȭșȓțȠȎȟȩțȎȟțȭȠȎȭȓȬȟȞȡȘȜȭȠȘȖȓȑȜȦȎȦȘȖµ

>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

1DOHİ\SRGNUHĤOLþİHFKRþMDNMXİZ\İHM]DXZDİRQROHMWPRW\ZHPSRZLHĤFL

'DZQDSRGUyİMHVWPRW\ZGURJLWR]DXZDİDOQHMHVWZW\PXWZRU]HSU]HQLH

VLHQLHĤURGNDFLčİNRĤFL]HOHPHQWyZG\QDPLF]Q\FKQDVWDW\F]QH1LHZDUWND

DNFMDLG]LDãDQLDZ\EUDQ\FKERKDWHUyZGRPLQXMĈZ=XURZVNLPXWZRU]HOHF]

RSLV\SU]HVWU]HQLDUW\VW\F]QHMRUD]ZVSRPQLHQLDHPRFMHLSU]Hİ\FLDERKD

WHUyZ:DUWRGRGDþİH=XURZ]MHGQHMVWURQ\PDVNãRQQRĤFLGRODNRQL]PX

NWyU\QLHMHGQRNURWQLH]ZLčNV]D]QDF]HQLRZĈQRĤQRĤþSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKREUD]yZ

]GUXJLHM]DĤMHJRRSLV\QRV]Ĉ]QDPLRQDGHWDOL]DFML:VSRPQLDQDZ\İHMBiblia

GU]HZRSLHFRNQRODPSDF]\NVLĈİNDXUDVWDMĈGRUDQJLV\PEROyZVNãDQLDMĈ

ERKDWHUyZGRUHIOHNVMLLZ\ZRãXMĈSRWRNZVSRPQLHę-HGQ\P]WDNLFK]SR]RUX

QLHLVWRWQ\FKPRW\ZyZREUD]yZMHVWSLHF3RSRZURFLH1D]LPRZD]IURQWXMHJR

URG]LQQ\GRP]PLHQLDVZRMHREOLF]H:F]DVLHMHJRQLHREHFQRĤFLNUyORZDã\WX

FLV]DLVPXWHNDWHUD]ÅǽȓȥȪȐȓȟȓșȜȝȜȡȠȞȓțțȓȚȡȝȜȠȞȓȟȘȖȐȎșȎǰȘȜȚțȎȠȓ

ȝȎȣșȜȏȓȞȓȕȜȐȩȚȖȒȞȜȐȎȚȖȖȭȏșȜȘȎȚȖǸȜȑȒȎȜțȝȞȜȟțȡșȟȭȟțȓȑȕȎȜȘțȜȚ

ȡȔȓȟȖșȪțȜȏșȓȟȠȓșµ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@3LHFVWDQRZLãQDMZDİQLHMV]HPLHMVFH

