"TRZCINIEC". AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW

BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION: 1950-1200 B C JanuszCzebreszuk Ja ekGórski Mar in Igna zak Sªawomir Kadrow Vi torI. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko NikolayKovalyukh Mykola Kryvaltsevi h Vasyl Y. Kurylenko Sergyey Lysenko VitaliyV. Otrosh henko P rzemysªaw Makarowi z Vadim Skripkin Halina Taras 1 V O L U M E 6

•

1998

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), Vi tor I. Klo hko (Kiev), Vitaliy V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

PrzemysªawMakarowi z

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

EASTERNINSTITUTE

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1998

ISBN83-86094-05-2

BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION: 1950-1200 B C JanuszCzebreszuk Ja ekGórski Mar in Igna zak Sªawomir Kadrow Vi torI. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko NikolayKovalyukh Mykola Kryvaltsevi h Vasyl Y. Kurylenko Sergyey Lysenko VitaliyV. Otrosh henko P rzemysªaw Makarowi z Vadim Skripkin Halina Taras 1 V O L U M E 6

•

1998

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Linguisti onsultation:PiotrT. ›ebrowski

PrintedinPoland

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

Ja ek Górski,THEFOUNDATIONSOFTRZCINIECCULTURE

TAXONOMYINWESTERNMAŠOPOLSKA ... 7

PrzemysªawMakarowi z,TAXONOMICFOUNDATIONSOFTHE

TRZCINIECCULTURALCIRCLEONTHELOWERVISTULA ... 19

Halina Taras,THEBASESFORTHETAXONOMYOFTHETRZCINIEC

CULTUREINTHESOUTHERNPARTOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDBUGRIVERS ...32

Vi torI.Klo hko,THEISSUEOFTHEEASTERNBORDEROFTHE

EASTERNTRZCINIECCULTURE(LOBOIKIVKAMETALLURGY) ...48

Mar in Igna zak,PrzemysªawMakarowi z, THESOUTH-WESTERN

BORDERLANDOFTHETRZCINIECCULTURALCIRCLE ...74

VasylY.Kurylenko,Vitaliy V.Otrosh henko,THESOSNYTSA

CULTUREOFTHEDESNAAREAANDITSLINKSWITHEASTERN

NEIGHBOURS ...87

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,THEPROBLEMSOFIDENTIFICATION

ANDORIGINSOF"TRZCINIEC"INTHEPRYPETSBASIN ...103

Ja ek Górski,THEQUESTIONOFTHEDECLINEOFTRZCINIEC

CULTUREINWESTERNMAŠOPOLSKA.TRZCINIECCULTUREVS.

LUSATIANCULTURE ...115

NikolayKovalyukh,VadimSkripkin,Vi torI. Klo hko,SergyeyLysenko,

ABSOLUTE(RADIOCARBON)CHRONOLOGYOFTHEEASTERN

TRZCINIECCULTUREINTHEDNIEPERBASIN

(THEMALOPOLOVETSKEBURIALSITE) ...130

PrzemysªawMakarowi z,ABSOLUTECHRONOLOGYOFTHE

TRZCINIECCOMPLEXINTHEVISTULADRAINAGE

INTHELIGHTOF

14

CDATINGS ...141

SªawomirKadrow, THECENTRALEUROPEANDIMENSION

OFTHEDECLINEOFTHEEARLYBRONZEAGECIVILIZATION.

THETRZCINIECSOCIO-CULTURALSYSTEMATTHEOUTSET

EUROPE? ...190

Referen es ...203

TheTrz inie Culture,Trz inie CulturalCir leandTrz inie Horizonarethe

names of a ultural area in the borderland of Western and Eastern Europe at

the 2nd millenium BC. For over half a entury a dis ussion has been going on

overthetaxonomi identi ation( hronologi alandspatial)andgeneti andethni

interpretationofthis ulturalunit.

In thedebate, the1980'sand 1990'smark a signi ant ognitive turn aused

bythegrowthofthe orpusofsour es,theuseofsystemati methodsforthestudy

ofmobilesour esandtheproliferationofregional 14

Cdatings.

The present volume of "Balti -Ponti Studies" is an attempt to register this

breakthrough and a proposal fora new ttingof the Trz inie phenomenoninto

thesynthesisofEarly BronzeAge Europe.The re ordsin lude rudimentsofnew

regional systematizations,foundationsof their hronologiesbased onradio arbon

datings and a dis ussion of theme hanisms of so io- ultural hanges whi h gave

risetotheTrz inie ulturalarea andlater ontributedtoitsdisintegration.

Along-term intentionofthisvolumegiving a multifa etedview oftheee ts

of thesaid ognitive breakthroughis to en ourage a areful s rutinyof the

deve-lopmentme hanisms oftheEuropeanEarlyBronzeAge Civilization,in parti ular

theroleplayedin thembytheso ieties inhabitingthedrainages oftheBalti and

1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of

theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t[e.g.

Mallory 1989℄. In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been

retained.

3. The pla e names lo ated in the Ukraine have been transliterat from the

versions suggested by the author(i.e. from theBelorussian, Ukrainian, Polish or

PLISSN1231-0344

JanuszCzebreszuk

\TRZCINIEC". AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW

INTRODUCTORYREMARKS

Atraditionaldenitionofar haeologi al ulturereferstotaxonomi

hara te-risti sofmaterialartifa ts.Spe i ally,itisbasedonthere urren eofasetoftraits

ina giventerritoryina pre iselydenedperiodoftime [ f.areview ofdenitions

inPaªubi ka,Taba zy«ski1986:58℄.

The denitionof the\Trz inie phenomenon", thewidely a epted model of

whi h ame intobeingunderaprofoundin uen eofAleksanderGardawski[1959,

f. general dis ussion:Gardawski 1959:10℄,is lose tothe ultural bri k theory of

DavidL.Clarke[Clarke1968:246.℄.Browsingthroughliterature,onemay on lude

thatthe \Trz inie bri k" is made upof the following traits:in te hnology| an

admixture of oarse broken stone, in morphology | a large, sinuous-prole and

slenderpotwitharelativelysmallbottom,inmi romorphology|slanted,widened

and aredrimsandinornamentation|usuallysinglerelief stripswherethene k

joinsthebelly.Itisalso ommonlya eptedthatthetraitslistedabovearethemost

\Trz inie -like" ifthey o ursimultaneously onthesame vessel. Alarge,

sinuous--prole potwitha relatively small bottomanda slanted, ared and widened rim,

de oratedwithasinglereliefstripwherethene kmeetsthebellyandmadeof lay

ontainingahighamountof oarsebrokenstoneisthenanideal\Trz inie "type.

A tually, theonly\Trz inie " idealtype.

