The Internet - a risk-taking space for university students

-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB

413

The Internet – a risk-taking space for

university students

Kamila Wylęgły

8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFãDZ,QVWLWXWHRI3HGDJRJ\

XO'DZLGD:URFãDZ

E-mail address: wylegly.kamila@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9787-5046

Abstract

Aim7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRDQDO\VHULVN\EHKDYLRXUVXQGHUWDNHQE\XQL

YHUVLW\VWXGHQWVRQWKH,QWHUQHW

Theory7KHFRQFHSWVRI´ULVNµDQG´ULVN\EHKDYLRXUµDUHNQRZQDQGRIWHQGLV

FXVVHGLQVFLHQFH.U]\V]WRI2VWDV]HZVNLGHÀQHVULVN\EHKDYLRXUVDVDFWLRQVWKDW

FRQWUDGLFWVRFLDOQRUPVDQGOHJDORUGHUZKLFKDWWKHVDPHWLPHSRVHDWKUHDWWRDSHU

VRQ·VKHDOWKDQGGHYHORSPHQW7KHFDWDORJXHRIULVN\EHKDYLRXUVLVYHU\GLYHUVHDQG³ PRUH LPSRUWDQWO\³RSHQ :LWK WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI FLYLOLVDWLRQ QHZ IRUPV DSSHDU

([DPSOHVLQFOXGHULVN\EHKDYLRXUVRQWKH,QWHUQHW

Methodology and research results.7KHVWXG\SRSXODWLRQVDPSOHFRQVLVWHGRIXQL

YHUVLW\VWXGHQWV7KHUHVHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGXVLQJDQRQOLQHVXUYH\TXHVWLRQQDLUH7KH

UHVSRQGHQWVDGPLWWHGWRWDNLQJULVNVLQWKHYLUWXDOZRUOG$ODUJHSHUFHQWDJHRIUHVSRQG

HQWVDGPLWWRVKDULQJSULYDWHLQIRUPDWLRQRQVRFLDOQHWZRUNVDOPRVW1HDUO\

RIUHVSRQGHQWVLJQRUHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDERXWSRWHQWLDOWKUHDWVWRZHEVLWHVSXWWLQJWKHP

VHOYHVDWULVNRIORVLQJVHQVLWLYHGDWD0RUHRYHURIVWXGHQWVDGPLWWRGRZQORDG

LQJFRQWHQWIURPLOOHJDOVRXUFHV2WKHUULVN\EHKDYLRXUVXQGHUWDNHQE\VWXGHQWVRQWKH

,QWHUQHWLQFOXGH,QWHUQHWDGGLFWLRQDQGRQOLQHDFWLYLWLHVDJJUHVVLRQRQWKH,QWHUQHWVH[XDO

DQGRUHURWLFEHKDYLRXULQF\EHUVSDFH7KHSDSHUDOVRSUHVHQWVWKHDQVZHUVWRRSHQHQGHG

TXHVWLRQVZKLFKUHIHUWRWKUHDWVRQWKH,QWHUQHWDVSHUFHLYHGE\WKHVWXGHQWV7KHDQVZHUV

JLYHQPRVWRIWHQUHIHUUHGWRDGGLFWLRQWRQHZWHFKQRORJLHVORVVWKHIWRISULYDWHGDWDYXO

QHUDELOLW\WRIDOVHXQYHULÀHGLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHRQWKH,QWHUQHW

Cognitive value.2QOLQHULVNWDNLQJLVDJOREDOSUREOHP7KHSKHQRPHQRQVKRXOG

EHIXUWKHUWKHRUHWLFDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDQGDQDO\VHGLQDSHGDJRJLFDOSUDFWLFH

Key words =XFNHUPDQ·V VHQVDWLRQVHHNLQJ WKHRU\ SUREOHP EHKDYLRU WKHRU\

F\EHUEXOO\LQJRQOLQHULVNXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV

Introduction

T

PXOWLPHGLDDQGK\SHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQ,WUHVXOWVLQWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQHZ

HQYLURQPHQW DQG D QHZ FXOWXUH &\EHUVSDFH SURPRWHV WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI

doi: 10.15503/jecs2021.1.413.425

QHZVRFLDOUHODWLRQVDQGQHZZD\VRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHZRUOG7KHUHIRUHLW

LVRILQWHUHVWWRVSHFLDOLVWVLQSHGDJRJ\VRFLRORJ\DQGSV\FKRORJ\+RZHYHU

WKH,QWHUQHWLVDOVRDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIQHZWKUHDWV0RVWRIWKHP

KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ GHVFULEHG LQ GHWDLO LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH &KLOGUHQ DQG \RXQJ

SHRSOHDUHSDUWLFXODUO\H[SRVHGWRULVNVRQWKH,QWHUQHW1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHVH

GDQJHUV PD\ DOVR DIIHFW DGXOWV LQFOXGLQJ XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV *DãNRZVNL

:RMWNRZLDN 6]XPLODV3UDV]HN

2QWKHVFLHQWLÀFJURXQGVXFKSUREOHPVDPRQJVWXGHQWVKDYHEHHQDQD

O\VHGDVVSHQGLQJWRRPXFKWLPHRQOLQHDQGDGGLFWLRQWRQHZWHFKQRORJLHV

'HPELęVND 2FKQLN:DU]HFKD*DUZRO2ODZDGH

2ORUXQIHPL:DGD$IRODOX (QDKRUR=HQHEH.XQQR0HNRQQHQHW

DORQOLQHDJJUHVVLRQ%UHZHU&DYH0DVVH\9XUGHOMD )UHHPDQ

;LDR :URQJ-RKQVRQ+DUDOVRQ%DWWVHWDOLQWHUQHWJDPEOLQJ

0F%ULGH 'HUHYHQVN\RQOLQHVH[XDOEHKDYLRXU'|ULQJ'DQHEDFN

6KDXJKQHVV\*URY %\HUVDQGWKHLPSDFWRIPHGLDFRPPXQLFDWLRQV

RQWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHZRUOG7NiĀRYi3DYOtNRYi7YUGRě -HQLVRYi

7KHUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGIRUWKLVSDSHUVHUYHGWRDQDO\VHWKHSKHQRPHQRQ

DPRQJ3ROLVKXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV7KH\PDGHLWSRVVLEOHWRFRPSDUHWKHGDWD

ZLWKWKHUHVXOWVFRQGXFWHGE\WKHPHQWLRQHGDXWKRUVLQSUHYLRXV\HDUVDQGWR

GLDJQRVHRWKHUIRUPVRIULVN\EHKDYLRXUVDPRQJVWXGHQWV

Risks and risky behaviour

7KHWHUP´ULVNµFRPHVIURPWKH/DWLQZRUG´ULVLFDUHµ(W\PRORJLFDOO\LW

PHDQV´WRDYRLGVRPHWKLQJµ7KHWHUPRIWHQXVHGE\5RPDQVDLORUVPHDQW

WKHGDQJHURIVZLPPLQJDURXQGURFNVDQGFOLIIV.ZLDWNRZVND7RWKH

VFLHQWLÀFGLFWLRQDU\WKHULVNWHUPZDVLQWURGXFHGE\JHRJUDSKHUVDQGVRFLROR

JLVWV/DWHUWKHZRUGEHJDQWREHXVHGE\SV\FKRORJLVWVDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV

RIRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHV.ZLDWNRZVND,QWKH&DPEULGJH'LFWLRQDU\2QOLQH

ZHFDQÀQGH[SODQDWLRQVµWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIVRPHWKLQJEDGKDSSHQLQJµDQG

´VRPHWKLQJEDGWKDWPLJKWKDSSHQµCambridge DictionaryQG

7KH GHÀQLWLRQV TXRWHG VKRZ WKDW ´ULVNµ LV LQH[WULFDEO\ FRQQHFWHG ZLWK

XQFHUWDLQW\DQGWKHSRWHQWLDOQHJDWLYHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIDFWLRQVWDNHQ7DGHXV]

7.DF]PDUHNFODLPVWKDWULVNGLIIHUVIURPGDQJHUEHFDXVHWKHVHFRQG

PHDQVVRPHGLUHFWWKUHDW:HVSHDNRIULVNRQO\ZKHQZHDUHQRWVXUHRILWV

FRQVHTXHQFHV$ULVNLVQRWDFHUWDLQORVV

,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHDGLVWLQFWLRQLVGUDZQEHWZHHQ´LQVWUXPHQWDOULVNµDQG

´VWLPXOXVULVNµ,QVWUXPHQWDOULVNLVREOLJDWRU\LQQDWXUHDQGFDQEHH[SODLQHG

E\´ULVNVHQVLWLYLW\WKHRU\µ5677KLVWKHRU\ZDVIRUPXODWHGIRUEHKDYLRXUDO

HFRORJ\ WR H[SODLQ WKH SURSHQVLW\ IRU ULVN PRWLYDWHG E\ QHFHVVLW\ .DFHO

QLN %DWHVRQ6KDÀU.UHEV 'DYLHV=DOHĤNLHZLF]

7KHWKHRU\LVPDLQO\DSSOLHGLQWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIDQLPDOEHKDYLRXUWKDW

FKRRVHVEHWZHHQVDIHDQGULVN\ZD\VRIIRUDJLQJDQGDFTXLULQJIRRG7KHFRQ

FHSWDVVXPHVWKDWWKHDQLPDOFKRRVHVWKHSUHFDXWLRQDU\IRUPDVORQJDVWKH

H[SHFWHGDPRXQWRIIRRGH[FHHGVWKHQRUPQHFHVVDU\IRUVXUYLYDO+RZHYHU

LWDSSHDUVWKDW567LVDOVRDSSOLFDEOHWRKXPDQV&DWULQ5RGH/HGD&RVPLGHV

:ROIJDQJ+HOO -RKQ7RRE\KDYHVKRZQWKDWKXPDQVOLNHDQLPDOV SUHIHUULVNZKHQWKDWDFWLRQLVQHFHVVDU\WRDFKLHYHDVHWRULPSRVHGDVSLUD

WLRQ7RPDV]=DOHĤNLHZLF]GHÀQHVVXFKDFWLRQDVDQLQVWUXPHQWDOULVN

EHFDXVHLWGRHVQRWUHSUHVHQWDQ\YDOXH³LWLVRQO\DWRROWRDFKLHYHDSRVLWLYH

RUDYRLGDQHJDWLYHUHVXOW

6WLPXOXVULVNFDQEHH[SODLQHGE\´=XFNHUPDQ·VVHQVDWLRQVHHNLQJWKHRU\µ

LQZKLFKWKHDXWKRUHPSKDVLVHVWKDWSHRSOHVHHNQHZDQGLQWHQVHVHQ

VDWLRQVHYHQLIWKH\LQYROYHWDNLQJULVNVSK\VLFDOVRFLDOÀQDQFLDORUOHJDO

$FFRUGLQJWR0DUYLQ=XFNHUPDQWKHVHDFWLYLWLHVDUHQRWJRDORULHQWHG

EXWUDWKHUWKHFRXUVHDQGWKHDURXVDOWKDWDFFRPSDQLHVWKHP

7KHFRQFHSWRI´ULVNµOLNHWKDWRI´ULVN\EHKDYLRXUµKDVUHFHLYHGDORWRI

VFLHQWLÀF DWWHQWLRQ 5LFKDUG DQG 6KLUOH\ -HVVRU  VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG

WKHIRUHUXQQHUVRIWKHFRQFHSWRIULVN\EHKDYLRXU7KH\GHÀQHGWKLVSKHQRP

HQRQDQGGUHZDWWHQWLRQWRLWVQHJDWLYHKHDOWKRUGHYHORSPHQWDOFRQVHTXHQFHV

-HVVRU   .U]\V]WRI 2VWDV]HZVNL  H[SODLQV ULVN\ EHKDYLRXUV

DVDFWLYLWLHVWKDWDUHDQWLQRUPDWLYHDQGUHPDLQLQRSSRVLWLRQWRWKHVRFLDODQG

OHJDORUGHU$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKH\DUHDWKUHDWWRWKHKHDOWKDQGGHYHORSPHQWRI

DQLQGLYLGXDO-RDQQD6]\PDęVNDHPSKDVLVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRISHMRUD

WLYHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKHSV\FKRSK\VLFDOKHDOWKRIWKHSHUVRQEXWDOVRIRUWKH

HQWLUHVXUURXQGLQJHQYLURQPHQW&KDUOHV(,UZLQ-UZULWHVDERXWULVN\

EHKDYLRXUVWKDWWKH\DUHDFWLRQVXQGHUWDNHQXQGHUFRPSXOVLRQRURIRQH·VRZQ

IUHHZLOO7KHLUFRQVHTXHQFHVDUHXQSUHGLFWDEOHZLWKRQHH[FHSWLRQ³WKH\KDYH

DQHJDWLYHLPSDFWRQRQH·VKHDOWK

'DQLFH.(DWRQ/DXUD.DQQ6WHYH.LQFKHQHWDOUHSRUWDUDQJHRI

ULVNEHKDYLRXUVLQFOXGLQJWREDFFRXVHDOOVH[XDOEHKDYLRXUVZKLFKFRQWULE

XWHWRDQXQSODQQHGSUHJQDQF\DQGVH[XDOO\WUDQVPLWWHGGLVHDVHVGLVRUGHUHG

GLHWV XVH RI DOFRKRO DQG RWKHU SV\FKRDFWLYH VXEVWDQFHV SK\VLFDO LQDFWLYLW\

DQGRWKHUV7KHFDWDORJXHRIULVNEHKDYLRXUVLVORQJDQGYDULHG$ODQ(.D]GLQ

LQ6]\PDęVNDLQFOXGHVDPRQJWKHPRVWSRSXODUDOFRKROGULQN

LQJVPRNLQJHDUO\VH[XDOLQLWLDWLRQFULPLQDODQGDJJUHVVLYHEHKDYLRXUHWF

,PSRUWDQWO\WKLVFDWDORJXHLVQRWFORVHG,WUHVXOWVIURPWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI

FLYLOLVDWLRQ.ORQRZVND³QHZIRUPVRIULVNFRQVWDQWO\DSSHDU0DULXV]

