PROBLEM OF TAXONOMIC LIMITATIONS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF THE HISTORY OF BALTIC-PONTIC BORDERLAND IN 3150-1850 BC

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

61-809Pozna«(Poland)

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

c

CopyrightbyB-PSandAuthors All rightsreserved

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

(POLISH)GROUPOFTHEGLOBULARAMPHORA

CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZ†DASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

vol.7:1999,7-11

PLISSN1231-0344

ViktorI. Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt

PROBLEM OF TAXONOMIC LIMITATIONS IN THE

SYNTHESIS OF THE HISTORYOF BALTIC-PONTIC

BORDERLAND IN3150-1850 BC

In the time interval mentioned in the title, in the physiographi borderland

betweentheEastandWestofEurope,a y leof ultural hangestookpla e.One

of their onsequen es was the disintegration of distin t ties joining the so ieties

living in thedrainage basins oftheBalti and Bla kSeas. The y le was initiated

bythedisintegrationofthegreat Eneolithi systemsoftheFunnelBeaker ulture

(FBC)andTripolye ulture(TC)of ommonBalkanorigin.Theterritorialsu essor

oftheformerwastheGlobularAmphora ulture(GAC)andCordedWare ulture

(CWC), while thelatter was su eeded by theYamnaya ulture (YC),whi h was

foreignto thementionedtradition[Gimbutas1956;1991; Danilenko1974; Ko±ko

1985;Mallory 1989;-see there formoreliterature; f.a dierentview inVideiko

1994℄. The syn hronization of the development of the CWC and YC, and later

theassessmentofgeneti relationshipsbetweenthem-akeyissueoftheEuropean

prehistoryoftheEarlyMetalAge-ismade onsiderablymorediÆ ult.Intheareas

of old highlands, onthe forest-steppe(the most ulturally reative), between the

upperpartoftheDniester'sdrainage(\limes"ofZªotaLipa)[Ma hnik1979b:52℄

andtheDnieper basin,a taxonomi \no-man'sland"appears, i.e. an area la king

any omplexesofsour esthat ouldrevealtheformsoftiesbetween hara teristi s

of both ir les - theCWCand YC.Only in its borderlands- thenorthern, forest

one andthesouthern, steppeone -do we ndpoorly explored manifestations of

the synthesisof both ir les (within theMiddle Dnieper ulture (MDC) and the

Budzhak group of the YC) [Artemenko 1967; 1985; Yarovoy 1985℄.A less a ute

ase of the situation an also be foundin the relationships holding between the

GAC andYC [Szmyt1996b;1999b℄.

Itishardtodeterminenowtowhatextentthispi tureisreal,i.e. howserious

is the deformation aused by the urrent state of resear h. Taking noti e of the

urgentneedtoverifythisdoubt,itmustbesaidthatthestateof\disintegrationof

The best way to lear up the doubt would be to undertake eld explorations in

sele tedtestareaslo atedinthezoneunderdis ussion,forinstan e,inthevi inity

ofZhytomyr.

Thepro ess ontinuesafterthede line ofthe\proper"CWCandYC, atthe

stage of late or epi- orded ultures and the Cata omb ulture (CC). Its end is

usheredonlybytheemergen eof ulturesrelatedtotheTrz inie horizonandthe

MnogovalikovoiPottery ulture(MPC)[Ko±ko,Klo hko1998;Czebreszuk 1998℄.

With respe t to the periodfrom 3150to 1850 BC, ar haeology based on

ty-po hronologyexperien es a state of \analyti al atrophy"between theVistula and

Dnieper.SystemsoftaxainthebasinoftheBalti andBla kSeasaresyn hronized

withrespe ttooneanotherwithlittlea ura y(\roughly")makingitimpossibleto

pla etheminthesequen esofhistori alevents.Thisiswhyevenwhenonere ords,

forinstan e,\pit-grave"(YC)or\ ata omb"traitsintheVistuladrainage,itis

dif- ult to ventureto assess in greater detail their taxonomi position, notspeaking

ofthequali ationoftheirhistori alpurport.

In onsequen e of this, several negative attitudes an be observed. One of

themisavoiding \in onvenient"issues, anotheroneisinterpreting\ ontrariwise",

i.e. reversing thedire tions in the ir ulation ofspe i patterns( f. theproblem

oftheoriginsofMaªopolska ata omb graves[Klejn1964℄).

1. THEMOTIVATIONANDMETHODOLOGICALASSUMPTIONSOFTHE

RESEARCHPROGRAMINTOTHECOMPARATIVECHRONOLOGYOFTHE

AREABETWEENTHEVISTULAANDDNIEPERFROM3150TO1850BC

Draftedseveralyearsago,theprogramofresear hintothe omparative

hro-nology of thearea between theVistula and Dnieper between 3150 and 1850 BC

tookforgranted theresultsof manyyears' workonthe absolutedatingof

prehi-stori ultural stru tures in the said area arried out earlier. These studies were

ondu tedbymanys holarsinseveral a ademi enters[ f.e.g.aspe tsummaries

byDolukhanov,Timofeev 1972;Mallory 1977;Telegin 1977;1985;Patokovaet al.

1989; We hler 1994℄.Apartfrom lear advantages like,in therst pla e,thevery

fa tofgradualbuildingthefoundationsoftheabsolute hronology,theeortsalso

broughtaboutee tsthatwerenotentirelysatisfyingand-inmanyinstan es-that

were notexpe tedbythes holars.

a.Amajor short omingwasan asystemati hoi eofsamples:

{ jointdis ussionofdatingsreferringtodierentregionsoftheoe umene,often

entirelydissimilarasfarasautogenesisis on erned,ofagiven ulturalunitin

there are quite a few in thispartof Europe(e.g. kurganswith a stratigraphi

arrangement ofburialsbelongingtodierentar haeologi al ultures).

Asaresult,thegridof omparative hronologybuiltinthiswaygave riseto

nume-rousinterpretationdisputesmakingobvioustheneedfororganizationalworkusing

theso alledmi rogeographi method[Cofta-Broniewska1989,seethere forolder

literature℄,i.e. hoosing:

{ diagnosti surfa es representative of individual taxa, i.e. regions of a spe i

position(withinthe urrentsynthesis)inthehistoryofdevelopmentof

indivi-dualso ieties,and

{ sour edatarelatingto theseanalyti al units,i.e. re ordsoftaxonomi ally

va-luable assemblages forwhi h there wouldbe organi materials suitable from

thepointofviewofthe 14

Cmethod.

Createdalongthese assumptions,theoutlineofpotentialopeningsforasystemati

studyofthe hronometrybetweentheVistulaandDnieperwasanewqualitybeing,

however,only apointofdeparture.Wewere aware thattakingadvantage ofthem

in a methodologi ally satisfyingmanner alled for oordinated eld work ( f.the

above-mentionedquestionofthe\noman'sland"orareasdeprivedofanysigni ant

setsof hronologi ally valuableassemblage series[e.g.area of theBudzhakgroup

oftheYC-Yarovoy1985℄).

b.Doubtswerealso raised bythepreferen esshowninthe 14

C datingof har oal

andwood,i.e.

{ sending for radio arbon analyses so- alled long-lived materials, whi h ould

(andin manyinstan es,did!) auseinterpretation ompli ations,and

{ frequentdatingtaxonomi allydubioussour esbythismethod,ifone onsiders

thefa tthat har oalsareoftenelementsofthenatural ontentsoflayers/lling

material of features or ultural material older than the investigated feature

(ee tofdigging-in intoanolder setofsour es).

. Itis worth mentioning aboutin omplete publi ations of thesour e ontextsof

datedsamplesorevenaboutfailurestoreportinformationonmoredetailed

taxono-mi identi ations.Moreover,theavailableliteratureprovideduswiththepi tureof

omparative hronologybasedondatingsmadefromvariousmaterials,atdierent

timesandwiththeuseofdierentte hnologiesofradio arbon hronometry.

Allthese reasons(andmanyotherlessimportantbuttroublesomeones)have

given risetothesituationwhi hmay beper eived as haoti :hundredsofdatings

have beenmade but there are nosatisfa tory absolute hronologies in respe t of

bothindividual ulturesandregions. There are also lear datagaps, e.g. a virtual

la kofdatingsfortheGAC [seeSzmyt1996b℄andMDC.

Thesituationpresentedabovewasapointofdepartureforaprogramof

rese-ar h oordinated bya Polish-Ukrainianresear h teamof s holars fromtheAdam

andStateS ienti CenterofEnvironmentalRadiogeo hemistry).Thenan ingfor

theprogramwasgenerouslyprovided,for themostpart,bythePolish Committee

forS ienti Resear hina numberofindividualgrants.

Theprogramisbasedonthefollowingprin iples:

{ most ofthe radio arbon analyses are performed in the 14

C laboratoryof the

StateS ienti CenterofEnvironmentalRadiogeo hemistryoftheUkrainian

A ademyofS ien esinKievwith theresultsbeingrandomlyveriedinother

laboratoriesby\ ross-dating"[seeKovalyukh,Nazarov,Radio arbon

. . .

; Skrip-kin,Kovalyukh,Radio arbon

. . .

,inthisvolume℄;

{ analysesareprimarilymadeofsamplesofbonesorothershort-livedmaterials

(e.g.reeds,et .)andonlywhenthese annotbefound, har oalandwoodare

used;in thiswaywe avoidundue ontroversies onne tedwith the\old-wood

ee t".

{ priority is given to these samples whi h ome form features with preserved

stratigraphy; thus it ispossible to verifyan obtained serieswith independent

data;

{ thear haeologi al ontextofea hdatingshouldbe lear;itshouldbepublished

rstintheBalti -Ponti Studies orin anothers holarlyjournal;inthiswaywe

avoid\empty" datings,theinterpretationofwhi hispra ti ally impossible.

Theimplementationoftheseprin ipleshasen ountered ertain ompli ations.

Weare fullyaware of the ontroversiesthatmay bearousedbytherstprin iple.

Ithas been adopted, nevertheless, as a onsequen e ofthe hosenorganizational

andnan ialstru ture.Signi antee tsarebroughtaboutbythe hoi eofbones

asthebasi materialforradio arbonanalyses[ f.methodologi alproblems:

Skrip-kin, Kovalyukh,Radio arbon

. . .

,in this volume℄. The interpretation ofdatings of burntbones,whi hwerethemainmaterialfortheanalysesinthe aseofthe

Soe-vkagroupof theTC, presentsaparti ulardiÆ ulty [Kovalyukh,Videiko, Skripkin

1995℄.Furthermore, in ertainsituations,asfor instan einthedatingofmaterials

from oldar haeologi al ex avations, itwas notalways possible to determine with

ertaintythear haeologi al ontext ofthesample (the ase of several datingsfor

stageCIIoftheTCandGAC).Theuseofsu hun ertainsour es,asfarastheir

in-formativevalueis on erned,hasbeenfor eduponusbe auseofthelimiteds ope

ofexplorationworks arriedoutinUkraineatpresent[seealsoSzmyt,Chernyakov,

Radio arbon

. . .

,inthisvolume℄.

Takingintoa ountallprosand ons,webelieve thatourapproa hhasturned

outtobehighlyee tive.Sofar,asaresultoftheprogram,radio arbondateshave

beenobtained inrespe tof ulturalunits fromBelarus, Polandand Ukraine.The

programenlistedthe ooperationofanumberofpeoplewhoseearlier ontributions

tothetaxonomi explorationofthearea betweentheVistulaandDniepertogether

ments, have beenobtained for thefollowing ultures:TC, stage CII(35 datings),

MDC (17datings),YC(45datings),Kemi-Oba(5datings), and-forthersttime

intheliterature-fortheeasterngroupoftheGAC(12datings)[seeKadrow,Szmyt

1996b℄,the CWC with referen es to theMDC (5 datings), theKujawy groups of

theFBCandCWC(orpossiblyfromthe\borderland"oftheFBCandtheCWC)

with\eastern" traits(4 datings),aswell astheGAC inKujawywith\eastern"

ele-ments(7datings).Additionally,inrespe tofyounger ulturalgroups(theTrz inie

Horizon ultureandMPC)sampleswereexaminedwhi hwerepresentedinoneof

theearlier volumesoftheBalti -Ponti Studies[Makarowi z1998;Kovalyukhetal.

1998℄.Itisworthmentioningthatamethodologi allysimilarprogramwas

indepen-dentlyimplementedalsoinrespe toftheCC(24datings)[Kaiser,Radio arbon

. . .

; Nikolova,Radio arbondating

. . .

,inthisvolume℄.

Geographi allyspeaking, thedis ussedsour es omefromtheright-bank(i.e.

western)partof theMiddleDnieperarea, theL ower Dniester,Volhynia,Podolia,

MaªopolskaandKujawy.

2. RESEARCHPOTENTIAL

The obtained bodyof data makes it possible toanalyze fromvarious aspe ts

the hronologi aland ulturalsituationbetweentheVistulaandDnieperfrom3150

to 1850 BC. In the on lusion of thepresentvolume [Klo hko, Ko±ko,Szmyt, A

Comparative

. . .

, in this volume℄, we outline two aspe ts of thesituation. One of themisthe hronologyofsele ted ulturalunitsin dierentzonesoftheterritory

they o upy. This, in turn, allows us to tra e outthe urrent foundationsof the

omparative hronologyin theoverall \inter uvial"territory.

At thesame time, we regard this state of exploration as a register of future

resear htasks.Oneoftheissueswhi hstillremainsun learisthepolylinearismof

developmentof ulturalsystemswhi h forthetime beingare treatedas \blo ks".

Similarly inspiring isthe veri ation of theprin iple of\peripheral survivals" [ f.

e.g. the hronologyof thede line of theTC Soevka group:Kovalyukh, Videiko,

Skripkin1995℄.The borderlandoftheEastandWestofEuropeinthesaidperiod

whenagrarianand\pastoral" ulturesmet ontinuestobeoneofthemostimportant

resear hareas inthebuildingofa synthesisofEuropeanprehistory.

Anyfurtherresear hshallbere ordedinthenextvolumesoftheBalti -Ponti

AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.

AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.

EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.

FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.

KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,

Kiev.

KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy

kul-tury,Moskva.

KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo

Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.

NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi

Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.

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IvanI.Chernyakov

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

ElkeKaiser

Seminarf urUr-undFrehgesi hte

FreieUniversitatBerlin

Altensteinstrae15

14195Berlin

Germany

ViktorI.Klo hko

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

AleksanderKo±ko

InstituteofPrehistory

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

±w.Mar in78

61-809Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:koskomman.poznan .pl

NikolayN.Kovalyukh

DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry

InstituteofGeo hemistry

andPhysi sofMinerals

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

VladimirA.Kruts

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

MykolaN.Kryvaltsevi h

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

VadimL.L akiza

InstituteofHistory

A ademyofS ien esofBelarus

F.Skaryna1

Minsk220072

Belarus

JanMa hnik

InstituteofAr haeologyandEtnology

PolishA ademyofS ien es

Sªawkowska19

31-016Kraków

Poland

SergeyV.Nazarov

DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry

InstituteofGeo hemistry

andPhysi sofMinerals

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

AllaV.Nikolova

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

VadimV.Skripkin

DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry

InstituteofGeo hemistry

andPhysi sofMinerals

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

Palladina34

252142Kiev

Ukraine

MarzenaSzmyt

InstituteofEasternStudies

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

Nowowiejskiego55

61-734Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:marzenamain.am u.e du. pl

MihailoY.Videiko

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

Vydubi kaya40

252014Kiev

CenturiesB.C., byViktorI.Klo hko.

Vol.2:NomadismandPastoralismintheCir leofBalti {Ponti EarlyAgrarian

Cultures: 5000{1650B C,editedbyAleksanderKo±ko

Vol.3: CemeteriesoftheSoevkatype:2950{2750B C, editedbyAleksander

Ko±ko

Vol.4: Eastern Exodus of the Globular Amphora People: 2950 - 2350 B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Vol.5: BeyondBalkanization,edited byLu ynaDoma«ska,KenJa obs and

Aleksander Ko±ko.

Vol.6:TheTrz inie AreaoftheEarlyBronzeAgeCivilization:1950{1200B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Orders regardingB-PS should beadressed dire tlyto theEditorialOÆ e

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Thepubli ationsis arriedoutwithintheresear hproje tNo.1H01G05912

(in part No. 1H01G01810)nan ed in the years 1997{1999 by the