• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

=DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "=DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ"

Copied!
49
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

5R]G]LDï

=DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ

Jerzy Bogdanienko

 =0,$1$ -$.2 :<=:$1,(

'/$ :63™’&=(61(*2 0(1('¿(5$

N

OWE WARUNKI KONKUROWANIA

:DUXQNLHP RVLÈJQLÚFLD VXNFHVX Z G]LDïDOQRĂFL JRVSRGDUF]HM MHVW ]GRE\FLH

SU]HZDJL NRQNXUHQF\MQHM QDG LQQ\PL RUJDQL]DFMDPL G]LDïDMÈF\PL Z WHM VDPHM

G]LHG]LQLH 0- 6WDQNLHZLF] NRQNXUHQF\MQRĂÊ definiuje jako ]GROQRĂÊ SU]HG- VLÚELRUVWZDGRVNXWHF]QHJRUHDOL]RZDQLDFHOöZQDU\QNX:HGïXJWHJRDXWRUD

ěUöGïHPSU]HZDJLNRQNXUHQF\MQHMVÈXQLNDWRZHVNïDGQLNLSRWHQFMDïXNRQNXUHQ

F\MQRĂFL F]\OL ]DVRE\ ZHZQÚWU]QH QD]\ZDQH UöZQLHĝ NOXF]RZ\PL F]\QQLNDPL

VXNFHVX-HĝHOLNOXF]RZHF]\QQLNLVXNFHVXVÈZVWDQLHQDGïXĝHM]DSHZQLÊSU]HG

VLÚELRUVWZX XWU]\PDQLH RVLÈJQLÚWHM SU]HZDJL NRQNXUHQF\MQHM DOER RVLÈJQLÚFLH

QRZ\FK SU]HZDJ Z SU]\V]ïRĂFL WR VWDMÈ VLÚ ]DVREDPL VWUDWHJLF]Q\PL 7U]HED

ZV]DNĝHPLHÊZSDPLÚFLFRUD]SRZV]HFKQLHMV]\SRJOÈGĝH]HZ]JOÚGXQD]PLHQ

QRĂÊ RWRF]HQLD SU]HZDJD MHVW REHFQLH NUöWNRWUZDïD L GODWHJR NUöWNRWUZDïH VÈ

SU]HSLV\ QD VXNFHV 3U]\ W\P OLVWD LQVWUXPHQWöZ NRQNXURZDQLD MHVW SUDNW\F]

QLH QLHVNRñF]RQD JG\ĝ ]DOHĝÈ RQH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP RG NUHDW\ZQRĂFL ILUP

-HVW WR JïöZQ\ F]\QQLN Z\ZRïXMÈF\ SRWU]HEÚ ZSURZDG]DQLD LQQRZDFML Zb RG

SRZLHG]L QD URVQÈFÈ NRQNXUHQFMÚ RUD] QD V]DQVH L ]DJURĝHQLD SRMDZLDMÈFH VLÚ

ZRWRF]HQLX

-HGQRF]HĂQLHV]\ENLUR]ZöMQDXNLLWHFKQLNLVWZDU]DQRZHPRĝOLZRĂFLVSUR

VWDQLD W\P Z\]ZDQLRP RIHUXMÈF QRZH UR]ZLÈ]DQLD Z Z\QLNX DXWRQRPLF]QHJR

UR]ZRMX ZLHG]\ DOH WDNĝH WZRU]RQH QD VSHFMDOQH ]DSRWU]HERZDQLH ]JïDV]DQH

SU]H]SU]HP\Vï2PDZLDWRQDVWÚSQ\SRGUR]G]LDïQLQLHMV]HMSUDF\

$E\]UR]XPLHÊMDNGRVWRVRZDÊVLÚGR]PLHQLDMÈFHJRVLÚRWRF]HQLDNRQLHF]QH

MHVWSRGHMPRZDQLHSUöEZ\REUDĝHQLDVRELHWHQGHQFML]PLDQLMHJRVWDQXZSU]\

V]ïRĂFLļVïXĝ\WHPXSURJQR]RZDQLH=DSRPRFÈSURJQR]GÈĝ\VLÚGROHSV]HJR

UR]SR]QDQLDSUDZGRSRGREQ\FKV\WXDFMLZRWRF]HQLXNWöUHZSU]\V]ïRĂFLNV]WDï

WRZDÊPRJÈUDP\QDV]HJRG]LDïDQLD3U]HGPLRWHPSURJQR]ļMDNZ\MDĂQLOLĂP\

WR ZF]HĂQLHM ļ VÈ SU]\V]ïH ]GDU]HQLD SURFHV\ L WHQGHQFMH NWöUH VÈ ]D]Z\F]DM

QLH]DOHĝQHRGGHF\GHQWDDOHZ\ZLHUDMÈZSï\ZQDMHJRG]LDïDQLH

(2)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(

204

5\VXQHN0LHMVFHVFHQDULXV]\ZZ\REUDĝHQLDFKRSU]\V]ïRĂFL

½UöGïR2SUDFRZDQRQDSRGVWDZLH.YDQGHU+HLMGHQ3ODQRZDQLHVFHQDULXV]RZHZ]DU]ÈG]DQLX

VWUDWHJLF]Q\P'RP:\GDZQLF]\$%&.UDNöZV

:DUWR ZVND]DÊ Z W\P PLHMVFX ĝH Z REOLF]X RJUDQLF]RQRĂFL WUDIQHJR SUR

JQR]RZDQLDFRUD]ZLÚNV]HJR]QDF]HQLDQDELHUDSURJQR]RZDQLHVFHQDULXV]RZH, NWöUH FR SUDZGD QLH GDMH GRNïDGQHJR REUD]X SU]\V]ïRĂFL DOH SR]ZDOD Z\ELH

JDÊ GDOHNR P\ĂOÈ QDSU]öG 3ROHJDMÈF QD EXGRZDQLX UR]PDLW\FK RGPLHQQ\FK

MHGQDNRZRSUDZGRSRGREQ\FKZ\REUDĝHñRW\PFRVLÚPRĝH]GDU]\ÊSREXG]D

NLHURZQLFWZR SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD GR P\ĂOHQLD Z NDWHJRULDFK ]PLDQ QLHFLÈJï\FK

-HVW WR ZVSöïF]HĂQLH QLH]Z\NOH ZDĝQH SRQLHZDĝ U]DGNR SU]\V]ïRĂÊ MHVW SURVWÈ

NRQW\QXDFMÈWHJR]F]\PPDP\GRF]\QLHQLDREHFQLHLG]LÚNLWHPXRUJDQL]DFMD

SU]\JRWRZXMHVLÚQDUöĝQHPRĝOLZHV\WXDFMH

1DMZLÚNV]ÈXZDJÚSRGF]DVDQDOL]\RWRF]HQLDSRĂZLÚFDP\]D]Z\F]DMF]\QQL

NRPVSHF\ILF]Q\PGODGDQHMEUDQĝ\V]F]HJöOQLHLVWRWQ\P]HZ]JOÚGXQDURG]DM

SURZDG]RQHM G]LDïDOQRĂFL DOH ]DZV]H ZDĝQD MHVW WDNĝH RULHQWDFMD Z ]DNUHVLH

PHJDWUHQGöZWR]QDF]\QDMEDUG]LHMRJöOQ\FKXQLZHUVDOQ\FKWHQGHQFML]PLDQ

Z\VWÚSXMÈF\FK Z ĂZLHFLH Z ]DNUHVLH ZV]\VWNLFK Z\PLHQLRQ\FK ZF]HĂQLHM JUXS

XZDUXQNRZDñ Z UDPDFK DQDOL]\ 3(67 6È RQH UöĝQLH SU]HGVWDZLDQH SU]H]