=-čGU]HMNR6ãDZRPLU.DQLD 3DZHã3UIHUGHVFULEHQHZULVNEHKDY

LRXUVFRQVHTXHQWXSRQFRQWHPSRUDU\FXOWXUHDQGVRFLDOO\SURPRWHGSDWWHUQV

HJ VPRNLQJ HFLJDUHWWHV VXJDU DEXVH 27& RYHUWKHFRXQWHU GUXJ DEXVH

ERG\PRGLÀFDWLRQELJRUH[LDVOHHSVKRUWHQLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRYHUORDGHWF

Risk on the Internet

,WLVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJDQRWKHUGHYHORSLQJSUREOHPXQGRXEWHGO\LQWHQVL

ÀHGE\WKH&29,'YLUXVSDQGHPLFZKLFKLVXQGHUWDNLQJ´ULVN\EHKDYLRXU

online”-DFHN3\İDOVNLZULWHVWKDWWKHVHDUHRQOLQHDFWLYLWLHVXQGHUWDNHQ

E\ \RXQJ SHRSOH 7KH\ SRVH D WKUHDW WR WKHPVHOYHV DQG RWKHUV 0RUHRYHU

DFFRUGLQJ WR 3\İDOVNL  WKH RQOLQH ULVN LV UHODWHG WR D \RXQJ SHUVRQ·V

RZQGLUHFWDFWLYLW\WKLVDFWLRQRUIDLOXUHWRDFWLQFUHDVHVWKHOLNHOLKRRGRI

YLFWLPLVDWLRQ

2QOLQHULVN\EHKDYLRXUVFDQWDNHPDQ\IRUPV

‡ JLYLQJRXWSHUVRQDOGHWDLOVWRVWUDQJHUV\RXPHHWRQWKH,QWHUQHW/LYLQJ

VWRQH +HOVSHU<EDUUD0LWFKHOO)LQNHOKRU :RODN

‡ PDNLQJRQH·VGDWDDQGRUSKRWRVDYDLODEOHRQWKH,QWHUQHWVHWWLQJWKHPLQ

´SXEOLFVWDWXVµYLVLEOHWRDOO,QWHUQHWXVHUV0DUFXP5LFNHWWV +LJJLQV

<EDUUDHWDO

‡ HQJDJLQJ LQ RQOLQH GLVFXVVLRQV DERXW VH[ ZLWK VWUDQJHUV <EDUUD HW DO



‡ RQOLQHIULHQGVKLSVZLWKVWUDQJHUV/LYLQJVWRQH +HOVSHU<EDUUDHW

DO

‡ DGGLQJVWUDQJHUVWRRQOLQHFRQWDFWIULHQGVKLSOLVWV/LYLQJVWRQH +HOVSHU

<EDUUDHWDO

‡ PHHWLQJRQOLQHDFTXDLQWDQFHVLQWKHUHDOZRUOG/LYLQJVWRQH +HOVSHU

<EDUUDHWDO

‡ FRQFHDOLQJ RQH·V LGHQWLW\ RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW LPSHUVRQDWLQJ VRPHRQH HOVH

/LYLQJVWRQH +HOVSHU

‡ SRVWLQJYXOJDURIIHQVLYHFRPPHQWVRQWKH,QWHUQHWLQVXOWLQJKDUDVVLQJ

<EDUUDHWDO

$QGU]HM $GDPVNL  REVHUYHV WKDW WKH JOREDO FKDUDFWHU DQRQ\PLW\

DQGXQLYHUVDOLW\RIDFFHVVWRWKH,QWHUQHWPDNHLWQRWRQO\DVSDFHWKDWPD\

HQFRXUDJHULVN\EHKDYLRXUVEXWDOVRDJRRGHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQW

RIFULPH$XVHUZKRLVQRWDZDUHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKH,QWHUQHWPD\EHXVHGDVD

WRROWRYLRODWHVRFLROHJDOQRUPVLVH[SRVHGWRPDQ\WKUHDWV

0DQ\ W\SRORJLHV RI ,QWHUQHW GDQJHUV KDYH EHHQ GHVFULEHG LQ WKH OLWHUD

WXUH$QH[DPSOHLVDFODVVLÀFDWLRQE\3LRWU6LHQNLHZLF]DQG+DOLQDģZLHERGD

ZKRSRLQWWRLOOHJDODQGRIIHQVLYHFRQWHQWLQIRUPDWLRQJDWKHULQJHJ

WKURXJKHDYHVGURSSLQJDWWHPSWVWREUHDNLQWRVRIWZDUHV\VWHPVLQWUXVLRQV

LQWRSULYDWHXVHUDFFRXQWVPDOLFLRXVVRIWZDUHPDOZDUHXQDXWKRULVHGDFFHVV

WR LQIRUPDWLRQ IUDXG RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW UHVWULFWHG DFFHVV WR ,QWHUQHW UHVRXUFHV

HJEORFNLQJRIVHUYHUV$JQLHV]ND6]HZF]\NDOVRGHVFULEHVKDFNLQJ

LQWRSULYDWHDFFRXQWVIUDXGDQGH[WRUWLRQYR\HXULVPSHGRSKLOHFRQWDFWVWKH

ULVNRIFKLOGUHQYLHZLQJKDUPIXOFRQWHQWHJSRUQRJUDSK\VSUHDGLQJKDUP

IXOLGHRORJLHVEUHDNLQJDQGLQIULQJLQJFRS\ULJKWVFRQWDFWZLWKWKHPHPEHUV

RIFULPLQDORUJDQLVDWLRQVÀQGLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVRQKRZWRXVHZHDSRQVGUXJV

DQGRWKHUKDUPIXOREMHFWVRUVXEVWDQFHV

$ZLGHVSUHDGSKHQRPHQRQUHFHLYLQJLQFUHDVLQJDWWHQWLRQLV´F\EHUEXOO\

LQJµ1DQF\:LOODUGLQ3\İDOVNLGHÀQHVWKLVFRQFHSWDVVHQGLQJFUXHO

RU RIIHQVLYH LPDJHV DQG FRQWHQW YLD WKH ,QWHUQHW DQG RWKHU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ

WRROV5REHUW6ORQMHDQG3HWHU6PLWKGUDZDWWHQWLRQWRDFWVRIDJJUHV

VLRQ FDUULHG RXW WKURXJK PRGHUQ WHFKQRORJLHV SULPDULO\ WKH ,QWHUQHW DQG

PRELOHSKRQHV)XUWKHUPRUH-DDQD-XYRQHQDQG(OLVKHYD*URVVDUJXH

WKDWF\EHUEXOO\LQJLVEDVHGRQLQVXOWLQJDQGWKUHDWHQLQJRWKHUVXVLQJGLJLWDO

WHFKQRORJLHV

:KLOH GLVFXVVLQJ WKH GDQJHUV RI ,QWHUQHW XVH EHKDYLRXUDO DGGLFWLRQV

FDQQRWEHLJQRUHG$SLRQHHURIUHVHDUFKRQ,QWHUQHWDGGLFWLRQ0DUN*ULIÀWKV

FRLQHGWKHWHUP´WHFKQRORJLFDODGGLFWLRQµZKLFKLVXQGHUVWRRG

DVDEHKDYLRXUDOQRQFKHPLFDOLQWLPDF\LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQDSHUVRQDQGD

GHYLFH7KLVDXWKRUGLVWLQJXLVKHGWKHIROORZLQJHOHPHQWVZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHWKH

SKHQRPHQRQ

‡ VDOLHQFH²DQDFWLYLW\EHFRPHVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIRUDSHUVRQ,WLVWKH

GRPLQDQWDUHDRIWKHDFWLYLW\

‡ PRRGPRGLÀFDWLRQ²FKDQJHVLQPRRGZKLFKPD\EHPDQLIHVWHGDVFDOP

QHVV D VHQVH RI HVFDSH VWXSRU RU RYHUH[FLWHPHQW 7KHVH FKDQJHV UHVXOW

IURPHQJDJHPHQWLQDSDUWLFXODUDFWLYLW\

‡ WROHUDQFH²DSURFHVVWKDWLQYROYHVLQFUHDVLQJWKHUDQJHRIDFWLYLWLHVQHFHV

VDU\WRDFKLHYHDVWDWHRIHXSKRULD³OLNHWKHÀUVWWLPHRIGRLQJDQDFWLYLW\

3HRSOHQHHGWRGRDQDFWLYLW\ORQJHUWKDQEHIRUHWRDFKLHYHWKHVDPHOHYHO

RIVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGHQMR\PHQW

‡ :LWKGUDZDO²ZLWKGUDZDOV\PSWRPVDSSHDUZKHQDQDFWLYLW\LVGLVFRQWLQ

XHGRUDEUXSWO\UHGXFHG,WDOVRLQFOXGHVXQSOHDVDQWSK\VLFDOV\PSWRPV

‡ FRQÁLFW²DOOLQWHUSHUVRQDODQGLQWUDSV\FKLFFRQÁLFWVFDXVHGE\WKHDFWLYLW\

‡ UHODSVH²DWHQGHQF\WRUHWXUQWRSDWKRORJLFDOSDWWHUQVRIWKHDFWLYLW\$Q

LQGLYLGXDOPDQLIHVWLQJV\PSWRPVRIDGGLFWLRQLVDEOHWRUHWXUQWRH[WUHPH

VWDJHVRIDQDFWLYLW\GHVSLWHSUHYLRXVDEVWLQHQFH

,QOLWHUDWXUHDQGVRFLDOFDPSDLJQVDORWRIDWWHQWLRQKDVEHHQJLYHQWRFKLO

GUHQDVYLFWLPVRIULVN\EHKDYLRXUVRQWKH,QWHUQHW1HYHUWKHOHVVLWLVZRUWK

HPSKDVLVLQJWKDWDGXOWVPD\DOVRH[SHULHQFHYDULRXVIRUPVRIF\EHUEXOO\LQJ

:KDW LV PRUH WKH\ DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR LQLWLDWH LW WKHPVHOYHV 7KHUHIRUH LW LV

ZRUWKDQDO\VLQJRWKHUDJHJURXSVLQFOXGLQJXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV

Methodology

%DVHG RQ WKH GHÀQLWLRQV RI ´ULVNµ ´ULVN\ EHKDYLRXUµ DQG ´RQOLQH ULVN\

EHKDYLRXUµWKHDLPVRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQZHUHDVIROORZVWKHDQDO\VLVRIRQOLQH

EHKDYLRXUVZKLFKDUHLQFRPSDWLEOHZLWKVRFLDOQRUPVRUDQGWKHOHJDORUGHU WKHDQDO\VLVRIRQOLQHEHKDYLRXUWKDWSRVHVDWKUHDWWRWKHKHDOWKGHYHORSPHQWRI