ZZLHMVNLHMFKDFLH7RRGQLHJRHPDQXMHFLHSãRNWyUHĤZLDGF]\RSRP\ĤOQRĤFL

URG]LQ\7RSU]\SLHFXVLDGDãRVLčZVSyOQLHİHE\VLčRJU]DþRUD]SU]\JRWR

Z\ZDQRSRVLãNL&RZLčFHMJRUHMĈF\ZSLHFXSãRPLHęPRİHWDNİHRGV\ãDþGR

V\PEROLNLFKU]HĤFLMDęVNLHMZWUDG\FMLELEOLMQHMMHVWWRERZLHPDUFKHW\SLF]Q\

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

REUD]%RJD>6]\PRQLN@1DVWURQLFDFK'DZQHMSRGUyİ\F]čVWRSRZUD

FDWDNİHREUD]ODPS\ODWDUQLNWyUHMĤZLDWãRUR]SUDV]DMĈFHFLHPQRĤþSU]\QRVL

XNRMHQLHLQDG]LHMčQDOHSV]ĈSU]\V]ãRĤþQSÅǻȎȟȠȓțȓȝȜȟșȓȒțȓȑȜȐȎȑȜțȎ

ȐȖȟȓșȢȜțȎȞȪǻȎȞȎȟȟȐȓȠȓȓȑȜȠȜșȟȠȜȓȟȠȓȘșȜȘȞȎȟțȓșȜȑșȎȕȘȜȚµÅȁȜȏȞȎȕȎ

ȠȓȝșȖșȎȟȪșȎȚȝȎȒȎȀȎȘȔȓȟȝȎȟȖȠȓșȪȐȜȒțȜȗȞȡȘȓȒȓȞȔȎșȞȎȟȘȞȩȠȜȓ

dzȐȎțȑȓșȖȓȎȝȞȎȐȜȗȠȜțȘȜȗȟȜȟșȜȔȓțțȩȚȖȝȓȞȟȠȎȚȖȏșȎȑȜȟșȎȐșȭșµ

>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

-HİHOLFKRG]LQDWRPLDVWRPRW\Z\PLHMVFDWRV]F]HJyOQHJR]QDF]HQLDQD

ELHUDMĈWXVDGLFPHQWDU]6DGMHVWMHGQ\P]V\PEROyZRMF]\]Q\%RKDWHURZLH

SRZUDFDMĈF\]IURQWXVSDFHUXMĈFSRVDG]LHRGQDMGXMĈZHZQčWU]Q\VSRNyM

L]UR]U]HZQLHQLHPZVSRPLQDMĈPLQLRQHV]F]čĤOLZHODWDG]LHFLęVWZDLPãRGRĤFL

ÅdzșȖȖȏȓȞȓȕȩȜȏȓȞȓȑȎșȖȟȠȎȞȩȗȕȎȟȓȘȟȘȖȗȟȎȒȜȠȐȓȠȞȜȐǿȎȒȐȩȒȓȞȔȎș

ȚȜȞȜȕȩȐȪȬȑȖȓȑȜȕȎȏȜȞȜȝȡȟȠȖșȟȭȭȏșȜțȖȘȎȕȎșȖȟȪȘȜȞȜȠȘȜȟȠȐȜșȩȚȖ

ȖțȖȕȘȖȚȖǻȓȏȜȥȖȟȠȖșȜȟȪǰȖȒțȩȏȩșȖȚȖșȩȓȒȓȞȓȐȓțȟȘȖȓȕȐȓȕȒȩȬ

ǼțȐȟȓȑȒȎșȬȏȖșȐȜȕȐȞȎȧȎȭȟȪȟȝȜșȭȐȓȥȓȞȜȚȟȚȜȠȞȓȠȪțȎȞȜȒțȜȗȡȟȎ

ȒȓȏțȩȗȒȜȚµ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

:UD]]NROHMQ\PLUR]G]LDãDPLSRZLHĤFLLQDVLODQLHPVLčDNWyZWHUURUX

NWyUHJRGRĤZLDGF]DOLMHMERKDWHURZLH]PLHQLDVLčUyZQLHİVHPDQW\NDVDGX

NWyU\WDNMDNZ:LĤQLRZ\PVDG]LH (ǰȖȦțȓȐȩȗȟȎȒ$QWRQD&]HFKRZD]DF]\QD

V\PEROL]RZDþRGFKRG]ĈFĈ5RVMč²5RVMčZVWDQLHDJRQLL6\PEROLF]QHJR]QD

F]HQLDQDELHUDWX]DVWU]HOHQLHZVDG]LH1D]LPRZ\FK]DMĈFD²RVWDWQLHPLHMVFH

VWDQRZLĈFHRD]čVSRNRMXLVZRLVW\D]\O]RVWDãR]EUXNDQHNUZLĈLSU]HVWDãRE\þ

EH]SLHF]QH>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

$PELZDOHQFMDFHFKXMHUyZQLHİREUD]FPHQWDU]DZSRZLHĤFL'DZQDSRGUyİ

1DSRF]ĈWNXXWZRUXQHNURSROLDMDZLVLčMDNRPLHMVFHSU]\JQčELDMĈFH:F]DVLH

ZRMQ\F]čVWRQLHE\ãRZDUXQNyZDE\]JRGQRĤFLĈSRFKRZDþNDİGHJRSROHJãHJR

>ǵȡȞȜȐ@:LQQ\PPLHMVFXSRZLHĤFLFPHQWDU]QDELHUDVHPDQW\NLGRPX

$QQD0LFKDMãRZQDSRĤPLHUFLV\QDF]čVWRSU]\FKRG]LãDPRGOLþVLčQDMHJRPRJLãč

3RF]ĈWNRZHSU]\JQčELHQLHMHGQDN]F]DVHPXVWĈSLãRDFPHQWDU]VWDãVLčGOD

PDWNLPLHMVFHPSU]\MD]Q\PZNWyU\PPRİHRQDSU]HE\ZDþEOLVNRV\QDÅǼțȎ

$QQD0LFKDMãRZQD²3:ȝȜșȬȏȖșȎȘșȎȒȏȖȧȓȘȎȘȟȐȜȬȒȡȏȜȐȡȬȞȜȧȡ

ȘȎȘȒȜȚȘȜȠȜȞȩȗțȡȔțȜȜȏȔȖȠȪǼțȎȣȜȕȭȗȟȠȐȓțțȜȑȞȡȟȠțȜȟșȘȒȖșȎȕȎ

ȚȜȑȖșȎȚȖȝȞȖțȜȟȖșȎȤȐȓȠȩȟȐȜȓȑȜȟȎȒȎȞȓȕȓȒȡȎțȬȠȖțȩȑșȎȕȘȖȖȟȎȔȎșȎ

ȖȣȞȎȕȞȩȣșȭȭȕȓȚșȬȞȡȘȜȗǻȎȥȖțȎȭȟȐȓȟțȩșȎțȒȩȦȖȞȎȕȐȓȞȠȩ

ȐȎȬȠțȎȚȜȑȖșȎȣȠȓȚțȩȓȠȞȡȏȘȖǹȓȠȜȚțȎȚȜȑȖșȎȣȤȐȓȠȓȠȥȖȟȠȜȠȓș ȐȏȓȞȓȕȜȐȜȗșȖȟȠȐȓȝȜȬȠȝȠȖȤȩµ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@-XİWHQQLHZLHONLIUDJPHQW

SRND]XMHİHZ\NUHRZDQ\SU]H]=XURZDREUD]FPHQWDU]D]QDF]QLHRGELHJDRG

MHJRWUDG\F\MQ\FKXMčþOLWHUDFNLFK

3RGVXPRZXMĈFQDV]HUR]ZDİDQLDPRİQDVWZLHUG]LþLİSRSU]H]EOLVNL

]ZLĈ]HN],ZDQHP%XQLQHP=XURZ²SU]HGVWDZLFLHOPãRGV]HJRSRNROHQLDHPL

JUDQWyZ²VLčJDãGRPRW\ZyZLFKZ\WyZDUW\VW\F]Q\FKFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FK

SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPGODVWDUV]HMJHQHUDFMLSLVDU]\URV\MVNLHM]DJUDQLF\'ODWHJR

WHİZFHQWUXP]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD=XURZD]QDOD]ãDVLč5RVMD/LQLčIDEXODUQĈ

