Listy i Odpowiedzi.
Nowości wydawnicze.
C O B P E M EH H A H M bl C 71 fe
x ( M Y Ś L W S P Ó Ł C Z E S N A )
H A y M H I>I I I > K y P H A JI
r o A V H H B A P b 1950 JVs 1
Æ-p CT-aiiMCJiaB AinomyK
C T A H H C J IA B K P Y C M H C K M ÏÏ (M^eoJiorH'îecKMÜ CMJiysT)
CTaTbH nocBHLqena M3JioateHMio xapaKTepwcTUKH h B3rjiHS0B MOJiofloro neaTejiH
h TeopeTMKa, oAHoro m3 npeflinecTBeHHMKOB MapKCHCTCKOü mbicjimb nojibiue, CTa- nwcaaBa KpycHHCxoro, npeflCTaBJiaBiuero co6om HHTépecHyio HHflMBMflyaabHOCTb.
O p u r w H a jib H b iM , caM O C T O H T e jib H b iü M b ic jM T e jib , C TaH H C JiaB K p y c M H C K H M (y M e p b MOJioflOM B 0 3 p a c T e , Ha 29 r o f l y h c h3h h) n p e flC T a B J iH J i B e c b M a MirrepecHoe r m n e m e b K O H pe X IX CTOJICTMH. Oh H a n a n 6oPb6y c ro c n o flC T S o s a B u iM M b t o BP e Ma n o 3 n - TH BH 3U O H H s a fla B a J i TOH p a flH K a jib H O M y x p b i n y c T y f le i« e c K O Í i M O J io fle m n . X p y c w H - c k h ü n p M H a flJ ie a ta ji k H u c n y T e x , k t o y c K o p u ji n p o q e c c c o 3 f l aHMH h o b o m M A e o jio rn w ,
IipOTHBOnOJIOXCHOfi n0 3HTHBM3My.
C * HJio c o(Dc k o î î t o h k h speroin K p y c M H C K H M 6b « i M a T e p n a jin c T O M . B CBOHx p a c - c y jK fle H H H X OH « a m e n o jib S O B a n c H h c k o t o p b im m c p p a rM e H ra M iî Ä n a jie K Th k h. Ten ne M eH ee b c B o e ii T e o p w H MaTepwajiHCTMHecKoro MOHM3Ma K p y c H H C K n ii H e b u i c b -
Q o a e H OT H e n o c jie flO B a T e jib H O C T H . 0 6 o t o m, M e x c « y n p o n u M , C B H A e T e jib C T B ye T e r o n o - H H M aH H e T a x H a 3 , „ c o q u a j i b H o f t f l y i r a i ” .
K p ycM H C K M M n o f lB e p r kpmtmkg c o p w a J ib H b ie B 3 r jiH f lb i C n e H c e p a , xothm c a w b 3H a M M T e jib H o ii C T e neuM 6b u i e m e bo B J ia c r a T e o p w w o6m e c T B a - o p ra H n 3 M a .
B aKOHOMMHecKOń oojiacTO KpycHHCKMÜ noflBepr ocrpoii xpMTHKe B3r.7iHAfei Cy-IlMHCKOrO.
E in e u B H a n iu «h m H e x o T o p b ie o t p b i b k m jiH T e p a T y p H o r o H a cJie flM H K p y c M H C x o r o HM eiOT a x T y a j i b n o e S H a n e m e . Oa h m m m3 h h x h b j ih c t c h B 3 r jiH « K p y c M H C K o ro H a K JiaccoB O C Tb H a y K H m KpHTnica 6 y p jK y a 3 H o r o naTpwoTH3Ma w K 0 C M 0n 0JiH T H 3M a.
Kpyci-iHCKMii He 6biji MapKCMCTOM, x o t h h naxoflHJica noff MAeoJiorHHecKWM b j i m h-
HMeM MapKCH3Ma. HecMOTpn oflHaxo Ha HeycTOüHHBOCTb, HenocjieAOBaTejibHOCTb m
aalljiyjKAeHMH KpycMHCKoro, ero m e n HMejin nojioiKHTejibHoe SHanenwe b nepBOHa-HajibHbiii nepwoA b o3h m k h o b6h h h paöonero a b i o k c h h h b riojibiue.