DVWXGHQWWKHDQDO\VLVRIEHKDYLRXUWKDWSRVHVDWKUHDWWRRWKHU,QWHUQHWXVHUV

7KHEHKDYLRXUGLVFXVVHGLVIUDPHGE\VHYHUDOWKHRUHWLFDOVWUDQGV

‡ DQDGGLFWLRQWRWKH,QWHUQHWDQGRQOLQHDFWLYLWLHVRQOLQHJDPEOLQJRQOLQH

VKRSSLQJRQOLQHJDPHV²V\PSWRPVRIEHKDYLRXUDODGGLFWLRQVUHODWHGWR

QHZWHFKQRORJLHV

‡ RQOLQHDJJUHVVLRQEDGPRXWKLQJF\EHUEXOO\LQJYXOJDULW\

‡ VH[XDODQGRUHURWLFEHKDYLRXURQWKH,QWHUQHW

‡ RQOLQHVKDULQJRISHUVRQDOGDWDVRFLDOH[SRVXUHRQWKH,QWHUQHW

‡ XVHRILOOHJDODQGRUXQYHULÀHGVRXUFHV

7KHVXUYH\LQFOXGHGVWXGHQWVIURP3ROLVKKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQV

7KHSXUSRVHIXOVHOHFWLRQZDVXVHGLQWKHVWXG\4XHVWLRQQDLUHVLQWKHRQOLQH

VXUYH\ ZHUH PDGH DYDLODEOH RQ VRFLDO QHWZRUNLQJ VLWHV LQ VWXGHQW FRPPX

QLW\JURXSV7KHIRUPXVHGUHVXOWHGIURPWKH&29,'HSLGHPLFVLWXDWLRQ

LQ ZKLFK GLUHFW FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH UHVSRQGHQWV ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ LPSRVVLEOH

0RUHRYHUWKHWRSLFRIWKHVXUYH\FRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGFRQWURYHUVLDODQGRU

HPEDUUDVVLQJ7KHUHIRUHLWZDVDVVXPHGWKDWWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\FRXOGUHGXFH

WKHIHHOLQJRIGLVFRPIRUWIRUWKHUHVSRQGHQWV%DWRUVNL 2OFRę.XELFND

DQGWKXV³SRVLWLYHO\LQÁXHQFHWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHG

7KHVXUYH\TXHVWLRQQDLUHFRQVLVWHGRITXHVWLRQVRIWKHPIXOÀOOHGWKH

FULWHULDRIWKHDWWLWXGHVFDOH7ZRTXHVWLRQVZHUHRSHQHQGHG³WKHUHVSRQG

HQWJDYHDZULWWHQDQVZHUDERXWWKHGDQJHUVRIXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHWLQKLVKHU

RSLQLRQ

7KHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGDUHSUHVHQWHGLQDSHUFHQWDJHIRUP7KHLQFOXVLRQRI

TXDOLWDWLYH FRQWHQW DQDO\VLV IURP WKH RSHQHQGHG TXHVWLRQV LV LQWHQGHG WR

FKDUDFWHULVHWKHSKHQRPHQRQPRUHDFFXUDWHO\DQGWRYLHZWKHSUREOHPIURP

WKH VWXGHQW·V SHUVSHFWLYH 7KLV DSSURDFK PDGH LW SRVVLEOH WR JDLQ GDWD WKDW

FRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQREWDLQHGXVLQJWKHDWWLWXGHVVFDOHDORQH

Test results 7DEOH

Symptoms of behavioural addictions involving new technologies

Phenomenon/ problem Frequency (%)

DOZD\V RIWHQ sometimes UDUHO\ never

$VHQVHRIIHDUDQGLUULWDWLRQ

ZKHQWKHUHLVQR,QWHUQHW

access

   35.7 

6SHQGLQJPRUHWKDQKRXUVD

GD\RQWKH,QWHUQHWH[FHSWIRU

HGXFDWLRQDQGZRUN

 32.4   

$VWURQJXQMXVWLÀHGQHHGWR

PDNH,QWHUQHWVKRSSLQJ     42.7

3OD\LQJRQOLQHJDPHVIRU

VHYHUDOKRXUVGXULQJWKHGD\     45.6

*DPEOLQJRQOLQH     97.9

NoteQ 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

7DEOHVKRZVWKDWVWXGHQWVVSHQGDORWRIWKHLUIUHHWLPHRQ,QWHUQHWDFWLYL

WLHVRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDGPLWWHGWKDWWKH\RIWHQVSHQGPRUHWKDQK

RXWVLGHRIZRUNDQGGLVWDQFHHGXFDWLRQVXUÀQJWKH,QWHUQHWZKLOHPRUHWKDQ

RIWKHVWXGHQWVGRLWDOOWKHWLPHRIWHQUDUHO\RUVRPHWLPHV$SSUR[L

PDWHO\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVIHHODVHQVHRIGUHDGDQGLUULWDELOLW\ZKHQWKH\

GRQRWKDYHDFFHVVWRWKH,QWHUQHW7KHIDFWWKDWPRUHWKDQKDOIRIWKHUHVSRQG

HQWVKDYHRUUHJXODUO\IHHODVWURQJXQUHDVRQDEOHXUJHWRVKRSRQOLQHVKRXOG

EHFRQVLGHUHGZRUU\LQJ2QO\DIHZSHRSOHDGPLWWHGWRJDPEOLQJRQOLQH

7DEOH

Frequency of behaviour intended to offend/humiliate another person on the Internet or to expose him/her to material damage

Phenomenon/ problem Frequency (%)

DOZD\V RIWHQ sometimes UDUHO\ never 2IIHQGLQJRWKHUSHRSOHRU

VRFLDOJURXSVRQWKH,QWHUQHW     89.2

3RVWLQJFRPPHQWVZLWKYXOJDU

FRQWHQWRQWKH,QWHUQHW     92.5

,PSHUVRQDWLQJRWKHUVRQWKH

,QWHUQHWLQRUGHUWRLQÁLFW

SHUVRQDORUPDWHULDOGDPDJH

on them

    100

+XPLOLDWLRQULGLFXOHRWKHU

SHRSOHLQWKHRQOLQHGLVFXVVLRQ

IRUXP

    93.4

NoteQ 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

7DEOHVKRZVEHKDYLRXUFDXVLQJSHUVRQDORUSURSHUW\KDUPWRRWKHUVRQ

WKH,QWHUQHW7KHUHVXOWVFRQÀUPWKDWVXFKDFWLRQVDUHUDUHO\XQGHUWDNHQE\

VWXGHQWV2YHURIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVGRQRWLQVXOWRWKHUSHUVRQVLQFOXGLQJ

SXEOLFÀJXUHVRUVRFLDOJURXSVRQWKH,QWHUQHW2QO\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV

SRVWYXOJDUFRPPHQWVRQWKH,QWHUQHWDQGDERXWRIWKHVWXGHQWVDGPLWWR

KXPLOLDWLQJRWKHUSHUVRQVLQDQ,QWHUQHWGLVFXVVLRQIRUXP

7DEOH

Frequency of sexual behaviour on the Internet

Phenomenon/ problem Frequency (%)