2GFKRG]ĈFD5RVMDZSRZLHĤFL'DZQDSRGUyİLeonida Zurowa 

SRZLHĤFL'DZQDSRGUyİVWDQRZLĈZ\GDU]HQLDKLVWRU\F]QHMHGQDN]DGDQLHP

MDNLHSRVWDZLãSU]HGVREĈMHMDXWRUQLHE\ãRPLPHW\F]QHRGZ]RURZDQLHHSL]R

GyZ,ZRMQ\ĤZLDWRZHMLUHZROXFMLEROV]HZLFNLHMOHF]SU]HGVWDZLHQLHV\VWHPX

ZDUWRĤFLNWyU\PL²]GDQLHP=XURZD²SRZLQLHQNLHURZDþVLčZİ\FLXF]ãRZLHN

'RW\FKZDUWRĤFL]DOLF]\þPRİHP\PLãRĤþGREURJRGQRĤþLSRV]DQRZDQLH

]DUyZQRLQQ\FKMDNLVLHELHVDPHJR3LVDU]SU]HNRQXMHİHWHSRGVWDZRZH

ZDUWRĤFLPRİQDNRQWHPSORZDþQDZHWZF]DVDFK]ZĈWSLHQLDPRUDOQHJR1LH

RFHQLRQĈSRPRFQLHVLHWXİDUOLZDZLDUD²SUDZRVãDZLHZXWZRU]H=XURZD

VWDQRZLRSRNčGODXFLHPLčİRQHJRQDURGX=XURZQDSLVDãSRZLHĤþRRGFKRG]ĈFHM

5RVMLLVWRWDWHJRXWZRUX]RVWDãD]DZDUWDZSRQLİV]\PIUDJPHQFLHÅǻȜȥȪ

ȕȎȠȖȣȎșȎǰȟȓȜȥȖȧȎșȜȟȪȟȠȎșȎȐȖȒțȎșȡțȎȖȜțȒȡȚȎșȘȎȘșȓȒȓțȓȓȠ

ȑȜșȩȗǽȓȠȓȞȏȡȞȑȝȞȖȟȜȓȒȖțȓțțȩȗȘȒȓȞȓȐȭțțȩȚȑȜȞȜȒȎȚțȎȞȎȐțȖțȓ

ǶȐȝȞȓșȓȟȠȖȜȥȖȧȎȬȧȓȗȟȭȟȐȓȠȜȚȚȓȟȭȤȎțȜȥȖȔȖșȜȚȖȟȠȖȥȓȟȘȜȓȜȧȡȧȓ

țȖȓȘȜțȤȎȘȎȘȜȗȠȜȒȜșȑȜȗȫȝȜȣȖǮȘȞȡȑȜȚȒȡȚȎșȜțȐȟȓȠȜȔȓȝȜȘȞȩȠȜȓ

ȟțȓȑȜȚȝȜșȓȒȖȘȖȗșȓȟȎȐȝȓȞȓȒȖțȖȥȓȑȜțȓȖȕȐȓȟȠțȜțȜȒȡȦȎȥȡȐȟȠȐȡȓȠ

ȖȠȞȓȝȓȧȓȠȠȓȚȓȒȖțȟȠȐȓțțȩȚȠȞȓȝȓȠȜȚȘȜȠȜȞȩȗȞȜȒȖșȟȭȐȥȓșȜȐȓȥȓȟȘȖȣ

ȒȡȦȎȣȐȜȐȞȓȚȭȐȜȗțȩǰȟȓȏȓȟȝȞȓȒȓșȪțȜȜȠȘȞȩȠȜȖȏȓȟȝȜȧȎȒțȜǿțȜȐȎ

ȑȜșȜȗȖțȓȜȏȜȑȎȠȖȐȦȓȗȟȭșȓȔȎșȎȕȓȚșȭµ>ǵȡȞȜȐ@

%LEOLRJUDILD /LV5HQDWD:ORGDFK3URZDQVML:DUV]DZD6LF

0DMPLHVNXãRZ$QQD&KURQRWRSGURJLZSUR]LH,ZDQD%XQLQD%\GJRV]F]:63

Z%\GJRV]F]\

6]\PRQLN'DQXWD5RV\MVNDSRZLHĤþURG]LQQDVUHEUQHJRZLHNX/XEOLQ:\GDZ

QLFWZR80&6

:HJQHUVND%HDWD/HRQLG)HGRURYLĀ=XURYY%LEOLRWHNHIRQGHUXVVNRH]DUXEHçҿe NSRVWDQRYNHYRSURVD:3RZUyFLþGR5RVMLZLHUV]DPLLSUR]ĈOLWHUDWXUDURV\M- VNLHMHPLJUDFML²9HUQXWҿVkY5RVVL€VWLKDPLLSUR]RMOLWHUDWXUDUXVVNRJR]DUXEHçҿk

5HG1HIDJLQD*DOLQD6ãXSVN:\GDZQLFWZR$NDGHPLL3RPRUVNLHM>:HJQHUVND

%HDWDǹȓȜțȖȒȂȓȒȜȞȜȐȖȥǵȡȞȜȐȐǯȖȏșȖȜȠȓȘȓȢȜțȒȓȞȡȟȟȘȜȓȕȎȞȡȏȓȔȪȓ

ȘȝȜȟȠȎțȜȐȘȓȐȜȝȞȜȟȎ:3RZUyFLþGR5RVMLZLHUV]DPLLSUR]ĈOLWHUDWXUDURV\MVNLHM

HPLJUDFML²ǰȓȞțȡȠȪȟȭȐǾȜȟȟȖȬȟȠȖȣȎȚȖȖȝȞȜȕȜȗșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎȞȡȟȟȘȜȑȜȕȎȞȡȏȓ- ȔȪȭ5HG1HIDJLQD*DOLQD6ãXSVN:\GDZQLFWZR$NDGHPLL3RPRUVNLHM@

:HJQHUVND%HDWD/LUL]PYSRYHVWL/)=XURYD©.DGHWªÅ3ROLORJ6WXGLDQHRILOR

ORJLF]QHµQU>:HJQHUVND%HDWDǹȖȞȖȕȚȐȝȜȐȓȟȠȖǹȂǵȡȞȜȐȎ

©ǸȎȒȓȠªÅ3ROLORJ6WXGLD1HRILORORJLF]QHµQU@

*URPRYD$ULDGQD=DKDURYD9LNWRULkæL]QҿLWYRUĀHVWYR/)=XURYD 0RQRJUDILk

0RVNYD0*38>DZȞȜȚȜȐȎǮȞȖȎȒțȎǵȎȣȎȞȜȐȎǰȖȘȠȜȞȖȭǴȖȕțȪȖȠȐȜȞȥȓȟȠȐȜ

ǹȂǵȡȞȜȐȎǺȜțȜȑȞȎȢȖȭǺȜȟȘȐȎǺDZǽȁ@

=DKDURYD9LNWRULk0LIRORJHPDçHOH]QRMGRURJLYSUR]HUXVVNRMqPLJUDFLLSHUYRMYROQ\

,YDQ%XQLQ%RULV=DMFHY/HRQLG=XURY:6ãRZLDQLHQDHPLJUDFMLOLWHUDWXUD²

NXOWXUD²Mč]\N5HG.RG]LV%URQLVãDZ*LHM0DULD2SROH5DFLEyU]:\GDZQLFWZR

3DęVWZRZHM:\İV]HM6]NRã\=DZRGRZHMZ5DFLERU]X>ǵȎȣȎȞȜȐȎǰȖȘȠȜȞȖȭ

ǺȖȢȜșȜȑȓȚȎȔȓșȓȕțȜȗȒȜȞȜȑȖȐȝȞȜȕȓȞȡȟȟȘȜȗȫȚȖȑȞȎȤȖȖȝȓȞȐȜȗȐȜșțȩ

 3DWU\N:LWF]DN

ǶȐȎțǯȡțȖțǯȜȞȖȟǵȎȗȤȓȐǹȓȜțȖȒǵȡȞȜȐ:6ãRZLDQLHQDHPLJUDFMLOLWHUDWXUD

²NXOWXUD²Mč]\N5HG.RG]LV%URQLVãDZ*LHM0DULD2SROH5DFLEyU]:\GDZQLFWZR

3DęVWZRZHM:\İV]HM6]NRã\=DZRGRZHMZ5DFLERU]X@

=XURY/HRQLG'UHYQLMSXWҿ)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ3RVHY>ǵȡȞȜȐǹȓȜțȖȒ