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d a H H C J i a B K y 3 H H C K H M
COIJMAJIbHAfl TEOPMfl E AEPAMOBCKOrO
B cTaTbe flaHa nonwTKa MapKcwcrcKoro a H a m o a «eaTejibnocTw m TBopnecTBa
ASpaMOBCKoro. „
Abtop paaÖMBaeT omiiSoHHoe npeflCTaBJieHwe no Bonpocy o nojiommrejibHon operate ASpaMOBCKoro b hctopmm nojibCKoro paSonero «BusceHMH, yTBepxtAan, hto oh 6bui He TOJibKO 4>aHTacTOM, yTonwcTOM h HeBpeAHbiM MeHTaTejieM. ASpaMOB- CKHii, KaK Cy6’eKTHBHCTMHeCKHil HfleaJIHCT M aHapXHCT, B0 3ÄeÜCTB0BajI oTpwpaTejib- HBIm| T0pMO3HmMM 06pa30M Ha pa3BMTWe MapKCHCTCKOÍÍ MbICJXM B nOJIbUie. B TO
BpeMH, Kor^a paSonwii KJiacc yxte pyKOBOACTBOBaJicn HaynubiM conna.rnmioM, HMeji CBOM aeanrapA b Jinqe peBOJiiopnoHnow napTww m totobujich k ycTaHOBjierono anKTaTypbi npojieTapnaTa, AßpaMOBCKHÜ pasBHBaji cboh yTonnnecKne i-wei-i. 3th
Mflen 06’eKTMBHO cjiyjKMJiM flHKTaType Sypxcyasrai k cbomm ocTpueM Sbum nanpaB- jieHbi npoTHB copnaJiHCTHMecKoro rocyflapcTBa, npoTHB flWKTaTypbi npoJieTapwaTa
h paSoneii peBOJiiopMOHHOM napTMM,
B pane rjia B aBTop noABepraer noflpoÖHOM xpnTOKe ocHOBHbie nojiom erom A S pa-MOBCKOrO.
B nepBoü HacTH onepKa «ana Kpimnta HAeaxwcTHHecKoro counojiorMHecKoro
*eHOMeHaJiH3Ma ASpaMOBCKoro. CopuojiorunecKiiH cpeHOMGHajin3M ASpaMOBCKoro siBJiaeTCH OTpwpaHMeM yTBepjKAeraiii HCTOpunecKoro MaTepwajiM3Ma.
BTopan nacTb onepKa KpwTMKyeT Teoprao c o p w a jib H o r o pa3BHTMH b M3JioxteHMM ASpaMOBCKoro Bmccto AeiiCTBUTCJibiioM, i i o a j i m h h o í í peBOJiiopun, TeopwH ASpaMOB
C K o ro BbiABnrajia TpeSosarme „pesojnoipra cosec™” , i-ie napyrnan o c h o b Sypxcyaa-HOÖ B J ia C T H .
TpeTbH HacTb noAPOÖHO anajinanpyeT HAeajiMCTHHecKyw m b KopHe pe$opMHCT-
C K ym Teopmo „MopajibHoii peBoraopHH” ASpaMOBCKoro. Abtop AOKasaraaer, hto ara TeopwH HMejia onpeAeJieHHO peaKpnoiiHbiM xapaKTep.
HeTBepTan nacTb onepKa paccMaTpwBaeT Teopmo rocyAapcTBa m BHerocyAap- CTBeHHoro copnaJiM3Ma b M3Ji0JKeHMH ASpaMOBCKoro. Abtop yTsepmAaeT, hto oia TeopnH CTwpajia KjiaccoBbie npoTHBopennH n r jia B H o n pejibio CTaBWJia ceSe CAe- jiaTb HeBO3MO>KH0M peBOjiropmo npoJieTapwaTa. nponoacAjm Mupnoe spacTamie Ka- HHTajiMSMa B copnaJiM3M H jiosyHTO copwajibHoro cojiHAapwsMa, 3Ta TeopwH cflejia- Jiacb o n o p o n S y p m y a s H o r o r o c y A a p c T B a .