DOZD\V RIWHQ sometimes UDUHO\ never 3RVWLQJQHJOLJHHHURWLFSKRWRV

RQWKH,QWHUQHW     82.6

6HQGLQJRXWVH[XDOPHVVDJHVWR

VWUDQJHUV     92.5

6HQGLQJHURWLFSKRWRVWRRWKHU

SHRSOHRYHUWKH,QWHUQHW     75.1

NoteQ 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

7KHVWXG\DOVRWRRNLQWRDFFRXQWHURWLFRULHQWHGRQOLQHEHKDYLRXUVZKLFK

PD\SRVHDWKUHDWWRUHVSRQGHQWVDQGRWKHU,QWHUQHWXVHUV7KHWDEOHVKRZV

WKDWPRUHWKDQRISDUWLFLSDQWVSRVWSLFWXUHVRIWKHPVHOYHVLQXQGHUZHDU

DQGRUSKRWRVRIHURWLFFKDUDFWHURQWKH,QWHUQHW0RUHRYHUDOPRVWVHQG

HURWLFSKRWRVWRRWKHUSHRSOHRQWKHZHE7KLVLVDPDMRUWKUHDWEHFDXVHSULYDWH

SLFWXUHVFDQJHWWR´WKLUGSHUVRQVµDQGEHXVHGDJDLQVWWKHVHQGHU2QO\

SHRSOHDGPLWWHGWRVHQGLQJVH[XDOPHVVDJHVWRVWUDQJHUV 7DEOH

Frequency of sharing your private personal data or facts of your private life on the Internet

Phenomenon/ problem Frequency (%)

DOZD\V RIWHQ sometimes UDUHO\ never 3RVWLQJSKRWRVRQVRFLDO

QHWZRUNLQJVLWHVZLWKRXW

SULYDF\VHWWLQJV

   37.3 

3RVWLQJGHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQ

DQGIDFWVIURPSULYDWHOLIHRQ

WKH,QWHUQHW

    59.3

6KDULQJSHUVRQDOGDWDZLWK

RWKHUVRQVRFLDOQHWZRUNLQJ

sites

    31.1

NoteQ 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

,Q7DEOHLWFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWPDQ\VWXGHQWVDUHQRWFRQFHUQHGDERXW

WKHLUSULYDF\$OPRVWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDGPLWWHGWKDWWKH\UHJXODUO\IUH

TXHQWO\RURFFDVLRQDOO\VKDUHWKHLUSHUVRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQRQVRFLDOQHWZRUNLQJ

VLWHV0RUHWKDQRIVWXGHQWVSRVWIDFWVDQGLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHLUSULYDWH

OLIHRQWKH,QWHUQHWWKHKLJKHVWQXPEHURISHRSOHDGPLWWHGWKDWWKH\GRVR

UDUHO\²ZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHVSHRSOH2QO\SHRSOHDGPLWWHG

WKDWWKH\QHYHUSRVWSKRWRVRIWKHPVHOYHVRQOLQHZLWKRXWVHWWLQJSULYDF\VHW

WLQJV´SXEOLFSKRWRVµ 7DEOH

Frequency of use of illegal/dangerous websites

Phenomenon/ problem Frequency (%)

DOZD\V RIWHQ sometimes UDUHO\ never 'RZQORDGLQJFRQWHQWIURP

LOOHJDOVRXUFHV     34.9

2QOLQHVKRSSLQJIRUSURGXFWV

SURKLELWHGE\ODZ     98.3

8VHRIZHEVLWHVGHVSLWH

FRPPXQLFDWLRQVDERXW

SRWHQWLDOVHFXULW\WKUHDWV

   37.3 

NoteQ 

Source:RZQUHVHDUFK

$ VLJQLÀFDQW QXPEHU RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV  Q  DGPLW WR GRZQ

ORDGLQJFRQWHQWIURPLOOHJDOVRXUFHVRQDUHJXODUIUHTXHQWRURFFDVLRQDOEDVLV

,QWKHVXUYH\VWXGHQWVZHUHDOVRDVNHGDERXWWKHVRXUFHVIURPZKLFKWKH\

REWDLQOLWHUDWXUHIRUHOHDUQLQJ0RUHWKDQRIUHVSRQGHQWVDGPLWWHGWKDW

WKH\JDLQPDWHULDOVIURPLOOHJDOVRXUFHVDOZD\VRIWHQRURFFDVLRQDOO\0RUH

RYHUDSSUR[LPDWHO\DUHFDUHOHVVDERXWWKHLUGDWDDFFHVVLQJVLWHVGHVSLWH

GDQJHUZDUQLQJV+RZHYHUPRUHWKDQRIVWXGHQWVFODLPWKDWWKH\KDYH

QHYHUERXJKWSURGXFWVSURKLELWHGE\ODZRYHUWKH,QWHUQHW³RQO\SHUVRQV

DGPLWWHGWKDWWKH\GRVRRIWHQRUUDUHO\

%HVLGHVWKHGDWDRQSHUFHQWDJHVLWLVZRUWKTXRWLQJWKHVWXGHQWV·VWDWHPHQWV

RQ WKH ULVNV UHVXOWLQJ IURP WKH XVH RI WKH ,QWHUQHW 7KH DQVZHUV PRVW RIWHQ

UHIHUUHGWRDGGLFWLRQWRQHZWHFKQRORJLHVORVVWKHIWRISULYDWHGDWDVKDULQJ

RQH·VSHUVRQDOGDWDDQGSULYDWHPDWHULDOZLWKLQDSSURSULDWHSHRSOHLQDELOLW\

WRHVWDEOLVKUHODWLRQVKLSVLQWKHUHDOZRUOGDVDUHVXOWRIH[FHVVLYHLVRODWLRQDV

ZHOODVYXOQHUDELOLW\WRIDOVHXQYHULÀHGLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH,QWHUQHW

6HOHFWHGVWXGHQWVWDWHPHQWVDUHSUHVHQWHGEHORZ

‡ ´/DFN RI SULYDF\ DGGLFWLRQV EHLQJ FORVHG LQ ¶DQ LQIRUPDWLRQ EXEEOH·

KHDOWKSUREOHPVODFNRISK\VLFDODFWLYLW\GHFUHDVHGVHOIHVWHHPµ:^

‡ ´'DWDOHDNDJHSKLVKLQJVHQGLQJSKRWRVWRLQDSSURSULDWHSHRSOHµ:

‡ ´:HDNHQLQJRIERQGVDQGLQDELOLW\WRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKDQRWKHUSHUVRQ

IDFHWRIDFHµ:

‡ ´3UREOHPVZLWKFRQFHQWUDWLRQSURFUDVWLQDWLRQµ0

‡ ´5LVN RI DGGLFWLRQ³HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ \RXQJHU FKLOGUHQ ZKR DUH PRVW

YXOQHUDEOHWRLWVQHJDWLYHHIIHFWV7KH,QWHUQHWLVDOVRDSODFHZKHUH\RX

FDQDQRQ\PRXVO\KXPLOLDWHDQGLQVXOWRWKHUV,QDGGLWLRQGXULQJUHPRWH

H[DPLQDWLRQVWKHUHLVDKLJKULVNRI¶FKHDWLQJ·DQGWKLVUHGXFHVWKHYDOXHRI

HGXFDWLRQµ:

‡ ´%XOO\LQJSRUQRJUDSK\GDWDWKHIWµ:

‡ ´6RPHRQHPD\JDLQRXUVHQVLWLYHSHUVRQDOGDWDRUZHPD\VKDUHLWRXU

VHOYHVZLWKRXWNQRZLQJWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVORWVRIYLUXVHVRQYDULRXVGDQ

JHURXVVLWHVµ:

‡ ´([FHVVLYH DQRQ\PLW\ LQFUHDVHV WKH ULVN RI WKH EHKDYLRXU RI DQ LOOHJDO

QDWXUHHJH[SORLWDWLRQRIPLQRUVµ:

,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWHDFKRIWKHPHQWLRQHGVWDWHPHQWVVXJJHVWVPDQ\

GLIIHUHQWULVNV,PSRUWDQWO\VWXGHQWVVSHQGPDQ\KRXUVRQDFWLYLWLHVUHODWHGWR

QHZWHFKQRORJLHVGHVSLWHEHLQJZHOODZDUHRIWKHLUFRQVHTXHQFHV

Summary and conclusions

7KH&29,'SDQGHPLFKDVREOLJHGSHRSOHWRFDUU\RXWPDQ\DFWLYLWLHV

RQWKH,QWHUQHW2QOLQHZRUNDQGHGXFDWLRQKDYHEHFRPHDQHYHU\GD\UHDO

LW\7KLVLQWXUQPD\LQWHQVLI\DGGLFWLRQVWRQHZWHFKQRORJLHVDQGUHVXOWLQ

PDQ\KHDOWKSUREOHPV(YHU\DGGLWLRQDOKRXUVSHQWLQIURQWRIDPRQLWRURU

VPDUWSKRQHVFUHHQFDQSRVHDWKUHDWWRPHQWDODQGSK\VLFDOKHDOWK7KHUHIRUH

 1RWH:²ZRPDQ0²PDQDJH

LWLVDODUPLQJWKDWRYHURIWKRVHVXUYH\HGDGPLWWRVSHQGLQJPRUHWKDQ

KRXUVDGD\RQRQOLQHDFWLYLWLHVXQUHODWHGWRWKHLUFRPSXOVRU\HGXFDWLRQDQG

ZRUNGXWLHV$OVRZRUU\LQJDUHWKHV\PSWRPVRIRQOLQHEHKDYLRXUDODGGLF

WLRQVVXFKDVVKRSSLQJJDPEOLQJDQGRQOLQHJDPHV

5HVHDUFK KDV VKRZQ WKDW PDQ\ VWXGHQWV GR QRW FDUH DERXW WKHLU SHU

VRQDOGDWDRQWKH,QWHUQHW$ODUJHSHUFHQWDJHRIUHVSRQGHQWVDGPLWWRVKDU

LQJSULYDWHLQIRUPDWLRQRQVRFLDOQHWZRUNLQJVLWHV0RUHRYHUDOPRVWRI

UHVSRQGHQWVLJQRUHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWSRWHQWLDOWKUHDWVRQZHEVLWHVH[SRVLQJ

WKHPVHOYHVWRWKHULVNRIORVLQJVHQVLWLYHGDWD$WWKLVSRLQWLWLVDOVRZRUWK

PHQWLRQLQJWKHSKRWRVVKDUHG0DQ\XVHUVSRVWSLFWXUHVLQF\EHUVSDFHZLWK

WKHVWDWXV´SXEOLFµZKLFKDUHDYDLODEOHWRDOO,QWHUQHWXVHUV,QDGGLWLRQPRUH

WKDQRIUHVSRQGHQWVSRVWSLFWXUHVLQXQGHUZHDUVZLPVXLWVQHJOLJHHRQ

WKH,QWHUQHW7KLVLVQRWRQO\DIRUPRIFURVVLQJWKHERXQGDULHVRILQWLPDF\RQ

WKH,QWHUQHWEXWDOVRDIRUPRIGDQJHU³VXFKSKRWRVPD\EHIRXQGE\SHRSOH

ZKRZLOOXVHWKHPIRUSXUSRVHVKDUPIXOWRWKHDXWKRUVLQFOXGLQJKHDOWKULVNV

$VLPLODUGDQJHUDULVHVIURPVHQGLQJHURWLFSKRWRVRYHUWKH,QWHUQHW,WPD\

VHHPWKDWVKDULQJVXFKSLFWXUHVRQO\ZLWKWKHFORVHVWSHUVRQVHJSDUWQHUV GRHVQRWFDUU\DQ\ULVNV+RZHYHUWKHUHLVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIGDWDOHDNVLQWR

F\EHUVSDFHZKLFKFDQDOVRKDYHQHJDWLYHFRQVHTXHQFHV

,W LV ZRUU\LQJ WKDW PDQ\ VWXGHQWV DUH GRZQORDGLQJ FRQWHQW IURP LOOHJDO

VRXUFHV³ERWK OLWHUDWXUH IRU GLVWDQFH OHDUQLQJ FRXUVHV DQG RWKHU PDWHULDO

$GPLWWHGO\WKHUHLVDOLPLWHGDFFHVVWROLEUDU\FROOHFWLRQVGXULQJWKHSDQGHPLF

+RZHYHUXQLYHUVLWLHVSURYLGHOLWHUDWXUHLQHOHFWURQLFIRUP7KHVDPHDSSOLHV

WRDFFHVVWRDOOIRUPVRIFXOWXUH³IRUDVPDOOIHHVRPHWLPHVHYHQIRUIUHHLWLV

SRVVLEOHWRXVHOHJDOVHUYLFHV

)RUWXQDWHO\RQO\DVPDOOSHUFHQWDJHRIVWXGHQWVDGPLWWHGWRLQVXOWLQJDQG

RUKXPLOLDWLQJRWKHUSHRSOHRUVRFLDOJURXSVRQWKH,QWHUQHW$OOUHVSRQGHQWV

GHQLHGEHLQJDVNHGDERXWLPSHUVRQDWLQJRWKHUSHRSOHLQRUGHUWRFDXVHWKHP

PDWHULDORUSHUVRQDOKDUP

,WLVFRPPRQO\DFFHSWHGWKDWWKHJHQHUDWLRQRISHRSOHERUQDIWHUDUH

´GLJLWDOQDWLYHVµ^EHFDXVHWKH\H[FHOLQWKHZRUOGRIQHZWHFKQRORJLHV7KH\

FRQVFLRXVO\XVHWKHPHGLDWRDFKLHYHWKHLUJRDOVDQGVDWLVI\WKHLUQHHGVRQYDUL

RXVOHYHOV7KHVHSHRSOHJUHZXSLQDZRUOGIXOORIWHFKQRORJ\VRWKH\FRQVLGHU

QHZPHGLDDQDWXUDOSDUWRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJUHDOLW\3UHQNV\7DSVFRWW

0RUELW]HU6NLELęVND

1HYHUWKHOHVVHYHU\GD\´IXQFWLRQLQJµLQYLUWXDOVSDFHUHTXLUHVNQRZOHGJH

RIWKHGDQJHUV´OXUNLQJµLQLW<RXQJSHRSOHVKRXOGEHHGXFDWHGDERXWWKHVDIH

XVHRIWKH,QWHUQHWDVZHOODVWKHOHJDODQGVRFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRIYLRODWLQJ

QRUPVLQWKHF\EHUZRUOG7KLVHGXFDWLRQVKRXOGEHWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIHGX

FDWLRQDOLVWVSV\FKRORJLVWVDQGHVSHFLDOO\SDUHQWV

 $GLVFXVVLRQRQWKLVWRSLFLVXQGHUWDNHQE\0DUF3UHQVN\+HZDVWKHÀUVWWRXVHWKHWHUP

´GLJLWDOQDWLYHVµ)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQVHHKWWSPDUFSUHQVN\FRP

References

>@ $GDPVNL$.DUQRSUDZQDRFKURQDG]LHFNDZVLHFL,QWHUQHW>&ULPLQDOODZSURWHFWLRQ

RIFKLOGUHQRQWKH,QWHUQHW@Prokuratura i Prawo, 9,²

>@ %DWRUVNL' 2OFRę.XELFND03URZDG]HQLHEDGDęSU]H],QWHUQHW²3RGVWDZRZH

]DJDGQLHQLD PHWRGRORJLF]QH >&RQGXFWLQJ 5HVHDUFK 2QOLQH ² 3ULQFLSDO 0HWKRGRORJLFDO

,VVXHVStudia Socjologiczne, 3(182

>@ %UHZHU%&DYH(0DVVH\$9XUGHOMD$ )UHHPDQ-&\EHU%XOO\LQJ$PRQJ

)HPDOH&ROOHJH6WXGHQWV$Q([SORUDWRU\6WXG\Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 40-51.