DzȞȓȐțȖȗȝȡȠȪ)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQǽȜȟȓȐ@

.RG]LV%URQLVODY/LWHUDWXUQ\HFHQWU\UXVVNRJR]DUXEHçҿk3LVDWHOL7YRUĀHVNLH

obӀHGLQHQLk3HULRGLND.QLJRSHĀDWDQLH0QFKHQ>ǸȜȒȕȖȟǯȞȜțȖȟșȎȐǹȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞ- țȩȓȤȓțȠȞȩȞȡȟȟȘȜȑȜȕȎȞȡȏȓȔȪȭǽȖȟȎȠȓșȖȀȐȜȞȥȓȟȘȖȓȜȏȨȓȒȖțȓțȖȭ

ǽȓȞȖȜȒȖȘȎǸțȖȑȜȝȓȥȎȠȎțȖȓ0QFKHQ@

.X]QHFRYD*DOLQD*UDVVNLM'QHYQLN0RVNYD$VWUHOᦡ>ǸȡȕțȓȤȜȐȎDZȎșȖțȎ

DZȞȎȟȟȘȖȗ DzțȓȐțȖȘǺȜȟȘȐȎǮȟȠȞȓșȪ@

3HUHSLVND,$%XQLQDL*1.X]QHFRYRMV/)=XURY\P©1RY\MçXUQDOªNQ

>ǽȓȞȓȝȖȟȘȎǶǮǯȡțȖțȎȖDZǻǸȡȕțȓȤȜȐȜȗȟǹȂǵȡȞȜȐȩȚ©ǻȜȐȩȗ

ȔȡȞțȎșªȘț@

6RNRORY$OHNVDQGUSudҿE\UXVVNRMOLWHUDWXUQRMqPLJUDFLLKJRGRY0RVNYD

0*8>ǿȜȘȜșȜȐǮșȓȘȟȎțȒȞǿȡȒȪȏȩȞȡȟȟȘȜȗșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞțȜȗȫȚȖȑȞȎȤȖȖ

ȣȑȜȒȜȐǺȜȟȘȐȎǺDZȁ@

6WUXYH*OHE5XVVNDkOLWHUDWXUDYL]JQDQLL3DULç0RVNYD5XVVNLMSXWᦡ>ǿȠȞȡȐȓ

DZșȓȏǾȡȟȟȘȎȭșȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎȐȖȕȑțȎțȖȖǽȎȞȖȔǺȜȟȘȐȎǾȡȟȟȘȖȗȝȡȠȪ@

7X]NRY6HUJHM5XVVNDkSRYHVWҿ1DĀDODKKYHNDæDQUDYRWLSRORJLĀHVNLMDVSHNW

0RVNYD)OLQWD>ȀȡȕȘȜȐǿȓȞȑȓȗǾȡȟȟȘȎȭȝȜȐȓȟȠȪțȎȥȎșȎȃȃȐȓȘȎǴȎțȞȎ- ȐȜȠȖȝȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȖȗ ȎȟȝȓȘȠǺȜȟȘȐȎȂșȖțȠȎ@

Summary

/($9,1*5866,$,1/(21=8529·6129(/2/'-2851(<

7KLVSDSHUH[SORUHVWKHWKHPHRI5XVVLDLQWKHQRYHOOld journeyZULWWHQE\DZHOO

NQRZQQRYHOLVWRIWKHILUVWZDYHRI5XVVLDQHPLJUDWLRQLQWKHWKFHQWXU\/HRQLG=XURY

(PLJUDWLRQDOOLWHUDU\YLVLRQRI5XVVLDRYHUZKHOPHGE\WKHHOHPHQWRIUHYROXWLRQ

KDGDOVRLWVP\VWLFDODVSHFWZKHUHWKHVXIIHULQJRIWKHFRXQWU\ZDVLQWKHIRUHJURXQG

7KHPHVVLDQLFGLPHQVLRQLVLPSOLHGE\WKHPRWLIRI5XVVLD²WKHKRO\5XV

.RQWDNW]$XWRUHP

ZLWF]DNSWUN#ZSSO