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TEMPORALNY WYMIAR OSOBOWOŚCI. PANORAMA STANOWISK
«TEMPORAL DIMENSION OF PERSONALITY. THE REVIEW OF DIFFERENT
APPROACHES»
by Ludmiła ZającLamparska Source: Contributions to Humanities (New ISSN 20843364) (Studia Humanistyczne AGH ISSN 20843364), issue: 12/2 / 2013, pages: 7993, on www.ceeol.com.http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/human.2013.12.2.79
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1LHFRSRGREQLHGRHJ]\VWHQFMDOLVWyZRSLVXMąZ\PLDUWHPSRUDOQ\RVRERZRĞFLRUJDQL-F\ĞFL FKRü GRVWU]HĪHQLH WHJR SRGRELHĔVWZD XWUXGQLD VSHF\¿ND VWRVRZDQHM Z SV\FKRORJLL HJ]\VWHQFMDOQHM WHUPLQRORJLL (OHPHQWDPL ZVSyOQ\PL REX W\FK XMĊü Vą XZ]JOĊGQLDQLH ZV]\VWNLFKZ\PLDUyZF]DVXMDNRLVWRWQ\FKGODIXQNFMRQRZDQLDRVRERZRĞFLRUD]NRQFHQWUDFMD QDWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFLSU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\PZVND]DQLXQDÄREHFQRĞü´ZQLHMSU]HV]áRĞFLLSU]\-V]áRĞFL-HGHQ]RUJDQLF\VWyZ$QJ\DORNUHĞODRVRERZRĞüMDNRÄUR]OHJáąSRVWDüF]DVRZą´ (WHPSRUDO*HVWDOW, za: Lindzey i Hall 1998: 250). Oznacza to jej silne osadzenie w czasie – we ZV]\VWNLFKZ\PLDUDFKWHPSRUDOQ\FK]DUyZQRZSU]HV]áRĞFLWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFLMDNLSU]\V]áR-ĞFL3U]HV]áRĞüLSU]\V]áRĞü$QJ\DORSLVXMHMDNRQLHXVWDQQLHRGG]LDáXMąFHQDWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞü DMHGQRF]HĞQLHZFLąĪ]PLHQLDMąFHVZyMZSá\Z3U]HV]áRĞüVDPDZVRELH]GDQLHPDXWRUDQLH MHVWVWDáDLQLH]PLHQQDSRQLHZDĪGDZQH]GDU]HQLD]F]DVHP]\VNXMąQRZąÄZDUWRĞüSR]\F\MQą w biosferze”3WDPĪH=NROHLSU]\V]áRĞüZSá\ZDQDWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞüMDNRPRĪOLZRĞüOXE VNáRQQRĞüUyZQLHĪ]PLHQLDMąFVLĊZUD]]UHRUJDQL]DFMąELRVIHU\ =PLHQQRĞüSU]HV]áRĞFLSRGNUHĞODUyZQLHĪ5RJHUV-HJR]GDQLHPRVRERZRĞüF]áRZLHND VNáDGDVLĊ]GZyFKSRZLą]DQ\FK]HVREąVWUXNWXU2UJDQL]PXRUD]-D2VRERZRĞüNXPXOXMH GRĞZLDGF]HQLDNWyUHWZRU]ąW]ZSROHIHQRPHQRORJLF]QH/LQG]H\L+DOO=DFKRZD-QLHMHGQRVWNLVWDQRZLIXQNFMĊ]DZDUWRĞFLMHMSRODIHQRPHQRORJLF]QHJR-HGQRF]HĞQLHNDĪGH QRZHGRĞZLDGF]HQLHX]XSHáQLDMąF]DZDUWRĞüSRODPRG\¿NXMHMHMDNRFDáRĞü2]QDF]DWR PRG\¿NRZDOQRĞü SU]HV]áRĞFL SRG ZSá\ZHP WHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFL D GRNáDGQLHM QLH MHM VDPHM OHF]SU]HV]á\FKGRĞZLDGF]HĔ]JURPDG]RQ\FKZRVRERZRĞFLNWyUH]\VNXMąQRZH]QDF]HQLH G]LĊNLGRĞZLDGF]HQLRPNROHMQ\P0RĪQDWRLQWHUSUHWRZDüMDNRZVND]DQLHQDUROĊ]DUyZQR F]DVXSU]HV]áHJRMDNLWHUDĨQLHMV]HJR7\PEDUG]LHMĪHNRQFHQWUDFMĊQDWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFLDXWRU Z\PLHQLDZĞUyGFHFKW]ZZSHáQLIXQNFMRQXMąFHMRVRE\/LQG]H\L+DOO2EXFKRZVNL =DMąF
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2000; Block 1990; Lens 2006; Nosal 1993, 2000; Nosal i Bajcar 2004; Nuttin i Lens 1985; 6RERO7UHPSDáD8FKQDVW 3HUVSHNW\ZDWHPSRUDOQDVWDQRZLNDWHJRULĊQDMV]HUV]ąLR]QDF]DNRJQLW\ZQąUHSUH]HQWDFMĊ Z\PLDUXSU]HELHJDMąFHJRRGSU]HV]áRĞFLNXSU]\V]áRĞFLZNWyU\PMHGQRVWNDORNXMHRVRELVWH Z\GDU]HQLDLSU]HĪ\FLD%ORFNàXNDV]HZVNL1RVDO7UHPSDáD 4 =DSHZQHNDWHJRULLDQDOL]RZDQ\FKZUDPDFKSR]QDZF]HJRSRGHMĞFLDMHVWZLĊFHMZ\PLHQLRQHQDOHĪąMHGQDN GRQDMF]ĊVWV]\FK
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7HUPLQRULHQWDFMDWHPSRUDOQDRGQRVLVLĊGRSUHIHURZDQHJRSU]H]MHGQRVWNĊXNLHUXQNR- ZDQLDWHPSRUDOQHJRQDSU]HV]áRĞüWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞüOXESU]\V]áRĞüMHMDNW\ZQRĞFLEHKDZLR-ralnej i psychicznej (Block 1990; Cottle i Klineberg 1974, za: Tarkowska 1987; Lens 2006; àXNDV]HZVNL
.RPSHWHQFMDWHPSRUDOQDR]QDF]DVWRSLHĔLQWHJUDFMLZ\PLDUyZSU]HV]áRĞFLWHUDĨQLHMV]R-ĞFLLSU]\V]áRĞFLGRĞZLDGF]DQLHLFKFLąJáRĞFLDWDNĪHRWZDUFLHQDWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞüXSRGVWDZ NWyUHJROHĪ\MHGQRF]HVQDDNFHSWDFMDSU]HV]áRĞFLLXZ]JOĊGQLDQLHSU]\V]áRĞFLRUD]VWDUDĔRQLą (Lens 2006; Nuttin i Lens 1985; Uchnast 2006; Uchnast i Tucholska 2003).
3RGSRMĊFLHPRVRELVWHMNRQFHSFMLF]DVXNU\MąVLĊQDWRPLDVWIXQNFMRQXMąFHQDSR]LRPLH poznawczym jednostkowe przekonania co do istoty i natury czasu (Bajcar 2000).
1LHNLHG\RVRELVWDNRQFHSFMDF]DVXXWRĪVDPLDQDE\ZD]SRVWDZDPLWHPSRUDOQ\PLF]\OL SRVWDZDPLMHGQRVWNLZREHFF]DVXMDNRWDNLHJROXEZREHFMHJRZ\PLDUyZSU]HV]áRĞFLWHUDĨ- QLHMV]RĞFLLSU]\V]áRĞFL1RVDO5yĪQLFĊSRPLĊG]\W\PLGZRPDNRQVWUXNWDPLZ\]QD-F]DZ\UDĨQLHHZDOXDF\MQ\FKDUDNWHUSRVWDZEĊGąF\W\ONRPRĪOLZ\POHF]QLHLQWHJUDOQ\P elementem osobistych koncepcji czasu (Bajcar 2000).
