Model kosztów całkowitych dla odnawiania zapasów w systemie BS Total cost model for the BS stock replenishment system

Pełen tekst

(1)35$&(1$8.2:(32/,7(&+1,.,:$56=$:6.,(]. 7UDQVSRUW. . 6WDQLVáDZ.U]\ĪDQLDN ,QVW\WXW/RJLVW\NLL0DJD]\QRZDQLD. 02'(/.26=7Ï:&$à.2:,7<&+ '/$2'1$:,$1,$=$3$6Ï::6<67(0,(%6 5ĊNRSLVGRVWDUF]RQRJUXG]LHĔ. 6WUHV]F]HQLH 8WU]\P\ZDQLH ]DSDVX Z W\P MHJR F]ĊĞFL ]DEH]SLHF]DMąFHM

(2) ZFLąĪ VWDQRZL Z ZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFKJáyZQ\F]\QQLNJZDUDQWXMąF\Z\PDJDQ\SR]LRPRGRVWĊSQRĞFLGyEU,VWQLHMHV]HUHJV\V WHPyZ X]XSHáQLDQLD ]DSDVX Z WDNLFK ZDUXQNDFK SU]\ F]\P VWDQRZLą RQH QDMF]ĊĞFLHM UR]ZLQLĊFLH GZyFKSRGVWDZRZ\FKV\VWHPXRSDUWHJRQDSXQNFLHSRQRZQHJR]DPyZLHQLDRUD]RSDUWHJRQDSU]H JOąG]LH RNUHVRZ\P $UW\NXá RGQRVL VLĊ GR V\VWHPX %6 PLQPD[

(3) Z NWyU\P ]DPyZLHQLH VNáDGDQH MHVW SR RVLąJQLĊFLX SU]H] GRVWĊSQ\ ]DSDV SR]LRPX % SR]LRPX LQIRUPDF\MQHJR SXQNWX SRQRZQHJR ]DPyZLHQLD

(4) ZZLHONRĞFLVWDQRZLąFHMX]XSHáQLHQLHGRSR]LRPX66\VWHPWHQMHVWEDUG]RF]ĊVWRVWR VRZDQ\ZSUDNW\FHJRVSRGDUF]HM3URZDG]RQHEDGDQLDZVND]XMąQDNRQLHF]QRĞüXZ]JOĊGQLDQLDVSH F\ILF]Q\FK]MDZLVNWRZDU]\V]ąF\FKRGQDZLDQLX]DSDVXZW\PV\VWHPLH:\QLNDWRPLQ]WHJRĪH U]HF]\ZLVW\SR]LRPGRVWĊSQHJR]DSDVXZFKZLOLUR]SRF]ĊFLDF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLDPRĪHE\ü]QDF]ąFR QLĪV]\RGSR]LRPX%FRVNXWNXMHQLĪV]\PLRGRF]HNLZDQ\FKSR]LRPDPLREVáXJL GRVWĊSQRĞFL]DSD VX

(5) :DUW\NXOHVNRQFHQWURZDQRVLĊQDPRGHOXNRV]WyZFDáNRZLW\FK]ZLą]DQ\FK]UHDOL]DFMąWHJRV\V WHPX0RGHOREHMPXMH]PLHQQHNRV]W\X]XSHáQLHQLDLXWU]\PDQLD]DSDVXRUD]NRV]W\]ZLą]DQH]Z\ VWąSLHQLHP EUDNX Z ]DSDVLH : PRGHOX Z\NRU]\VWDQR RSUDFRZDQ\ ZF]HĞQLHM PRGHO PDWHPDW\F]Q\ SR]ZDODMąF\ QD Z\]QDF]DQLH SR]LRPX LQIRUPDF\MQHJR % XZ]JOĊGQLDMąF\ UyĪQLFĊ ' SRPLĊG]\ Z\ ]QDF]RQ\PSR]LRPHP%DU]HF]\ZLVW\PSR]LRPHP]DSDVXZFKZLOLUR]SRF]ĊFLDF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD :\QLNLRSDUWHQDPRGHOX]RVWDá\]ZHU\ILNRZDQHGURJąV\PXODFMLSU]\Z\NRU]\VWDQLXGHG\NRZDQHJR QDU]ĊG]LD V\PXODWRUZDUNXV]XNDONXODF\MQ\P(;&(/

(6) 6áRZDNOXF]RZHRGQDZLDQLH]DSDVyZNRV]W\]DSDVyZPRGHORZDQLHLV\PXODFMD. :67ĉ3 3U]\ RGQDZLDQLX ]DSDVX Z V\VWHPLH %6 ]DPyZLHQLH PRĪH ]RVWDü ]áRĪRQH Z GRZROQ\P PRPHQFLH Z FKZLOL JG\ GRVWĊSQ\ ]DSDV RVLąJQLH OXE VSDGQLH SRQLĪHM SR]LRPX % D ZLHONRĞü]DPyZLHQLD MHVW REOLF]DQD MDNR UyĪQLFD SRPLĊG]\XVWDORQ\PSR]LRPHPPDN V\PDOQ\P 6

(7) D ]DSDVHP GRVWĊSQ\P ZROQ\P G\VSRQRZDQ\P

(8) 6\VWHP %6 MHVW F]ĊVWR Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\ Z SUDNW\FH ]ZáDV]F]D Z SU]\SDGNDFK RJUDQLF]RQHM OLF]E\ VWRVXQNRZR GXĪ\FKZ\GDĔ 6\VWHP %6 MHVW Z OLWHUDWXU]H RNUHĞODQ\ WDNĪH MDNR up-to-level continous review . =JRGQLH]WHUPLQRORJLą(XURSHMVNLHJR7RZDU]\VWZD/RJLVW\F]QHJR(/$7HUPLQRORJ\LQ/RJLVWLFV 7HUPVDQG'HILQLWLRQV(XURSHDQ/RJLVWLFV$VVRFLDWLRQ

(9).