Published some time ago, the resear h done in this area by Woj ie h

Bla-jer [1987℄was highlyinstru tive. He had arried out onsiderable work reviewing

\Trz inie " sour e materials and presented his results in the form of artograms

illustrating thedispersionof funerary rite traits [Blajer 1987:map 3℄and sele ted

traitsofpotteryandmetalgoods[Blajer1987:map4℄.Inaddition,hedelineatedthe

unit alledtheTrz inie Culture.Ithasto bestressedherethatthe\ammunition"

thathe olle ted in his work would be, indeed, of great aliber. The on lusions

followingfromhisworkare asfollows:

Firstly,theonlytaxonomi indi atorofthe\Trz inie "territoryispotteryde orated

witha reliefstrip.

Se ondly,otherpotterytraits, intgoodsandextremelyraremetalgoods[ f.

re en-tlyBlajer1998℄,settlementorganizationandfunerary ritesmakeupatrue mosai

inthe\Trz inie " oe umene.Thismosai isbettersuitedtoidentifyregional

die-ren esthantosear hforauniformsystemofsupraregional links.

Aquestion thus arises whi h Iasked already in 1996[Czebreszuk 1996:155℄,

namely,howitispossiblethatanideanotmeetingbasi requirementssetby lassi

ar haeologi al taxonomywith respe ttothe ategoryofar haeologi al ulturehas

beentakentobeexa tlythatforso manyyearsandhastakenrootin allsyntheti

works? [e.g.Sherratt1994:247℄.

Hen e itis indisputablethatabandoning the ulturalbri k theoryin dening

theTrz inie Cultureis absolutely ne essary.However, itremains tobe dis ussed

howdeepandextensivethesuggestedreformshouldbe.

Onmaypart, Isuggest to look at the\Trz inie phenomenon" from a broad

timeandspa eperspe tive.ThisviewopposesAleksanderGardawski'smodel,

espe- iallywithrespe ttothebroadlyunderstoodar haeologi altaxonomy loselyrelated

toanentirelynewmethodologi alframework[Czebreszuk1996;1998a;Makarowi z

1998b℄.TheTrz inie issuemay bedividedintotwo fundamentallevels: rstof

in-terregionalsimilaritiesandthese ondofregionalpe uliarities.

A. INTERREGIONALDIMENSIONOFTRZCINIEC

The radi al taxonomi assessment, expressed above, should not be taken to

mean a reje tion of thewhole lega y relating to the \Trz inie phenomenon". It

annotbedeniedthatthereexistsasmallsetoftraitsthato ursinvariousmutual

arrangements andin regionallydierent ontextsin thewholearea onsidered as

\Trz inie 's". Amongthemareformsofalargesinuous-prolepotwitharelatively

small bottom,frequently(but notalways)de orated onlywith a relief stripwhere

thene kmeets thebelly. L essfrequentlyamong these traitsare slantedand

wide-nedrimsandape uliarte hnologyofvesselmanufa ture(basedonadding oarse

brokenstone).

opinion,usuallyre e tedthesigni an eof hronologi allyoldergroups

[Gardaw-ski1959:111-129℄.CreditgoestoWoj ie hBlajerfortheobservationthatsu hlo al

pe uliarities in lude sofundamentala ulturaltraitasfunerary rites[Blajer1987℄.

Wemust be dealing witha similar situationin the aseof settlementsystemsand

waysofndingsubsisten e; f.twoexamples:loessofMaªopolska[Górski,Kadrow

1996℄andsandofKujawy[Makarowi z1998b℄.

A.1. TRZCINIECPACKAGE|INTERPRETATIONALTERNATIVE

Iwouldliketosuggestnowto allthesetofinterregionally\Trz inie "traitsa

pa kage(spe i allyTrz inie pa kage)byanalogytothe on eptofBeakerpa kage

knownfromtheliteraturewhi hwasproposedbyColinBurgessin1976toexplain

the phenomenon of Bell Beakers (BB) [Burgess 1976℄. I am onvin ed that the

suggestedtermre e tsbetter,thanboth\ ulture"and\horizon",thepe uliarityof

thephenomenonunderinvestigation.

Thedenitionofpa kage(spe i allyBeakerpa kage)suggestedbythequoted

authorreadasfollows:\This(i.e. Beakerphenomenon|J.Cz.)wouldseeBeakers

assomethingextra- ultural, onne tedwithsomesortofa tivitywhi hwastakenupby

so ieties throughoutEurope. Togetherwith theartefa ts withwhi h theyare regularly

asso iatedthey ouldbe saidtoforma'Beaker pa kage', whi h wouldbemerelythe

outward manifestation of whatever international phenomenon is involved" [Burgess

1976:309℄.A(Beaker)pa kage wouldthusbe understood\

. . .

aspartofan artefa t assemblageratherthana ulturalassemblage

. . .

itrepresentsnomorethanafashion" [Burgess1976:310℄.Being ar haeologi ally inspiring, thisdenitionisnevertheless

quitegeneral.

In orderto fa ilitate further dis ussion, it isdesirable to makethedenition

of ulturalpa kage morespe i bylistingitsbasi hara teristi s.

1.Identifyinga phenomenonby alling ita pa kage doesnotpredetermineits

ul-tural hara ter(asisthe asewithmanyotherar haeologi al ategories,apa kage

doesnot onnoteoneandonlyonetraitofaliving ulture);inthissensethe on ept

ofpa kagereferstotheformandnottothesubje t-matterofagivenphenomenon.

2.Apa kagehasnarrow ulturalmeaning,i.e.it on ernsonlyone ustom,

institu-tionorsubpopulationin agiven ulturalgroup;theremainingelements ofagiven

ulturedonotundergoanyradi almodi ationwhenapa kage appears.

3.Thesetoftraitsmakingupagivenpa kagemusthavebeensigni antly ulturally,

whi hiseviden edbybroad geographi alranges ofindividualpa kages.

on ultural onta t; thusit spreads in so ieties thatin one way oranother are in

onta t, i.e. its ways of expansion reveal traditional hannels of ultural onta t;

onlyse ondarily antheybe onsidered as reatorsofnewspatial relations.

6. It is a taxonomi ally (formally) dynami phenomenon and most probably

ul-turally ( ontent-wise) as well. It hanges from region to region: a given ultural

pa kage indierentregionsissimilarbut neverthesame.

7.Thenalstageofinvestigationofagivenpa kageshouldbeaninterpretationof

its ultural hara ter,i.e. an answertothequestionwhat ulturaltraitthepa kage

reveals.

Goingba kto theTrz inie pa kage, it shouldbe observed attheoutsetthat

it was relatively meager in omparison tothe pre eding Beaker pa kage, bothin

termsof onstitutingtraitsandintheir formalri hness.

A.2. TRZCINIECPACKAGE.CONSTITUTINGELEMENTS

Ishall brie ydis ussnowthethreeelementsoftheTrz inie pa kage

mentio-nedabovebeginningwith\Trz inie te hnology"andslantedandwidenedrimsand

endingwith theformofthe\Trz inie pot".

The on eptof\Trz inie te hnology"isknownespe iallyfromthePolish

lite-rature [Gardawski1959:90;Mi±kiewi z 1978:176℄.Itstands fora mannerof vessel

manufa turing based ontheaddition of oarsebroken stone in thi k-wall vessels

withtheirsurfa esmoothedoutwitha hardsli k.The oarseadmixture protrudes

fromthesurfa e ausing numerousfra turesaroundsu hpla es. There are afew

potential sour es where it may have ome from. To one of su h sour es, namely

theGlobularAmphoraCultur (GAC),attention was drawnbyAleksander Ko±ko

inthe1970's[Ko±ko1979;Czerniak,Ko±ko1980:259℄.Inthe aseof\Trz inie "in

Kujawy thissour e ontinuesto be themost probableone [Czebreszuk 1996:158;

Makarowi z 1998b℄.

Another sour e points outto a potential signi an e of the tradition of the

Comb-likePotteryCulturewhi hexpandedtothesouth,asfarastoday'snorthern

Belarus towards the endof the Neolithi . One trait hara terizing the pottery of

this ulture is a te hnology based on the use of oarse broken granite and int

[Kryvaltsevi h1991;1997;Czebreszuk1996:158℄.

Thelast traditionthat anbe takenintoa ount inthesear hfortheorigins

ofthe\Trz inie te hnology"istheSingleGraveCulture(SGC).Onlyinthe1980's

and1990's ould more information be gathered onthesettlement pottery of this

most often made with the use of oarse broken stone te hnology [Stegen 1954;

Liversage1987;Mertens1998℄.

To sum up, it an be laimed that regardless of thefa t whi h of theabove

groupsplayedade isiveroleinthedevelopmentofthe\Trz inie te hnology"one

thing is now absolutely lear: the \Trz inie " tradition of pottery te hnology has

learly itsrootsinthenorth,ontheL owland.Itisworthmentioninghere thatthe

te hnologi alstandardofthe\Trz inie "potteryinMaªopolska,hen eintheSouth,

departssigni antly from theformulare ognized by Aleksander Gardawski to be

hara teristi ofthesaidgroup,whi hhasbeenmadeabsolutely learbythere ent

resear hbyJa ek Górski[1981:24-25℄.

Forthestudy of theorigins of widened andslanted rims, themost omplete

setof data omesnowfromthePripets drainage. Owingtothestudiesof Mykola

Kryvaltsevi htherehasbeenregistereda ompletesequen eofstylisti

transforma-tionsofrimsfromtheMiddleDnieperCulturetolo alvarieties ofthe\Trz inie "

tradition.Aninitial appearan eofwidenedrimshasbeenre orded,too.Intheend

of thesequen e lassi al, \Trz inie ", widened andslantedrims havebeenpla ed

[Kryvaltsevi h1991,Fig.57:10,17;58:1;Czebreszuk 1996:158℄.

The ru ialissueinthestudyoftheoriginsofindividualtraitsoftheTrz inie

pa kageistheformofthe\Trz inie pot".Re ently,itstieswiththetraditionsofthe

SingleGraveandBellBeaker Cultureshavebeendis ussed[Czebreszuk1996:157;

1998a; Makarowi z 1998b℄. In the German literature this issue is losely related

to thequestionofthe so- alled Riesenbe herwhi h alls here fora more detailed

dis ussion.

A.3. RIESENBECHER.DIAGNOSTICVALUE

This on eptwasintrodu edintotheliteraturebyKarlH.Ja ob-Friesen[1939℄.

However, itwasonly KurtStegenwhodenedthisform andwhosedenition

be- ameapointofdepartureforstudiesofmanyGermanresear hers[Struve

1955:132--133;Uenze 1961;Har k1971/72;Li hardus1979/80;Nelson1988:161-173;Moser

1994; Mertens1996; 1988℄.A ordingto KurtStegen Riesenbe her \sindallevon

einergrobenMa hart (wandstarkebis zu2 m),der Tonistoftsehrstarkmitkleinen

Stein hendur hsetzt. DieGroe s hwankt zwis hen 30 und50-55 m(

. . .

). Ein Be-sonders harakteristis hes gemeinsames Kennzei hen allerRiesenbe her ist der winzig

kleine Boden. (

. . .

) Die Form des Riesenbe hers wird dur h das S-formigeProl in seiner ganzen Variationsbreite bestimmt. (

. . .

) Der Hauptantil an der Variierung des S-Proles,diebeidenkleinenBe hernaufdiemannigfa hsteArt.errei htwird,kommt

einen kurzen, meist s harf abgesetzten Rand, der steil (

. . .

) bis tri hterformig (

. . .

) seinkann.DieNahtstellezwis henRand undKorperwirdoftdur heinenWurstoder

Wellenleistebetont(

. . .

)\

. . .

Adetailed review of boththehistoryof resear hand the urrent state of knowledge has been re ently done byAndrea Moser [Moser

1994:3-5℄andKathrinMertens [Mertens1996;1998℄.Hen e, Ishallfo ushereon

asummary ofissuesthatareimportantforourdis ussion.

From the point of view of typology, forms in luded among Riesenbe her in

the original denition are urrently divided into two basi ategories. The rst

omprisesall-over de oratedvessels alled potbeker(aDut hterm adoptedinthe

German literature) [ f. main sour e: L ehman 1965; L anting 1973℄ whi h I shall

ignore in further dis ussion, whereas the se ond onsists of Riesenbe her proper,

unde orated orwith a relief element in thepla e where thene kmeets thebelly

(oneortworeliefstrips,orpossiblyafewhandlespla edsymmetri allyaroundthe

ir umferen e).

AmongtheRiesenbe hervebasi typesaredistinguishedatpresent:(a)

unde- orated,(b)withseveralhorizontallines in isedinthepla ewherethene kmeets

thebelly, ( )witharelief stripbearingundulatingngertipimpressions,(d)witha

single ordoublesimple reliefstripand(e)with arowofhandles(buttons)[ f.the

most omprehensivereview:Moser1994;Mertens1996℄.

Relyingonthe omparativedataandinformationonthe ontextsofo urren e

ofindividualRiesenbe hertypes,ea hoftheabovetypesshouldbeassignedaslightly

dierent ulturalandgeneti position.

Owingto re ent resultsof resear hintothesettlement aspe t of theCorded

Ware Culture(CWC)inCentralEurope,thevarietywitha reliefstripbearing

un-dulatingngertip impressions(type ) an benowdatedtotheearlydevelopment

phases of the CWC en ompassing without doubt the pan-European horizon (A)

andquite probablythewholeoldCordedWare stage. Thistypeof large (storage)

vessels isnowbelieved tobe themostimportantindi atorof theoldestCWC

set-tlement materials [Bu hvaldek1986;Liversage 1987:120-121;Czebreszuk 1996:82;

Wolf1997℄.

Unde orated Riesenbe her (type a)donothave sounequivo al ultural and

hronologi al onnotations. Of ru ial importan e are in this ase the ontexts

of their o urren e, for instan e urns in a SGC remation emetery (e.g. Sande

in Hamburg-L ohbr ugge)[S hwantes1936:79.℄, o-o urren e with type Kaxe in

ompa t assemblages (Mannhagen, Kreis L auenburg) [Kersten 1966:77.℄. They

alsoo ur inmegalithi monuments,usually instratigraphi allyyoungestpositions

(e.g. Oldendorf Kreis L uneburg) [K ormer, L aux 1980:173℄. Of great importan e

are ornamentationtraitsof manyvessels fromthealready mentioned emeteryat

Sande,namelyzonepatternsmadewiththeuseoftheknurlingte hnique[S hindler

stages of the SGC and the beginnings of the so- alled dagger period (in Danish

nomen latureLNI),i.e. theperiodwithBB.

TheRiesenbe herwitharowofhandles(typee), alledHitza kerbyOleHar k

[Har k1971/72℄was relatedbyhim tothe 

Uneti e tradition. Re ently,exhaustive

works by Bernd Zi h haveappeared dis ussing the north-western frontier of the



Uneti e Culture [Zi h 1986℄ and the whole northern zone of that ulture [Zi h

1996℄.However, there is nomention in these worksabouttheRiesenbe her. Only

in the aseof type 20C storage vessels doesthequoted authorsee any similarity

ofthatformwiththeRiesenbe heroftheHitzha kertype[Zi h1996:187,footnote

665℄.Theissueoftheoriginsofthepotterywithhandlesisnotasimpleoneatall,

nevertheless there is nodoubt thatthese forms o urredin the area in question

atthesame time as old-

Uneti ends.Furthermore, gravendsfromFrauenmark,

Kreis Par him [Ja obs 1991:53and Taf. 26:26,27℄ and from L anz, Kreis

Ludwig-slust[Ja obs1991:57andTaf.27:14-17℄indi atethatthetypeunderdis ussionwas

ontemporaneouswith thestage whenBB traitso urred.

Thetypede oratedwithseveralhorizontal,in isedlines(typeb)wasidentied

byHildegarde Nelson astype 3[Nelson1988:162℄.In L aave, KreisHagenow, site

1[Ja obs 1991:56℄,two vessels de orated in thisway togetherwith a spe imen of

a variety lose to potbekerwere found,whi h testies tothe ontemporaneity of

thedis ussedtypewith BB.While thestudies ofErwinStrahlprove thatmultiple

in ised line de orations are known from the inter uvial area between the L ower

ElbeandWeserthroughouttheSGCdevelopment[Strahl1990:204℄.

The type of the greatest interest to us, type d, with a single relief strip (or

possiblytwo) will be dis ussedin greater detail, separately for ea h regionof the

westernNorthEuropeanPlain.

North-westGermany(L owerSaxony andS hleswig-Holstein), Fig.1.

The dis ussed form of vessels is ertainly ontemporaneous there with the

Riesenbe her with handles (type e), whi h is eviden ed by nds from Rebenstorf,

Kreis L u how-Dannenberg andfrom Templingen, Kreis L u how-Dannenberg. On

thebasisofan amphoraalsofoundthere,thesendsarerelatedbyAndreaMoser

totheolderstages ofthe 

Uneti e Culture(UC)development[Moser1994:14-16℄.

InJeersdorf,Kreis Rotenburg,site18,a fragmentofa large sinuous-prolevessel

with a double relief strip was found together with a ontainer de orated with a

\barbed wire"ornament [Strahl1990,Taf. 52:3-4℄whi hisdated tothede line of

BB in Jutland and on the L ower Rhine. In Central European ategories this is

equivalenttotheverybeginning ofBA1a ordingtoP.Reine ke. Thus,generally

speaking,inthesaidarea,theformsunderdis ussionaredatedtotheperiodfrom

theSGC[Struve1955:133℄,throughtheperiodofBBin uen e[Struve1955:133.;

S hirnig1972:66;Li hardus1979/80:357℄untilthebeginningsofthestagerevealing



Fig.1.Sele tedexamples oftype\d"Riesenbe her fromL ower SaxonyandS hleswig-Holstein. 1

-Rebenstorf,KreisL u how-Dannenberg [Moser1994:Abb.2:5℄,2-Jeersdorf,Kr.Rotenburg,stan.18

[Strahl1990:Taf.52:4℄,3-5-Hitza ker,Ldkr.L u how-Dannenberg [Moser1984:Abb.2:1-3℄,6-

Borg-dorf, Kr. Rendsburg[Struve 1955:Taf.24:1℄, 7 -Hannover, Gr. Bu hholz [Struve 1955:Taf.24:5℄, 8

-Gross-Holzhausen, Kr.Osterburg[Moser1994:Abb.3:2℄,9 -Elstorf,Kr.Harburg[Strahl1990:Taf.

Fig. 2.Sele ted examples of type\b"and \d"Riesenbe her from Denmark. 1-2- Myrhj [Jensen

1973:Fig.27and40℄,3-Sebberup[Glob1952:70℄,4-7Tastum[Simonsen 1983:Fig.6℄,8-St. Valbyvej

Fig.3.Myrhj,NorthernJutland,joint alibrationofaseriesofseven 14

Cdatesfromthesettlement.

Fig.4.Sele tedexamples oftype\b"and \d"Riesenbe her fromnorth-easternGermany. 1-L anz

[Ja obs1991:Taf.27:17℄,2-Settin[Ja obs1991:Taf.20:12℄,3-Rothenklempenow[Ja obs1991:Taf.38:30℄,

Jutland,Fig.2.

Fromthe hronologi al pointofview,this isthemostimportofall the

analy-zedregions.The potformsofinterest toushere areknowntherefromwell-dated

settlement assemblages. They appear already in the settlementat Myrhj[Jensen

1973:92,Fig. 27℄( f. Fig. 2:1-2), eponymousfor thegroup whi hrepresents a

lo- al variety of the BB in northern and entral Jutland [Liversage 1987℄. We have

in respe t of this site a series of seven 14

C dates [Vandkilde 1996:372℄,the joint

alibration of whi h showsthat the settlement existed before the end of the3rd

millenniumBC(Fig.3).Next,theseformsareknownfromsettlementsthroughout

theLNperiod,e.g.St.Valbyvej[S hielllerup1992:44,Fig.28,29℄,Vorbasse[Hvass

1986:333, Fig. 11℄, Tastum [Simonsen 1983:Fig. 6℄, only to disappear in theEarly

BronzeAgethere, i.e. a1700BC.

North-easternGermany(Me klenburg,VorpommernandBrandenburg),Fig. 4.

This is an area whi h has not been studied mu h, whi h is re e ted is the

amount of sour es published. Of fundamental importan e in this respe t is the

work byJ orn Ja obs who has published a numberof examples of relevant forms

[Ja obs 1991:Taf. 20:8, 11, 12; Taf. 27:17; Taf. 28:30; Taf. 30:11℄ generally dating

themtothewholeperiodofdevelopmentoftheSGC.

Theabovereviewleadstoseveral on lusions.Therstandmostimportantone

on ernsthevalidityandfurtheruseofthe on eptofRiesenbe herinthehitherto

typologi alformula.Inthelight oftheabove ommentsthereisnojusti ationfor

it.IndividualtypesoftheRiesenbe herarerelatedtodierent ulturaltraditionsand

areassigneddierent hronologi alpositions(fromhorizonAoftheCWC,through

the SGC and BB until thestage of 

Uneti e in uen es, hen e from a 2900/2800

BCuntilthebeginningsofthe2ndmillenniumBC).Thisdoesnotmean,however,

thatoneshouldabandonaltogether todenesu ha ategoryofartifa ts.Su han

opinionhas beenre entlyvoi edin theGermanliterature byErwinStrahl[1990℄.

He does not set up the Riesenbe her as a separate ategory [Strahl 1990:56-57℄

and laimsthatuntilre ently settlement pottery ofvarious SGCphases has been

mistakenly assigned to it [Strahl 1990:204℄. It would be advisable to use a more

pre isedenitionoftheRiesenbe herwhi hwouldin lude onlysu hvarieties ofit

thatareprimarilyrelatedto asingle stage ofprehistory(developmentof theSGC

andLN)andasimilargeneti relationship(SGC,BB,possibly 

Uneti ein uen es).

Takingthisintoa ount,IsuggesttoreservetheRiesenbe herappellationfortypes

'a','b', 'd'and'e' only.

These ond on lusion on ernstheissueofthespreadingofthesevarietiesof

theRiesenbe herthatareofthegreatestinteresttous,namelytypebwithmultiple,

in isedlinesandtypedwithoneortworeliefstrips.Theyo urinthevast,lowland

area ofWesternEurope,fromthemouthoftheRhineinthewest,throughL ower

Thethird on lusion on ernsthe hronologi aland ulturalpositionofthese

Riesenbe hertypeswhi hformallymost loselyrelatedto\Trz inie "patternstypes

b andd). They are asso iated with thetradition of thedevelopedSGC andlo al

BB while the hronology of their o urren e overs in total the period from a

2500 BC (beginnings of the developed phase of the SGC and the dawn of the

\North European BB provin e" [Czebreszuk 1996:250℄until about 2000 BC (i.e.

ontemporaneouslywiththe old-

Uneti estageoftheUC).

A summary of the above dis ussion, en ompassing riti ism of the hitherto

modelof\Trz inie " andthedigressionontheRiesenbe heraswell,shouldin lude

afewstatementsofageneralnature.Therstofthempertainstothebasi element

oftheTrz inie pa kage, namelytheslender, sinuous-prolepotswitha

hara te-risti ornament.Theyaregeneti ally relatedwiththeSGCtraditionandtheNorth

EuropeanBB provin e,hen e withtheorientationof ultural tieswhi hhas been

ompletely ignoredinthestudiesoftheorigins of\Trz inie ". Thequestionofthe

\Trz inie te hnology"doesnotex ludethenorth-western\tra e"inthesear hfor

theoriginsof theTrz inie pa kage, either.Only thethird element believedto be

aninterregionally\Trz inie " trait,i.e.slantedandwidenedrims,inthelightofour

knowledge doesnotbear any relation to the SGCtradition. Owing to its geneti

onne tions,itleansrathertowardstheMiddleDnieperCulture.Thissituation

re- e ts thedynami s ofa ultural pa kage. Abroaderpresentation ofthedynami s

shallfollowbelow.

A.4. \TRADITIONALTRZCINIEC".LINESOFREVISION

L et's onfront nowthe above on lusions on erning the western portion of

theEuropean Plain with our knowledge on theareas traditionallybelieved to be

the\Trz inie " oe umene.

First, we should onsider whether it is possible to date the moment of

ap-pearan e of \Trz inie pots" there with a greater a ura y or, more pre isely, to

establishthatmomentforindividualregionswithinthe\Trz inie "territory.A

pre- ise pla ement in time of thebeginnings of the said form is possible in the ase

oftheKujawy(broadlymeant,in ludingtheCheªmnoDistri t, KrajnaandPaªuki)

andMaªopolska enters.

In the rst of thementioned enters, the prototypes of \Trz inie pots" (of

bothtypes:thosede oratedwithreliefstripsandthosewithmultiple,in isedlines)

appearinBiaªyBór, ommuneofGrudzi¡dz,site17[Bokinie 1987:Fig.2:11;5:10),

Przy-Fig.5.Sele tedexamplesofRiesenbe herfromKujawyandtheCheªmnoDistri t.1,5-Narkowo,gm.

Dobre,stan.16[Przybytek1996℄,2,3-Potok,gm.Wªo ªawek,stan.1[Bokinie 1989℄,4-Chlewiska,gm.

D¡browaBiskupia,stan.56[Czebreszuk1996℄,6-Dby,gm.Dobre,stan.29A[Czebreszuk1996℄,7,8

-Grudzi¡dz-Mniszek ,stan.3[Bokinie ,Mar iniak1987℄,9-Smarglin,gm.Dobre,stan.53[Makarowi z

1993℄,10 -BiaªyBór, gm. Grudzi¡dz, stan. 17[Bokinie 1987℄,11- Mszano, gm. Brodni a,stan. 7

Fig.6.Narkowo, ommuneof Dobre,site16.Resultsof 14

Fig.7.DatingoftheTrz inie pa kageinsele tedregionsofCentralEurope.

48:11℄ (Fig. 5:6), Toru«-Grbo in, site III [Bokinie 1995:Table XVI℄,

Grudzi¡dz--Mniszek, ommune of Grudzi¡dz, site 3 [Bokinie , Mar iniak 1987, Fig. 9:3, 4℄

(Fig. 5:7,8),Modliborzy e, ommune ofInowro ªaw (\vase-like" form)

[Knapow-ska-Mikoªaj zykowa1957:64,Fig. 68b℄,Korze znik, ommuneof Kªodawa,site 14

[Czebreszuk 1996:Fig.53:30,54:1,17℄andquite possiblyinBrze±¢Kujawski,

om-mune of Brze±¢ Kujawski,site 4, pit 738[Grygiel 1987:Fig. 2:2℄, Chlewiska,

om-muneofD¡browa Biskupia, site56[Czebreszuk 1996:Fig. 45:15℄(Fig.5:4)aswell

Fig.8.SpreadingroutesoftheTrz inie pa kageinCentralEurope.

tlementinNarkowohasonedatingreportingtheageof3930

±

70BP(Ki-5604)that setsan approx.intervalof2440-2300BC(Fig.6)[ f.Czebreszuk 1996:119-121and

Tab.26℄.Re ently,another 14

Cdatinghasbeenobtainedforthematerialsfromthe

settlementinSmarglin,site22,whi hreportedtheageof3950

±

45(Ki-6885)(kind informationfromprof.AleksanderKo±koforwhi hIamverygrateful).Thedating

setsaperiodoftimewhi hisgenerally on urrentwiththatfromNarkowo,namely

from 2550 to2350 BC. The mentionednds, in parti ular from Biaªy Bór, Dby,

NarkowoandSmarglin (site22and53), showthatthebeginnings of thepresen e

of \Trz inie pot" prototypesin the Kujawy enter are tied to theappearan e of

thepottery ornamentedwith zone patternsutilizing theknurlingte hnique whi h

is hara teristi of the oldest stage of the BB tradition in uen es. This pro ess

has beenre ently tentativelydatedto thebeginning ofthese ond half of the3rd

millennium BC[Czebreszuk 1996:191-192℄.

InMaªopolska we are fa ed with a very learsituation. \Trz inie pots" with

widened andslantedrimsappear there asan element of agreater ulturalwhole,

believedtobea ultureofmigrants, a1900BC[Kempisty,Wªodar zak1996:132;

of Central Europe (Fig. 7), it an be observed that they appear rst along the

western limits of thearea of distribution, i.e. on theL ower Elbeand in Jutland,

theninKujawyandonlylaterinMaªopolska.Assumingthatwedealherewithone

ulturalpro ess,alater hronology anbeadoptedforthe\Trz inie pot"inregions

lo ated east of Kujawy(Fig. 8). This on lusionis borne outbytherstseries of

14

Cdatesobtainedforthematerialsoftheso- alledEastTrz inie Culturefromthe

emeteryin Malopolove keinUkraine[Kovalyukhet al., Absolute(Radio arbon)

Chronology

. . .

,in thisvolume℄. The ndsobtainedthere an be datedto a 1600 BCattheearliest.Insum,it anbeplausibly laimed thattheoriginsoftheform

in question an berelatedtothelo al SGCandBB groupsfromthewestern part

oftheNorthEuropeanPlain.Whilelookingatthe artogram(Fig.8)it anbealso

observed thatthe\Trz inie pot",or themost importantelement of theTrz inie

pa kage,spreadfromthewesttotheeastandfroma ertainmoment( a1900BC)

alsofromthenorthtothesouth.

The\Trz inie phenomenon"displaysinthisrespe tatraitthatis hara teristi

of all pa kages. What is meant here is o urren e at dierent time in individual

regions whi h an be linearly ordered. Itis possible to indi ate theregion where

a given phenomenonbegan and to show the lines, along whi h it spread. As an

analogymayservethedynami softheBBwhi h,forinstan e, a2300BCwithdraw

fromtheareasontheUpperDanube( overedbyBle hkreiskulturen)andfromthe

BohemianBasinandMoravia(o upiedalreadybytheUC)whileatthesametime

develop on the south-western Balti [Czebreszuk 1996; 1998; Czebreszuk, Szmyt

1998;Vandkilde1996℄.

Anotherimportantissueistheend(\de line")oftheTrz inie pa kage.In

Ju-tlandittakespla e inLNIIhen e after1950BC[Vandkilde1996℄.Unfortunately

wedonothavesu ha uratedatesfortheregionsofnorthernGermany.The

hro-nologyoftheendoftheTrz inie ultureisslightlybettergroundedindatainthe

aseofKujawyandMaªopolska. Therstandsurprisingobservationin both ases

isthefa tthattheendoftheTrz inie pa kage annotbeidentiedwiththeendof

theTrz inie \ ulture"or \horizon".InKujawy,outofseven groups[Makarowi z

1998b;1998 ℄ofthe\Trz inie horizon"only therstthree relytaxonomi ally on

theTrz inie pa kage traits. Almostthesame istrue forMaªopolska.In the

sequ-en e ofstylisti hangestra edbyJa ek Górski,onlytheassemblages oftypesA1,

A2andA3 anbe onsideredtobe basedonTrz inie pa kage traitswhile allthe

remaining ones(assemblages oftypes B,C andCD) anbe alled \post-Trz inie

pa kage"[Górski1997℄.Proje tingthesaidstateofaairsonthetimes ale, it an

be laimed in on lusion thattheTrz inie pa kage ended in Kujawy a1600 BC

[Czebreszuk 1996:Tab.29℄ andin Maªopolska a1400 BC [Górski1997:Fig.4℄. It

follows thatnotonly thedates of thebeginning of theTrz inie pa kage butalso

Thisisthenthegeneraloutlineofthetaxonomyoftheinterregionalaspe tof

\Trz inie ", i.e. whatIsuggest to all theTrz inie pa kage. The above proposals

makeforaradi allydierentpi turethanthatwhi h anbefoundintheliterature.

Inthem,\Trz inie " isgenerallyalowlandphenomenonrootedintheareasonthe

south-westernBalti anddeveloping betweentheElbeandDnieperandnot|as

ithasbeenbelievedsofar|betweentheVistulaandDnieper.

B. THEASPECTOFLOCALVARIETIESOF\TRZCINIEC"

The otherside of the\Trz inie oin"is formedbyits lo al varieties.In this

respe t, attention shouldbe drawnto thespe ial hara teristi s of \Trz inie " in

parti ularareasoftheL owlandsaswell astothefundamentaloppositionof

\low-land"and\highland" \Trz inie ",orrathernorthernandsouthern.

B.1. \LOWLANDTRZCINIEC"

The Trz inie pa kage, like all otherpa kages, parti ularly a beaker one, is

adynami phenomenon hangingtaxonomi allyfromregiontoregion,toputsimply,

drawingonlo altraditions.Ishalluse herethe hanges visibleon\Trz inie pots"

asanexample(Fig.9).Rea hingasfarwestasthemouthoftheRhineoneshould

start with zone with potbeakersonly [L ehmann1965℄. Next, in the area between

theL ower Rhine and Elbea lear de rease in thenumber of potbeakers an be

observed while the mainrole is playedbyforms de oratedwith arelief stripand

multiple,in isedlines[Strahl1990℄.InMe klenburgandBrandenburgthereareno

more potbeaker [ex eption: Wetzel 1976℄ while thevarieties with relief stripsand

in isedlines ontinuetobefound[Ja obs1991;Rassmann1993℄.Intheinter uvial

area between theOder and Vistula, thegamut of ornaments expands to in lude

zone patternsoften separated by a verti al element (heritage of the Kujawy BB

variety,knownastheIwnoCulture)[Czebreszuk1996;Makarowi z1998b℄.Farther

east (Mazowsze), next to still numerous ornaments with verti al elements, there

emerge patternsof evenmore ompli ated stru ture(heritage oftheLinin group

oftheNemen Culture) [ f.review ofsour esin Gardawski 1959℄whi h overnot

Fig.9.Thedynami sofstylisti hangesoftheformofthe\Trz inie pot"inthelowlandregionsof

Dnieperrootsandthe ulturesoftheComb-likeandStrokedCir le [Kryvaltsevi h

1991;1997:91-93℄.

Thezoneswithinthe\Trz inie oe umene",outlinedherealongthewest-east

axis, generally re e t the dieren es from theprevious periodsby ontinuingthe

zonesof theBB, SGC,SGC-BB( overing thearea between theL owerOder and

Vistula)andtheLiningroup(ortype)oftheNemenandMiddleDnieperCultures.

Inthisrespe t, \Trz inie " doesnot hangeanyboundariessetbyalongNeolithi

tradition. Onthe ontrary, it ontinuestheNeolithi division oftheL owlandinto

ulturalregions.

B.2. THENORTH-SOUTHOPPOSITIONWITHINTHE\TRZCINIEC"OECUMENE

To beginwithIshall denemore losely theopposition mentionedin the

he-ading. It is based on e ology, pre isely on the fa t of existen e of two opposite

e osystems. The rst onsisted of sandy,poorly diversied lowland areas whereas

the se ond was hara terized by lush vegetation growing on loess overed

high-lands. Curiouslyenough,this e ologi al oppositionisnotequally lear

geographi- ally. There are lowland en laves of abundant e osystems(e.g. Kujawy) butthere

are also sandy areas within thehighland belt (e.g. Nie ka Nidzia«ska). This fa t

is of great signi an e for the ultural plane. The fa t thatKujawy often served

as the \outpostof theSouth" in prehistory is rather universally a epted [lately:

Ko±ko 1996℄. L ess prominen e is given in the literature to a hypothesis whi h

would stress the importan e of pla es like Nie ka Nidzia«ska as an \extension"

ofthePlain.

L et'sgo ba k, however, to themain subje t. The oppositionis learly visible

in settlement rules. \Trz inie " on the Plain is in most ases made up of reli s

of small dune settlements, usually poorly preserved and with a small number of

artifa ts [Czebreszuk 1996;Makarowi z 1998b℄.Infeatures thatsurvivedin a

bet-ter ondition,forinstan einBorowo12[Igna zak1996;Czebreszuk1996:159-162;

Czebreszuk,Igna zak1997℄,thesettlement onsistedpra ti allyofonehouse

(ho-usehold luster).Itisworth noti ingthatsu ha settlementmodelhas averylong

traditiononthePlain,goingba ktoMesolithi so ietiesand ontinuedbythe

Fun-nelBeakerCulture(TRB)ortheCWC.Inthisrespe t,\Trz inie " pra ti allydoes

not hangeanythingideallyttingintothehithertorulesofsettlementorganization.

Inaspe i momentofthe ulturalevolutionofthesystem,i.e. a1900BC,its

traitsbe omevisibleintheSouth,spe i ally intheimmediate vi inityof

a number of household lusters [Górski 1997℄,thus tting ideally into settlement

rulesprevailingonMaªopolskaloesssoilspra ti allyfromthebeginningofthe

Neo-lithi [Kadrow1991;Kruk1993℄.Thisdynami ulturalsu essof\Trz inie " inthe

southis ommonlybelievedtobeanee tofamigrationofrelativelylargegroups

ofhumansfromratherindeniteareasofthePlaintothesouth[seere entmature

interpretation in Górski, Kadrow 1996℄. A distin tive, worth mentioning

hara -teristi of the pro ess, pe uliar not only to \Trz inie " but also to other, earlier

L owland groupswhi h emerged in the southin a spe i moment of their

deve-lopment(Ispe i ally havetheTRB inmindhere),isthefa tthatthemovement

to the south(interpreted as relatively large migrations) is losely onne ted with

a radi al hange of the settlement system. The group that appears in the South

takes on hara teristi s of stable mi roregional and village settlement, \peasant"

all in all, whi h makes it t well into the traditionsof lo al so ieties. Thus it is

also inthis respe tthat\Trz inie " didnotdierfrom groupsonprevious stages.

However,letusaskaquestion:Whatwerethereasonsofthoseputativemigrations

fromthenorthtothesouth?DidamongL owlandso ietiesexista ertain\southern

attra tion"makingthemtravelsouthinlarger groupsfromtimetotime?

Ja ekGórskiandSªawomirKadrow,whodevisedthemost omprehensive

mo-delofMierzanowi eCulture(MC){Trz inie Culture(TC)relations,putforward

a solution whi h does not pose any of the above questions. The model may be

re onstru tedinthefollowingpoints:

1. A migration of a \Trz inie " populationfrom the L owland takes pla e; this is

apremise notsubje ttoanydis ussion,

2.Initiallythemigrantso upyinthesouthonlythosee ologi al ni heswhi hthey

knowfromtheL owland,

3. The migrants ome into onta t with lo al settled farmers represented by the

MC, whi h was then in a risis; they adopttraits thatwill enable them toexploit

loessni hes,

4. Themigrants takeover theloess areas adapting totheirpurposesthemodel of

stable farmingsettlementswith ami roregional settlementstru tureand

assimila-ting theremnantsoflo alpopulations(MC).

Ja ek Górskiand Sªawomir Kadrow, in their modelof MC-TC relations,

as-sume theexisten eofa spe i reasonwhylate MCso ietiesa quired \Trz inie "

hara teristi s. The reason was a stru tural risis of theformer [Górski,Kadrow

1996:26℄.Hen e, they look at thesituation as a unique o urren e andnotas an

example ofa more generalrule (the \southernattra tion"). Thismodel,however,

shouldbedis ussedfurther.ThephenomenonofMaªopolskatraitsbeing

superse-ded bynorthern onesisnot, as has already been observed, ex lusively onne ted

withthatmomentinprehistorywhentheMCandTC ameinto onta t.Thisstate

previo-fa ts.Spe i ally,oneshould onsiderahypothesisatta hingmu hlessimportan e

to migrations( ontinuousorperiodi al) from theL owland ontotheHighlandsat

the same time, however, adopting periodi al spreading of new ultural ideas (in

the ar haeologi al form of a pa kage) as the main me hanism of theobservable

hanges. The ideas that were disseminated were born from time to time on the

\L owland ultural hotbed"stret hing fromtheL ower Rhine throughJutlandand

Me klenburg toKujawy.Underthishypothesistherewouldnotbeany\expansion

ofTrz inie populations" froma ratherindenite \north"to Maªopolska[ f.

Gór-ski, Kadrow 1996:22℄.Emerging from the newhypothesis, the newmodel an be

des ribedinthefollowingpoints:

1. A premise is adopted maintaining that in ertain en laves in the south there

alwaysexistedpopulationsfollowingaL owland ulturalmodel;theen lavesroughly

orresponded with e ologi al ni hes in whi h natural onditions were similar to

thoseontheEuropeanPlain,

2.Thesaid ommunitieswere hara terizedbytheabsen e of ulturalbarriersthat

wouldseparatethemfromL owlandso ieties, ontrarytoloessarea ommunities,

3. In the period when the early and lassi phases of the MC developed in

lo-ess areas, the said ommunities must have displayed, broadly speaking, \ orded"

traditiontraits[Budziszewski1998℄,

4.The \Trz inie " traitsappearinthesouthrstamongthepost-Cordedso ieties

o upyingsandy ni hesto transform ertainaspe ts of their ulture; theso ieties

\be ome"\Trz inie -like",

5. Toover ome thebarrierseparatingtheso ietiesofsandy andloessoe umenes,

\Trz inie " traits needed more time but it happened a 1700 BC at the earliest

[Górski,Kadrow1996,Fig.2℄,

6.Finally,theTrz inie pa kageissharedalsobythe ommunitiesofsettledfarmers

ofloessareas.

However, a eptan e of this model entails adoptionof an assumption about

onsiderabledieren esinthe hronologiesofidenti alorverysimilarstylisti states

inindividualregionsandindierente ologi alni heswithinthesameregion.Ishall

indi ate a few analogies beingin pointhere. The long o-o urren eof TRB and

CWCso ietiesandthe ontemporaneityof oldand lassi \ orded"patternshave

beenrapidlygaininggroundintheliteraturebothinrespe tofthePlain[Czebreszuk

1996;Ko±ko1997℄andthehighlands[Ma hnik1997℄.Inthe aseofMaªopolska,the

e ologi alopposition:loessplateausvs.sandytroughshadhada ulturaldimension

sin e theEarly Neolithi [Kruk 1980℄.In theabove outlined ontext, thedate of

appearan eof\Trz inie "traits,i.e.1900BC,maybeadoptedasthewaneofCWC

so ietiesinthesandye ologi alni hesoftheregion[Budziszewski1998℄.Wewould

thendealwithasituationinwhi hanew ulturalpa kage(spe i allytheTrz inie

tothatofthePlain.Thesurmountingofthee ologi albarrierofloessareas takes

time, whi h has been very well depi ted in detail by Ja ek Górski and Sªawomir

Kadrow[1996℄.

Adoptingoneoftheoutlinedhypothesesisunequivo allyrelatedtothewaythe

\Trz inie " phenomenonisper eived. A ultural interpretationpreferstheformer

while aninterpretationin termsofa pa kageprefersthelatter.

CONCLUSION

What was\Trz inie " then?It wasa ultural pa kage or a phenomenonofa

limiteds opeonthes aleofa ulture; hangesthatitbroughtae tedonly ertain

segmentsofthe ulture.Iwouldliketorepeatheretheobservationrelatingtothe

relations between the Trz inie pa kage, Trz inie ulture and Trz inie horizon.

WehaveobservedthattheTrz inie pa kage isrelatedtotheolder stages ofboth

the ultureandhorizon.However,more profoundpro essesof ulturalintegration

originating with early Lusatian sour es, espe ially visible in the spreading of

re-mationfuneraryrites[Czebreszuk1997;Górski,Kadrow1996:20℄(so- alledse ond

remation horizon),are related tothe youngergroupsof theTrz inie horizonin

Kujawy and theyounger assemblages of theTrz inie Culture in Maªopolska. As

longasin bothregions we dealwiththeTrz inie pa kage (TH1-3in Kujawyand

assemblages of typesA1,A2andA3inMaªopolska)one anonlytrytondlo al

pe uliarities in thefunerary ritesin the whole \Trz inie " zone [e.g. Maªopolska,

Górski,Kadrow1996:20-21℄.\Trz inie " as a wholeremained then in thisrespe t

amosai [Blajer1987℄.

The Trz inie pa kage must have been a single rite, a single institution or

a ritual type whi h, while movingfrom ommunityto ommunity, from region to

region, evolved anda quired new elements or lostothers. Here again I shall ite

the example of the Beaker pa kage. It modied only a ertain aspe t of a

ul-ture, spe i ally it was an outward manifestation, most probably in the form of

spontaneousranking, ofaspirations of thenas ent higherstratum(forerunners of

present-dayaristo ra y).Atthesametime,otherareasofthe ultureremained

un- hangedeitherforall (e.g.rulesofsettlementandsubsisten e)orforsomepeople

(e.g. thephenomenonof theparalleluse ofsingle graves andmegalithi tombsin

JutlandandnorthernGermanythroughoutthe\Beakerage.").Thesamemusthave

happenedtotheTrz inie pa kage.Itwasalimiteds ope ulturalproposition.The

a thinlayer of similarities one an observe abundan e of regional hara teristi s

re e tingadivisioninto ulturalregionsfromearlier periods.

Iwillrepeatthequestion:Whatwas\Trz inie "?Onthetaxonomi s aleitwas

aphenomenonwhi htookaverydierent oursefromthemodelhithertoa epted

intheliterature.Withitsrootsitrea hed toSGCandBBso ietiesfromthe

north--eastern end ofthe EuropeanPlain, namely from Jutlandand northernGermany

where sin ethe middle of the3rdmillenium BC early formsof basi \Trz inie "

hara teristi s had been known. Hen e, the main dire tion of expansion of the

pa kage runsfromthe westto theeast. However, thisis nota pro ess ofmoving

thesame, onstantsetoftraitsinthatdire tion.TheTrz inie pa kage,whilemoving

fromregiontoregion, hangesdrawingonlo altraditions.However,theamplitude

ofthese hanges doesnotos illateinanysigni antmannerthroughoutthewhole

expanse of the European Plain, from Holland as far east as Belarus and Russia.

Whatweseeisa ontinuumof ultural hangeswithtwoextremes:BBinthewest

andtheMiddle DnieperCultureandforest ommunitiesintheeast. Thewestern

limit oftheTrz inie Culturewhi h hasbeen re ognizedin theliteratureso faris

rathereviden eofthefailureofGermanandPolishar haeologiststo ommuni ate

onthisissueratherthananyformofboundaryin prehistori Europe

∗

.

TranslatedbyPiotrT.›ebrowski

∗

ThispaperwaswrittenduringmystayinAarhusonas holarshipfromtheConferen eofDanishUniversity

PresidentsandinKielonastipendfromtheKonferenzderDeuts henAkademienderWissens haften,Volkswagen

Foundation.Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetobothinstitutions.Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmyappre iationto

AP { Ar heologia Polski,Warszawa

APL { Ar haeologia Polona,Warszawa

AR { Arkheologia,Kiev

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«

ESA { EurasiaSeptentrionalisAntiqua,Helsinki

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USRR,

Kiev

MANH { Materiaªy Ar heologi zne NowejHuty,Kraków

MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii SSSR,Moskva

PBF { Praehistoris heBronzefunde,M un hen

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SPA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

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