B HHTOM h nocjieAHeö nacTH Aana npHHpnnnajibHaa KpwTHKa Teopnn „Koonepa THBHOÜ pecnySjiHKPi” ASpaMOBCKoro. Abtop AOKasbisaeT, hto KoonepaTMBnan xeo- PMH ASpaMOBCKoro OTpbisaJia Bonpoc nepecrpoiiKW copwajibHoro yKjiaAa ot npo- SjieMbi nojiHTHHecKon SopbSbi pasonero KAacca. Teopna
jKMBaJia HJIJII0 3HPI, SyATO pe^opMHCTCKaa Koonepapnn b coctohhhh skohomuhcckh B b i T e c H H T b KanMTajiM3M M3 ccfcepbi noTpeSjieHHH h npowsBOACTBa.
B KOHue onepKa npriBeAeno nocTaHOBJieHwe MextAynapoAHoro ConnajincTnnecKoro C’esAa B KoneHrareHe, , OTopbiił Bbraec pesojiiopmo no Bonpocy o Koonepapnm BnecennaH JlenmibiM n noAAepmamiaH CÄHnJI pesojnopn« naMenaer naA^ema-
m r n oS’eM pi saAaHH noHHMaeMoń b copwajincTHHecKOM Ayxe KoonepapnM, kok oa- hom M3 (&OPM SopbSbi 3a nepeycTpoiiCTBO copnaJibHoro yKxaAa. Ho ara cfcopMa Sopb- Sbi recHO CBHsana c nojmTmiecKoń SopbSon paSonero Kxacca 3a B.nacTb. 3ra Teopnn AwaMeTpajibHo npoTMBonojiOJKHa Teopww ASpaMOBCKoro.
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n p o ij). a-P BorflaH Cyxoaojn>cxnń
K J IA C d K P M K A U Iia IIE A A r O r iIH E C K M X T E H E H I lï l
CTaTba npeflCTaBJiaeT co6oii nonbrrxy xJiaccMCpnKau,MM coBpeMeHHbix nesarorw- aecxwx TeaeHMM c tohkm 3pei-iMH MeToaojiorMaecxHx nprniipinoB Mapxcn3Ma. Hbjih- HCb nonwTKOM cBoero poaa npesBapuTejibHOÜ opweimipoBKH, CTaTba c t3b p it ce6e 3aflaaeü «axb „paßoayio KJiaccH&nxaLpHo” coBpeMeHHbix neaarorMaecxwx nanpa-BaeHMK.
Ab t o p iiaSpacbiBaeT xsaccoByio xapaxTepHCTHxy ochobhwx aepT neaaroruxw cpe-
Oflaaw3Ma w xapaxTepwcTMxy 6ypjxya3H0ii nporpaMMbi BOcnHTamia. Eypacya3Haa neaaroruxa ccpopMMposaaacb b nepwoa■6opb6w 6ypjxya3nn c cfc>eoflaan3MOM, KorÄa caMa 6ypxcya3na npeacTaBJiaaa eipe nexoTopwe noaoxcwTeabHbie nporpeccMBHbie yCTpeMJiemia. Ho aaJibHefimee pa3BHTne xamiTajiMCTMaecKOM s x o h o m m k h KopeHHbiM oSpa3 0M M3MeHnao xax MMpoBosspeHwe 6ypjxya3HM, Tax n ee neaaromaecxne npMHpunbi. B nepwofl MMnepnaan3Ma stot npopecc npMBeji k M3MeHeHmo TpaflM- HMOHHOä, nporpeccMBHOü neaaroraxw b neaarornxy peaKpMOHHyro, npncnoco6nji ee noaHOCTbK) k cjiyjKei-mro wHTepecaM xpynHOxannTaJinCTnaecxofi 6ypjxya3nw, a b He- KOTopbix cjiyaaax caejiaa ee aaste coio3HHpeü <ł>auiM3Ma.
Aaaee onncbraaeTCH npopecc BbipojxaeHHH SypjxyaaHO» neaaromxH b nepnoa MMnepnaansMa, npiiaeM b cxtaTOM BM«e npMBoawTCH hctopmh OTflejibHbix neaarorw- aecKiix TeaeHMM.
Ha cpoi-ie ynaaxa 6ypjxya3HO¿i neaarorMaecKoii mhcjih BbicTynaeT xpynnaa mcto- puaecxaa pojib copnaaHCTHaecKoü neaarorwKM, KOTopaa Hapoxtaaexca m pacTeT OTanaMM M yaaCTxaMW, xax BOcnwTaTejibHoe erpeiMiemie yrHeTaeMbix xjiaccoB.