(10) . 6WDQLVáDZ.U]\ĪDQLDN. Z RGUyĪQLHQLX RG fixed order continius review V\VWHPX %4 ZHGáXJ WHUPLQRORJLL (/$

(11) 1DOHĪ\]ZUyFLüXZDJĊĪHZZLHOXSR]\FMDFKOLWHUDWXURZ\FKRNUHĞOHQLHÄXSWROHYHO´RG QRVL VLĊ WDNĪH GR SU]HJOąGX RNUHVRZHJR ]DUyZQR Z NODV\F]Q\P ZDULDQFLH 67 MDN L V6 3U]HGPLRWHPSUDFGRW\F]ąF\FKRPDZLDQHJRV\VWHPX %6ZSU]HJOąG]LHFLąJá\P

(12) VąUyĪQH DVSHNW\ RGQDZLDQLD ]DSDVyZ 2EHMPXMą RQH PLQ RNUHĞODQLH RSW\PDOQ\FK SDUDPHWUyZ V\VWHPX ]H Z]JOĊGX QD NU\WHULD NRV]WRZH JG]LH SU]\MĊWR UR]NáDG SRS\WX ]JRGQ\ ] UR]NáDGHP 3RLVVRQD FKDUDNWHU\]XMąF\P SR]\FMH ZROQR URWXMąFH : LQQ\FK SUDFDFK SU]HGVWDZLD VLĊ VNXWHF]QRĞü UyĪQ\FK PHWRG SURJQRVW\F]Q\FK Z UHDOL]DFML V\VWHPX %6 :ZLĊNV]RĞFLSU]\SDGNyZEDGDQLDRSDUWHVąQD]DáRĪHQLXRVWRFKDVW\F]QHMQDWXU]H]PLDQ ZLHONRĞFL RGG]LDá\ZXMąF\FK QD UHDOL]DFMĊ V\VWHPX ZLHONRĞFL EUDNyZ L VNDOL W]Z SRS\WX RGáRĪRQHJR :ZLĊNV]RĞFLSUDFRSUDFRZDQHDOJRU\WP\VąZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQHGRV\PXODFML EDGDQ\FKSURFHVyZ 3HZQH FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QH ]MDZLVND Z\VWĊSXMąFH SRGF]DV UHDOL]DFML RGQDZLDQLD ]DSDVX Z W\P V\VWHPLH ]RVWDá\ ]EDGDQH L SU]HGVWDZLRQH Z SRVWDFL PRGHOL PDWHPDW\F]Q\FK ZH ZF]HĞQLHM SU]\JRWRZDQ\FK SUDFDFK DXWRUD QLQLHMV]HJR DUW\NXáX 'RW\F]ą RQH ]ZáDV] F]DLGHQW\ILNDFMLLPRGHORZDQLD]MDZLVNDSROHJDMąFHJRQDW\PĪHF\NORGQDZLDQLD]DSDVX UR]SRF]\QDVLĊZFKZLOLJG\MHJRU]HF]\ZLVW\SR]LRP=ZMHVW]QDF]ąFRQLĪV]\QLĪSR]LRP SRQRZQHJR]DPyZLHQLD%0DWRLVWRWQ\ZSá\ZQDU]HF]\ZLVW\SR]LRPREVáXJL2SUDFR ZDQHZF]HĞQLHMPRGHOHSR]ZDODMąQDREOLF]HQLHRF]HNLZDQHMZDUWRĞFLUyĪQLF\'SRPLĊG]\ %L=ZDWDNĪHRF]HNLZDQHJRSR]LRPXREVáXJL GRVWĊSQRĞFL]DSDVXZF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD

(13) MDNRIXQNFMLREXSDUDPHWUyZV\VWHPX6RUD]%Z]ZáDV]F]DUyĪQLF\UPLĊG]\QLPL 2VLąJQLĊWH L SU]HVWDZLRQH Z ZZ SUDFDFK ZáDVQ\FK Z\QLNL XSRZDĪQLDMą GR SRGMĊFLD SUyE\RNUHĞOHQLDPRGHOXNRV]WyZFDáNRZLW\FKGODRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVXZV\VWHPLH%6. &+$5$.7(5<67<.$%$'$1(*26<67(08%6 2JyOQH]DVDG\UHDOL]DFMLV\VWHPX%6REHMPXMą

(14) 2NUHĞOHQLHSDUDPHWUyZVWHUXMąF\FK XVWDOHQLHZ\PDJDQHJRSR]LRPXREVáXJL VSRVREXGHILQLRZDQLDLZDUWRĞFLZVNDĨ QLND

(15) QS%DEDL0=-HPDL='DOOHU\<$QDO\VLVRIRUGHUXSWROHYHOLQYHQWRU\V\VWHPVZLWKFRPSRXQG3RLVVRQ GHPDQG3URGXFWLRQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG/RJLVWLFV(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI2SHUDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK

(16) ± QS7HXQWHU56DQL%&DOFXODWLQJRUGHUXSWROHYHOVIRUSURGXFWVZLWKLQWHUPLWWHQWGHPDQG,QW-3URGXFWLRQ (FRQRPLFV

(17) ± 7DOHL]DGHK$$7DJKL61LDNL$0HLERGL5*5HSOHQLVKXSWRPXOWLFKDQFHFRQVWUDLQWLQYHQWRU\FRQWURO V\VWHPXQGHUIX]]\UDQGRPORVWVDOHDQGEDFNRUGHUHGTXDQWLWLHV.QRZOHGJH%DVHG6\VWHPV

(18) ± .U]\ĪDQLDN60RGHORIWKHLPSDFWRISDUDPHWHUVFRQWUROOLQJUHSOHQLVKPHQWLQWKH%6 0,10$;

(19) FRQWLQXRXVUHYLHZ PRGHORQWKHDFWXDOLQYHQWRU\DYDLODELOLW\/RJ)RUXP

(20) .U]\ĪDQLDN60RGHORZHSRGHMĞFLHGRRNUHĞODQLDZSá\ZXSDUDPHWUyZVWHUXMąF\FKRGQDZLDQLHP]DSDVyZZV\VWHPLH %6 0,10$;

(21) ?

(22) L U

(23) V

(24) X Ekonomika Transportu i Logistyka (publikacja w 2016 r.) .U]\ĪDQLDN62SW\PDOL]DFMDSDUDPHWUyZVWHUXMąF\FKRGQDZLDQLHP]DSDVXZV\VWHPLH%6/RJLVW\ND .U]\ĪDQLDN60RGHORZHSRGHMĞFLHGRRNUHĞODQLDZSá\ZXSDUDPHWUyZVWHUXMąF\FKRSFLW.