[4] Cambridge DictionaryQGRisk5HWULHYHG$SULOIURPKWWSVGLFWLRQDU\FDPEULGJH

RUJSOGLFWLRQDU\HQJOLVKULVN

>@ 'HPELęVND$ 2FKQLN'8VHRI,QWHUQHWDQGLWVDGGLFWLYHULVNDPRQJ3ROLVKVWX

GHQWV²FRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRYHUDVHYHQ\HDUSHULRGPolish Journal of Applied Psychology, 12²

>@ '|ULQJ1'DQHEDFN.6KDXJKQHVV\.*URY& %\HUV(62QOLQH6H[XDO$FWL

YLW\([SHULHQFHVDPRQJ&ROOHJH6WXGHQWV$)RXU&RXQWU\&RPSDULVRQArchives of Sexual Behavior 46²'2,V

>@ (DWRQ(..DQQ/.LQFKHQ65RVV-+DZNLQV-+DUULV:$/RZU\50F0D

QXV7&K\HQ'6KDQNOLQ6/LP&*UXQEDXP-$ :HFKVOHU+<RXWK5LVN

%HKDYLRU6XUYHLOODQFH²8QLWHG6WDWHVSurveillance Summaries, June 9/ 55(SS05

5HWULHYHG$SULOIURP

>@ KWWSVZZZFGFJRYPPZUSUHYLHZPPZUKWPOVVDKWP

>@ *DãNRZVNL-3,QWHUQHWG]LHOLNODV\LRVRE\>7KH,QWHUQHWGLYLGHVFODVVHVDQGSHRSOH@

Edukacja i Dialog, 6,

>@ *DUZRO.6WXGHQFLZVLHFL²VSRVRE\URG]DMHLPRW\ZDFMHSU]HE\ZDQLDZF\IURZ\P

ĤZLHFLHQDSU]\NãDG]LHVWXGHQWyZ8QLZHUV\WHWX5]HV]RZVNLHJRStudia Informatica Pomera- nia, 2

>@ *ULIÀWKV0,QWHUQHWDGGLFWLRQ$QLVVXHIRUFOLQLFDOSV\FKRORJ\"Clinical Psychology Forum, 97, 

>@ *ULIÀWKV 0  'RHV ,QHUQHW DQG FRPSXWHU ´DGGLFWLRQµ H[LVW" 6RPH FDVH HYLGHQFH

Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 3, 

>@ ,UZLQ&(-U7KHWKHRUHWLFDOFRQFHSWRIDWULVNDGROHVFHQWVAdolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews, 1,²

>@ -HVVRU55LVNEHKDYLRULQDGROHVFHQFH$SV\FKRVRFLDOIUDPHZRUNIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJ

DQGDFWLRQJournal of Adolescent Health, 12,²

>@ -HVVRU5 -HVVRU63roblem behavior and psychological development: a longitudinal study of youth. 1RZ\-RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV

>@ -HVVRU5New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior&DPEULJH8LYHUVLW\1HZ<RUN

3UHVV

>@ -čGU]HMNR03UIHU3 .DQLD6Wprowadzenie. Zachowania ryzykowne – kluczowe WHQGHQFMHLLFKQDVWčSVWZD,Q$'REU\FKãRS0-čGU]HMNR6.DQLD..DVSU]DN-0DWHMHN3

3UIHU'6]DU]DãD5%6LHURę$6]ZHG]LN $7DSHU(GVZachowania ryzykowne nasto- ODWNyZ1RZDMDNRĤþU\]\ND5\]\NDZLHORZ\PLDURZH8MčFLHVRFMRSHGDJRJLF]QH>7HHQDJHUV·ULVN\

EHKDYLRUV7KHQHZTXDOLW\RIULVN²0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDOULVNV$VRFLRSHGDJRJLFDODSSURDFK@

SS:DUV]DZD0LODQyZHN$635$-5

>@ -RKQVRQ/'+DUDOVRQ$%DWWV6%URZQ(&ROOLQV&9DQ%XUHQ7UDYLV$ 6SHQFHU

0&\EHUEXOO\LQJRQ6RFLDO0HGLD$PRQJ&ROOHJH6WXGHQWV$UWLFOHIdeas and Rese- arch You Can Use: VISTAS, 

>@ -XYRQHQ -  *URVV ( )  ([WHQGLQJ WKH VFKRRO JURXQGV" ² %XOO\LQJ H[SH

ULHQFH LQ F\EHUVSDFH Journal of School Health, 78,  '2, KWWSVGRL

RUJM[

>@ .DFHOQLN$ %DWHVRQ05LVN\7KHRULHV²7KH(IIHFWVRI9DULDQFHRQ)RUDLJLQJ

'HFLVLRQVAmerican Zoologist, 36, 

>@ .DF]PDUHN775\]\NRL]DU]ĈG]DQLHU\]\NLHP8MčFLHLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQH>5LVNVDQG5LVN

0DQDJHPHQW,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\$SSURDFK@:DUV]DZD'LIÀQ

>@ .D]GLQ$=GURZLHSV\FKLF]QHPãRG]LHİ\ZRNUHVLHGRUDVWDQLD3URJUDP\SURÀODN

W\F]QHLOHF]QLF]H>7KHPHQWDOKHDOWKRI\RXWKLQDGROHVFHQFH3UHYHQWLRQDQGWUHDWPHQWSUR

JUDPV@Nowiny Psychologiczne, 2,²

>@ .ORQRZVND,3V\FKRSHGDJRJLF]QHLNU\PLQRORJLF]QHDVSHNW\]DFKRZDęU\]\NRZ

Q\FKPãRG]LHİ\>3V\FKRSHGDJRJLFDODQGFULPLQRORJLFDODVSHFWVRIULVN\EHKDYLRURIDGROH

VFHQWV@Resocjalizacja polska, 11²

>@ .UHEV-5 'DYLHV1%Wprowadzenie do ekologii behawioralnej>$QLQWURGXFWLRQWR

EHKDYLRXUDOHFRORJ\@:DUV]DZD3:1

>@ .ZLDWNRZVND*(-HGQRVWNDZVSRãHF]HęVWZDU\]\ND,Q*(.ZLDWNRZVND ,

6LXGHP(GV=DFKRZDQLDU\]\NRZQH$QDOL]DZVSyãF]HVQ\FK]MDZLVNVSRãHF]Q\FK>5LVN\EHKD

YLRXUV$QDO\VLVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLDOSKHQRPHQRQ@SS/XEOLQ:\GDZQLFWZR8QL

ZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NãRGRZVNLHM

>@ 0F%ULGH- 'HUHYHQVN\-,QWHUQHWJDPEOLQJDQGULVNWDNLQJDPRQJVWXGHQWV$Q

H[SORUDWRU\VWXG\Journal of Behavioral Addictions 1²'2,-%$

>@ 0RUELW]HU-2LVWRFLHPHGLDOQRĤFLPãRGHJRSRNROHQLD>$ERXWWKHQDWXUHRIWKH

\RXQJJHQHUDWLRQPHGLDOLW\@Neodidagmata, 33/34, 

>@ /LYLQJVWRQH6 +HOVSHU(-7DNLQJULVNVZKHQFRPPXQLFDWLQJRQWKHLQWHUQHW

7KHUROHRIRIÁLQHVRFLDOSV\FKRORJLFDOIDFWRUVLQ\RXQJSHRSOH·VYXOQHUDELOLW\WRRQOLQHULVNV

Information, Communication and Society, 10²'2,

>@ /LYLQJVWRQH6 +HOVSHU(-%DODQFLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGULVNVLQWHHQDJHUV·XVH

RIWKHLQWHUQHW7KHUROHRIRQOLQHVNLOOVDQGLQWHUQHWVHOIHIÀFDF\New Media & Society, 12

²'2,

>@ 2ODZDGH'%2ORUXQIHPL2-:DGD2=$IRODOX7' (QDKRUR0$,QWHU

QHW$GGLFWLRQDPRQJ8QLYHUVLW\6WXGHQWVGXULQJ&RYLG/RFNGRZQ&DVH6WXG\RI,QVWL

WXWLRQVLQ1LJHULDJournal of Education and Human Development, 9'2,

MHKGYQD

>@ 2VWDV]HZVNL.3RGVWDZ\WHRUHW\F]QHSURÀODNW\NL]DFKRZDęSUREOHPRZ\FK,Q0

'HSWXãD (G 'LDJQRVW\ND SURÀODNW\ND VRFMRWHUDSLD Z WHRULL L SUDNW\FH SHGDJRJLF]QHM >'LDJQR

VWLFVSUHYHQWLRQVRFLRWKHUDS\LQSHGDJRJLFDOWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFH@SS%\GJRV]F]

