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Konteksty badań komparatystycznych – temat i metoda

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Zabytkoznawstwo i Konserwatorstwo XLIII, Toruń 2012

Liliana Krantz-Domasłowska

Zakład Historii Sztuki Średniowiecznej i Nowożytnej Instytutu Zabytkoznawstwa i Konserwatorstwa UMK

Konteksty badań komparatystycznych

– temat i metoda*

3

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Summary

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