(25) 0RGHONRV]WyZFDáNRZLW\FKGODRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVyZZV\VWHPLH%6. . REOLF]HQLH SDUDPHWUyZ UR]NáDGX SRS\WX Z SU]\MĊWHM MHGQRVWFH F]DVX Z\áąF]QLH ]PLDQ\ORVRZH

(26) RNUHĞOHQLHF]DVXF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD7

(27) :\]QDF]HQLHSR]LRPXLQIRUPDF\MQHJR SXQNWXSRQRZQHJR]DPyZLHQLD

(28) % :NODV\F]Q\PSRGHMĞFLXSR]LRPLQIRUPDF\MQ\%Z\]QDF]DVLĊ]]DOHĪQRĞFL = L M + N.

(29) . N = O L PQ.

(30) . JG]LH P±ĞUHGQLSRS\WZSU]\MĊWHMMHGQRVWFHF]DVX QSĞUHGQLSRS\WG]LHQQ\W\JRGQLRZ\

(31) T±F]DVF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD±XSá\ZDMąF\SRPLĊG]\SU]HJOąGHPDRWU]\PDQLHPGRVWDZ\ ZB±]DSDV]DEH]SLHF]DMąF\NWyU\Z\UDĪDVLĊQDVWĊSXMąFR. JG]LH ^±ZVSyáF]\QQLNEH]SLHF]HĔVWZD]DOHĪQ\RGSU]\MĊWHJRSR]LRPXREVáXJLLW\SXUR]NáDGX F]ĊVWRĞFLZ\VWĊSRZDQLDSRS\WX VPTRGFK\OHQLHVWDQGDUGRZHSRS\WXZF]DVLHF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD]DSDVX. :RJyOQ\PSU]\SDGNX ORVRZD]PLHQQRĞüSRS\WXLF]DVXF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD

(32) ]DVWRVR ZDQLHPDIRUPXáD PQ = RPS L M + QS L S

(33) JG]LH VP±RGFK\OHQLHVWDQGDUGRZHSRS\WXZSU]\MĊWHMMHGQRVWFHF]DVX WDNLHMVDPHMMDNGOD3

(34) VT±RGFK\OHQLHVWDQGDUGRZHF]DVXF\NXX]XSHáQLHQLD.

(35) :\]QDF]HQLH SR]LRPX 6 GR NWyUHJR EĊG]LH QDVWĊSRZDáR X]XSHáQLDQLH ]DSDVX Z FKZLOL ]DPDZLDQLD 1DOHĪ\ PLHü QD XZDG]H ĪH UyĪQLFD SRPLĊG]\ SR]LRPDPL 6 L % EĊG]LH GHWHUPLQRZDáD ĞUHGQLą ZLHONRĞü ]DPyZLHQLD : XSURV]F]RQ\P XMĊFLX 6 %4 JG]LH 4 PRĪH E\ü QD SU]\NáDG HNRQRPLF]Qą ZLHONRĞFLą ]DPyZLHQLD 4 (24

(36)

(37) 3URFHGXUĊRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVX]JRGQLH]Z\]QDF]RQ\PLSDUDPHWUDPLSROHJDMąFąQD W\PĪHZRNUHĞORQ\PPRPHQFLHZ\QLNDMąF\P]SU]\MĊWHJRF\NOXSU]HJOąGXQDVWĊ SXMH RNUHĞOHQLHDNWXDOQHJRVWDQX]DSDVXZROQHJR GRVWĊSQHJRG\VSRQRZDQHJR

(38) =Z NT = NU + N# + NV N. JG]LH ZM±]DSDVIL]\F]QLHGRVWĊSQ\ZPDJD]\QLH ZZ±ZF]HĞQLHM]áRĪRQHMHV]F]HQLH]UHDOL]RZDQH]DPyZLHQLD Zd±]DSDVZGURG]H ZR±]DSDVMXĪ]DUH]HUZRZDQ\.

(39) . ]áRĪHQLH]DPyZLHQLDZZLHONRĞFL Q = S ZY.

(40).

(41) . 6WDQLVáDZ.U]\ĪDQLDN. 5\VXQHNDLOXVWUXMHSRZ\ĪV]H]DVDG\UHDOL]DFMLV\VWHPX%6ZXMĊFLXWHRUHW\F]Q\P. 5\V,OXVWUDFMD]DVDG\UHDOL]DFMLRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVXZV\VWHPLH%6ZXMĊFLXWHRUHW\F]Q\P D

(42) ]DPyZLHQLHVNáDGDQHGRNáDGQLHZPRPHQFLHNLHG\]DSDVZROQ\MHVWUyZQ\SR]LRPRZLSR QRZQHJR]DPyZLHQLD=Z %

(43) RUD]U]HF]\ZLVW\P E

(44) ]DPyZLHQLHVNáDGDQHZPRPHQFLH ZNWyU\P=Z %'

(45) & ' . : UR]ZDĪDQLDFK SURZDG]RQ\FK Z QLQLHMV]\P DUW\NXOH ]DáRĪRQR QLH]PLHQQRĞü F]DVX F\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD]DSDVX7 V7|

(46) :WDNLPSU]\SDGNX]DOHĪQRĞü

(47) EĊG]LHPLDáDSR VWDü = L M + O L P [M

(48) 'RGDWNRZH]DáRĪHQLHGRW\F]\W\SXUR]NáDGXSRS\WX33U]\MĊWRUR]NáDGQRUPDOQ\MDNR FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\GODWRZDUyZV]\ENRURWXMąF\FK -DN Z\ND]DQR ZH ZF]HĞQLHMV]\FK SUDFDFK Z FKZLOL VNáDGDQLD ]DPyZLHQLD RJyOQLHM ZFKZLOLUR]SRF]ĊFLDF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD

(49) GRVWĊSQ\]DSDVMHVW]D]Z\F]DMPQLHMV]\QLĪSR ]LRP%5yĪQLFĊSRPLĊG]\%DU]HF]\ZLVW\PSR]LRPHP]DSDVXZROQHJRZFKZLOLUR]SR F]ĊFLDF\NOX=ZRNUHĞORQRWXMDNR' \= NT

(50) ,OXVWUXMHWRU\VXQHN E

(51) :F\WRZDQHMSUDF\ Z\ND]DQRĪHZRJyOQ\PSU]\SDGNXUyĪQLFD']DOHĪ\RG ĞUHGQLHM]QLH]HURZ\FKZLHONRĞFL]DSRWU]HERZDQLD3 RGFK\OHQLDVWDQGDUGRZHOLF]RQH]QLH]HURZ\FKZLHONRĞFL]DSRWU]HERZDQLD_P UyĪQLF\SRPLĊG]\SR]LRPDPL6L%U 6±% 3U]\NáDGRZHSU]HELHJL]DOHĪQRĞFL' I U

(52) GODUyĪQ\FKUR]NáDGyZ]DSRWU]HERZDQLD3 PRĪQD]QDOHĨüZHZF]HĞQLHMV]\FKRSUDFRZDQLDFKDXWRUD . .U]\ĪDQLDN60RGHORZHSRGHMĞFLHGRRNUHĞODQLDZSá\ZXSDUDPHWUyZVWHUXMąF\FKRSFLW.

(53) 0RGHONRV]WyZFDáNRZLW\FKGODRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVyZZV\VWHPLH%6. . 02'(/.26=78&$à.2:,7(*2'/$6<67(08%6 : SU]HGVWDZLDQ\P PRGHOX XZ]JOĊGQLRQR Z\áąF]QLH NRV]W\ ]PLHQQH ]ZLą]DQH ]REVáXJą]DSDVX']LHOLVLĊMH]D]Z\F]DMQDNRV]W\X]XSHáQLDQLHXWU]\PDQLDLEUDNX]DSD VX =PLHQQHNRV]W\X]XSHáQLDQLD]DSDVXWRNRV]W\]DOHĪQHRGOLF]E\GRVWDZZSU]\MĊW\P RNUHVLH=.8]=& NX]·OGR .RV]W]ZLą]DQ\]UHDOL]DFMąSRMHG\QF]HJR]DPyZLHQLDLGRVWDZ\NX]REHMPXMHQS NRV]W\VNáDGDQLD]DPyZLHĔ NRV]W\ HNVSORDWDF\MQH WUDQVSRUWX SDOLZR GLHW\ NLHURZF\

(54) OXE NRV]W\ XVáXJL WUDQVSRUWRZHM NRV]W\XEH]SLHF]HQLD NRV]W\]ZLą]DQH]FHOQ\PLRSáDWDPLPDQLSXODF\MQ\PL NRV]W\VSHFMDOQHSU]\MĊFLDGRVWDZ QSEDGDQLDODERUDWRU\MQHNDĪGHMGRVWDZ\

(55) =PLHQQHNRV]W\XWU]\PDQLD]DSDVXWRNRV]W\]DOHĪQHRGZLHONRĞFL]DSDVX =.8W=& =&·NXW .RV]WXWU]\PDQLDMHGQRVWNL]DSDVXZSU]\MĊW\PNXWRNUHVLHREHMPXMHQS GRGDWNRZHNRV]W\Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQHMSU]HVWU]HQLPDJD]\QRZHM NRV]W\QDWXUDOQ\FKVWUDWLXE\WNyZPDJD]\QRZ\FK NRV]W\NUDG]LHĪ\LLQQ\FKVWUDW NRV]WXEH]SLHF]HQLD]DSDVX NRV]W]DPURĪRQHJRNDSLWDáX NRV]W\NUHG\WXOXEXWUDFRQ\FKNRU]\ĞFLLQZHVW\F\M Q\FK]NDSLWDáXZáDVQHJR

(56) .RV]W\EUDNX]DSDVXQLH]DOHĪQHMHJRZLHONRĞFLQS NRV]WDZDU\MQHJR]DNXSX NRV]WSU]HVWRMXLQVWDODFMLOXEOLQLLSURGXNF\MQHM ZLHONRĞüSU]HZLG\ZDQHMXWUDFRQHMPDUĪ\RGXWUDFRQHJRNOLHQWD .RV]W\EUDNXZ]DSDVLH]DOHĪQHRGMHJRZLHONRĞFLQS NRV]WDZDU\MQHJR]DNXSX QSZ\ĪV]DFHQDMHGQRVWNRZD

(57) NRV]WQLHZ\NRQDQHMSURGXNFML ]DOHĪQ\RGZLHONRĞFLEUDNXVXURZFD

(58) XWUDFRQDPDUĪDRGNDĪGHMQLHVSU]HGDQHMSR]\FML 3U]\MĊW\GREDGDĔPRGHONRV]WXFDáNRZLWHJRREHMPXMHSLĊüJáyZQ\FKVNáDGRZ\FK NRV]WX]XSHáQLDQLD]DSDVX .X]XS

(59) NRV]WXWU]\PDQLD]DSDVXF\NOLF]QHJR .XW=&

(60) NRV]WXWU]\PDQLD]DSDVX]DEH]SLHF]DMąFHJR .XW=%

(61) NRV]W]ZLą]DQ\]EUDNLHP]DSDVXZGDQ\PF\NOX GHF\GXMHZ\VWąSLHQLH]GDU]H QLHDQLHMHJRVNDOD±ZLHONRĞüEUDNX

(62) ± .%=

(63) 10. QS.U]\ĪDQLDN60RGHORZHSRGHMĞFLHGRRNUHĞODQLDZSá\ZXSDUDPHWUyZVWHUXMąF\FKRSFLW. 11. .U]\ĪDQLDN62SW\PDOL]DFMDSDUDPHWUyZVWHUXMąF\FKRGQDZLDQLHP]DSDVX«RSFLW.

(64) . 6WDQLVáDZ.U]\ĪDQLDN. NRV]W]ZLą]DQ\ ] EUDNLHP ]DSDVX Z GDQ\P F\NOX ]DOHĪQ\ RG ZLHONRĞFL EUDNX ± .%=

(65) ]^4_& = ]`#`a + ]`bcd + ]`bce + ] N + ] NS :IRUPXáDFKPRGHOXXZ]JOĊGQLRQRQDVWĊSXMąFHZLHONRĞFL 5yĪQLFDUSRPLĊG]\SR]LRPDPL6L% f = S B :LHONRĞü]DPyZLHQLDQ = f + $r) ĝUHGQLDZLHONRĞü]DPyZLHQLD h = f + \i Q.

(66) .

(67) . .RV]WX]XSHáQLHQLD]DSDVXREOLF]DVLĊ]]DOHĪQRĞFL ]`#`a = jk L %`# =. Pl ?. L %`# =. Pl L&mn o<\i.

(68) . JG]LH ldo±OLF]EDGRVWDZZUR]SDWU\ZDQ\PRNUHVLH Po±SU]HZLG\ZDQ\SRS\WZUR]SDWU\ZDQ\PRNUHVLH QSMHGQHJRURNX

(69) kuz±NRV]W]ZLą]DQ\]UHDOL]DFMąMHGQHJR]DPyZLHQLD. .RV]WXWU]\PDQLD]DSDVXF\NOLF]QHJRZUR]SDWU\ZDQ\PRNUHVLH ]`bcd = S L (o + \i) L %`b.

(70) . JG]LH kut±NRV]WXWU]\PDQLDMHGQRVWNL]DSDVXSU]H]WHQRNUHV .RV]WXWU]\PDQLD]DSDVX]DEH]SLHF]DMąFHJRZUR]SDWU\ZDQ\PRNUHVLH ]`bce = N L %`b.

(71) . : PRGHOX SU]\MĊWR NODV\F]Qą SUREDELOLVW\F]Qą GHILQLFMĊ SR]LRPX REVáXJL RNUHĞODMąFą SR]LRP REVáXJL MDNR SUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZR QLH Z\VWąSLHQLD EUDNX Z ]DSDVLH Z RNUHVLH REHMPXMąF\P F\NO X]XSHáQLHQLD 7 2NUHĞOD VLĊ WR MDNR SUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZR REVáXĪHQLD SRS\WX3236HUYLFH/HYHOD S S N = RN PS + N \S = pOPqP L PS L M + s\t($@PqP \iu.

(72) . JG]LHZBPRUD]ZB'VąVNáDGRZ\PL]DSDVX]DEH]SLHF]DMąFHJRRGSRZLHGQLR]HZ]JOĊGXQD ]PLHQQRĞüSRS\WXRUD]]PLHQQRĞüUyĪQLF\'. 7HPSHOPHLHU+,QYHQWRU\VHUYLFHOHYHOVLQWKHFXVWRPHUVXSSO\FKDLQ6SULQJHU9HUODJ256SHF WUXP

(73) .

(74) 0RGHONRV]WyZFDáNRZLW\FKGODRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVyZZV\VWHPLH%6. . 6WąG S S ]`bce = %`b L pOPqP L PS L M + s\t(\)@PqP \iu.

(75) . JG]LH. 'F(')=POP±ZLHONRĞü'GODNWyUHMSR]LRPREVáXJLEĊG]LHUyZQ\]DáRĪRQHPXSR]LRPRZL323. .RV]WEUDNX]DSDVX.%= ] N = jk L (1 v ) L %w! =. Pl L(PqP)L&x#y o<\i.

(76) . JG]LH kbz1±NRV]W]ZLą]DQ\]Z\VWąSLHQLHPEUDNXZ]DSDVLH ]GDU]HQLHP

(77) ZF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD. .RV]WEUDNX]DSDVX.%= S S ] NS = (zw) L %w!S = p(zw)P + (zw)\ L %w!S.

(78) . JG]LH E(nb)±RF]HNLZDQDOLF]EDEUDNyZZ]DSDVLHZF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLDQDNWyUąVNáDGDMąVLĊ E(nb)P±RF]HNLZDQDOLF]EDEUDNyZZ\QLNDMąFD]H]PLDQORVRZ\FKSRS\WXZF\NOXX]XSHá QLHQLD=DVDG\MHMREOLF]DQLDGODUR]NáDGXQRUPDOQHJRRSLHUDVLĊQDW]ZVWDQGDU\]R ZDQHMOLF]ELHEUDNyZ E(nb)'±RF]HNLZDQDOLF]EDEUDNyZZ\QLNDMąFD]ORVRZ\FK]PLDQUyĪQLF\'. (zw)\ = | \~(\) (\ \t(\)@PqP ) L (\).

(79) . kbz2±NRV]W]ZLą]DQ\]Z\VWąSLHQLHPEUDNXMHGQHMMHGQRVWNL]DSDVX. =DVDGDREOLF]DQLDE(nb)']RVWDáDSU]HGVWDZLRQDQDU\VXQNX. 5RQDOG67LEEHQ/HPENH6HWWLQJ6DIHW\6WRFN8VLQJD)LOO5DWH8QLYHUVLW\RI1HYDGD5HQR$SULO .

(80) . 6WDQLVáDZ.U]\ĪDQLDN. 5\V,OXVWUDFMD]DVDG\Z\]QDF]DQLDRF]HNLZDQDOLF]EDEUDNyZE(nb)'Z\QLNDMąFHM ]ORVRZ\FK]PLDQUyĪQLF\' GOD% 6

(81) & ' . 3R SRGVWDZLHQLX ]DOHĪQRĞFL

(82) ±

(83) UR]SDWU\ZDQ\ PRGHO NRV]WyZ FDáNRZLW\FK ]ZLą]DQ\FK]RGQDZLDQLHP]DSDVXZV\VWHPLH%6PRĪQD]DSLVDüQDVWĊSXMąFR. k L %`# o + \i 1 + L (o + \i) L %`b 2. .RV]WX]XSHáQLHQLD. ]^4_& =. .RV]WXWU]\PDQLD]DSDVXF\NOLF]QHJR. S S +pOPqP L PS L M + s\t(\)@PqP \iu L %`b. k L (1 v ) L %w! + o + \i S. S. +p(zw)P + (zw)\ L %w!S. .RV]WXWU]\PDQLD]DSDVX]DEH]SLHF]DMą FHJR .RV]W]ZLą]DQ\]Z\VWĊSRZDQLHPEUDNX Z]DSDVLHZF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD .RV]W]ZLą]DQ\]LORĞFLRZ\PLEUDNDPL Z]DSDVLH.

(84) . :(5<),.$&-$235$&2:$1(*202'(/8 2SUDFRZDQ\ PRGHO ]ZHU\ILNRZDQR SRUyZQXMąF RWU]\PDQH ] QLHJR Z\QLNL ] Z\QLNDPL RWU]\PDQ\PL GURJą V\PXODFML SU]\ Z\NRU]\VWDQLX DXWRUVNLHM DSOLNDFML Z\NRQDQHM ZDUNXV]XNDONXODF\MQ\P(;&(/2EOLF]HQLDLV\PXODFMHSU]HSURZDG]RQRGODZ\EUDQHJR V]HUHJXF]DVRZHJRSRS\WX3U]HELHJWHQZUD]]Z\QLNDMąF\P]QLHJRUR]NáDGHPF]ĊVWRĞFL Z\VWĊSRZDQLDRUD]SU]HELHJLHP]PLDQUyĪQLF\'RUD]MHMRGFK\OHQLDVWDQGDUGRZHJRMDNR IXQNFMLUyĪQLF\U'ı' I U

(85) SU]\UHDOL]DFMLV\VWHPX%6SRND]DQRQDU\VXQNX.

(86) 0RGHONRV]WyZFDáNRZLW\FKGODRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVyZZV\VWHPLH%6. . 5\V&KDUDNWHU\VW\NDJHQHURZDQHJRORVRZRV]HUHJXF]DVRZHJRSRS\WX D

(87) SU]\MĊWHJRGRZHU\ ILNDF\MQ\FKEDGDĔV\PXODF\MQ\FKZUD]]UR]NáDGHPF]ĊVWRĞFLZ\VWĊSRZDQLD E

(88) ZUD] ]SU]HELHJLHP]PLDQUyĪQLF\'RUD]MHMRGFK\OHQLDVWDQGDUGRZHJRMDNRIXQNFMLUyĪQLF\U' ı' I U

(89) SU]\UHDOL]DFMLV\VWHPX%6 F

(90) & ' . 1D U\VXQNX SU]HGVWDZLRQR Z\QLNDMąF\ ] SU]HELHJyZ ' ı' I U

(91) SU]HELHJ ]PLDQ ZVSyáF]\QQLND]PLHQQRĞFLUyĪQLF\' Q'

(92) ]]D]QDF]HQLHPZLHONRĞFLUSU]\MĊW\FKGRRNUH ĞODQLDSR]LRPXPDNV\PDOQHJR6. 5\V&KDUDNWHU\VW\NDJHQHURZDQHJRORVRZRV]HUHJXF]DVRZHJRSRS\WX D

(93) SU]\MĊWHJRGR ZHU\ILNDF\MQ\FKEDGDĔV\PXODF\MQ\FKZUD]]UR]NáDGHPF]ĊVWRĞFLZ\VWĊSRZDQLD E

(94) RUD]SU]H ELHJLHP]PLDQUyĪQLF\'RUD]MHMRGFK\OHQLDVWDQGDUGRZHJRMDNRIXQNFMLUyĪQLF\U'ı' I U

(95) SU]\UHDOL]DFMLV\VWHPX%6 F

(96) & ' .

(97) . 6WDQLVáDZ.U]\ĪDQLDN. %DGDQLH SU]HSURZDG]RQR GOD ZDULDQWyZ SDUDPHWUyZ VWHUXMąF\FK % L 6 Z\QLNDMąF\FK ] SU]\MĊW\FK WU]HFK SR]LRPyZ SR]LRPX REVáXJL 323 L RUD] G]LHZLĊFLX ZDUWRĞFLURNUHĞORQ\FKQDU\VXQNX3U]HGVWDZLRQRMHZWDEOLF\ 7DE :DULDQW\SDUDPHWUyZVWHUXMąF\FK%L6SU]\MĊWHGREDGDĔPRGHORZ\FKLV\PXODF\MQ\FK. U % 323U

(98) 3U]\MĊWHSDUDPHWU\NRV]WRZH 323. . . NX] . . 6 %U NXW . . . NE] . . . NE] . 7DEOLFDSUH]HQWXMHZ\QLNLRWU]\PDQHGODSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKZDULDQWyZZNROHMQ\FKNR OXPQDFKSU]HGVWDZLRQR V\PEROZDULDQWX Z\OLF]RQ\]]DáRĪRQHJRSR]LRPXREVáXJLLQIRUPDF\MQ\% UyĪQLFĊU ZJU\V

(99) Z\QLNDMąF\]%RUD]USR]LRPPDNV\PDOQ\6 RGSRZLDGDMąF\SU]\MĊWHMUyĪQLF\UZVSyáF]\QQLN]PLHQQRĞFLUyĪQLF\' Q'

(100) RUD]Z]JOĊGQHRGFK\OHQLDGZ\EUDQ\FKZLHONRĞFLZSá\ZDMąF\FKQDSRV]F]HJyOQHVNáDGR ZHNRV]WX SR]LRPREVáXJL323OLF]EDGRVWDZOG]DSDVF\NOLF]Q\=&]DSDV]DEH]SLHF]D MąF\ =% RUD] OLF]ED EUDNyZ QD MHGHQ F\NO ± QE

(101) : RVWDWQLHM NROXPQLH SU]HGVWDZLRQR Z]JOĊGQHRGFK\OHQLDáąF]QHJRNRV]WX]DSDVyZà.=OLF]RQHJRZJIRUPXá\

(102) .ROXPQĊ WĊGRGDWNRZR]LOXVWURZDQRQDU\VXQNX. 5\V:]JOĊGQHRGFK\OHQLDZ\QLNyZREOLF]HĔáąF]QHJRNRV]WX]DSDVXà.=RWU]\PDQ\FKQD SRGVWDZLHRSUDFRZDQHJRPRGHOXZREHFZ\QLNyZRWU]\PDQ\FKGURJąV\PXODFML±]JRGQLH ]IRUPXáą

(103) & ' .

(104) 0RGHONRV]WyZFDáNRZLW\FKGODRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVyZZV\VWHPLH%6. . :]JOĊGQHRGFK\OHQLDG[GODSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKZLHONRĞFLOLF]RQRMDNR =. . L 100%.

(105) . JG]LHxmWRZDUWRĞüRWU]\PDQD]PRGHOXD[VZDUWRĞüRWU]\PDQDGURJąV\PXODFML 7DE 6\QWH]DSRUyZQDQLDZ\QLNyZRWU]\PDQ\FKQDSRGVWDZLHPRGHOX]Z\QLNDPLX]\VNDQ\PL GURJąV\PXODFML :DU D D D D D D D D D E E E E E E E E E F F F F F F F F F. % . U . 6 . Q' . G323 . GOG . G=& . G=% . GQE . Gà.= . =Z\QLNyZSU]HGVWDZLRQ\FKZWDEOLF\Z\QLNDĪHQDMZLĊNV]HRGFK\OHQLDSRPLĊG]\ ZDUWRĞFLDPL RWU]\PDQ\PL Z RSDUFLX R PRGHO D X]\VNDQ\PL GURJą V\PXODFML Z\VWĊSXMą GODRF]HNLZDQHMOLF]E\EUDNyZSU]\SDGDMąF\FKQDMHGHQF\NOX]XSHáQLHQLD]DSDVXQE5\ VXQHN SUH]HQWXMH ZSá\Z Z]JOĊGQHJR RGFK\OHQLD OLF]E\ EUDNyZ G nb QD Z]JOĊGQH RG FK\OHQLHáąF]QHJRNRV]WX]DSDVX G `#L6WRVXQNRZRGXĪHZDUWRĞFLRGFK\OHQLD G nbZ\QL.

(106) . 6WDQLVáDZ.U]\ĪDQLDN. NDMą SR F]ĊĞFL ] XSURV]F]RQHM IRUPXá\ REOLF]DQLD RF]HNLZDQ\FK ZDUWRĞFL EUDNX ( QE

(107) ' D WDNĪH RGVWĊSVWZDPL RG ]DáRĪRQ\FK U]HF]\ZLVW\FK UHDOL]DFML SU]HELHJyZ ]PLDQ SRS\WX 3 W

(108) ZNROHMQ\FKUHDOL]DFMDFKEDGDĔV\PXODF\MQ\FK FR ] NROHL VNXWNRZDáR RGFK\OHQLDPL ZLHONRĞFL( QE

(109) 3. 5\V=DOHĪQRĞüSRPLĊG]\Z]JOĊGQ\PRGFK\OHQLHPZ\QLNyZRWU]\PDQ\FKQDSRGVWDZLHPRGH OXDZ\QLNDPLX]\VNDQ\PLGURJąV\PXODFMLGODOLF]E\EUDNyZ GQE

(110) DáąF]Q\PNRV]WHP]DSDVX Gà.=

(111) & ' . =EDGDQR WDNĪH ]DOHĪQRĞü SRPLĊG]\ ZVSyáF]\QQLNLHP ]PLHQQRĞFL UyĪQLF\ ' Q'

(112) DZ]JOĊGQ\PRGFK\OHQLHPZ\QLNyZGODáąF]QHJRNRV]WX]DSDVX Gà.=

(113) 3U]HGVWDZLDMą U\VXQHN-DNNROZLHNNRUHODFMDQLHMHVWZ\UDĨQD ZVSyáF]\QQLNGHWHUPLQDFML5

(114) WRPRĪQDSRZLHG]LHüĪHEDGDQHRGFK\OHQLH Gà.=

(115) PDOHMH]HZ]URVWHPZVSyáF]\QQLND ]PLHQQRĞFLQ'. 5\V=DOHĪQRĞüSRPLĊG]\ZVSyáF]\QQLNLHP]PLHQQRĞFLUyĪQLF\' Q'

(116) DZ]JOĊGQ\PRGFK\OH QLHPZ\QLNyZGODáąF]QHJRNRV]WX]DSDVX Gà.=

(117) & ' .

(118) 0RGHONRV]WyZFDáNRZLW\FKGODRGQDZLDQLD]DSDVyZZV\VWHPLH%6. . 32'6802:$1,(,:1,26., 2SUDFRZDQ\ PRGHO SR]ZDOD QD RV]DFRZDQLH RF]HNLZDQ\FK áąF]Q\FK NRV]WyZ ]DSDVyZ ZV\VWHPLHX]XSHáQLDQLD%6REHMPXMHNRV]W\X]XSHáQLHQLDLXWU]\PDQLD]DSDVX ]Z\UyĪ QLHQLHP F]ĊĞFL F\NOLF]QHM L ]DEH]SLHF]DMąFHM

(119) RUD] NRV]WyZ EUDNX ]DSDVX RGQLHVLRQ\FK RGUĊEQLHGRNRV]WXVDPHJRZ\VWąSLHQLDEUDNX SRGHMĞFLHSUREDELOLVW\F]QH

(120) MDNLGRNRV] WyZ]ZLą]DQ\FK]NDĪGDEUDNXMąFąMHGQRVWNą]DSDVX SRGHMĞFLHLORĞFLRZH

(121) 0RGHO]ZHU\ILNRZDQRSRUyZQXMąFRWU]\PDQH]QLHJRZ\QLNL]Z\QLNDPLRWU]\PDQ\PL GURJąV\PXODFMLSU]\Z\NRU]\VWDQLXDXWRUVNLHMDSOLNDFMLZ\NRQDQHMZDUNXV]XNDONXODF\M Q\P(;&(/2EOLF]HQLDLV\PXODFMHSU]HSURZDG]RQRGODZ\EUDQHJRV]HUHJXF]DVRZHJR SRS\WX3DUDPHWU\VWHUXMąFHRGQDZLDQLHP]DSDVX %RUD]6

(122) RNUHĞORQRGODWU]HFKUyĪQ\FK SR]LRPyZREVáXJL RUD]]JRGQLH]GHILQLFMąSUDZGRSRGRELHĔVWZDREVáX ĪHQLDSRS\WXZF\NOXX]XSHáQLHQLD]DSDVX

(123) NLHUXMąFVLĊGRGDWNRZR]DOHĪQRĞFLąSRPLĊG]\ UyĪQLFąU UyĪQLFDSRPLĊG]\SR]LRPDPL6D%

(124) DZVSyáF]\QQLNLHP]PLHQQRĞFLUyĪQLF\' REVHUZRZDQHMSRPLĊG]\SR]LRPHPLQIRUPDF\MQ\P%DU]HF]\ZLVW\PSR]LRPHP]DSDVX ZROQHJRZFKZLOLVNáDGQLD]DPyZLHQLD 6WZLHUG]RQR GREUą ]JRGQRĞü Z\QLNyZ PRGHORZ\FK ] Z\QLNDPL RWU]\PDQ\PL GURJą V\PXODFML -HGQRF]HĞQLH ]DREVHUZRZDQR ZSá\Z ZVSyáF]\QQLND ]PLHQQRĞFL UyĪQLF\ ' QD Z]JOĊGQH RGFK\OHQLH Z\QLNyZ PRGHORZ\FK RG V\PXODF\MQ\FK :LąĪH VLĊ WR QD SHZQR ]QLHGRVNRQDáRĞFLąPRGHOXZ\]QDF]DQLDSR]LRPXREVáXJL WDNZXMĊFLXSUREDELOLVW\F]Q\P MDNLORĞFLRZ\P

(125) ZIXQNFMLUyĪQLF\U3UDFHQDGXGRVNRQDOHQLHPWHJRPRGHOXSRZLQQ\E\ü NRQW\QXRZDQH %LEOLRJUDILD . %DEDL0=-HPDL='DOOHU\<$QDO\VLVRIRUGHUXSWROHYHOLQYHQWRU\V\VWHPVZLWKFRPSRXQG 3RLVVRQ GHPDQG 3URGXFWLRQ 0DQXIDFWXULQJ DQG /RJLVWLFV (XURSHDQ -RXUQDO RI 2SHUDWLRQDO 5HVHDUFK

(126) ± .U]\ĪDQLDN 6 0RGHO RI WKH LPSDFW RI SDUDPHWHUV FRQWUROOLQJ UHSOHQLVKPHQW LQ WKH %6 0,10$;

(127) FRQWLQXRXV UHYLHZ PRGHO RQ WKH DFWXDO LQYHQWRU\ DYDLODELOLW\ /RJ)RUXP

(128) '2, -/2*

(129) .U]\ĪDQLDN 6 2SW\PDOL]DFMD SDUDPHWUyZ VWHUXMąF\FK RGQDZLDQLHP ]DSDVX Z V\VWHPLH %6 /RJLVW\ND Sá\WD&'V

(130) .U]\ĪDQLDN 60RGHORZHSRGHMĞFLHGRRNUHĞODQLD ZSá\ZX SDUDPHWUyZ VWHUXMąF\FKRGQDZLDQLHP]DSD VyZZV\VWHPLH%6 0,10$;

(131) QDSR]LRPLFKGRVWĊSQRĞFLQDSU]\NáDG]LHGyEUZROQRURWXMąF\FK Ar

(132) L U

(133) V

(134) X Ekonomika Transportu i Logistyka (publikacja w 2016 r.). /L4'LVQH\60*DDOPDQ*$YRLGLQJWKHEXOOZKLSHIIHFWXVLQJ'DPSHG7UHQGIRUHFDVWLQJ DQGWKH2UGHU8S7RUHSOHQLVKPHQWSROLF\,QW-3URGXFWLRQ(FRQRPLFV

(135) ± 5RQDOG67LEEHQ/HPENHSetting Safety Stock Using a Fill Rate8QLYHUVLW\RI1HYDGD5HQR$SULO 7HPSHOPHLHU + ,QYHQWRU\ VHUYLFHOHYHOV LQ WKH FXVWRPHU VXSSO\ FKDLQ 6SULQJHU 9HUODJ 25 6SHFWUXP

(136) 7DOHL]DGHK $$ 7DJKL 6 1LDNL $ 0HLERGL 5* 5HSOHQLVKXSWR PXOWLFKDQFHFRQVWUDLQW LQ YHQWRU\FRQWUROV\VWHPXQGHUIX]]\UDQGRPORVWVDOHDQGEDFNRUGHUHGTXDQWLWLHV.QRZOHGJH%DVHG6\V WHPV

(137) ±.

(138) . 6WDQLVáDZ.U]\ĪDQLDN. . 7HXQWHU56DQL%&DOFXODWLQJRUGHUXSWROHYHOVIRUSURGXFWVZLWKLQWHUPLWWHQWGHPDQG,QW- 3URGXFWLRQ(FRQRPLFV

(139) ± (/$7HUPLQRORJ\LQ/RJLVWLFV7HUPVDQG'HILQLWLRQV(XURSHDQ/RJLVWLFV$VVRFLDWLRQ

(140) . 727$/&26702'(/)257+(%6672&.5(3/(1,6+0(176<67(0 6XPPDU\.HHSLQJVWRFN LQFOXGLQJLWVVDIHW\SDUW

(141) LVVWLOO±LQPDQ\FDVHV±DNH\IDFWRUJXDUDQWHHLQJUH TXLUHGOHYHORIDYDLODELOLW\RIJRRGV VHUYLFHOHYHO

(142) 7KHUHDUHDQXPEHURIUHSOHQLVKPHQWV\VWHPVWREHXVHG LQ VXFK FRQGLWLRQV EXW WKH\ DUH PRVW RIWHQ IRUPHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI WZR EDVLF RQHV D V\VWHP EDVHG RQ WKH UHRUGHUSRLQWDQGEDVHGRQSHULRGLFUHYLHZ7KHSDSHUUHIHUVWRWKH%6V\VWHP PLQPD[

(143) LQZKLFKDQRUGHU LVSODFHGDIWHUUHDFKLQJLQYHQWRU\OHYHO% LQIRUPDWLRQOHYHOUHRUGHUSRLQW

(144) IRUDTXDQWLW\DOORZLQJWRUHDFK OHYHO67KLVV\VWHPLVYHU\RIWHQXVHGLQEXVLQHVVSUDFWLFH5HVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGVRIDUSRLQWVDWDQHHGRI FRQVLGHULQJVSHFLILFSKHQRPHQDDFFRPSDQ\LQJVWRFNUHSOHQLVKPHQWLQWKH%6V\VWHP7KHVHUHVXOWDPRQJ RWKHUWKLQJVIURPWKHIDFWWKDWWKHDFWXDOOHYHORIDYDLODEOHLQYHQWRU\DWWKHVWDUWRIWKHUHSOHQLVKPHQWF\FOH PD\ EH VLJQLILFDQWO\ ORZHU WKDQ OHYHO % UHVXOWLQJ LQ ORZHU WKDQ H[SHFWHG OHYHOV RI FXVWRPHU VHUYLFH 7KLV SURYLGHVURRPIRURSWLPLVDWLRQRIERWKSDUDPHWHUV %DQG6

(145) FRQWUROOLQJVWRFNUHSOHQLVKPHQWLQWKHGLVFXVVHG V\VWHP7KHSDSHULVIRFXVHGRQDIXOOFRVWPRGHOUHODWHGWRWKHGLVFXVVHGUHSOHQLVKPHQWV\VWHP7KHPRGHO HPEUDFHVYDULDEOHFRVWVRIUHSOHQLVKPHQWLQYHQWRU\FDUU\LQJDVZHOODVVWRFNRXWFRVWV7KHPRGHOLVEDVHG RQWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHO GHYHORSHGHDUOLHU

(146) DOORZLQJWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHUHTXLUHGLQYHQWRU\OHYHO% WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH GLIIHUHQFH ' EHWZHHQ WKLV OHYHO DQG WKH DFWXDO OHYHO RI LQYHQWRU\ DW WKH VWDUW RI WKH UHSOHQLVKPHQW F\FOH 7KH UHVXOWV EDVHG RQ WKH PRGHO KDYH EHHQ YHULILHG EH PHDQV RI VLPXODWLRQ XVLQJ DGHGLFDWHGWRRO VLPXODWRULQ(;&(/VSUHDGVKHHW

(147) .H\ZRUGVVWRFNUHSOHQLVKPHQWFRVWRILQYHQWRULHVPRGHOOLQJ VLPXODWLRQ.

(148)