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: SV\FKRORJLL SROVNLHM SRGHMĞFLH SLHUZV]H UHSUH]HQWXMą NRQFHSFMH àXNDV]HZVNLHJR F]\5H\NRZVNLHJR5H\NRZVNLL.RFKDĔVND3U]\F]\PàXNDV]HZVNL QLHW\ONRZSLVXMHSHUVSHNW\ZĊWHPSRUDOQąZVWUXNWXUĊRVRERZRĞFLOHF]UyZQLHĪZVND]XMH MDNSRV]F]HJyOQHRULHQWDFMHWHPSRUDOQHZLąĪąVLĊ]LQQ\PLDVSHNWDPLRVRERZRĞFLLSU]H-NáDGDMąVLĊQDWHQGHQFMHGRRNUHĞORQ\FK]DFKRZDĔ:NRQFHSFMLàXNDV]HZVNLHJRZ\PLDU WHPSRUDOQ\VWDQRZLLQWHJUDOQ\DVSHNWRVRERZRĞFL2VRERZRĞüDXWRUUR]SDWUXMH Z NDWHJRULDFK SR]QDZF]\FK MDNR ÄWHQ IUDJPHQW PHFKDQL]PyZ UHJXODFML ]DFKRZDQLD VLĊ NWyU\ MHVW UH]XOWDWHP XF]HQLD VLĊ L NXPXORZDQLD GRĞZLDGF]HQLD RUD] Z\QLNLHP UR]ZRMX UHVWUXNWXU\]DFML VNXPXORZDQHJR GRĞZLDGF]HQLD´ àXNDV]HZVNL : UDPDFK VWUXNWXU\ RVRERZRĞFL àXNDV]HZVNL Z\UyĪQLD GZRMDNLHJR URG]DMX DVSHNW\ GHVNU\SW\ZQH L HZDOXDW\ZQH 'HVNU\SW\ZQH DVSHNW\ RVRERZRĞFL VWDQRZLą RSLV\ RELHNWyZ ]MDZLVN VWDQyZU]HF]\UHODFMLSRPLĊG]\QLPLLWS2SLV\WHSRGOHJDMąXSRU]ąGNRZDQLRPQDSRGVWD-ZLHUyĪQ\FK]DVDG-HGQą]QLFKNWyUHM]QDF]HQLHDXWRUSRGNUHĞODMHVW]DVDGDWHPSRUDOQD WDPĪH 2UJDQL]XMH RQD ZV]HONLH RSLV\ QD NRQWLQXXP SU]HV]áH ±WHUDĨQLHMV]H ± SU]\V]áH
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àXNDV]HZVNL QD]\ZD RSLV\ VWDQyZ SU]HV]á\FK L DNWXDOQ\FK HOHPHQWDPL SR]QDZF]\PL RVRERZRĞFLDUJXPHQWXMąFLĪVąRQH]QDQHMHGQRVWFH]GRĞZLDGF]HQLDLQG\ZLGXDOQHJROXE SU]HND]XVSRáHF]QHJRFRR]QDF]DĪHE\á\SU]HGPLRWHPSR]QDQLDF]\XF]HQLDVLĊ=NROHL UHSUH]HQWDFMHVWDQyZSU]\V]á\FKRNUHĞODRQMDNRSURMHNF\MQHHOHPHQW\RVRERZRĞFL1DOHĪą GR QLFK RSLV\ GZRMDNLHJR URG]DMX SURJQR]\ RUD] Z\REUDĪHQLD VWDQyZ PRĪOLZ\FK 3UR-JQR]RP]D]Z\F]DMSU]\SLVDQHMHVWZ\ĪV]HSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZRQLĪZ\REUDĪHQLRPVWDQyZ PRĪOLZ\FK6ZHJRURG]DMXX]XSHáQLHQLHGHVNU\SW\ZQ\FKDVSHNWyZRVRERZRĞFLVWDQRZLąMHM DVSHNW\HZDOXDW\ZQHWDPĪH:LFKUDPDFKIRUPXáRZDQHVąGZDW\S\RFHQSRSLHUZV]H GRW\F]ąFH ZDUWRĞFLRZRĞFL F]\OL ÄGREURFL´ HPRFMRQDOQLH SR]\W\ZQHJR YV negatywnego FKDUDNWHUX VWDQyZ RELHNWyZ LWG RUD] SR GUXJLH GRW\F]ąFH LFK GRQLRVáRĞFL =QDF]ąF\P HOHPHQWHPNRQFHSFMLàXNDV]HZVNLHJRMHVWSU]\MĊFLH]DáRĪHQLDRQLHVDPRG]LHOQ\PVWDWXVLH RFHQZDUWRĞFLXMąF\FK=GDQLHPDXWRUDIXQNFMRQXMąRQHERZLHPMDNRWRZDU]\V]ąFHHOHPHQWRP GHVNU\SW\ZQ\P:WHQVSRVyENDĪG\RELHNWF]\VWDQU]HF]\RSLVDQ\ZZ\PLDU]HWHPSRUDO-Q\PPDMHGQRF]HĞQLHVZąORNDOL]DFMĊQDVNDOLZDJLZDUWRĞFLRZDĔ2FHQ\ZDUWRĞFLXMąFH