:\GDZQLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX.D]LPLHU]D:LHONLHJR

>@ 3UHQNV\0Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants )URP2QWKH+RUL]RQ9RO1R

0&%8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2FWREHU5HWULHYHG0DUFKIURPKWWSVZZZPDUF

SUHQVN\FRPZULWLQJ3UHQVN\'LJLWDO1DWLYHV'LJLWDO,PPLJUDQWV

3DUWSGI

>@ 3\İDOVNL-$JUHVMDHOHNWURQLF]QDLF\EHUEXOO\LQJMDNRQRZHU\]\NRZQH]DFKRZDQLDPãRG]LHİ\

>(OHFWURQLF DJJUHVVLRQ DQG F\EHUEXOO\LQJ DV QHZ ULVN\ EHKDYLRUV RI WHHQDJHUV@ .UDNyZ

,PSXOV

>@ 3\İDOVNL -  5RG]LQD L V]NRãD D SU]HFLZG]LDãDQLH ]DDQJDİRZDQLX PãRG\FK OXG]L Z

U\]\NRZQH]DFKRZDQLDRQOLQH>)DPLO\DQGVFKRRODQGSUHYHQWLQJ\RXQJSHRSOHIURPHQJD

JLQJLQULVN\RQOLQHEHKDYLRUV@Dziecko Krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka, 12²

>@ 5RGH&&RVPLGHV/+HOO: 7RRE\-:KHQDQGZK\GRSHRSOHDYRLGXQN

QRZQSUREDELOLWLHVLQGHFLVLRQVXQGHUXQFHUWDLQW\"7HVWLQJVRPHSUHGLFWLRQVIURPRSWLPDO

IRUDJLQJWKHRU\Cognition, 72, 

>@ 6KDÀU65LVNVHQVLWLYHIRUDJLQJWKHHIIHFWRIUHODWLYHYDULDELOLW\Oikos, 88, 

>@ 6LHQNLHZLF]3 ģZLHERGD+1LHEH]SLHF]QDSU]HVWU]HęF\EHUQHW\F]QD>$GDQJH

URXVF\EHUVSDFH@Transformacje, 1-4,

>@ 6NLELęVND0&]\SRNROHQLDF\IURZHSRWU]HEXMĈHGXNDFMLLQIRUPDF\MQHM",Q'6LH

PLHQLHFND(GEdukacja a nowe technologie w kulturze, informacji i edukacji>(GXFDWLRQDQGQHZ

WHFKQRORJLHVLQFXOWXUHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ@SS7RUXę:\GDZQLFWZR

1DXNRZH8QLZHUV\WHWX0LNRãDMD.RSHUQLND

>@ 6ORQMH5 6PLWK3.&\EHUEXOOLQJDQRWKHUPDLQW\SHRIEXOO\LQJ"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49'2,M[

>@ 6]HZF]\N$3UREOHP\PRUDOQHZĤZLHFLHLQIRUPDFML>0RUDOSUREOHPVLQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ

ZRUOG@:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR'LIÀQ

>@ 6]\PDęVND-3URJUDP\SURÀODNW\F]QH3RGVWDZ\SURIHVMRQDOQHMSV\FKRSURÀODNW\NL>3UHYHQ

WLRQSURJUDPV)XQGDPHQWDOVRISURIHVVLRQDOSV\FKRSUHYHQWLRQ@:DUV]DZD2ĤURGHN5R]

ZRMX (GXNDFML 5HWULHYHG  -DQXDU\  IURP KWWSZZZEFRUHHGXSO&RQWHQW

SURJUDP\BSURÀODNW\F]QHBSGI

>@ 7DSVFRWW'&\IURZDGRURVãRĤþ-DNSRNROHQLHVLHFL]PLHQLDQDV]ĤZLDW>*URZQ8S'LJLWDO

+RZWKH1HW*HQHUDWLRQLV&KDQJLQJ<RXU:RUOG@:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZD$NDGHPLFNLH

L3URIHVMRQDOQH

>@ 7NiĀRYi+3DYOtNRYi07YUGRě0 -HQLVRYi=7KH8VHRI0HGLDLQWKH)LHOG

RI,QGLYLGXDO5HVSRQVLELOLW\IRU6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQWLQ6FKRROVSustainability, vol. 13



>@ :DU]HFKD.,QWHUQHWZİ\FLXZVSyãF]HVQHJRVWXGHQWDFHOHLLQWHQV\ZQRĤþNRU]\

VWDQLDD]DJURİHQLHX]DOHİQLHQLHP>,QWHUQHWLQWKHOLIH RIWKHPRGHUQVWXGHQWREMHFWLYHVDQG

LQWHQVLW\XVLQJWKHULVNRI,QWHUQHWDGGLFWLRQ@(NRQRPLF]QH3UREOHP\8VãXJ

>@ :DU]HFKD.$NW\ZQRĤþZ\NRQ\ZDQDZVLHFLSU]H]ĤOĈVNLFKVWXGHQWyZQLH]DJURİR

Q\FKL]DJURİRQ\FKX]DOHİQLHQLHPRG,QWHUQHWX²$QDOL]DVWDW\VW\F]QD>$FWLYLW\H[KLELWHGRQ

WKH,QWHUQHWE\WKHVLOHVLDQVWXGHQWVXQWKUHDWHQHG,QWHUQHWDGGLFWLRQDQGWKUHDWHQHG,QWHUQHW

DGGLFWLRQ²VWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV@Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicz- nego w Katowicach, 220

>@ :RMWNRZLDN0 6]XPLODV3UDV]HN:,QWHUQHWMDNRZVSyãF]HVQHPHGLXP]DJUR

İHQLDF]\HGXNDFML"5RODLQWHUQHWXZSRQRZRF]HVQ\PVSRãHF]HęVWZLH>7KH,QWHUQHWDVDFRQ

WHPSRUDU\PHGLXPRIWKUHDWRUHGXFDWLRQ"7KHUROHRIWKH,QWHUQHWLQSRVWPRGHUQVRFLHW\@

6SRãHF]HęVWZRL5RG]LQD

>@ ;LDR% :RQJ<0Cyber-bullying among University Students: An Empirical Investi- gation from Social Cognitive Perspective.5HWUHYHG$SULOIURPKWWSVZZZUHVHDUFK

JDWHQHWSXEOLFDWLRQB&\EHUEXOO\LQJBDPRQJB8QLYHUVLW\B6WXGHQWVB$QB(PSLUL

FDOB,QYHVWLJDWLRQBIURPB6RFLDOB&RJQLWLYHB3HUVSHFWLYH

>@ <EDUUD0/0LWFKHOO.-)LQNHOKRU' :RODN-,QWHUQHW3UHYHQWLRQ0HVVDJHV

7DUJHWLQJWKH5LJKW2QOLQH%HKDYLRUVArchives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161

²'2,DUFKSHGL'

>@ =DOHĤNLHZLF]75\]\NRMDNRNRQLHF]QRĤþLU\]\NRMDNRSU]\MHPQRĤþ7HRULDLMHMHPSL

U\F]QDZHU\ÀNDFMD,Q0*RV]F]\ęVND 56WXGHQVNL(GV3V\FKRORJLD]DFKRZDęU\]\NRZ- nych. Koncepcje, badania, praktyka>7KHSV\FKRORJ\RIULVNEHKDYLRU&RQFHSWVUHVHDUFKSUDF

WLFH@SS:DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR$NDGHPLFNLHÅįDNµ

>@ =HQHEH<.XQQR.0HNRQQHQ0%HZXNHW$%LUNLH01HFKR06HLG07VHJDZ

0 $NHOH%3UHYDOHQFHDQGDVVRFLDWHGIDFWRUVRILQWHUQHWDGGLFWLRQDPRQJXQGHU

JUDGXDWH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV LQ (WKLRSLD D FRPPXQLW\ XQLYHUVLW\EDVHG FURVVVHFWLRQDO

VWXG\BMC Psychology 9KWWSVGRLRUJV]

>@ =XFKHUPDQ0Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking. 1HZ<RUN

&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV