Widok Współczesne nazwiska rosyjskie pochodzenia polskiego

678',$5266,&$3261$1,(16,$YRO;;;9,,,SS,6%1,661 $GDP0LFNLHZLF]8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3R]QDę





:63Ðâ&=(61(1$=:,6.$526<-6.,(32&+2'=(1,$32/6.,(*2



5866,$16851$0(62)32/,6+25,*,17+$7$5(86(' 12:$'$<6  0$5,$1:Ð-72:,&=



$%675$&77KH DUWLFOH SUHVHQWV DQ DQDO\VLV RI  VXUQDPHV REWDLQHG IURP 5XVVLDQ WHOHSKRQHGLUHFWRULHV7KHDXWKRUGLVFXVVHVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSKRQHWLFDQGPRUSKRORJLFDO IHDWXUHVRI5XVVLDQVXUQDPHVRI3ROLVKRULJLQLGHQWLILHVWKHLUW\SHVDQGGUDZVXSDOLVW RIPRVWIUHTXHQWO\XVHGVXUQDPHV  0DULDQ:yMWRZLF]8QLZHUV\WHWLP$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLX3R]QDę²3ROVND



:]DVRELHZVSyãF]HVQ\FKQD]ZLVNXİ\ZDQ\FKZ5RVMLPRİQDZ\Uyİ QLþ SRG Z]JOčGHP JHQHW\F]Q\P GZLH JUXS\ SLHUZV]Ĉ WZRU]Ĉ QD]ZLVND URG]LPHGUXJĈ²QD]ZLVNDREFHJRSRFKRG]HQLD1D]ZLVNDSLHUZV]HMJUX S\]QDF]QLHSU]HZDİDMĈLORĤFLRZRQDGQD]ZLVNDPLGUXJLHMJUXS\LGHF\GX MĈRMč]\NRZ\PFKDUDNWHU]HRUD]RGUčEQRĤFLHWQLF]QHMWHMNDWHJRULLQD]HZ QLF]HM %DGDQLD QDG VWDW\VW\NĈ QD]ZLVN URV\MVNLFK QLH RVLĈJQčã\ MHV]F]H WDNLHJR SR]LRPX UR]ZRMRZHJR NWyU\ SR]ZROLãE\ QD GRNãDGQH RNUHĤOHQLH SURSRUFMLZMDNLHMSR]RVWDMĈQD]ZLVNDURG]LPHGRQD]ZLVNREF\FKLXVWDOH QLH OLF]E\ QD]ZLVN SU]HMčW\FK ]LQQ\FKV\VWHPyZDQWURSRQLPLF]Q\FK3H ZLHQSRJOĈGQDWčNZHVWLčGDMĈ]HVWDZLHQLDOLF]ERZH]DPLHV]F]RQHZSUDF\ :LNWRUD :DVF]HQNL SRĤZLčFRQHM VWUXNWXU]H PRUIHPRZHM QD]ZLVN URV\M VNLFK_{:HGãXJWHJREDGDF]DQD]ZLVND]URV\MVNLPLZ\NãDGQLNDPLPRUIROR} JLF]Q\PLZW\PIRUPDFMHK\EU\GDOQHRGSRGVWDZREFRMč]\F]Q\FKVWDQRZLĈ MHGQRVWHNEDGDQHJR]ELRUXDQD]ZLVNDREFHEH]Z\NãDGQL NyZPRUIRORJLF]Q\FK²MHGQRVWHN:ĤUyGQD]ZLVNVWUXNWXUDO QLHURV\MVNLFKURG]LP\FKLK\EU\GDOQ\FKSU]HZDİDMĈIRUPDFMH]DNRęF]RQH QD ȜȐɠȓȐ  MHGQRVWNLF]\OLLQDȖțɠȩțF]\OL_ ________________ _{ǰǰȎȟȥȓțȘȜǼȚȜȞȢȓȚțȜȗȟȠȞȡȘȠȡȞȓȞȡȟȟȘȖȣȢȎȚȖșȖȗÅ5RPDQRVODYLFDµ} %XFXUHüWLQU;9,V²$UW\NXã]DZLHUDDQDOL]čRNRãRQD]ZLVN]HVãRZ QLND 0RUWRQD %HQVRQD 'LFWLRQDU\ RI 5XVVLDQ 3HUVRQDO 1DPHV :LWK D *XLGH WR 6WUHVV DQG 0RUSKRORJ\3KLODGHOSKLD

_{: REOLF]HQLDFK SURFHQWRZ\FK Z\NRU]\VWDQR SRGDQH Z Z\PLHQLRQ\P DUW\NXOH}

OLF]E\MHGQRVWHNQD]ZLVNSURFHQWREOLF]RQRRGRJyOQHMOLF]E\QD]ZLVN]Z\NãDGQLND PLPRUIRORJLF]Q\PL

Ǻ:yMWRZLF]  =QDF]QLH PQLHM MHVW QD]ZLVN URG]LP\FK SRFKRG]ĈF\FK RG SU]\PLRWQLNyZ MDNRĤFLRZ\FKLZ]JOčGQ\FK1D]ZLVNDQDȟȘȖȗɠȤȘȖȗȟȘȜȗɠȤȘȜȗVWDQR ZLĈQDWRPLDVWSR]RVWDãH]DNRęF]RQHQDȩȗȖȗȜȗLU]DGNLH IRUPDFMHQDȖȣɠȩȣȎȑȜȜȐȜ²MHGQRVWHN-HĤOL]DãRİ\þİHDQDOL ]RZDQ\ ]ELyU QLH]E\W GXİ\ L Z ]QDF]Q\P VWRSQLX SU]\SDGNRZ\ RG ]ZLHUFLHGODZPLDUčGRNãDGQLHVWRVXQNLZ]DNUHVLHW\SyZVWUXNWXUDOQ\FK ZFDã\P]ELRU]HQD]ZLVNURV\MVNLFKLİHQD]ZLVNDEH]Z\NãDGQLNyZPRU IRORJLF]Q\FKVĈQD]ZLVNDPLREFHJRSRFKRG]HQLDWR]DUD]HPQDOHİ\SU]\ MĈþİH]DVyEW\FKRVWDWQLFKQLHSU]HNUDF]DFDãHJR]ELRUX

1D]ZLVNRPREF\PVSRURXZDJLSRĤZLčFLãZVZRMHMNVLĈİFH%RU\V8Q EHJDXQ_{ $XWRU ]DQDOL]RZDã RNRãR  QD]ZLVN SRFKRG]HQLD SROVNLHJR}

SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SRG NĈWHP W\SRZ\FK FHFK IRQHW\F]Q\FK Z\UyİQLDMĈ F\FKMHVSRĤUyGLQQ\FKQD]ZLVNVãRZLDęVNLFK-HVWWRMHG\QHV]HUV]HRSUD FRZDQLHRPDZLDQ\FKWXQD]ZLVNZOLWHUDWXU]HRQRPDVW\F]QHM 0DWHULDãGREDGDęQDGQD]ZLVNDPLSROVNLHJRSRFKRG]HQLD]DF]HUSQLč WR]GZyFKOLVWIUHNZHQF\MQ\FKLVSLVXQD]ZLVNDERQHQWyZWHOHIRQLF]Q\FK GZyFKPLDVWURV\MVNLFK3LHUZV]ĈOLVWčIUHNZHQF\MQĈVSRU]ĈG]RQRQDSRG VWDZLHLQWHUQHWRZHMNVLĈİNLWHOHIRQLF]QHM]DZLHUDMĈFHMQD]ZLVNDDERQHQWyZ ]SRQDGZLHONLFKPLDVWURV\MVNLFK_{3RRGSRZLHGQLPRSUDFRZDQLXX]\} VNDQR ]ELyU  QDMF]čVWV]\FK QD]ZLVN R RNXUHQFML RG  GR  MHGQRVWHN 'UXJĈ OLVWč REHMPXMĈFĈ UyZQLHİ  QDMF]čVWV]\FK QD]ZLVN SREUDQR]]DVREyZLQWHUQHWRZ\FK_{1D]ZLVNDSROVNLHJRSRFKRG]HQLDHNV} FHUSRZDQRWDNİH]NVLĈİNLWHOHIRQLF]QHM-DURVãDZLDQDG:RãJĈ]DZLHUDMĈFHM RNRãR  QD]ZLVN L RGOHJãHJR RG WHJR PLDVWD R  NP 7RPVND ZNWyUHM]QDMGXMHVLčRNRãRQD]ZLVN_{3LHUZV]ĈOLVWčSRWUDNWRZDQRMD} NRSRGVWDZRZHĮUyGãRQDWRPLDVWSR]RVWDãHPDWHULDã\MDNRMHJRX]XSHãQLH QLH:\EUDQRãĈF]QLHQD]ZLVN7HVDPHQD]ZLVNDPčİF]\]QLNRELHWVX PRZDQRDRELHIRUP\UHSUH]HQWXMHZ]HEUDQ\PPDWHULDOHQD]ZLVNRPčVNLH 'R QD]ZLVN URV\MVNLFK SRFKRG]HQLD SROVNLHJR ]DOLF]RQR MH QD SRGVWDZLH

________________ _{%28QEHJDXQ5XVVLDQ6XUQDPHV2[IRUGV²WãXPURVǯǼȁțȏȓ} ȑȎȡțǾȡȟȟȘȖȓȢȎȚȖșȖȖǺȜȟȘȐȎV² _{ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȎșȪțȩȗȠȓșȓȢȜțțȩȗȟȝȞȎȐȜȥțȖȘǿǻDZ0HJD&RQWDFWVȐȓȞȟȖȭȜȠ}  _{/LVWčÅȟȎȚȩȣȥȎȟȠȜȠțȩȣȞȡȟȟȘȖȣȢȎȚȖșȖȗµVSRU]ĈG]RQĈZUDPDFKSUR}

MHNWX EDGDZF]HJR ÅǾȡȟȟȘȖȗ ȑȓțȜȢȜțȒµ ]DPLHV]F]RQR QD VWURQLH ZZZJHQRIRQGUX 3U]\ QD]ZLVNX QLH SRGDQR F]čVWRĤFL ZVND]DQR MHG\QLH MHJR NROHMQH PLHMVFH QD OLĤFLH %UDNXMHLQIRUPDFMLGRW\F]ĈFHM]ELRUXNWyU\VWDãVLčSRGVWDZĈWHMOLVW\ _{ǿȝȖȟȜȘȎȏȜțȓțȠȜȐȍȞȜȟșȎȐȟȘȜȗȑȜȞȜȒȟȘȜȗȠȓșȓȢȜțțȜȗȟȓȠȖȝȜȟȜȟȠȜȭțȖȬțȎȭțȐȎ} Ȟȭ  ȑ ǾȎȕȒȓș ,,, ǸȐȎȞȠȖȞțȩȓ ȠȓșȓȢȜțȩ ȖțȒȖȐȖȒȡȎșȪțȜȑȜ ȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȭ ȍȞȜȟșȎȐșȪ V²ȀȓșȓȢȜțțȩȗȟȝȞȎȐȜȥțȖȘȑȀȜȚȟȘǿȝȖȟȜȘȎȏȜțȓțȠȜȐȝȜȟȜȟȠȜȭțȖȬțȎȚȎȞ ȠȎ  ȑ ǿȝȖȟȜȘ ȘȐȎȞȠȖȞțȩȣ ȠȓșȓȢȜțȜȐ ȖțȒȖȐȖȒȡȎșȪțȜȑȜ ȝȜșȪȕȜȐȎțȖȭ ȀȜȚȟȘ  V²

:VSyãF]HVQHQD]ZLVNDURV\MVNLHSRFKRG]HQLDSROVNLHJR





FHFK IRQHW\F]Q\FK ZãDĤFLZ\FK QD]ZLVNRP SROVNLP VSRVREX RGGDZDQLD LFK Z Mč]\NX URV\MVNLP W\SRZ\FK FHFK PRUIRORJLF]Q\FK L NU\WHULXP OHN V\NDOQHJRSR]ZDODMĈFHJRRGQLHĤþNRQNUHWQHQD]ZLVNRGR]ELRUXQD]ZLVN SROVNLFK &HFKĈZ\UyİQLDMĈFĈQD]ZLVNDSROVNLHVĈVDPRJãRVNLQRVRZH]DVWčSR ZDQHZMč]\NXURV\MVNLPSU]H]SRãĈF]HQLHVDPRJãRVNLXVWQHM]HVSyãJãRVNĈ QRVRZĈ6DPRJãRVNDčMHVW]DVWčSRZDQDSU]H]ȓȚSU]HGVSyãJãRVNĈZDUJR ZĈZQDZLDVDFKSRGDQRRGSRZLHGQLHQD]ZLVNRSROVNLHQSDZȓȚȏȖȤȘȖȗ *čELFNLDZșȓȚȏȖȤȘȖȗ*ãčELFNLDzȓȚȏțȜȐȓȤȘȖȗ'čEQRZLHFNLDzȓȚȏȜȐȟȘȖȗ 'čERZVNL ǵȓȚȏșȓȐȟȘȖȗ =LčEOHZVNL ǿȠȓȚȝȓțȪ 6WčSLHę ȀȞȓȚȏȎȥ 7Uč EDF]dzȟȠȞȓȚȟȘȖȗȍȟȠȞȓȚȟȘȖȗ]]DQLNLHPPLčG]\VSyãJãRVNRZHJRȏ-DVWU]čE VNL3U]HGLQQ\PLVSyãJãRVNDPLMHVW]DVWčSRZDQDSU]H]SRãĈF]HQLHȓțQS ǰȓțȔȖȘ:čİ\N²WDNİHQD]ZDKHUERZDDZȓțȦșȖȤȘȖȗ*čĤOLFNLǿȐȓțȠȖȤ ȘȖȗģZLčFLFNLǿȓțȒȓȤȘȖȗ6čGHFNL6DPRJãRVNDĈMHVW]DVWčSRZDQDSU]H] ȜțQSǯȜțȘ%ĈNǽȖȜțȠȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ3LĈWNRZVNLȆșȮțȟȘȖȗģOĈVNLOXEWHİ SU]H]ȜȚSU]HGVSyãJãRVNĈZDUJRZĈQSDzȜȚȏȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ'ĈEURZVNL :QD]ZLVNDFKSRFKRG]HQLDSROVNLHJRU]MHVWRGGDZDQH]Z\NOHSU]H] URV\MVNLHSRãĈF]HQLHVSyãJãRVHNȞȔQSǰȓȞȔȏȖȤȘȖȗ:LHU]ELFNLDZȞȔȖȏȜȐ ȟȘȖȗ *U]\ERZVNL ǵȎȘȞȔȓȐȟȘȖȗ =DNU]HZVNL ǸȜȏȞȔȖȤȘȖȗ .REU]\FNL ǸȜțȎȞȔȓȐȟȘȖȗ .RQDU]HZVNL ǼȞȔȓȣȜȐȟȘȖȗ 2U]HFKRZVNL ǽȞȔȓȐȎșȪȟȘȖȗ 3U]HZDOVNLǽȞȔȖȏȜȞȟȘȖȗ3U]\ERUVNLȃȞȔȎțȜȐȟȘȖȗ&KU]DQRZVNL5]D G]LHM VSRW\ND VLč QD PLHMVFX U] VSyãJãRVNč Ȕ OXE MHM EH]GĮZLčF]Q\ RGSR ZLHGQLNȦQSDzȜȏȔȖțȟȘȖȗ'REU]\ęVNLǵȎȘȦȓȐȟȘȖȗ=DNU]HZVNL

1D SROVNLH SRFKRG]HQLH QD]ZLVND ZVND]XMĈ QLHNWyUH SRãĈF]HQLD JãR VHNNWyUHZRGUčEQ\VSRVyEUR]ZLQčã\VLčZURV\MVNLPQSUyyUǰȞȡȏ șȓȐȖȥ:UyEOHZLF]ǰȞȡȏșȓȐȟȘȖȗ:UyEOHZVNLDZȡȞȎ*yUDDZȡȞȎșȪ*yUDO DZȡȞȟȘȖȗ*yUVNL ǹȖȟȜȑȡȞȟȘȖȗ /LVRJyUVNL ǸȞȡșȖȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ .UyOLNRZVNL SRãĈF]HQLHGOȆȖȒșȜȐȟȘȖȗ6]\GãRZVNLãXDzșȡȑȜȏȜȞȟȘȖȗ'ãXJRERUVNL -HĤOLFKRG]LRFHFK\PRUIRORJLF]QHWRQDSROVNLHSRFKRG]HQLHQD]ZLVND URV\MVNLHJRPRJĈZVND]\ZDþW\SRZHVXILNV\QSVNLFNLG]NLǴȎȏȟȘȖȗ įDEVNLǵȎȐȎȤȘȖȗ=DZDG]NLǿȠȎȐȖȤȘȖȗ6WDZLFNLǼȟȖțȟȘȖȗ2VLęVNL ǽȡȣȎșȪȟȘȖȗ3XFKDOVNLRZLF]ɠHZLF]ǹȡȘȎȦȓȐȖȥâXNV]HZLF]ȌȕȓȢȜȐȖȥ -y]HIRZLF]DNɠ·DNǰȜȕțȭȘ:RĮQLDNȍȘȡȏȥȎȘ-DNXEF]DNLNɠ\Nǰȓț ȔȖȘ:čİ\NǽȎȐșȖȘ3DZOLNLWS .U\WHULXPOHNV\NDOQHRGJU\ZDLVWRWQĈUROčSU]\LGHQW\ILNDFMLQD]ZLVN SROVNLHJRSRFKRG]HQLDUyZQ\FKZVZHMEXGRZLHZ\UD]RPSRVSROLW\POXE QD]ZRPZãDVQ\PLQQ\FKNDWHJRULLQSLPLRQRPRVRERZ\POXEQD]ZRP JHRJUDILF]Q\P 8PRİOLZLD RQR ]DOLF]HQLH GR RPDZLDQHM JUXS\ QD]ZLVN WDNLFKSROVNLFKQD]ZLVNRGDSHODW\ZQ\FKMDNQSǸșȓȝȎȥ.OHSDF]ǸȜȑȡȠ .RJXWǸȞȡȘ.UXNǽȖȟȎȞȓȘ3LVDUHNǿșȓȒȪ6OHGĮǿȠȓșȪȚȎȣ6WHOPDFK OXEQD]ZLVNSRFKRG]ĈF\FKRGLPLRQQSǹȡȘȎȦâXNDV]ǯȎșȪȤȓȞ%DOFHU %DOWD]DUȁȞȏȎț8UEDQLWS3RVãXJLZDQLHVLčZ\ãĈF]QLHMHGQ\PNU\WHULXP

Ǻ:yMWRZLF] 

QLH]DZV]HSU]\QRVLZãDĤFLZ\UH]XOWDW=QDF]QLHOHSV]HZ\QLNLGDMH]DVWR VRZDQLH ]HVSRãX Z\PLHQLRQ\FKNU\WHULyZ3HZQHWUXGQRĤFLSRMDZLDMĈVLč Z Z\SDGNX QD]ZLVN R SRGREQHM VWUXNWXU]H L ] W\P VDP\P IRUPDQWHP IXQNFMRQXMĈF\FK Z SROVNLP ELDãRUXVNLP L XNUDLęVNLP %LRUĈF SRG XZDJč KLVWRU\F]QH]ZLĈ]NLVĈVLDGXMĈF\FK]HVREĈQDURGyZQLHãDWZRUR]VWU]\JQĈþ F]\ QD]ZLVNR ǹȡȘȎȦȓȐȖȥ PD SROVNLH F]\ XNUDLęVNLHSRFKRG]HQLHDȀȜȚȎ ȦȓȐȖȥMHVWJHQHW\F]QLHQD]ZLVNLHPSROVNLPF]\WHİELDãRUXVNLP'RQD]ZLVN SROVNLFK PRİQD MH ]DOLF]\þ ]H Z]JOčGX QD SRGVWDZč RG NWyUHM MH XWZR U]RQR ,PLRQD âXNDV] L 7RPDV] QDOHİĈ ERZLHP GR ]DVREX SROVNLFK LPLRQ FKU]HĤFLMDęVNLFK 7HQ VDP SUREOHP GRW\F]\ VSRUHM OLF]E\ QD]ZLVN ] IRU PDQWHPȟȘȖȗɠȤȘȖȗUR]V]HU]RQ\PQLHNLHG\PRUIHPDPLȜȐɠȓȐOXEȖț NWyUHPDMĈZSRGVWDZLHZ\UD]Z\VWčSXMĈF\ZMč]\NXSROVNLPLURV\MVNLP QS ǯȜȏȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ %REURZVNL ǯȩȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ %\NRZVNL ǺȎșȖțȜȐȟȘȖȗ 0DOL QRZVNLǺȎȟșȜȐȟȘȖȗ0DVãRZVNLǿȜȟțȜȐȟȘȖȗ6RVQRZVNLǿșȖȐȖțȟȘȖȗģOL ZLęVNLȅȎȗȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ&]DMNRZVNLLWS:ZLčNV]RĤFLVĈWRQD]ZLVNDNWyU\FK SRGVWDZRPPRİQDSU]\SRU]ĈGNRZDþQD]Z\PLHMVFRZHDVDPHQD]ZLVND RGSRZLHGQLPSU]\PLRWQLNRPRGPLHMVFRZ\PQSǰȩȟȜȤȘȖȗǰȩȟȜȤȘǰȩ ȟȜȘȜȓ²:\VRFNL:\VRND:\VRNLHǸȜȕșȜȐȟȘȖȗǸȜȕșȜȐǸȜȕșȜȐȜ².R] ãRZVNL .R]ãRZR .R]ãyZ ǼȞșȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǼȞȓș ² 2UãRZVNL 2UãRZR 2UãyZ ǿȜȘȜșȜȐȟȘȖȗǿȜȘȜșǿȜȘȜșȜȐǿȜȘȜșȜȐȜ²6RNRãRZVNL6RNRãRZR6RNRãyZ 6RNRã\LWS1LHFRPQLHMV]ĈJUXSčVWDQRZLĈQD]ZLVNDPDMĈFHZSRGVWDZLH WRVDPRLPLčZREXMč]\NDFKQSǺȖșȜȟșȎȐȟȘȖȗǺȖșȜȟșȎȐ²0LãRVãDZVNL 0LãRVãDZǿȠȎțȖȟșȎȐȟȘȖȗǿȠȎțȖȟșȎȐ²6WDQLVãDZVNL6WDQLVãDZǺȎȞȘȜȐ ȟȘȖȗǺȎȞȘ²0DUNRZVNL0DUHNǽȎȐșȜȐȟȘȖȗǽȎȐȓș²3DZãRZVNL3DZHãLWS :DQWURSRQLPLLSROVNLHMQD]ZLVND]SU]\URVWNLHPVNLLMHJR]ãRİRQ\PL ZDULDQWDPL RZVNLɠHZVNL LęVNL VĈ Z GXİ\P VWRSQLX IRUPDFMDPL RGPLHM VFRZ\PL QRWRZDQ\PL MXİ Z ;,9 ZLHNX /LF]QĈ JUXSč ZĤUyG QLFK VWDQR ZLĈ QD]ZLVND XWZRU]RQH RG QD]Z Z\NRQDZFyZ ]DZRGX W\SX 0ã\QDUVNL 3LHNDUVNL6]NODUVNL_{RUD]QD]ZLVNDRGSU]H]ZLVNQD]ZLVNNWyUHQLHXWUDFLã\} IXQNFMLFKDUDNWHU\]XMĈFHM7HRVWDWQLH]QDQHMXİE\ã\Z;9,ZLHNXD]DF]čã\ VLčV]HU]\þZ;9,,L;9,,,ZLHNXNLHG\UR]SRF]ĈãVLčSURFHVÅXV]ODFKFDQLDµ QD]ZLVNPLHV]F]DęVNLFKLXOHSV]DQLDFKãRSVNLFK1D]ZLVNRPRGSU]H]ZLVNR Z\P QDGDZDQR QRZĈ SRVWDþ QD VNL :LON ]PLHQLDQR QD :LOF]\ęVNL 6RVQD QD6RVQRZVNLįXNQDįXNRZVNL_{:Mč]\NXURV\MVNLPQD]ZLVNDRGPLHMVFRZH} QD ȟȘȖȗɠȤȘȖȗ W\SX ǰȭȕȓȚȟȘȖȗ dzșȓȤȘȖȗ ǿȠȎȞȜȒȡȏȟȘȖȗ E\ã\ Xİ\ZDQH ZNUčJDFKDU\VWRNUDW\F]Q\FKQDWRPLDVWQD]ZLVNDǰȜȕțȓȟȓțȟȘȖȗǽȜȘȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ ________________ _{=REWHİ%.UHMD3UREOHPSROVNLFKQD]ZLVNW\SXÅ5\ELFNLµÅ'XOVNLµ>Z@92JyO} QRSROVND.RQIHUHQFMD2QRPDVW\F]QD.VLčJDUHIHUDWyZSRGUHG.=LHUKRIIHUD3R]QDę V² _{/LF]QHSU]\NãDG\]PLDQ\QD]ZLVNSRGDMH-6%\VWURę1D]ZLVNDSROVNLH:DU} V]DZDV²

:VSyãF]HVQHQD]ZLVNDURV\MVNLHSRFKRG]HQLDSROVNLHJR



 ǾȜȔȒȓȟȠȐȓțȟȘȖȗǼȏțȜȞȟȘȖȗǿȝȓȞȎțȟȘȖȗRGSRGVWDZ]QDF]HQLRZR]ZLĈ]D Q\FK]WHPDW\NĈUHOLJLMQĈWUDG\FMĈFKU]HĤFLMDęVNĈLDQW\F]QĈZĤUyGGXFKR ZLHęVWZDSUDZRVãDZQHJR1D]ZLVNDRGLQQ\FKSRGVWDZE\ã\U]DGNLH'OD WHJRWHİQD]ZLVNDURV\MVNLH]SU]\URVWNLHPȟȘȖȗQSǴȡȘȜȐȟȘȖȗǸȜȕșȜȐ ȟȘȖȗǺȎȟșȜȐȟȘȖȗǼȞșȜȐȟȘȖȗǿȜȏȜșȓȐȟȘȖȗǿȜȘȜșȜȐȟȘȖȗǿșȖȐȖțȟȘȖȗȍȐȜȞ ȟȘȖȗLWS]DOLF]RQRGRQD]ZLVNRGDSHODW\ZQ\FKSROVNLHJRSRFKRG]HQLD_ = XSã\ZHP F]DVX QD]ZLVND SROVNLH VĈ DGDSWRZDQH GR V\VWHPX IRQH W\F]QHJRLPRUIRORJLF]QHJRMč]\NDURV\MVNLHJR$GDSWDFMDIRQHW\F]QD]QDM GXMH QLHNLHG\ VZyM Z\UD] Z SRVWDFL W]Z DNDQLD XWUZDORQHJR Z SLVRZQL QD]ZLVND QS ǯȞȎȐȎȞțȖȘ%URZDUQLNǯȎȑȡȤȘȖȗ%RJXFNLDZȎȒȓȠȟȘȖȗDZȎ ȒȓȤȘȖȗ*RGHFNLDZșȎȐȎȤȘȖȗ*ãRZDFNLǺȎțȥȖțȟȘȖȗ0ĈF]\ęVNLǺȎȦȖț ȟȘȖȗ0RV]\ęVNLǽȎȝȟȡȗ3RSVXMVXEVW\WXFMLVDPRJãRVHNQSǯȓșȜȟȠȜȤȘȖȗ %LDãRVWRFNL]PLDQLHVDPRJãRVNLOXE]DQLNXVSyãJãRVNLMDNQSZQD]ZLVNX dzȟȠȞȓȚȟȘȖȗ ȍȟȠȞȓȚȟȘȖȗ-DVWU]čEVNLLWG$GDSWDFMDPRUIRORJLF]QDSROH JDMĈFD QD GRGDQLX PRUIHPX W\SRZHJR GOD QD]ZLVN URV\MVNLFK Z\VWčSXMH VSRUDG\F]QLH2GQRWRZDQRMHG\QLHGZDSU]\NãDG\ǺȡȟȭșȜȐ0XVLDãLǻȜ ȐȎȘȜȐ1RZDN : QD]ZLVNDFK SU]\PLRWQLNRZ\FK ] NRęFyZNĈ Lɠ\ W\SX 1DURİQ\6WDQLV]HZVNLIOHNVMDSROVNDXOHJDZ\PLDQLHQDURV\MVNĈRGSRZLHG QLRZQD]ZLVNDFKPčİF]\]QLNRELHWǻȎȞȜȔțȩȗǻȎȞȜȔțȎȭǿȠȎțȖȦȓȐȟȘȖȗ ǿȠȎțȖȦȓȐȟȘȎȭ:QD]ZLVNDFKǯȜȞȜȐȟȘȖȣDZșȎȐȎȤȘȖȣǽȜșȭțȟȘȖȣIOHNVMčPLD QRZQLNDOSRM]DVWĈSLRQRNRęFyZNĈGRSHãQLDF]DOPQW\SRZĈGODW]Z QD]ZLVN ÅV\EHU\MVNLFKµ : Z\QLNX WHM VXEVW\WXFML VWDã\ VLč RQH QLHRG PLHQQH

: ]HEUDQ\P PDWHULDOH VĈ UHSUH]HQWRZDQH RGSRZLHGQLNL ZV]\VWNLFK ZDİQLHMV]\FKW\SyZQD]ZLVNSROVNLFK1DMOLF]QLHMV]ĈJUXSčQD]ZLVNJHQH W\F]QLH SROVNLFK VNãDGDMĈFĈ VLč ]  QD]ZLVN  VWDQRZLĈ IRUPDFMH ]SU]\URVWNLHPȟȘȖȗLMHJRZDULDQWDPLȜȐȟȘȖȗɠȓȐȟȘȖȗȖțȟȘȖȗ3U]HZD İDMĈZĤUyGQLFKQD]ZLVNDRGSU]H]ZLVNRZHQD]ZLVNDQSǯȎȞȎțȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǯȡȞȎȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ DZșȖțȟȘȖȗ DZȞȎȏȜȐȟȘȖȗ dzȔȓȐȟȘȖȗ ǴȡȞȎȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǵȓșȖțȟȘȖȗ ǸȎȐȓȤȘȖȗǸȎșȖțȜȐȟȘȖȗǸșȓȝȎȤȘȖȗǸȜȟȖțȟȘȖȗǸȜȠȓȤȘȖȗǸȡȞȥȓȐȟȘȖȗǸȡ ȥȖțȟȘȖȗǹȓȐȎțȒȜȐȟȘȖȗǹȓȐȖțȟȘȖȗǹȓȐȖȤȘȖȗǹȖȟȜȐȟȘȖȗǹȜȕȖțȟȘȖȗǺȎȓȐ ȟȘȖȗ ǺȎȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǺȡȦȖțȟȘȖȗ ǻȓȒȕȐȓȒȟȘȖȗ ǻȜȐȖȤȘȖȗ ǻȜȐȖțȟȘȖȗ ǼȕȖȚ ȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǼșȪȣȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǼșȪȦȓȐȟȘȖȗ ǼȟȖțȟȘȖȗ ǽȓȥȖțȟȘȖȗ ǽșȎȣȠȖțȟȘȖȗ ǿȐȖȒȓȞȟȘȖȗȅȎȝșȖțȟȘȖȗȅȓȞțȭȘȜȐȟȘȖȗȆȎȢȞȎțȟȘȖȗȇȎȐȖțȟȘȖȗLWS ________________

_{1D]ZLVND QD ȟȘȖȗ RG GDZQD E\ã\ WUDNWRZDQH MDNR SROVNLH &KDUDNWHU\VW\F]QD}

MHVWQDVWčSXMĈFDRSLQLD_ >@ ȞȡȟȟȘȡȬ ȢȎȚȖșȖȬ ǼȟȠȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ ȜȥȓțȪ ȡȝȜȠȞȓȏȖȠȓșȪțȡȬ Ȑ țȎȦȓȚ ȒȡȣȜȐȓțȟȠȐȓ ȒȜșȔțȜȝȖȟȎȠȪȖȝȞȜȖȕțȜȟȖȠȪ²ǼȟȠȞȜȐȟȘȜȗȎțȓǼȟȠȞȜȐȟȘȖȗȁțȎȟȠȎȘȚțȜȑȜȘȞȖȥȎȠȜȏȜȏ ȞȡȟȓțȖȖȎȚȓȔȒȡȠȓȚȜȝȜșȭȥȖȐȎȬȠȘȜȞȓțțȩȣȞȡȟȟȘȖȣșȬȒȓȗȝȜȜȒțȜȚȡȖȕȑșȎȐțȩȣȝȞȖȕțȎ ȘȜȐ²ȝȜȞȜȒȜȐȩȚȝȞȜȕȐȎțȖȭȚ>@_ =RE dzǽ Ǹ Ȏ ȞțȜȐȖȥǾȜȒȜȐȩȓȝȞȜȕȐȎțȖȭȖȠȖȠȡșȩȐǾȜȟȟȖȖȖȟșȖȭțȖȓȖțȜȕȓȚȤȓȐ ȟȞȡȟȟȘȖȚȖǿǽȓȠȓȞȏȡȞȑǾȓȝȞȖțȠǺȜȟȘȐȎV

Ǻ:yMWRZLF]  1DGUXJLPPLHMVFXSRGZ]JOčGHPLORĤFL]QDMGXMĈVLčQD]ZLVNDRGPLHM VFRZH  QD]ZLVN QS ǮȞȦȎȐȟȘȖȗ ǰȎȞȦȎȐȟȘȖȗ ǸȜțȎȞȔȓȐȟȘȖȗ ǸȜțȖț ȟȘȖȗ ǸȜțȜȠȜȝȟȘȖȗ ǹȓȧȖțȟȘȖȗ  ǹȖȑȜȠȟȘȖȗ ǹȖȝțȖȤȘȖȗ ǼȟȠȞȜȚȓȤȘȖȗ ǽȜȕțȎțȟȘȖȗǾȎȒȜȚȟȘȖȗǾȜȑȜȕȖțȟȘȖȗǾȡȟȓȤȘȖȗǿȓȞȝȓȤȘȖȗȀȎȞțȜȐȟȘȖȗȄȓ ȣȎțȜȐȟȘȖȗȅȎȝȟȘȖȗLWS 'RWU]HFLHMJUXS\QD]ZLVNQDȟȘȖȗQDOHİĈIRUPDFMHRGLPLHQQHQD] ZLVND XWZRU]RQH RG LPLRQ FKU]HĤFLMDęVNLFK L WUDG\F\MQ\FK LPLRQ VWDUR SROVNLFK LFK SRVWDFL SHãQ\FK L GHU\ZDWyZ QS ǮȒȎȚȟȘȖȗ ǯȜȑȡȟșȎȐȟȘȖȗ ǯȡȒȕȭțȜȐȟȘȖȗǰȖȠȘȜȐȟȘȖȗǰȜȗȠȓȣȜȐȟȘȖȗǰȜȗȤȓȣȜȐȟȘȖȗǰȜȗȠȘȜȐȟȘȖȗDZȜȒ șȓȐȟȘȖȗ DzȜȚȎȣȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǺȎȘȎȞȟȘȖȗ ǺȖȣȎșȓȐȟȘȖȗ ǽȎȐșȖȤȘȖȗ ǽȎȦȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǿȠȓȢȎțȜȐȟȘȖȗȂȎșȪȘȜȐȟȘȖȗȄȓȣȎțȟȘȖȗȆȖȚȎțȟȘȖȗȍȘȡȏȜȐȟȘȖȗȍțȖȤȘȖȗ ȍțȘȜȐȟȘȖȗȍțȜȐȟȘȖȗȍțȡȦȓȐȟȘȖȗȍȞȜȦȖțȟȘȖȗȍȟȖțȟȘȖȗLWS :JUXSLHQD]ZLVN]SU]\URVWNLHPȟȘȖȗ]QDMGXMĈVLčWDNİHSU]\PLRWQL NLXWZRU]RQHRGQD]ZZ\NRQDZFyZ]DZRGXZ\VWčSXMĈFHZIXQNFMLQD] ZLVNQSǯȞȜȐȎȞȟȘȖȗǸȎȞȏȜȐȟȘȖȗǸȜȠșȭȞȟȘȖȗǸȞȎȐȥȖțȟȘȖȗǺșȩțȎȞȟȘȖȗ ǽȓȘȎȞȟȘȖȗǾȩȚȎȦȓȐȟȘȖȗȀȜȘȎȞȟȘȖȗȆȘșȭȞȟȘȖȗ .ROHMQĈGXİĈJUXSčOLF]ĈFĈQD]ZLVNDVWDQRZLĈIRUPDFMHSDWUR QLPLF]QH]SU]\URVWNDPLȜȐȖȥɠȓȐȖȥȖȤ:ZLčNV]RĤFLVĈWRQD]ZLVNDRG SRGVWDZSHãQ\FKLGHU\ZDWyZLPLRQFKU]HĤFLMDęVNLFKQSǮȒȎȚȜȐȖȥǯșȎȔȓ ȐȖȥǯȞȜȔȓȐȖȥǹȓțȎȞȠȜȐȖȥǺȎȞȤȖțȘȓȐȖȥǺȎȤȘȓȐȖȥǺȖȤȘȓȐȖȥǽȎȐșȜȐȖȥ ǿȠȎțȘȓȐȖȥ ǿȠȎȦȘȓȐȖȥ ȍȘȡȏȜȐȖȥ ȍțȜȐȖȥ ȍțȡȦȘȓȐȖȥ ȍȤȘȜȐȖȥ -HVW Z WHM JUXSLH NLOND QD]ZLVN RG GHU\ZDWyZ LPLRQ VWDURSROVNLFK QS ǯȜȑȡȦȓȐȖȥ ǰȖȠȘȓȐȖȥ DzȕȭȠȘȜȐȖȥ ȂȎșȪȘȜȐȖȥ ȄȓȣȎțȜȐȖȥ D WDNİH SDUč QD]ZLVN XWZR U]RQ\FKRGSU]H]ZLVNLDSHODW\ZyZQSǰȞȡȏșȓȐȖȥǸȜȐȎșȓȐȖȥǺȎȕȡȞȘȓȐȖȥ ȄȓȝȓșȓȐȖȥ : QD]ZLVNX ȅȎȝșȖȤ &]DSOLF Z\VWčSXMH VXILNV LF ² URG]LPD SRVWDþSU]\URVWNDLF]

1D]ZLVNSROVNLHJRSRFKRG]HQLD]LQQ\PLIRUPDQWDPLRGQRWRZDQRQLH ZLHOH  QD]ZLVN F]\OL  6Ĉ WR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD]ZLVND ] SU]\ URVWNDPL ȎȘ ȭȘ QS ǰȎȐȞȡȦȎȘ ǺȎȞȥȎȘ dzȔȎȘ DzȕȬȏȎȘ dzȒȖțȎȘ ǹȓȟțȭȘ ǻȜȐȎȘǿȠȎȞȥȎȘȅȓȞțȭȘ]SU]\URVWNLHPȖȘǻȜȐȖȘǽȎȐșȖȘǾȡȒȕȖȘ]SU]\ URVWNLHPȥȖȘǸȞȎȐȥȖȘLȓȘDZșȜȒȫȘ

6SRUĈJUXSčWZRU]ĈQD]ZLVNDEH]Z\NãDGQLNyZVãRZRWZyUF]\FKZMč ]\NXSROVNLP/LF]\RQDQD]ZLVN6ĈWRQD]ZLVNDUyZQHZVZHM EXGRZLH LPLRQRP L DSHODW\ZRP 'R QD]ZLVN UyZQ\FK SHãQ\P IRUPRP OXE GHU\ZDWRP RG LPLRQ FKU]HĤFLMDęVNLFK L VWDURSROVNLFK RERN NLONX MXİ Z\PLHQLRQ\FKQDOHİĈQSǯȎțȎȣ%DQDFK%DQDG\N%HQHG\NWȍȞȜȦȍȞȜ ȦȓȘ ȍȞȜțȪ -DURVãDZ -DURPLU ǽȎȟȪ 3DĤ 3DZHã ǸȜȣȎț ǿȡșȖȚ 6XOLPLU 6XOLVãDZ 1D]ZLVND UyZQH DSHODW\ZRP WR GDZQH SU]H]ZLVND 6Ĉ ZĤUyG QLFKQD]Z\SWDNyZ]ZLHU]ĈWU\EURĤOLQQSǯȎȞȎțDzȞȜȕȒǸȎȞȎȟȪǹȜȏȜȒȎ ǹȡȧǺȜȠȩșȪǾȩȏȘȎȅȎȗȘȎȆȝȎȘQD]Z\Z\NRQDZFyZ]DZRGyZL]DMčþ ǯȡȒțȖȘ ǰȜȕțȩȗ ǸȜȐȎșȪ ǸȞȎȐȓȤ ǸȡȣȠȎ ǼșȓȗțȖȘ ǾȩȏȎȘ ǿȝȓȐȎȘ ǿȠȞȎȔ ȀȞȓȚȏȎȥǺȩȠțȖȘǺȩȟșȖȐȓȤQD]Z\PLHV]NDęFyZQD]Z\HWQLF]QHDZȡȞȎșȪ

:VSyãF]HVQHQD]ZLVNDURV\MVNLHSRFKRG]HQLDSROVNLHJR





ǸȎȦȡȏȎ ǺȎȕȡȞ ǽȜșȭȘ QD]Z\ UR]PDLW\FK SU]HGPLRWyZ QD]Z\ DEVWUDN F\MQHDZȡȕȖȘDzȡȣǵȎȗȒȎǻȎșȓȟțȖȘǽȎȚȝȡȣǿȘȖȏȎǿȘȜȞȡȝȎȀȡȞȘȜȠȆȘȜȒȎ LWS:JUXSLHWHMMHVWUyZQLHİNLONDQD]ZLVNNWyU\FKSROVNLHRGSRZLHGQLNL VĈ UyZQH SU]\PLRWQLNRP]NRęFyZNĈLɠ\QSǻȓȟȚȎȥțȩȗǻȎȘȜțȓȥțȩȗ ǻȎȞȜȔțȩȗ ǽȜȐȦȓȒțȩȗ L MHGQR QD]ZLVNR Z SRVWDFL UR]NDĮQLND ² ǽȎȝȟȡȗ 1D]ZLVND GRSHãQLDF]RZH VĈ UHSUH]HQWRZDQH SU]H] GZLH IRUP\ GRSHãQLD F]DOSRMDzȕȬȏȎLǿȡșȖȚȎWDNİHQD]ZDKHUERZD6XOLP6XOLPLU6XOLVãDZ 1D]ZLVNDSROVNLHJRSRFKRG]HQLDNRQFHQWUXMĈVLčZGROQHMVWUHILHF]čVWR ĤFL SLHUZV]HM OLVW\  QDMF]čVWV]\FK QD]ZLVN URV\MVNLFK =QDMGXMH VLč WX QD]ZLVNDOLF]EDLFKQRVLFLHOL]DZLHUDVLčZSU]HG]LDOHRGGR : GROQHM VWUHILH PRİQD Z\UyİQLþ QD]ZLVND R GXİHM F]čVWRĤFL ² QRVLFLHOL GR NWyUHM QDOHİ\  QD]ZLVN L JUXSč QD]ZLVN PQLHM F]čVW\FK ²QRVLFLHOLOLF]ĈFĈQD]ZLVN1DGUXJLHMOLĤFLHQDMF]čVWV]\FK QD]ZLVN URV\MVNLFK RGQRWRZDQR  QD]ZLVN JHQHW\F]QLH SROVNLFK =DPLH V]F]RQ\SRQLİHMZ\ND]]DZLHUDQD]ZLVND]SLHUZV]HMOLVW\XãRİRQHZHGãXJ PDOHMĈFHM OLF]E\ QRVLFLHOL 7H VDPH QD]ZLVND Z\VWčSXMĈFH QD REX OLVWDFK Z\UyİQLRQR NXUV\ZĈ &\IUD SU]HG QD]ZLVNLHP R]QDF]D NROHMQ\ QXPHU F\IUDSRQD]ZLVNX²OLF]EčQRVLFLHOL  ǽȜșȭțȟȘȖȗ  ǸȜȕșȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǸȜȐȎșȪ   ǼșȓȗțȖȘ   ǼȟȠȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǽȎȐșȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǯȩȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǰȩȟȜȤȘȖȗ  ǻȜȐȖȤȘȖȗ  ǾȜȚȎțȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǯȎȞȎțȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǸȜȐȎșȓȐȟȘȖȗ  ǿȜȘȜșȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǺȎȕȡȞ   ǴȡȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǯȓșȪȟȘȖȗ  ǸȎȚȖțȟȘȖȗ  ȅȎȗȘȎ   ǯȜȏȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǹȖȟȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǿȠȎțȘȓȐȖȥ  ǿȎȒȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǸȞȎȐȓȤ   ȅȓȞțȭȘ   ǻȜȐȖȘ ȍțȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ  DzȕȬȏȎ   ǼȞșȜȐȟȘȖ   ȆȝȎȘ   ǸȜȐȎșȪȟȘȖȗ  ǯȓșȭȐȟȘȖȗ ǺȎșȖțȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǹȡȘȎȦȓȐȖȥ ȃȚȓșȓȐȟȘȖȗ ǯȓșȓȤȘȖȗ   ȍțȜȐȟȘȖȗ   DzȜȚȏȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǻȜȐȎȘ   ȅȎȗȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǯȓșȖțȟȘȖȗ ǺȎȤȘȓȐȖȥ  ǸȎșȖțȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǵȎȐȎȒȟȘȖȗ  ǿȜȏȜșȓȐȟȘȖȗ  DzȞȜȕȒ   ǸȡȥȖțȟȘȖȗ ȍȘȡȏȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǼșȪȣȜȐȟȘȖȗ DzȜȏȞȜȐȜșȪȟȘȖȗ  ǺȎȓȐȟȘȖȗ ǺȎȞȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǾȩȏȎȘ   ȍȐȜȞȟȘȖȗ  ǴȡȞȎȐȟȘȖȗ  ǺȎȟșȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ȍȏșȜțȟȘȖȗ  DZȡȞȟȘȖȗ   ǵȓșȖțȟȘȖȗ  ǯȜȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǿȘȖȏȎ   ǽȎȐșȜȐȖȥ  ȍȟȖțȟȘȖȗ  ǾȡȒțȖȤȘȖȗ  ȄȩȏȡșȪȟȘȖȗ  ǰȜȗȤȓȣȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǼșȪȦȓȐȟȘȖȗ ȁȞȏȎț   ȆȖȒșȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǯȜȑȡȟșȎȐȟȘȖȗ ȆȖȚȎțȟȘȖȗ ǺȎȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǽȎȦȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ

Ǻ:yMWRZLF]  ȍȞȜȦ  DZȎȓȐȟȘȖȗ  ǿȜȟțȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ȍȘȡȏȜȐȖȥ  ǮȒȎȚȜȐȖȥ  ǯȡȒțȖȘ  ǾȡȟȓȤȘȖȗ  ǺȖȤȘȓȐȖȥ  ǿȠȓșȪȚȎȣ  ǰȎȐȞȡȦȎȘ  ǿȠȎȐȖȤȘȖȗ  ǽȜșȭȘ   ǸȜȑȡȠ   ȍȟȘȓȐȖȥ  ǸȜȐȎșȓȐȖȥ  ǹȡȘȎȦ  ǸȜȣȎț  ǹȓȐȎțȒȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǰȖȠȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǽȜȠȜȤȘȖȗ  ǹȓȟțȭȘ  ȍȤȘȓȐȖȥ  ǵȎșȓȐȟȘȖȗ  ǹȓȧȖțȟȘȖȗ ǰȞȡȏșȓȐȟȘȖȗ  ǾȡȠȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ  ǿȠȎȟȓȐȖȥ  ǹȎȝȖȤȘȖȗ  ȍȞȜȦȓȐȖȥ  ȍțȜȐȖȥ DZȞȎȏȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǾȡȒȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǿȖȘȜȞȟȘȖȗ ȀȡȞȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǰȜșȪȟȘȖȗ  ȅȖȔȓȐȟȘȖȗ ȆȝȎȘȜȐȟȘȖȗ ǺȎȞȤȖțȘȓȐȖȥ ǽȎȐșȖȘ  ȍțȘȜȐȖȥ   ǸȎȦȡȏȎ  ǸȎȞȝȖțȟȘȖȗ  ǿȡșȖȚȎ   DZȡȞȎ   

1D REX OLVWDFK IUHNZHQF\MQ\FK ]QDMGXMH VLč  W\FK VDP\FK QD]ZLVN SROVNLHJR SRFKRG]HQLD D ZLčF ]JRGQRĤþ OLVW SRG W\P Z]JOčGHP Z\QRVL :\ND]QDMF]čVWV]\FKQD]ZLVN]DZLHUDQD]ZLVND]IRUPDQWHPȟȘȖȗ L MHJR ZDULDQWDPL FR VWDQRZL  7DN GXİD SU]HZDJD Z\PLHQLRQHJR W\SX QD]ZLVN ZLĈİH VLč ] W\P İH Z V\VWHPLH QD]ZLVN SROVNLFK IRUPDFMH QDVNL]DMPXMĈSRGZ]JOčGHPOLF]ERZ\PSLHUZV]HPLHMVFH_{:V\VWHPLH} QD]ZLVNURV\MVNLFKVWDQRZLĈRQH]DWHPZ\UyİQLNQD]ZLVNSROVNLHJRSRFKR G]HQLD:SRZ\İV]\PZ\ND]LHMHVWQD]ZLVN]SU]\URVWNLHPȜȐȖȥɠȓȐȖȥ LQD]ZLVNLQQ\FKW\SyZ=SRUyZQDQLDWHJRZ\ND]X]OLVWĈQDMF]čĤFLHM Xİ\ZDQ\FK QD]ZLVN SROVNLFK Z\QLND İH ]QDMGXMH VLč Z QLP  QD]ZLVN URV\MVNLFKF]\OLPDMĈF\FKVZRMHSROVNLHRGSRZLHGQLNL_{=WHMOLF]E\} QD]ZLVNPDRGSRZLHGQLNLZĤUyGSLHUZV]\FKQDMF]čVWV]\FKQD]ZLVN 1LH PD Z Z\ND]LH QDMF]čVWV]\FK URV\MVNLFK QD]ZLVN RGSRZLHGQLNyZ ]DM PXMĈF\FKZ\VRNLHPLHMVFDQDOLĤFLHUDQJRZHMQD]ZLVNSROVNLFKWDNLFKMDN QS  :LĤQLHZVNL  :yMFLN  .RZDOF]\N  .ZLDWNRZVNL  .DF]PDUHN .UDZF]\N3LRWURZVNL0LFKDOVNLLWG  3U]HGVWDZLRQHZ\İHM]DJDGQLHQLHZ\PDJDQLHZĈWSOLZLHV]HUV]\FKED GDęNWyUH]F]DVHPSR]ZROĈPRİHX]\VNDþEDUG]LHMSHãQ\REUD]WHMJUXS\ QD]ZLVNEčGĈF\FKQLHW\ONRLQWHJUDOQĈF]čĤFLĈURV\MVNLHJRV\VWHPXDQWUR SRQLPLF]QHJRDOHWDNİHZDİQ\PĤZLDGHFWZHPMHJR]ZLĈ]NyZ]DQWURSR QLPLĈSROVNĈ ________________ _{=RE.6NRZURQHN:VSyãF]HVQHQD]ZLVNRSROVNLH6WXGLXPVWDW\VW\F]QRNRJ} QLW\ZQH.UDNyZVLWDEQDV$XWRUNDSRGDMHİHQD]ZLVNQDVNLMHVW RNRãRW\VF]\OLZV]\VWNLFKSROVNLFKQD]ZLVN _{/LVWčIUHNZHQF\MQĈSROVNLFKQD]ZLVN]RE.6NRZURQHNRSFLWV²}