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Wybrane problemy upowszechniania offshoringu

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Academic year: 2021

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 ,9:63£É&=(61(1$5=Õ'=,$=$5=Ë'=$1,$25*$1,=$&-$0, KOMERCYJNYMI I NIEKOMERCYJNYMI Angelika Wodecka-Hyjek* :<%5$1(352%/(0<832:6=(&+1,$1,$ 2))6+25,1*8 7+(6(/(&7352%/(06',))86( OF OFFSHORING 6XPPDU\ $FKDUDFWHULVWLFIHDWXUHRIWKHZRUOGHFRQRP\WRGD\KDVEHHQWKHSURJUHV-sive process of internationalization of economic activity. This article presents current aspects of offshoring. The definition and reasons of this activity are presented in first part. The main part of this article is presentation of the key determinants of offshoring. Further on the tables and diagrams presents ranges and results of offshoring implementation within organizations. The final part of the paper is focused on possibilities offshoring promotion in the world and Poland.

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