Abtop noaaepxnBaeT 3HaaeHMe cob6tckmx aocraxteHHÜ b aeae bo3hmkhobchi4H
m pasBMTMH copMajmcTMaecKOM neaarorwKM. Hctophmstowhobom, coqnaancTnaecKoö neaaroruxa aoaxcen 6biTb nocBnipen cnepnajibHbiö oaepx.
reHpMX PaopT
K P E C T b S H C K O E B O C C T A H H E B JIE C K O B C K O M y E 3 3 E
Oaepx n o c B a m e H o n it c a n M io (Jjp a rM e H T O B Ö o p b S w K p e c T b H H n p o T H B a M K TaTy P b I n o a b C K O ü 6y p j K y a3MM. T a x w M cpparM C H T O M a s a a e T c a B O C C raH ne y x p a M H C X H X h
nojibCKiix x p e c T b a H , n p o f lo a x t a ß m e e c a o t 21 m o n a f lo 9 m io j ih 1932 r o f la .
n o c a e x p a T K o r o o6 3o p a x j i a c c o B b i x O T H O iueH M ä b r a j i n p a i i c x o M c e a e , a B T o p p a c C M a T p w B a e T T a x H a3. „3e M e jib H y io p e c jp o p M y ” 1919 — 1920 r o « a m e e p e 3 y jib T a T b i.
Oh np H B O a M T c p a x T b i, aTO x p e c T b H H e a o a x t H b i 6b u r a « x e r o a H O o r p a ß a T b iB a T b n p w - H y a M T e a b H O o t 100 a o 120 T p y a o a n e ií aw cT O $ e o a a j i b H o r o x a p a x T e p a . B o c c T a H w e b J le c x o B C X O M y e 3 a e ß b u io B b i3 B a H 0 n p o M b iiiu ie H H b iM u a r p a p H b iM x p n 3 H C 0 M , n e p e - H a c e a e H H O C T b io a e p e B H H , H e flo c T a T x o M 3 e M a w , o rp a H w a e H U H M M w p e a x p w o H H O M n o - jiM T H K o il n o j i b c x o r o n p a s H T e a b C T s a , x o r o p o e a o B e a o s a n a a H O - yxpaHHCxyio a e p e s - H io n o r o ji o n a m 6g3b i c x o^h o í í H y jK f lb i,
Oaepx a a e r n o a p o S n y io x a p x H H y B O ccT a i-m a , b o B p e w a x o T o p o r o c o B e e n a p x o c T b io B b ic T v n n jia n p e a a T C J ib C x a n p o s b y x p a w H C X H X ö y p s t y a s H b i x n a p T H Ü , x o T o p b ie h o j i- HOCTbK) n o a a e p x t a jiM x e c T o a a M iim e Me p o n p n H T H H a ^ K T a x y p h i n o ji b c x w x n o M e m u x o B M xanM TaJiM C TO B.
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B. K. HMKOJII.CKHM H H. 4». Hkobjicb
O C H O B H b lE n O J IO H C E H M a
M A T E P M A JIM C T M H E C K O rO Y H E H H H H . H. M A P P A O H 3 B IK E
/
B CTaTte npodf). HwKOJibCKoro n flxoBaeBa a&h oô3op fl°c™rHyTbix pe3yabTaT0B
h flajibHeüniMX nepcneKTMB HOBoro, MaTepHaancTnaecKoro yaeHna o H3biKe.
nepBaa aaerb CTaTbM nocBamena onMcanmo Toro ncxopnaecKoro nyrn, no koto- poMy axaflCMHK Mapp npnme.n k nocxpoenmo cBoeiï Teopnn. raaBHefimne AOCTn- xceHUH Teopnn Mappa cboahtch k cjieflyioipeMy: stq Teopna ycTanoBMJia saxon cbh- 3pi ptcTopnw H3biKa — nepe3 ncTopnio MbimaeHna — c ncTopneü oSmecTBa, ero Ma- TepnajibHoü CTpyKTypon n npon3BOACTBeHHOn «eHTejibHOCTbio.
Teopna Mappa ycTanoBMJia Taxjxe saxoH e«nnoro rnoTTororaiaecKoro npopecca (e^HHoro asbiKOTBopaecxoro npopecca) n saxon cxaAnaabHocxH passnxna kbk «ibi-xa, Tax n MbimaeHna.
Jtanee, Teopna Mappa ycTaHOBiuia n AOKa3aaa, hto b KJiaccoBOM oômecTBe H3biK MMeeT tojkc KjiaccoBbiü xapaKTep. IJeHHbiM BxaaAOM Mappa b asbiKOBeaeHiie hb- aaerca xaioxe Teopna CMemaHHoro, cxpeinnBaiomeroca xapaKTcpa Bcex asbixoB.
nocjie cMepTH Mappa ero nosoe yaenne o asbixe pasansaeTca b flajibnenmeM axa-
«eMHKOM H . M. MemaHHHOBbiM n «pyrMMn yaeHnxaMn n nocaeAOBaTeaaMH Beanxo- ro coBeTCKoro H3biKOBe^a.
Bo BTopori nacTW CTaTbM aBTopbi noflBeprjin îxecTOxoü xpnraxe saÔayjXAeHna OTflejibHbix SypxcyasHbix TeoperaxoB asbiKOBeAeHH». yHnaTOJxamnM oGpasoM pac- npaBMJiHCb aBTOpbi c nceBAOHCTopJiaecxoü Teopnen Coccrapa n Tax Ha3. xeopnen npa- H3bixa. Teopnn npaa3bixa b H3biK0 3HanMH cooTBeTCTByer MeTatfcnsnaecxaa Teopna çjpopMaabHon reHeTMKn, onepnpyiomaa „HensMenaeMOÜ nacaeACTBenHoft naaSMon” .
ÏIoflBepraa xpnraxe oTflejibHbix BbiAaromnxca asbiKOBCAOB 3anaAa, aBTopbi era- TbM xpnraxyioT Taxjxe oTaenbHbie npoaBaeHwa KOjie6ai-nœ, HenocaeAOBaTeabHocra n saGayjxAeHHü HeKOTopwx coBeTexnx aswxoBeAOB. Phaom paccyjKAeHiin a B T o p b i
AOxasbmaroT oninGoanocTb Teopnn, yTBepxcAaiomeH upesocxcACTBO aHranncxoro a3bixa HaA a3biKOM pyccKMM.
B AaJibnenineM nsjiOHcennn saTponyT Bonpoc npeACToamero pa3BnTna hsbikob b nepnoA connajin3Ma n K0MMyHM3Ma. Abtopm yKa3biBai0T, hto b AaaexoM oyAy- men, noc.ne nepnoAa p a sse ra HannonajtbHbix asbixoB, n naunonaJibUbie fl3bnw CTaHyT OTMnpaTb, ycTynaa MecTO oGmeny BceMnpHOMy a3bixy.
B saxjnonenne oGcyjKAaexcH pafl npaKTHaecxnx bbiboaob, BbiTexawmnx ns ho- soro yaenna o asuxe, xax - to: Bonpoc o npenoAaBaroin hsmkob, npoGjiewa o5p soBanna hobom cxyneHn pasBnxna asbixa b connaancxnaecKOM oomecxae, npesoc-
xoactbo ooyncHna jkmbom pean HaA nenaxHbiM anxepaxypHbiM bsbikom n x. n.
*
KpoMe Toro, JVs 1 „CoBpeMeHHoii Mmcjih” coAepxaiT:
b oTAeae „nojiHTnnecoM xpohhkh” cTaTbio B. rpnropbesa 06 o6pa3 0BaHnn Tep- MaHCKOü fleMOKpaTnaecKoii PecnySanKn,
B OTAeae ,,PeneH3nn” — Tpn penensun: ToBapAa Cea3aMa 06 aMepMKaHCKoii khm- re „opMaococjDMa oyAymcro” n npocjp. BorAaHa CyxoAoabCKoro o toü ace KHnre, a TaxjKe HxyGa JlnTBHHa o TOMe X „CopnoJiornnecKoro 0 5o3peHna” .
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C O N T E M P O R A R Y T H O U G H T
( M Y Ś L W S P Ó Ł C Z E S N A ) A S C I E N T I F I C M O N T H L Y
Y E A R V J A N U A R Y 1950 N R 1
S tan isław Antoszczuk Ph. D.
S t a n i s ł a w K r u s i ń s k i (ideological sketch).
The article discusses the curious figure of Stanisław Krusiński, the social leader and theoretician who was' one of the forerunners of Marxist thought in Poland. Sta
nisław Krusiński, an original, independent thinker (he died young, at the age of 29) is a curious manifestation of late nineteenth century thought. He took up the cudgels against positivism, then dominating, and set the tune for the radical wing of the student youth. Krusiński was one of those who accelerated the process of creation of a new ideology opposed to positivism.
From the philosophical point of view Krusiński was a materialist. In his considera
tions, he even used some fragments of dialectics. In spite of this Krusiński was not exempt from inconsistencies in his theory of materialist monism. His notion of „the social spirit“ among other things, testifies to this.
Krusiński set out to criticize the social views of Spencer, but he himself was to a con
siderable extent still under the influence of the theory of the social organism.
In the field of economics, Krusiński sharply criticized Supiński.
Certain fragments of Krusihski’s work are of topical importance to day; among these are Krusiński‘s views on the class character of science and his criticism of bour
geois patriotism and cosmopolitanism.
Krusiński was no Marxist, though he was under the ideological influence of Marxism.
Nevertheless, in spite of his vacillations, inconsistencies and errors, Krusińskks thought had a favourable significance for the firs t period of the emergence of the working class movement in Poland.
S ta n is ła w Kuziński
T h e S o c i a l T h e o r y o f E . A b r a m o w s k i
This article is an attempt at a marxist analysis of Abramowski’® theory and practice.
The author deals with the erroneous viewwhich gives, a positive appreciation of Abra
mowski in the history of the Polish workers’ movement. In the author’s opinion, Abra
mowski was something more than a visionary, a utopian and a harmless dreamer. Abra
mowski as a subiective idealist and anarchist acted as a brake, influenced negatively the development of Marxist thought in Poland. Abramowski unfolded utopian ideas
5
at a time when the working class was already guided by scientific socialism and was preparing to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. Abramowski's ideas obiec- tively served the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, and their edge were aimed against the socialist state, the dictatorship of the proletariat and the revolutionary workers party.
Ip a series of subsections the author criticizes in detail Abramowski's main conceptions.
Part one criticizes Abramowski's idealist sociological phenomenalism. This sociolo
gical phenomenalism constitutes a denial of the affirmations of historical materialism.
Par I I criticizes the theory of social development as conceived by Abramowskl.
Abramowski's theory, instead of a real revolution, demands a „revolution of men's conscience" which does not disturb the foundations of bourgeois power.
Part I II analyses in detail Abramowski's theory of „moral revolution", which is idealist to the core. The author claims that Abramowski's theory was of a decidedly reactionary character.
In Part IV the author discusses the theory of the state, and of stateless socialism as conceived by Abramowski. This theory, states the author, blurs the class contradic
tions and its main obiective was to prevent the revolution of the proletariat. By proclaming the peaceful transformation of capitalism into socialism and the slogan of social solidarity, this theory became a prop of the bourgeois state.
The fifth and last part gives a critique of the principles of Abramowski's theory of the „Cooperative Republic". The author states that this theory of the cooperative isolated the question of the transformation of the social system from of the political struggle of the working class.
The author concludes by quoting the decision of the International Socialist Congress in The Copenhagen, which passed a resolution on the cooperative question. This resolution, put forward by Lenin, and supported by the representatives of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) maps out the correct scope and the tasks of the cooperative movement as understood by the socialists, as one of the forms of struggle for the transformation of the social regime. But .this form of struggle is closely bound up with the political struggle of the working class for power. This is the exact opposite of Abramowski's theory.
Bogdan Suchodolski Ph. D.
A C l a s s i f i c a i i o n o f P e d a g o g i c a l T r e n d s
The author presents an attempt at classifying modern trends in education on the basis of the methodological principles of marxism. The article is an attempt at pre
liminary orientation; it is to give a „working classification" of modern educational trends.
The author describes the class characteristics of the essential traits of feudal edu
cation and of the bourgeois education programe. Bourgeois pedagogy was formed in the period of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism, when the bourgeoisie itself still represented certain positive tendencies of development. But the ulterior develop
ment of capitalist economy changed in a very essential manner both the world- outlook of the bougeoisie and its pedagdgical principles. In the period of imperialism this process has led to the transformation of traditional, progressive pedagogy into 6
reactionary pedagogy; it has adapted pedagogy to the interests of the big bourgeoisie and in particular instances has even made it an ally of fascism.
The author discusses the process of degeneration of bourgeois pedagogy in the period of imperialism. On this background the author gives a concise account of the history of different pedagogical trends.
On the background of the decadence of bourgeois pedagogical thought the author stresses the great historic role of socialist pedagogy, which is being born and is gro
wing by stages and fragments, as the educational strivings of the oppressed classes.
The author stresses the significance of the Soviet achievements for the emergence and the development of the socialist pedagogy. The prehistory and the history of this new socialist pedagogy requires separate discussion.
H e n ry k Raori Ph. D.
T h e P e a s a n t R i s i n g i n t h e L e s k D i s t r i c t
In this article the author gives a relation of fragments of the struggle of the pea
sants against the dictatorship of the Polish bourgeoisie. He deals with the rising of the Ukrainian and Polish peasants between June 21st and July 9th 1932.
After reviewing briefly the class relation in the Galician countryside, the author discusses the so - called „land reform“ of the years 1919 — 1920, and its results. The author cites the fact that the peasants had to give to the big landowners from 100 to 120 working days in exchange for land tenure, for using the landowner's pastures, gathering wood and berries in his woods etc. Thus this work was of a feudal cha
racter.
The industrial and agrarian crises, the overpopulation of the countryside, the shor
tage of land, the restrictions on emigration and the reactionary policy of the Polish government, which led the countryside of Western Ukraine to hunger and ruin forms the background of the rising in the district.
The author pictures the course of the rising. He stresses the treacherous role the Ukrainian bourgeois parties which completely supported the draconian measures of the dictatorship of the Polish big landowners and capitalists.
W . K. N iko lski a n d N. F. J a k o w le w
M a n ' s S c i e n c e o f L a n g u a g e
The article discusses the achievements hitherto and the future perspectives of development of the new materialist science of language.
The firs t part of the article gives a historical survey of the road along which Marr travelled in order to build his theory. The chief achievement’s of Marr’S theory are the following: the theory has established the law of the connectedness between the history of the language of a community — through the history of its thought — with the history of that community, its material structure and productive activities, following the theory has established the law of the connectedness between the history of the language of a community — through the history of its thought — with the history of that community, its material structure and productive activities.
7
Marr‘s theory established the law of a single process of language creation and the law of development in stages both of language and of thought.
Marr's theory has established that in a class society, language too possesses a class character. Another valuable contribution of Marr to the theory of language is the theory of the mixed, crossed character of all languages.
After Marr‘s death, his new science of language is being developed by Academician I. I. Mieshchaninov and other disciples and continuators of the great Soviet language theoretician.
In the second part of the article, the authors deal critically with the errors of different bourgeois theoreticians in the field linguistics. They sharply refute the pseudo historical theory of Saussure and the theory of an older language. In lingui
stics, the theory of the older language corresponds to the metaphysical theory of formal genetics, which operates with the „unchangeable hereditary plasm“ .
While submitting to criticism the leading language theoreticians of the West, the authors also criticise some manifestations of vacillations, inconsistencies and errors of some Soviet language theoreticians. On the background of aheir considerations, the authors stress how erroneous is the theory proclaiming the superiority of English over Russian.
The authors consider the question of the future development of language in the period of socialism and communism. In the distant future, they say, after a period when national tongues have flourished, national languages w ill begin to die out, and w ill make room for a common world language.
In conclusion the authors examine a series of practical conclusions resulting from the new science of language: the question of language teaching, the question of the creation of new level of development of language in a socialist society and the question the superiority of teaching the living tongue over the teaching of the written lite
rary language.
C h r o n i c l e s a n d R e v i e w s
Nr 1 of „Contemporary Thought“ also includes in the „Political Chronicle“ an article by B. Grigoriev on „The Etablishment of the German Democratic Republic“ ;
Among the „Reviews“ we find one by Howard Selsam of „A Philosophy1 for the Future“ , and another review of the same book by professor B. Suchodolski.
Jakub Litwin also gives an appreciation of volume X of „The Sociological Review“ .
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