GRW\F]ąFNRQNUHWQ\FKRELHNWyZLVWDQyZPRJąDGG\W\ZQLHGHF\GRZDüRHZDOXDFMLFDá\FK REV]DUyZF]DVRZ\FKSU]HV]áRĞFLWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFLLSU]\V]áRĞFLZNWyU\FKVLĊPLHV]F]ą,FK ZDJLLZDUWRĞFLRZRĞFLZVSyOQLHNV]WDáWXMąRULHQWDFMĊWHPSRUDOQąMHGQRVWNL:DJDZ\]QDF]D GRQLRVáRĞüSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKZ\PLDUyZF]DVXRULHQWXMąFMHGQRVWNĊQDMHGHQOXENLOND]QLFK =NROHLZDUWRĞFLRZRĞüGHF\GXMHRSR]\W\ZQ\POXEQHJDW\ZQ\PHPRFMRQDOQLH]QDNXWDNLHM RULHQWDFML2EDF]\QQLNLPDMąPRĪOLZRĞüXNLHUXQNRZ\ZDQLDOXG]NLHMDNW\ZQRĞFL3RGVWDZĊ WHJRVWDQRZLKLHUDUFKLDZDUWRĞFLRZDĔLZDJ3R]\FMD]DMPRZDQDZQLHMSU]H]SRV]F]HJyOQH RELHNW\GHF\GXMHRXSRU]ąGNRZDQLXLFKZSá\ZXQD]DFKRZDQLHMHGQRVWNLF]\OLRLFKW]Z PRF\UHJXODF\MQHM3RMĊFLHWRPRĪQDVWRVRZDü]DUyZQRGRSURVW\FKHOHPHQWyZMDNLFDá\FK LFK]ELRUyZF]\SRGV\VWHPyZRVRERZRĞFLMDNQSNRQWLQXXPWHPSRUDOQHLMHJRREV]DU\ SU]HV]áRĞüWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞüLSU]\V]áRĞü2GSRVLDGDQHMSU]H]QLHPRF\UHJXODF\MQHMEĊG]LH ]DOHĪDáLFKXG]LDáZUHJXODFML]DFKRZDQLDF]áRZLHND$XWRURSLVXMHVSHF\¿NĊWHMUHJXODFML Z]DOHĪQRĞFLRGRULHQWDFMLQDSU]HV]áRĞüWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞüOXESU]\V]áRĞüRUD]RGÄ]QDNX´WHM RULHQWDFMLEXGXMąFW\SRORJLĊRSDUWąQDNU\WHULXPRULHQWDFMLWHPSRUDOQHM:\UyĪQLDRQWU]\ „czyste” typy orientacji temporalnej: retrospektywny, prezentystyczny i futurystyczny oraz W\S\PLHV]DQHQSUHWURVSHNW\ZQRSUH]HQW\VW\F]Q\SUH]HQW\VW\F]QRIXWXU\VW\F]Q\WDPĪH 3HUVSHNW\ZĊWHPSRUDOQąZáąF]DZVWUXNWXUĊRVRERZRĞFLWDNĪH5H\NRZVNL5H\NRZVNL L.RFKDĔVND:XMĊFLXWHJRDXWRUDRVRERZRĞü]\VNXMHZ\PLDUF]DVRZ\ZZ\QLNX XPLHV]F]HQLD 6WUXNWXU\ -D Z 6LHFL 2SHUDF\MQHM D GRNáDGQLHM Z WHPSRUDOQ\P SRU]ąGNX GHVNU\SW\ZQ\PWDPĪH
=NROHLGRSROVNLFKDXWRUyZNWyU]\áąF]ąWHPSRUDOQRĞü]G\QDPLNą]DFKRZDQLDLRVRER-ZRĞFLRZ\PLGHWHUPLQDQWDPLWHMG\QDPLNLQDOHĪąPLQ1RVDO1RVDOL%DMFDU 0ąGU]\FNL2EXFKRZVNL6WU]DáHFNLL=DOHVNL (1988, 1994).
Nosal w swych badaniach prowadzonych wspólnie z Bajcar (Nosal i Bajcar 2004) XZ]JOĊGQLD ZLHOH DVSHNWyZ WHPSRUDOQRĞFL RULHQWDFMH WHPSRUDOQH SRVWDZ\ WHPSRUDOQH RVRELVWHNRQFHSFMHF]DVXLZLąĪHMH]FHFKDPLRVRERZRĞFLRUD]VIHUąPRW\ZDFMLLSRWU]HE 5H]XOWDWW\FKV]HURNR]DNURMRQ\FKEDGDĔVWDQRZLLGHQW\¿NDFMDGZyFK]DVDGQLF]\FKSUR¿OL
WHPSRUDOQRĞFLNWyUH ]RVWDá\RNUHĞORQH MDNR SURDNW\ZQ\ LUHDNW\ZQ\ %DMFDU 1RVDO i Bajcar 2004).
3UR¿O SURDNW\ZQ\ FKDUDNWHU\]XMH Z\UDĨQD NRQFHQWUDFMD QD SU]HV]áRĞFL L SU]\V]áRĞFL SU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\PPDá\PXNLHUXQNRZDQLXQDF]DVWHUDĨQLHMV]\=GDQLHPDXWRUyZWZRU]\WR V]HURNąSHUVSHNW\ZĊWHPSRUDOQąNWyUDVWDQRZLRG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHGXĪHJRVWRSQLDXP\VáRZHM LQWHJUDFML SU]HV]á\FK WHUDĨQLHMV]\FK L SU]\V]á\FK GRĞZLDGF]HĔ %DMFDU .ROHMQ\PL FHFKDPLRSLV\ZDQHJRSUR¿OXVąZ\VRNLSR]LRPWHOLF]QRĞFLWMXNLHUXQNRZDQLD]DFKRZDQLD QDFHOHWHQGHQFMLGRSODQRZDQLDLV]F]HJyáRZRĞFLRUD]SRF]XFLHZ\NRU]\VWDQLDF]DVXLGXĪD RGSRUQRĞüQDSUHVMĊF]DVX&HFK\WHZDUXQNXMąVSUDZQąWHPSRUDOQąRUJDQL]DFMĊG]LDáDQLD 3RVWDZ\ ZREHF F]DVX RVyE SU]HMDZLDMąF\FK SUR¿O SURDNW\ZQ\ Vą SR]\W\ZQH 2VRE\ WH SRVWU]HJDMąF]DVMDNRNRQVWUXNW\ZQ\LVSU]\MDMąF\F]áRZLHNRZLDMHGQRF]HĞQLHXSRU]ąGNRZDQ\ LSRGGDMąF\VLĊNRQWUROL:RFHQLHEDGDF]\SUR¿OSURDNW\ZQ\Z\UDĪDÄNRQVWUXNW\ZQ\Z]RU]HF WHPSRUDOQRĞFL´1RVDOL%DMFDUZUDPDFKNWyUHJRDNW\ZQRĞüMHVWXNLHUXQNRZDQD QDF]DVSU]\V]á\LZ\NUDF]DSR]DZ\PRJLDNWXDOQHMV\WXDFML7RZDU]\V]\WHPXWHQGHQFMDGR SRV]HU]DQLDNRQWUROLQDGF]DVHPWDPĪH 3UR¿OUHDNW\ZQ\VWDQRZLSU]HFLZLHĔVWZRSURDNW\ZQHJR%DMFDU1RVDOL%DMFDU -HJRVSHF\¿NDREHMPXMHVLOQąNRQFHQWUDFMĊQDWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFLNRV]WHPF]DVXSU]H-V]áHJRLSU]\V]áHJRFR]DZĊĪDSHUVSHNW\ZĊWHPSRUDOQąMHGQRVWNLQLVNLSR]LRPWHOLF]QRĞFL EUDN VNáRQQRĞFL GR SODQRZDQLD L V]F]HJyáRZRĞFL7RZDU]\V]\ WHPX SRF]XFLH VLOQHM SUHVML F]DVXLQLHGRVWDWHF]QHJRMHJRZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD3RVWDZ\ZREHFF]DVXPDMąZW\PSU]\-SDGNXFKDUDNWHUQHJDW\ZQ\±F]DVMHVWRGELHUDQ\MDNRGHVWUXNW\ZQ\LZURJLDMHGQRF]HĞQLH Z\P\NDMąF\VLĊVSRGNRQWUROL=GDQLHPEDGDF]\RVRE\RWHPSRUDOQ\PSUR¿OXUHDNW\ZQ\P FHFKXMHGRUDĨQ\EH]SRĞUHGQLVSRVyEUHDJRZDQLDLEUDNG\VWDQVXZREHFV\WXDFML:SRáąF]HQLX ]EUDNLHP]GROQRĞFLGRSR]QDZF]HJRNRQWURORZDQLDF]DVXSU]\F]\QLDVLĊWRGRSU]\MPRZDQLD VWUDWHJLLG]LDáDQLD]DZĊĪRQHMGRELHĪąFHMDNW\ZQRĞFLLQDGDMHNRQFHQWUDFMLQDWHUDĨQLHMV]RĞFL charakter obronny (Nosal i Bajcar 2004).
-HĞOL FKRG]L R ]ZLą]HN SUR¿OL WHPSRUDOQ\FK ] FHFKDPL RVRERZRĞFL Z\PLHQLDQ\PL ZSLĊFLRF]\QQLNRZ\PPRGHOXRVRERZRĞFL&RVW\L0F&UDH¶DRVRE\RSUR¿ODFKSURDNW\Z-Q\PLUHDNW\ZQ\PUyĪQLąVLĊSRGZ]JOĊGHPQDVLOHQLDZV]\VWNLFKFHFKSR]DXJRGRZRĞFLą 3UR¿ORZLSURDNW\ZQHPXWRZDU]\V]\Z\ĪV]\SR]LRPHNVWUDZHUVMLRWZDUWRĞFLLVXPLHQQRĞFL RUD]QLĪV]\SR]LRPLQWURZHUVMLQLĪPDWRPLHMVFHZSU]\SDGNXSUR¿OXUHDNW\ZQHJRWDPĪH
:REV]DU]HSRWU]HELPRW\ZDFMLSRVLDGDQLHSURDNW\ZQHJRSUR¿OXWHPSRUDOQHJRZLąĪH VLĊ ] GXĪ\P QDVLOHQLHP SRWU]HE GRW\F]ąF\FK UHDOL]DFML FHOyZ Ī\FLRZ\FK Z\WUZDáRĞFLą ZG]LDáDQLXU]HWHOQRĞFLąLRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĞFLąWZyUF]RĞFLąL]GROQRĞFLDPLSU]\ZyGF]\PL &KDUDNWHU\VW\NĊWĊX]XSHáQLDMąFHFK\ZVND]XMąFHQDGRMU]DáRĞüRVRERZRĞFLZ\VRNLSR]LRP SU]\VWRVRZDQLD]JRGQRĞüRVRERZRĞFL]LGHDáHPNRQWURODHPRFMRQDOQDL]DXIDQLHGRVLHELH RUD]QDSRVLDGDQLHNRPSHWHQFMLLQWHUSHUVRQDOQ\FKáDWZRĞüQDZLą]\ZDQLDSR]\W\ZQ\FKUH-ODFMLHPRFMRQDOQ\FKJRWRZRĞüGRZVSyáG]LDáDQLDLGRSRPRF\LQQ\PWDPĪH=NROHLGOD RVyERWHPSRUDOQ\PSUR¿OXUHDNW\ZQ\PFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QDMHVWLPSXOV\ZQRĞüL]PLHQQRĞü WUXGQRĞFLZPRELOL]RZDQLXVLĊGRZ\VLáNXEUDNZ\WUZDáRĞFLZRVLąJDQLXFHOyZĪ\FLRZ\FK GXĪDRVWURĪQRĞüLEUDN]GHF\GRZDQLDZSRGHMPRZDQLX]DGDĔRUD]áDWZRĞüUH]\JQDFML]]D-GDĔMXĪSRGMĊW\FK:REV]DU]HUHODFMLLQWHUSHUVRQDOQ\FKW\FKRVyEZ\VWĊSXMHOĊNLSRF]XFLH
QLHSU]\VWRVRZDQLDRUD]WHQGHQFMDGRXWU]\P\ZDQLDG\VWDQVXZREHFOXG]L'RPLQXMąXQLFK SRWU]HE\QLH]DOHĪQRĞFLLLQG\ZLGXDOL]PX'RMU]DáRĞüRVRERZRĞFLNRQWURODHPRFMRQDOQDRUD] DNFHSWDFMDVLHELHL]GROQRĞüGRUDG]HQLDVRELHZV\WXDFMDFKWUXGQ\FKVąWXQLĪV]HQLĪPDWR PLHMVFHZSU]\SDGNXSUR¿OXSURDNW\ZQHJRWDPĪH
%DGDQLD 1RVDOD L %DMFDU GRZRG]ą ĪH F]DV MHVW QLH W\ONR ZDĪQą NDWHJRULą OXG]NLHJR XP\VáXOHF]UyZQLHĪZDĪQ\PDVSHNWHPFKDUDNWHU\VW\NLRVRERZRĞFLRZHMMHGQRVWNL =NROHL2EXFKRZVNL0ąGU]\FNL6WU]DáHFNLL=DOHVNL]DMPXMąVLĊ]DJDGQLHQLHPFHOyZ L]DGDĔRUD]SODQyZĪ\FLRZ\FK6F]áRZLHNDSU]\F]\PGRNDWHJRULLWHPSRUDOQRĞFLVHQVXVWULFWR QDMZ\UDĨQLHMRGZRáXMHVLĊ6WU]DáHFNL=DOHVNLNRQFHQWUXMHVLĊQD RULHQWDFMLIXWXU\VW\F]QHMLMHM]QDF]HQLXQDWRPLDVW2EXFKRZVNLL0ąGU]\FNL UyZQLHĪSRGNUHĞODMąUROĊF]DVXSU]\V]áHJRZIXQNFMRQRZDQLXF]áRZLHNDQLHNRQLHF]-QLHSRVáXJXMąFVLĊSU]\W\PWHUPLQRORJLą]]DNUHVXSV\FKRORJLLWHPSRUDOQRĞFLNie sposób ]DZU]Hü Z DUW\NXOH FDáRĞFL UR]ZDĪDĔ WHRUHW\F]Q\FK RUD] UH]XOWDWyZ EDGDĔ HPSLU\F]Q\FK ZVND]DQ\FKDXWRUyZVWąGRPyZLĊGZDNRUHVSRQGXMąFH]HVREąXMĊFLDNRQFHSFMĊWHRUHW\F]Qą 2EXFKRZVNLHJRRUD]HPSLU\F]QHXVWDOHQLD6WU]DáHFNLHJR 2EXFKRZVNLQLHXPLHV]F]DZVWUXNWXU]HRVRERZRĞFLSHUVSHNW\Z\WHPSRUDOQHM VHQVXVWULFWRF]\QLWRMHGQDNSRĞUHGQLRORNXMąFZQLHM]DGDQLD:NRQFHSFMLWHJRDXWRUD V\VWHPRVRERZRĞFLRZ\]áRĪRQ\MHVW]GZyFK]DVDGQLF]\FKSRGV\VWHPyZXNáDGXED]DOQH-go LXNáDGXSURJUDPXMąFHJR8NáDG ED]DOQ\REHMPXMHWHZáDĞFLZRĞFLSV\FKLF]QHMHGQRVWNL X SRGVWDZ NWyU\FK OHĪ\ RNUHĞORQD VSHF\¿ND &81 QDWRPLDVW Z XNáDG]LH SURJUDPXMąF\P PLHV]F]ąVLĊZáDĞFLZRĞFLRVRERZRĞFLZ\QLNDMąFH]ZáDĞFLZHMMHGQRVWFHRUJDQL]DFMLLQIRU-PDFML-HGQą]IRUPRUJDQL]DFMLZLHG]\MHGQRVWNLVWDQRZLąZáDĞQLH]DGDQLDRVRELVWHWDPĪH 2SLVXMąF ]DGDQLD 2EXFKRZVNL SU]HSURZDG]D LFK WDNVRQRPLĊ D QDVWĊSQLH XZ]JOĊGQLDMąF Z\UyĪQLRQHSU]H]VLHELHW\S\]DGDĔZ\V]F]HJyOQLDPRĪOLZHIRUP\LFKRUJDQL]DFML 2UJDQL]DFMĊWĊNV]WDáWXMąUyĪQHNRQ¿JXUDFMHWU]HFKURG]DMyZ]DGDĔUyĪQLąF\FKVLĊ SR]LRPHP RJyOQRĞFL 6ą WR ]DGDQLD QDGU]ĊGQH ± R QDMZ\ĪV]\P SR]LRPLH RJyOQRĞFL SHáQLąFHIXQNFMĊZDUWRĞFLX]DVDGQLDMąF\FKSR]RVWDáH]DGDQLDRSHUDF\MQH±MXĪRSHUDFMR- QDOL]XMąFH]DGDQLDQDGU]ĊGQHDOHMHV]F]HGRĞüRJyOQHSU]\ELHUDMąFHF]ĊVWRSRVWDüZDUXQ-NRZą]DGDQLDNRQNUHWQH±XNRQNUHWQLDMąFH]DáRĪHQLD]DGDĔRSHUDF\MQ\FK]DNáDGDMąFH W\ONRMHGHQSODQRZDQ\VWDQU]HF]\$XWRUZ\UyĪQLDSLĊüPRĪOLZ\FKVSRVREyZRUJDQL]DFML ]DGDĔOXĨQ\OLQLRZ\QLHSHáQ\SVHXGRKLHUDUFKLF]Q\LKLHUDUFKLF]Q\2SW\PDOQ\]HZ]JOĊGX QDIXQNFMRQRZDQLHRVRERZRĞFLMHVWW\SKLHUDUFKLF]Q\2EHMPXMHRQZV]\VWNLHURG]DMH]DGDĔ ZVSHF\¿F]Q\PLFKSRZLą]DQLXRFKDUDNWHU]HUHODFMLQDGU]ĊGQRĞFL±SRGU]ĊGQRĞFL5HODFMD WDQLHW\ONRRNUHĞODUDQJĊSRV]F]HJyOQ\FK]DGDĔOHF]R]QDF]DUyZQLHĪLĪ]DGDQLDQLĪV]H ZKLHUDUFKLLVáXĪąUHDOL]DFML]DGDĔZ\ĪV]\FK1DV]F]\FLHKLHUDUFKLL]QDMGXMąVLĊ]DGDQLDQDM-EDUG]LHMRJyOQH1DMF]ĊĞFLHMSU]\MPXMąRQHSRVWDüDEVWUDNF\MQHMZDUWRĞFL-HGQRF]HĞQLHDE\ ZDUWRĞüPRJáDZ\]QDF]DüUHDOQHSRVWĊSRZDQLHMHGQRVWNLPXVL]RVWDüXNRQNUHWQLRQD7HPX VáXĪąSRZLą]DQH]]DGDQLHPRJyOQ\P]DGDQLDRSHUDF\MQHLNRQNUHWQH7HSLHUZV]HW\ONR 6 :SLVXMHVLĊWRZQXUWWDNLFKNRQFHSFMLMDNNRQFHSFMD]DGDĔĪ\FLRZ\FK&DQWRUNRQFHSFMDGąĪHĔRVRELVW\FK (PPRQVDNRQFHSFMDSURMHNWyZRVRELVW\FK5/LWWOH¶DNRQFHSFMDPRĪOLZ\FK-D0DUNXVDNRQFHSFMHFHOyZ )RUGD3HUYLQDLLQ0ąGU]\FNL3HUYLQ
XNLHUXQNRZXMąDNW\ZQRĞüF]áRZLHNDGUXJLHQDWRPLDVWZ\UDĪDMąMHMNRQNUHWQHLIDNW\F]QLH obserwowane formy (Obuchowski 1985, 2000).
=FKDUDNWHU\VW\NąKLHUDUFKLF]QHJRW\SXRUJDQL]DFML]DGDĔNRUHVSRQGXMHZVND]\ZDQDSU]H] 2EXFKRZVNLHJRIXQNFMDRVRERZRĞFLNWyUąVWDQRZLDGDSWDFMDWZyUF]D 3RGW\PSRMĊFLHPDXWRUUR]XPLHDGDSWRZDQLHVLĊRVRERZRĞFLQLHGRVWDQyZDNWXDOQ\FKOHF] SU]\V]á\FKZW\PUyZQLHĪGRVWDQyZVDPRG]LHOQLH]DSURMHNWRZDQ\FK$GDSWDFMDWZyUF]D VWDQRZL MHGQRF]HĞQLH PHFKDQL]P UR]ZRMX RVRERZRĞFL 3R]D QLą DXWRU Z\PLHQLD MHV]F]H WU]\LQQHURG]DMHDGDSWDFMLPHFKDQLF]QąQHXURW\F]QąLELHUQąNWyUHQLHPDMąFKDUDNWHUX rozwojowego (Obuchowski 1985, 1997). 6WU]DáHFNLXPLHV]F]DVZHEDGDQLDZNRQWHNĞFLHWHRUHW\F]Q\PPRGHOXWHOHRORJLF]QHJR F]áRZLHNDFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHJRUyZQLHĪGODNRQFHSFML2EXFKRZVNLHJRL]DNáDGDMąFHJRĪH LVWRWĊSURFHVXVDPRUHDOL]DFMLVWDQRZLRVLąJDQLHVWDZLDQ\FKVRELHFHOyZ6WU]DáHFNL &HOHWHORNRZDQHVąZZ\PLDU]HSU]\V]á\PSU]HVWU]HQLF]DVRZHMGODWHJR2EXFKRZVNLIXQNFMą RVRERZRĞFLF]\QLÄRSDQRZ\ZDQLHSU]\V]áRĞFL]DSRPRFąF]\QQRĞFLWZyUF]\FK´2EXFKRZVNL 6WąGWHĪZ\ZRG]LVLĊWH]DVWDZLDQDSU]H]6WU]DáHFNLHJRĪHWHPSRUDOQD FKDUDNWHU\VW\NDFHOyZEĊG]LHSR]RVWDZDüZ]ZLą]NX]ZáDĞFLZRĞFLDPLRVRERZRĞFL6WU]DáHFNL ZVZ\FKEDGDQLDFKSRVWDZLáVRELH]D]DGDQLHXVWDOHQLHF]\XPLHMVFRZLHQLH FHOyZ L Z\GDU]HĔ Ī\FLRZ\FK Z F]DVLH SV\FKRORJLF]Q\P Z SV\FKRORJLF]QHM SU]\V]áRĞFL MHVW ]ZLą]DQH ] SRF]XFLHP NRQWUROL QDG QLPL VXELHNW\ZQ\P SUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZHP LFK RVLąJQLĊFLDZ\VWąSLHQLDRUD]]]DDQJDĪRZDQLHPHPRFMRQDOQ\PZREHFQLFK
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TEMPORAL DIMENSION OF PERSONALITY. THE REVIEW OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES
The aim of this article is to review and analyze the psychological concepts of personality in terms of the pres-ence of time issue (in them). The analysis shows that the time can play a role of an external criterion for the description of the functioning of the personality, or be present in the personality itself as psychological time. Status of time issues in psychology of personality has evolved from a secondary problem, which was a kind of background for the most important matters and just signaled, to the central problem which is the primary subject of concern, debate and research. Nowadays, temporal aspects of personality are analyzed and empirical studied, especially in the cognitive approach.