SRV]F]HJöOQ\FKDXWRUöZDOHQDMF]ÚĂFLHMZ\PLHQLDQHVÈQDVWÚSXMÈFHWHQGHQFMH

ļ ]PLDQ\QDU\QNXZ\UDĝDMÈFHVLÚZ]PLDQDFKVWUXNWXU\]DSRWU]HERZDQLD

ļ SRVWÚSWHFKQLF]Q\UHZROXFMRQL]XMÈF\SURFHV\Z\WZDU]DQLDLJHQHUXMÈF\QRZH

Z\URE\

ļ WHFKQRORJLDLQIRUPDW\F]QDLUR]ZöMĂURGNöZNRPXQLNDFML MDNSU]HNV]WDïFD

WRSURFHV\JRVSRGDUF]HSU]HGVWDZLDP\ZRVWDWQLPUR]G]LDOHNVLÈĝNL 

ļ Z]URVW]DWUXGQLHQLDZVHNWRU]HSUDF\XP\VïRZHM]ZïDV]F]DZXVïXJDFK

ļ SURFHV\LQWHJUDFMLPLÚG]\QDURGRZHMLSRJïÚELDMÈFDVLÚZVSöïSUDFDSU]HGVLÚ- ELRUVWZ;

(3)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

ļ JOREDOL]DFMDG]LDïDOQRĂFLJRVSRGDUF]HMSURZDG]ÈFDZFHOXSRZVWDQLDPRĝOL

ZRĂFLNRU]\VWDQLD]JOREDOQ\FKF]\QQLNöZSURGXNFMLļXORNRZDQ\FKZGRZRO

Q\PPLHMVFXļRUD]]JOREDOQ\FKU\QNöZ

7RP.HOO\ZNVLÈĝFH1RZHUHJXï\QRZHMJRVSRGDUNLZVND]XMHĝHQRZDJRVSR

darka ma trzy cechy charakterystyczne: jest globalna, faworyzuje byty niemate ULDOQHļJïöZQLHLGHHLLQIRUPDFMHRUD]MHVWZHZQÚWU]QLHSRïÈF]RQD:UH]XO

WDFLHSRGOHJDUHJXïRPVLHFLNWöUHFKDUDNWHU\]XMHFKDRW\F]QD]ïRĝRQRĂÊ'Èĝ\

RQDGRïÈF]HQLDZV]\VWNLHJR]HZV]\VWNLPFRGDMHQRZÈMDNRĂÊDOHRF]\ZLĂFLH

Z\PDJDLQQ\FK]DVDG]DU]ÈG]DQLD

W polskiej literaturze naukowej potwierdza to wybitny znawca problematyki ]DU]ÈG]DQLD$QGU]HM..RěPLñVNL  SLV]ÈFĝHREHFQLHFRUD]F]ÚĂFLHMPLHM

VFHMHGQROLWHMRUJDQL]DFMLRZ\UDěQHMVWUXNWXU]HIXQNFMRQXMÈFHMSRGMHGQ\PNLH

URZQLFWZHP]DMPXMÈ]PLHQQHVLHFLDXWRQRPLF]Q\FKMHGQRVWHNZVSöïSUDFXMÈF\FK

GODUHDOL]DFMLRNUHĂORQ\FK]DGDñFRGRGDWNRZRJHQHUXMHQLHSHZQRĂÊZbG]LDïDQLX

LbXWUXGQLD]DU]ÈG]DQLHVWUDWHJLF]QH

3U]HPLDQ\WHGREU]HLOXVWUXMHU\VXQHNSRFKRG]ÈF\]NVLÈĝNL$..Rě

PLñVNLHJR

5\VXQHN2GPRQROLWXGRVLHFL

½UöGïR$..RěPLñVNL=DU]ÈG]DQLHZZDUXQNDFKQLHSHZQRĂFL3RGUÚF]QLNGOD]DDZDQVRZDQ\FK, :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1:DUV]DZD

3RMÚFLD ķJOREDOL]DFMDĵ Xĝ\ZD VLÚ GOD RNUHĂOHQLD SURFHVöZ L ]MDZLVN Z\UD

ĝDMÈF\FK VLÚ Z]URVWHP ZV]HONLHJR URG]DMX SRZLÈ]Dñ PLÚG]\ UöĝQ\PL SRGPLR

(4)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(



WDPLĝ\FLDJRVSRGDUF]HJRQLH]DOHĝQLHRGLFKSU]\QDOHĝQRĂFLSDñVWZRZHMRUD]

Z\QLNDMÈFH]WHJRSU]HNUDF]DMÈFHJUDQLFHSDñVWZZ]DMHPQHRGG]LDï\ZDQLDZH

ZV]\VWNLFKVIHUDFKĝ\FLDVSRïHF]QHJRJRVSRGDUF]HJRLSROLW\F]QHJR

.RQNXUHQFMD JOREDOQD Z]PDJD SUHVMÚ QD PHJDIX]MH L SU]HMÚFLD Iirm oraz DOLDQVHVWUDWHJLF]QHDE\]DSHZQLÊGïXJRIDORZÈSU]HZDJÚNRQNXUHQF\MQÈ'OD

WHJR WU]HED Z\NV]WDïFLÊ XPLHMÚWQRĂFL WHJR W\SX ZVSöïSUDF\ RUD] XPLHMÚWQRĂÊ

]DU]ÈG]DQLD PLÚG]\QDURGRZHJR FR QLHVLH ]D VREÈ NRQLHF]QRĂÊ ]DU]ÈG]DQLD

ZVSRPQLDQÈUöĝQRURGQRĂFLÈNXOWXURZÈLVWDZLDGRGDWNRZHZ\PDJDQLDZREHF

PHQHGĝHUöZ 0LÚG]\QDURGRZH NRUSRUDFMH NUHXMÈF RJöOQRĂZLDWRZ\ U\QHN

PXV]ÈVWRVRZDÊ]DUöZQRJOREDOQÈMDNLORNDOQÈSHUVSHNW\ZÚDE\QLH]DWUDFLÊ

ZUDĝOLZRĂFLQDU]HF]\ZLVWHSRWU]HE\NOLHQWöZ=NROHLPDïHRUJDQL]DFMHG]LDïD

MÈFHQDU\QNXORNDOQ\PPXV]ÈVWDUDÊVLÚVSURVWDÊVLOQHMNRQNXUHQFMLJOREDOQHM

JïöZQLHZIRUPLHZVSöïSUDF\ZQLV]DFK

3U]HGVLÚELRUVWZR JOREDOQH GÈĝ\ GR RVLÈJQLÚFLD JOREDOQHM HIHNW\ZQRĂFL

SRSU]H] LQWHJUDFMÚ RJöOQRĂZLDWRZ\FK ]DVREöZ 3RV]F]HJöOQH ID]\ G]LDïDOQRĂFL

XORNRZDQHVÈF]ÚVWRZUöĝQ\FKNUDMDFKZ]DOHĝQRĂFLRGWHJRJG]LHPRJÈE\Ê

]UHDOL]RZDQHSRQDMPQLHMV]\PNRV]FLHLSRWHPïÈF]RQHFRNRPSOLNXMHSURFHV\

ORJLVW\F]QHNRRUG\QDF\MQHL]DU]ÈG]DQLHMDNRFDïRĂÊ

7\PSURFHVRPWRZDU]\V]\UöZQROHJïDJUDSROLW\F]QDZ\QLNDMÈFD]WHJRĝH

GXĝH SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD GHF\GXMÈF VLÚ QD ]DNïDGDQLH VZRMHM ILOLL Z LQQ\P NUDMX

RbQLVNLPSR]LRPLHUR]ZRMXJRVSRGDUF]HJRGDMÈFSUDFÚNV]WDïWXMÈSR]LRPĝ\FLD

MHJRPLHV]NDñFöZDWRVWZDU]DVLOQ\DUJXPHQWSU]HWDUJRZ\SR]ZDODMÈF\Z\ZLH

UDÊZSï\ZQDU]ÈG\WHJRNUDMXZNWöU\PRWZLHUDMÈRQHILOLÚļPRĝHGRPDJDÊVLÚ

]ZROQLHQLDRGSRGDWNöZRUD]ZSï\ZDÊQDSRGHMPRZDQHWDPGHF\]MHSROLW\F]QH

LJRVSRGDUF]H6WDQRZLWRSRNXVÚGRQDGXĝ\ÊLQDUXV]DQLD]DVDGHW\NLEL]QHVX

SU]H]NRUSRUDFMHPLHG]\QDURGRZHQDSU]\NïDGSRSU]H]QDGPLHUQÈHNVSORDWDFMÚ

VLï\URERF]HMOXE]DQLHGEDQLHDVSHNWöZRFKURQ\ĂURGRZLVNDZELHGQ\FKNUDMDFK

ZNWöU\FKMHVWORNRZDQDSURGXNFMD

=

0,$1<



25*$1,=$&<-1(

=PLDQDPLZSRVWDFLLQQRZDFMLWHFKQLF]Q\FK]DMPLHP\VLÚZQDVWÚSQ\PSRG

UR]G]LDOH 7XWDM FKFHP\ ZVND]DÊ QD ]DNUHV UHDOL]DFML ]PLDQ RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK

NWöUHNRQLHF]QHVÈMHĂOLFKFHP\GRSURZDG]LÊGRU]HF]\ZLVWHMSRSUDZ\HIHNW\Z

QRĂFLIXQNFMRQRZDQLDSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD

:GÈĝHQLXGRVSURVWDQLDNRQNXUHQFMLILUP\SRZV]HFKQLH]PLHU]DMÈGR]ZLÚN

V]DQLDVZRMHM]GROQRĂFLGRHODVW\F]QHJRG]LDïDQLDRUD]GRREQLĝDQLDNRV]WöZFR

MHVWRVLÈJDQHGURJÈXSUDV]F]DQLDG]LDïDOQRĂFL/HDQPDQDJHPHQWMHVWQDMEDUG]LHM

]QDQÈNRQFHSFMÈ]DU]ÈG]DQLDNWöUHMFHOHPMHVWSURZDG]ÈFDGRREQLĝNLNRV]WöZ

UDFMRQDOL]DFMDFDïHMRUJDQL]DFMLRUD]MHMVWRVXQNöZ]RWRF]HQLHP

3U]\PLRWQLNķOHDQĵR]QDF]DZMÚ]\NXSROVNLPķV]F]XSï\ĵ3RGVWDZRZDILOR

zofia OHDQPDQDJHPHQWGDVLÚVWUHĂFLÊZQDVWÚSXMÈF\FKVïRZDFKķSRWU]HEXMHV]

(5)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

SRïRZÚZV]\VWNLHJRĵ=DVDGQLF]\PSU]HVïDQLHPRPDZLDQHMNRQFHSFMLMHVWXQL

NDQLH ZV]HONLHJR PDUQRWUDZVWZD 2SLHUD VLÚ RQD QD GHFHQWUDOL]DFML RGSRZLH

G]LDOQRĂFL L NRPSHWHQFML Z SRZLÈ]DQLX ] GRVNRQDOHQLHP V\VWHPX LQIRUPDFML

Lb VDPRNRQWUROÈ RUJDQL]RZDQLX PDï\FK MHGQRVWHN RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK 5R]EXGR

ZDQD VIRUPDOL]RZDQD KLHUDUFKLD RUJDQL]DF\MQD MHVW ]DVWÚSRZDQD SïDVNÈ HOD

VW\F]QÈ VWUXNWXUÈ RUJDQL]DF\MQÈ 0RĝH WHPX WRZDU]\V]\Ê UöZQLHĝ GHOD\HULQJ, F]\OL RJUDQLF]DQLH OLF]E\ V]F]HEOL ]DU]ÈG]DQLD SU]H] VSïDV]F]DQLH RUJDQL]DFML

NWöU\]NROHLPRĝHE\ÊZVSRPDJDQ\SU]H]HPSRZHUPHQW, czyli nadawanie pra

FRZQLNRPXSUDZQLHñGRSRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]ML1DOHĝ\]DXZDĝ\ÊĝHWHQWHUPLQ

MHVWF]ÚVWRUR]XPLDQ\QLHZïDĂFLZLHLVWRVRZDQ\]DPLHQQLH]WHUPLQHPķGHOHJR

ZDQLHĵSRFKRG]ÈF\P]WUDG\F\MQHJRPRGHOX]DU]ÈG]DQLD-HGQDNGHOHJRZDQLH

QLH R]QDF]D ]GMÚFLD RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĂFL ] PHQHGĝHUD D ]DGDQLD SU]HND]\ZDQH

SUDFRZQLNRPVÈZ\UDěQLH]GHILQLRZDQHLRGFLÈĝDMÈFNLHURZQLNöZRGSHZQ\FK

UXW\QRZ\FKVSUDZSR]ZDODMÈPHQHGĝHURPVNXSLÊVLÚZ\ïÈF]QLHQDF]\QQRĂFLDFK

NWöUH Z\PDJDMÈ LFK ZLHG]\ L GRĂZLDGF]HQLD 1DWRPLDVW HPSRZHUPHQW LG]LH

]QDF]QLH GDOHM SRQLHZDĝ SU]HND]XMH QLH W\ONR ]DGDQLD DOH WDNĝH ZïDG]Ú RUD]

QLH]EÚGQHXSUDZQLHQLDGRLFKUHDOL]DFML3U]\NïDGHPHPSRZHUPHQWMHVWXSUDZ

QLHQLHSUDFRZQLNöZPRQWDĝRZ\FK7R\RW\GRVDPRG]LHOQHJR]DWU]\PDQLDWDĂP\

SURGXNF\MQHM Z FHOX XVXQLÚFLD XVWHUNL EH] NRQVXOWRZDQLD VLÚ ] SU]HïRĝRQ\P

3U]\ZöGF\RUJDQL]DFMLPXV]ÈSR]RVWDZLDÊVZRERGÚSUDFRZQLNRPSRRNUHĂOHQLX

JUDQLFZbUDPDFKNWöU\FKZHZQÚWU]QHMHGQRVWNLRUJDQL]DF\MQHSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD

PRJÈVZRERGQLHIXQNFMRQRZDÊ

'RZQVL]LQJWRWHUPLQR]QDF]DMÈF\]D]Z\F]DMRGFKXG]DQLHSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD

SU]H]UHGXNFMH]DWUXGQLHQLDFRMHVWF]ÚVWRQDVWÚSVWZHPRPDZLDQHJRGDOHMUHLQ

ĝ\QLHULQJXLLQQ\FKIRUPUHVWUXNWXU\]DFML2XWSODFHPHQW to przenoszenie poza SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZRFDï\FKVWUXNWXULIXQNFMLSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZDZUD]]Z\NRQXMÈF\PL

MHSUDFRZQLNDPL:WHQVSRVöERVLÈJDQHVÈGZDFHOH3RSLHUZV]HSU]HGVLÚELRU

VWZR NRQFHQWUXMH VLÚ QD Z\EUDQHM G]LDïDOQRĂFL SRGQRV]ÈF VZRMÈ HIHNW\ZQRĂÊ

Db SR GUXJLH ļ UHDOL]XMH RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĂÊ VSRïHF]QÈ ļ XïDWZLDMÈF ]ZDOQLDQ\P

SUDFRZQLNRPSRGMÚFLHSUDF\ZQRZ\PPLHMVFXG]LHUĝDZLÈFLPF]ÚĂÊPDMÈWNX

SU]HV]NDODMÈFLFKZĂZLDGF]HQLXXVïXJOXEXPRĝOLZLDMÈFQDE\FLHQRZ\FKSRWU]HE

Q\FKNZDOLILNDFML

Metodzie OHDQ PDQDJHPHQW WRZDU]\V]\Ê PRĝH FRVRXUFLQJ ļ to jest proces ZVSöïSUDF\ ] NOLHQWDPL UHDOL]RZDQ\ Z FHOX RVLÈJQLÚFLD ]QDF]ÈFHJR Z]URVWX

HIHNW\ZQRĂFL G]LDïDñ JRVSRGDUF]\FK 3RGVWDZRZÈ ]DVDGÈ UHDOL]DFML SURMHNWX

FRVRXUFLQJRZHJR MHVW ZVSöïSUDFD ]HVSRïX VWZRU]RQHJR ZVSöOQLH SU]H] ZQR

V]ÈF\FK ZLHG]Ú R ZïDVQ\P SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZLH SUDFRZQLNöZ R Z\VRNLHM ]QDMR

PRĂFL QDMQRZV]\FK WHFKQRORJLL L NRQVXOWDQWöZ Z\ïRQLRQ\FK VSRĂUöG NOLHQWöZ

FRSR]ZDODOHSLHMXZ]JOÚGQLÊLFKSRWU]HE\1D]ZDWHJRSRGHMĂFLDZVND]XMHQD

]ZLÈ]HN ]H ]QDQ\P L GRĂÊ SRZV]HFKQLH VWRVRZDQ\P G]LDïDQLHP ļRXWVRXUFLQ- JLHPNWöU\SRNUöWFHPRĝQDRNUHĂOLÊMDNRZ\ïÈF]DQLHSHZQ\FKXVïXJ]]DNUHVX

F]\QQRĂFL SRGHMPRZDQ\FK SU]H] SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZR L ]OHFDQLH LFK ]HZQÚWU]Q\P

GRVWDZFRP=HZQÚWU]QHILUP\VSHFMDOL]XMÈFHVLÚZSHZQ\FKXVïXJDFKREVïXG]H

(6)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(



NVLÚJRZHMRFKURQLHPLHQLDXWU]\PDQLXSRU]ÈGNXLWSURELÈWROHSLHMLQLĝV]\P

NRV]WHP Db SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZR PRĝH VNRQFHQWURZDÊ VLÚ QD VZRMHM G]LDïDOQRĂFL

SRGVWDZRZHM

6]F]HJöOQH]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHZ]EXG]DïZRVWDWQLFKODWDFKUHHQJLQHHULQJF]\

MDNWRVLÚ]Z\NïRVSROV]F]DÊļUHLQĝ\QLHULDOXEUHLQĝ\QLHULQJSURFHVöZSU]HP\

VïRZ\FK 5HLQĝ\QLHULQJ WR IXQGDPHQWDOQH SU]HP\ĂOHQLH L UDG\NDOQD ]PLDQD

SURFHVöZZFHOXRVLÈJQLÚFLD]QDF]QHMSRSUDZ\NOXF]RZ\FKZVNDěQLNöZWDNLFK

MDN NRV]W\ MDNRĂÊ L V]\ENRĂÊ 3U]\ SURMHNFLH UHDOL]RZDQ\P WÈ PHWRGÈ ]HVSöï

SRZRïDQ\ Z FHOX MHM ]DVWRVRZDQLD NZHVWLRQXMH ZV]\VWNLH DVSHNW\ G]LDïDOQR

ĂFLILUP\DE\ĂZLDGRPRĂÊRJUDQLF]HñZ\QLNDMÈF\FK]GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK]DVDG

PHWRG Lb SURFHGXU QLH ]PQLHMV]\ïD RU\JLQDOQRĂFL SURSRQRZDQ\FK UR]ZLÈ]Dñ

:bUH]XOWDFLHG]LDïDOQRĂFL]HVSRïXIXQNFMRQXMÈFHJRQDWDNLFK]DVDGDFKPRĝOLZD

MHVW ]QDF]QD SRSUDZD UH]XOWDWöZ RVLÈJDQ\FK SU]H] ILUPÚ G]LÚNL FDïNRZLWHPX

SU]HPRGHORZDQLXZV]\VWNLFKSURFHVöZZNWöU\FKLVWQLHMÈPRĝOLZRĂFLXGRVNR

QDOHñ0HWRGDWDFKRFLDĝPRĝHSU]\QLHĂÊGXĝRNRU]\ĂFLQLHVLHMHGQDNUöZQLHĝ

]HVREÈSHZQHU\]\NRJG\ĝEXU]\RQDGRW\FKF]DVRZÈVWUXNWXUÚRUJDQL]DF\MQÈ

ILUP\DSU]H]VZöMUDG\NDOL]PSU]\QRVLGXĝÈGR]ÚQLHSHZQRĂFLFRGRSU]\V]ï\FK

Z\QLNöZ ]PLHQLDMÈF XWDUWH GURJL MHM UR]ZRMX FR SRZRGXMH XWUDWÚ ]GRE\W\FK

GRĂZLDGF]Hñ

5\VXQHN3RUöZQDQLHLVWRW\UHLQĝ\QLHULQJX]FLÈJï\PGRVNRQDOHQLHP NDL]HQ

½UöGïR50đOOHU35XSSHU3URFHVV5HHQJLQHHULQJ$VWUXP:URFïDZ

3URMHNWUHLQĝ\QLHULQJXQDRJöïREHMPXMHUöZQLHĝSRWU]HEÚSU]HJOÈGXVWDQR

ZLVN ]PLDQ\ UROL SRV]F]HJöOQ\FK RVöE Z ]HVSROH RUD] LFK QLH]EÚGQHJR SU]\

JRWRZDQLD ]DZRGRZHJR V]NROHQLD WUDQVIHUX REVïXJL ] MHGQ\FK VWDQRZLVN QD

LQQHLbF]ÚVWRGRSURZDG]DļSRGREQLHMDNLSR]RVWDïH]PLDQ\RUJDQL]DF\MQHDOH

Z ZLÚNV]\P MHV]F]H VWRSQLX ļ GR ]ZROQLHñ SUDFRZQLNöZ D SUDZLH ]DZV]H GR

zmiany charakteru pracy, przede wszystkim przez przystosowanie stanowisk QDVWDZLRQ\FKQDUHDOL]DFMÚSURVW\FK]DGDñGRSUDF\]HVSRïRZHMSU]\ZVSöOQHM

RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĂFL]HVSRïX]DZ\NRQ\ZDQ\SURFHV

(7)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

5\VXQHN2SW\PDOL]DFMDSURFHVöZZUDPDFKUHLQĝ\QLHULQJX

½UöGïR50đOOHU35XSSHURSFLW

2

3™5



:2%(&



=0,$1



,



-(*2



35=(=:<&,}¿$1,(

2ERMÚWQH F]\ ]PLDQ\ GRW\F]È ZSURZDG]DQLD LQQRZDFML WHFKQLF]Q\FK NWöUH

RSLVDQH VÈ Z QDVWÚSQ\P SRGUR]G]LDOH NVLÈĝNL F]\ WHĝ ]PLDQ RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK

RSLVDQ\FKZ\ĝHMQDRJöïVSRW\NDMÈVLÚRQH]QLHFKÚFLÈSUDFRZQLNöZ/LF]QHVÈ

NXWHPXSRZRG\3U]HGHZV]\VWNLPZ\QLNDWR]SRF]XFLD]DJURĝHQLDSRQLHZDĝ

QLV]F]ÈRQHGRW\FKF]DVRZ\SRU]ÈGHNU]HF]\L]ZLÈ]DQH]QLPSU]\]Z\F]DMHQLD

:HGïXJSV\FKRORJöZW\SRZ\PLSU]\F]\QDPLRSRUöZZREHF]PLDQVÈ

ļ QLHFKÚÊZREHFQDUXV]HQLDLVWQLHMÈFHJRïDGXGDMÈFHJRSRF]XFLHEH]SLHF]HñVWZD

ļ REDZDSU]HGXWUDWÈGRW\FKF]DVRZHMSR]\FMLDXWRU\WHWXSR]LRPXSïDFNRQ

WDNWöZ]DZRGRZ\FKLUR]ELFLHPXNïDGöZQLHIRUPDOQ\FK

ļ XWUZDORQHQDZ\NLLSU]\]Z\F]DMHQLDXïDWZLDMÈFHSUDFÚRUD]QLHFKÚÊGRGRGDW

NRZHJRZ\VLïNXZ\QLNDMÈFHJR]NRQLHF]QRĂFLXF]HQLDVLÚQRZ\FKXPLHMÚWQR

ĂFLLQRZ\FK]DVDG

ļ ]E\WGXĝ\]DVLÚJ]PLDQURG]ÈF\SRF]XFLHQLHSHZQRĂFLRUD]]ïHGRĂZLDGF]H

QLD ] SU]HV]ïRĂFL ]ZLÈ]DQH ] ZSURZDG]DQLHP SR]RUQ\FK XVSUDZQLHñ NWöUH

ZSURZDG]Lï\MHG\QLHFKDRVQLHSU]\QRV]ÈFVSRG]LHZDQ\FKNRU]\ĂFL

2SöUSRMDZLDVLÚMHGQDN]ZïDV]F]DZöZF]DVJG\SUDFRZQLF\QLHUR]XPLHMÈ

sensu zapowiadanej zmiany, jej potrzeby i proponowanego sposobu przeprowa

G]HQLDGODWHJRRSöU]D]Z\F]DM]PQLHMV]DVLÚMHĂOLSUDFRZQLF\VÈGREU]HLQIRU

PRZDQLLPRJÈXF]HVWQLF]\ÊZSU]\JRWRZDQLXSURJUDPXXVSUDZQLHñ'RĂZLDG

F]HQLHZVND]XMHWDNĝHĝHLPZLÚNV]H]UR]XPLHQLHNRQLHF]QRĂFLZSURZDG]HQLD

(8)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(

210

]PLDQW\PF]ÚVWV]HVÈSR]\W\ZQHUHDNFMHL]DDQJDĝRZDQLHSUDFRZQLNöZDFR]D

W\PLG]LHZLÚNV]HV]DQVHQDVSUDZQÈLFKUHDOL]DFMÚ

.XUW /HZLQ VIRUPXïRZDï WDN ]ZDQÈ WHRULÚ SROD VLï PöZLÈFÈ ĝH SU]HELHJ

]PLDQMHVWZ\SDGNRZÈG]LDïDQLDVLïQDSÚGRZ\FKLKDPXMÈF\FKNWöUHWU]HEDDQD

OL]RZDÊDE\RFHQLÊV]DQVHUHDOL]DFMLSU]HNV]WDïFHñ Polega to na wyspecyfikowa QLXZV]\VWNLFKF]\QQLNöZLRNROLF]QRĂFLVSU]\MDMÈF\FK]PLDQRPRUD]W\FKNWöUH

LPPRJÈSU]HFLZG]LDïDÊ:LGDÊWRQDJUDILF]Q\PSU]HGVWDZLHQLXW\FKF]\QQLNöZ

ZIRUPLHZ\NUHVXZSRVWDFLVWU]DïHNSR]LRP\FKXPLHV]F]RQ\FKMHGQDQDGGUXJÈ

LVNLHURZDQ\FKNXVRELH]REXVWURQZ]DOHĝQRĂFLRGWHJRF]\G]LDïDMÈQDNRU]\ĂÊ

]PLDQF]\SU]HFLZNRQLPNWöU\FKGïXJRĂÊ]DOHĝ\RGVLï\RGG]LDï\ZDQLDGDQHJR

F]\QQLNDDOLF]EDļRGOLF]E\F]\QQLNöZG]LDïDMÈF\FK]DLSU]HFLZ'DMHWRSU]HM

U]\VW\REUD]V\WXDFML]MDNÈPRĝH]HWNQÈÊVLÚPHQHGĝHUZSURZDG]DMÈF]PLDQ\

LbSR]ZDODRGSRZLHGQLRVLÚGRQLHMSU]\JRWRZDÊ

5\VXQHN$QDOL]DSRODVLï

A

B

Czynniki sprzyjające zmianom Czynniki hamujące zmiany

C

D

E

F

.XUW/HZLQZ\UöĝQLïWU]\HWDS\ZSURZDG]DQLD]PLDQNWöU\WRSRG]LDïMHVW

SRZV]HFKQLHDNFHSWRZDQ\MDNRQDMEDUG]LHMRJöOQ\PRGHOZSURZDG]DQLD]PLDQ

:\PLHQLïRQ

ľ 52=052¿(1,( ļ QDMWUXGQLHMV]\ HWDS ]PLDQ NWöU\ PD GRSURZDG]LÊ GR

SRU]XFHQLDGRW\FKF]DVRZ\FKZDUWRĂFLSRVWDZ]DVDGLSU]\]Z\F]DMHñZSRVWÚ

powaniu ludzi;

ľ 5($/,=$&-}=0,$1;

ľ =$052¿(1,(ļSROHJDMÈFHQDWDNLPG]LDïDQLXNWöUHZ]PRFQLSR]\W\ZQH

Z]RUFHSRVWÚSRZDQLDDQHJDW\ZQH]DFKRZDQLDZ\JDVLLXWUZDOLQRZH]DVDG\

(9)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 211

LSURFHGXU\G]LDïDQLDPLQLPDOL]XMÈFQLHEH]SLHF]HñVWZRSRZURWXGRSRSU]HG

QLHJRVWDQX

5\VXQHN7U]\HWDS\PRGHOX.XUWD/HZLQD

2GPURĝHQLH

?

=PLDQ\ SRVWDZ

?

=DPURĝHQLH

3RQLHZDĝ ] SRZ\ĝV]\FK UR]ZDĝDñ Z\QLND ĝH QDMLVWRWQLHMV]\P SRZRGHP

Z\ZRïXMÈF\PRSöUZREHF]PLDQMHVWļQDMRJöOQLHMPöZLÈFļZÈVNRSRMPRZDQD

REDZD R ZïDVQ\ LQWHUHV SUDFRZQLNöZ Z\QLNDMÈFD ] SRF]XFLD ]DJURĝHQLD GOD

GRW\FKF]DV]DMPRZDQ\FKSR]\FMLSRJïÚELDQDSU]H]QLH]UR]XPLHQLH]PLDQLEUDN

]DXIDQLD GR NLHURZQLFWZD ]ELRURZD G\VNXVMD L SRGMÚWD Z MHM Z\QLNX ZVSöOQD

GHF\]MD VNXWHF]QLH ZSï\ZDMÈ QD XNV]WDïWRZDQLH SR]\W\ZQ\FK SRVWDZ ZREHF

ZSURZDG]DQ\FK]PLDQ=QDF]QLHJRUV]HHIHNW\GDMH]DU]ÈG]DQLHQDND]RZHJG\ĝ

ļFKRFLDĝSR]ZDODV]\EFLHMSU]HSURZDG]LÊ]PLDQ\ļQDSRW\NDQDVLOQLHMV]\RSöU

ERZLHP OXG]LH QLH OXELÈ DE\ QLPL PDQLSXORZDQR OXE NLHURZDQR MDN DXWRPD

WDPL3R]RVWDZLHQLHSUDFRZQLNRPPRĝOLZRĂFLZVSöïGHF\GRZDQLDGDMHLPSRF]X

FLHZïDVQHMZDUWRĂFLDGHF\]MDSRGMÚWD]HVSRïRZRZSï\ZDQDOHSV]ÈMDNRĂÊMHM

Z\NRQDQLD

,QJHUXMÈF Z LVWQLHMÈF\ V\VWHP IXQNFMRQRZDQLD RUJDQL]DFML WU]HED ]DFKRZDÊ

VXEWHOQÈUöZQRZDJÚPLÚG]\VWDELOL]DFMÈL]PLDQÈDE\QLH]DSU]HSDĂFLÊGRW\FK

F]DVRZ\FKZDORUöZILUP\LQLHSR]EDZLÊSUDFRZQLNöZVDW\VIDNFML]GRW\FKF]DVR

Z\FKRVLÈJQLÚÊ-HVWWREDUG]RWUXGQH'ÈĝÈFGRGRVNRQDOHQLDG]LDïDOQRĂFLILUPD

PXVL ZLÚF XPLHÊ ]HUZDÊ ZLÚ]\ ] SU]HV]ïRĂFLÈ, DOH QLH R]QDF]D WR ĝH SRZLQQD

SR]E\ZDÊ VLÚ ZV]\VWNLFK GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK ]DVREöZ 7U]HED ļ PöZLÈF LQQ\PL

VïRZDPLļ]DFKRZDÊGHOLNDWQÈUöZQRZDJÚPLÚG]\WDN]ZDQÈSDPLÚFLÈSU]HGVLÚ- ELRUVWZDRUD]RWZDUWRĂFLÈQDQRZHWHQGHQFMH6WUXNWXUDRUJDQL]DF\MQDLQVW\WXFML

GHF\GXMÈFHMVLÚQDUR]ZöMEÚG]LHPXVLDïDVWZDU]DÊZDUXQNLE\V]\ENRLZPLDUÚ

EH]NRQIOLNWRZRRGE\ZDïDVLÚLQWHJUDFMD]DGDñZ\QLNDMÈF\FK]UHDOL]DFMLQRZ\FK

]DPLHU]HñVWUDWHJLF]Q\FK]]DGDQLDPLMXĝSU]H]RUJDQL]DFMÚZ\NRQ\ZDQ\PL

7ZRU]HQLH LQQRZDFML Z\PDJD NUHRZDQLD HNRQRPLF]QLH Xĝ\WHF]QHM ZLHG]\

'ODWHJRWDNZDĝQHMHVWGRVNRQDOHQLH]DU]ÈG]DQLDZLHG]ÈZRUJDQL]DFMDFKFKFÈ

F\FKNRQNXURZDÊQDU\QNDFKJOREDOQ\FK=DU]ÈG]DQLHZLHG]ÈWRRJöïSURFHVöZ

XPRĝOLZLDMÈF\FKWZRU]HQLHXSRZV]HFKQLDQLHLZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLHZLHG]\GRUHD

OL]DFMLFHOöZRUJDQL]DFML

2UJDQL]DFMHNWöUHSU]\ZLÈ]XMÈGXĝÈZDJÚGRZLHG]\L]DU]ÈG]DMÈSURFHVDPL

XF]HQLDVLÚPXV]ÈWUDNWRZDÊSUDFRZQLNöZMDNRSRGVWDZRZ\]DVöERGNWöUHJR

]DOHĝÈZV]\VWNLHDVSHNW\IXQNFMRQRZDQLDRUJDQL]DFML

(10)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(

212

5\VXQHN2ELHNW\EHQFKPDUNLQJX

:ķRUJDQL]DFMLXF]ÈFHMVLÚĵV]HURNRVWRVRZDQ\SRZLQLHQE\ÊEHQFKPDUNLQJ

NWöU\MHVWXF]HQLHPVLÚRGNRQNXUHQWöZ3ROHJDRQQDSRUöZQ\ZDQLXG]LDïDOQR

ĂFLDQDOL]RZDQHMILUP\]SURFHVDPLUHDOL]RZDQ\PLZQDMOHSV]\FKSU]HGVLÚELRU

VWZDFKSURZDG]ÈF\FKSRGREQÈG]LDïDOQRĂÊ3U]HGPLRWHPSRUöZQDñPRJÈE\Ê

]DUöZQRFDïHSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZDSRV]F]HJöOQHRJQLZDSURGXNF\MQHZ\WZDU]DQH

ZQLFKSURGXNW\MDNLUHDOL]RZDQHZQLFKSURFHV\'RĂÊF]ÚVWRXZDĝDVLÚĝH

VSHF\ILF]QÈFHFKÈWHMPHWRG\MHVWZïDĂQLHWRLĝSRUöZQXMHVLÚQLHZ\URE\MDN

WRF]\QLVLÚWUDG\F\MQLHZRFHQLHMDNRĂFLSURGXNFMLOHF]SURFHV\NWöUHSURZDG]È

GRLFKX]\VNDQLD

0RĝHSRZVWDÊS\WDQLHGODF]HJRRUJDQL]DFMHUHSUH]HQWXMÈFHZ\ĝV]\SR]LRP

VNïRQQHVÈXGRVWÚSQLDÊVZRMHGRĂZLDGF]HQLDLQQ\P":\MDĂQLÊWRPRĝQDFRUD]

V]HUV]\PUR]ZRMHPZVSöïSUDF\ILUPSRZVWDZDQLHPDOLDQVöZLSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZ

VLHFLRZ\FK RUD] WUDNWRZDQLHP XPLHMÚWQRĂFL RUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK MDNR VZRLVWHJR

NQRZKRZ SRGOHJDMÈFHJR REURWRZL OLFHQF\MQHPX 1DMEDUG]LHM Z\UD]LVW\P WHJR

SU]\NïDGHPMHVWIUDQFKLVLQJSROHJDMÈF\QDXG]LHODQLX]H]ZROHQLDQDXUXFKRPLH- QLHG]LDïDOQRĂFLSRGPDUNÈOLFHQFMRGDZF\DOH]D]Z\F]DMWHĝSU]\Z\NRU]\VWDQLX

MHJRWHFKQRORJLLLSURFHGXUFRPDJZDUDQWRZDÊRGSRZLHGQLÈMDNRĂÊSURGXNWöZ

LXVïXJ:LHOHZLRGÈF\FKILUPZ\UDĝD]JRGÚQDXMDZQLHQLHVZRLFKGRĂZLDGF]Hñ

SRG ZDUXQNLHP RWU]\PDQLD RNUHĂORQHM UHNRPSHQVDW\ QD SU]\NïDG Z SRVWDFL

gwarancji wzajemnego ujawnienia przez kontrahenta posiadanych przez niego Xĝ\WHF]Q\FKLQIRUPDFMLRUD]SRSRGSLVDQLXNODX]XOLSRXIQRĂFL]DEH]SLHF]DMÈFHM

NRQWUROÚQDGSURFHVHPXSRZV]HFKQLDQLDVLÚXGRVWÚSQLRQ\FKGDQ\FK0RW\ZHP

VSU]\MDMÈF\PXMDZQLDQLXVZRLFKGRĂZLDGF]HñZSU]\SDGNXSRVLDGDQLDZ\UDěQHM

SU]HZDJL MHVW GXPD ] GREU]H UHDOL]RZDQHM G]LDïDOQRĂFL L SRF]XFLH VDW\VIDNFML

Z\QLNDMÈFH ] V]HURNLHJR ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD LQQ\FK ILUP L ]DELHJDQLH SU]H] QLH

RbPRĝOLZRĂÊ]DSR]QDQLDVLÚ]H]JURPDG]RQ\PGRĂZLDGF]HQLHP ZVND]XMHQDWR

7RP.HOO\ZNVLÈĝFH6]WXNDLQQRZDFMLZ\GDQHMZURNX 

(11)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

=DOHWÈEHQFKPDUNLQJXMHVWWRĝHJZDUDQWXMHLĝSRSU]HF]ND]RVWDMHXVWDZLRQD

UHDOQLHERQDSR]LRPLHRVLÈJDQ\PSU]H]LQQ\FKDOHZ\VWDUF]DMÈFRZ\VRNRER

SRGZSï\ZHPQDMDWUDNF\MQLHMV]\FKUR]ZLÈ]DñRUD]ĝHSRPDJDRQVWZRU]\ÊZILU

PLHNXOWXUÚRWZDUFLDQDQRZHSRP\Vï\LPRW\ZDFMÚDE\LPGRUöZQDÊ:DGÈļĝH

NDĝGHRJOÈGDQLHVLÚQDLQQ\FKSRGREQLHMDNQDĂODGRZQLFWZRSRSU]H]NRU]\VWD

QLH]OLFHQFMLZUR]ZRMXWHFKQLF]Q\P]DPLDVWWZRU]HQLDRU\JLQDOQ\FKUR]ZLÈ]Dñ

SR]ZDODZSUDZG]LHXWU]\PDÊZ\VRNLSR]LRPUR]ZRMXDOHEH]SRĂUHGQLRQLHGDMH

PRĝOLZRĂFLX]\VNDQLDSU]HZDJLQDGNRQNXUHQWDPL'ODWHJRF]ÚVWRXZDĝDVLÚĝH

EHQFKPDUNLQJWRQLHMHVWXF]HQLHVLÚRGLQQ\FKZGRVïRZQ\PWHJRVïRZD]QDF]H

QLXDOHREVHUZRZDQLHLQQ\FKDE\VDPHPX]URELÊWRLQDF]HMļOHSLHM

7DEHOD5RG]DMHEHQFKPDUNLQJX ZHGïXJ50đOOHUDL35XSSHUD

5RG]DM =DOHW\ :DG\

:HZQÚWU]Q\ ľ UHODW\ZQLH SURVWH X]\VNDQLH

GDQ\FK

ľ GREUH Z\QLNL PRĝQD X]\VNDÊ

W\ONR Zb ]G\ZHUV\ILNRZDQ\FK

ILUPDFK

ľ RJUDQLF]RQH SROH ZLG]HQLD ľ ZHZQÚWU]QH XSU]HG]HQLD

8NLHUXQNRZDQ\

QD NRQNXUHQFMÚ

ľ LQIRUPDFMH LVWRWQH JG\ĝ

REHMPXMÈ SRUöZQ\ZDOQH

SURGXNW\ L SURFHV\

ľ MHGQR]QDF]QH RNUHĂOHQLH

SR]\FML ZREHF NRQNXUHQFML

ľ WUXGQH X]\VNDQLH GDQ\FK ľ QLHEH]SLHF]HñVWZR

ķSRZLHODQLDĵ Z GDQHM

EUDQĝ\

)XQNFMRQDOQ\

] SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZDPL

VSR]D EUDQĝ\

ľ UHODW\ZQLH Z\VRNL SRWHQFMDï

LQQRZDF\MQ\FK UR]ZLÈ]Dñ ľ SRZLÚNV]HQLH VSHNWUXP

SRP\VïöZ

ľ WUXGQ\ WUDQVIHU ķREF\FK

HOHPHQWöZĵ GR ZïDVQHM

ILUP\

ľ F]DVRFKïRQQD DQDOL]D

7HUPLQķRUJDQL]DFMDXF]ÈFDVLÚĵPRĝQDX]QDÊZ]DVDG]LHļMDNWRF]ÚVWRRVWDW

QLRE\ZDZQDXNDFK]DU]ÈG]DQLDļ]DQRZHRNUHĂOHQLHGRVWU]HJDQHJRRGGDZQD

]MDZLVND SROHJDMÈFHJR QD NRQLHF]QRĂFL QDGÈĝDQLD ]D ]PLDQDPL Z RWRF]HQLX

SRSU]H]SURFHVLFKSR]QDZDQLDLPRG\ILNRZDQLDVZRMHMG]LDïDOQRĂFLSRGNÈWHP

QRZ\FKZ\PDJDñLZW\PVHQVLHFKRG]LZïDĂQLHRSURFHVXF]HQLDVLÚ1RZHVIRU

PXïRZDQLHPDSRGNUHĂOLÊV]F]HJöOQH]QDF]HQLHWHJRSURFHVXZZDUXQNDFKIXQN

FMRQRZDQLDZVSöïF]HVQ\FKSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZJG\ĝSURFHVWHQ]QDF]QLHVLÚQDVLOLï

: VHQVLH LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\P ķRUJDQL]DFMD XF]ÈFD VLÚĵ WR V\VWHP VSRïHF]Q\

PDMÈF\GREUÈVWUXNWXUÚNRPXQLNDFMLLLQIRUPDFMLXPRĝOLZLDMÈFÈLQWHUDNFMHPLÚ

G]\MHMXF]HVWQLNDPLJG\ĝRUJDQL]DFMDWDNDRSLHUDVLÚQDVXPLHZLHG]\NWöUÈ

G\VSRQXMÈ SRV]F]HJöOQL ZVSöïSUDFRZQLF\ ļ ZLHG]\ NWöUD MHVW FLÈJOH Z]ERJD

FDQDLUR]ZLMDQDZSURFHVLHMHMSR]\VNLZDQLDLZ]DMHPQHMZ\PLDQ\DQDVWÚSQLH

ķXGRVWÚSQLDQDĵ SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZX MDNR FDïRĂFL 'RW\F]\ WR QLH W\ONR SRZLÈ]Dñ

ZHZQÈWU]SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZDDOHLMHJRUHODFML]HZQÚWU]Q\FKFRZ\PDJDXVDPR

G]LHOQLHQLD ]DUöZQR SRV]F]HJöOQ\FK NRPöUHN RUJDQL]DFML MDN L XPLHMÚWQRĂFL

ZVSöïSUDF\]HZQÚWU]QHMDXWRQRPLF]Q\FKMHGQRVWHN]RWRF]HQLHPļMHGQRF]HVQHM

NRQNXUHQFMLLNRRSHUDFML

(12)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(

214

:RSLV\ZDQ\FKZDUXQNDFKSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZDNWöUHFKFÈSU]Hĝ\ÊPXV]ÈVWDÊ

VLÚ VSRïHF]QRĂFLÈ RGEORNRZDQÈ ļ SLV]H $. .RěPLñVNL   2VLÈJD VLÚ WR

SU]H]NRPSOHNVRZHRWZDUFLHQDRWRF]HQLH]HZQÚWU]QHRUD]XVXQLÚFLHMDNQDM

ZLÚNV]HMOLF]E\EDULHUZHZQÈWU]ILUP\FRXPRĝOLZLDEXGRZDQLHVLHFLLUR]ZLMDQLH

SUDF\]HVSRïRZHMDOHRF]\ZLĂFLHZ\PDJDZLHNV]HJR]DXIDQLDLUR]EXGRZ\ZDQLD

V\VWHPöZLQIRUPDF\MQ\FKVïXĝÈF\FKZ\PLDQLHZLHG]\

5\VXQHN3U]HGVLÚELRUVWZRRGEORNRZDQH

½UöGïR$..RěPLñVNL =DU]ÈGDQLHZZDUXQNDFKQLHSHZQRĂFL3RGUÚF]QLNGOD]DDZDQVRZDQ\FK, :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1:DUV]DZDV

%XGRZD SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD MDNR ķRUJDQL]DFML XF]ÈFHM VLÚĵ ZLÈĝH VLÚ ]DWHP

]bUR]ZRMHPSRWHQFMDïXOXG]NLHJRFRZ\PDJDVWZRU]HQLDZDUXQNöZGRLQG\ZL

dualnego podnoszenia kwalifikacji i zaprojektowania odpowiednich programów V]NROHQLD DOH MHGQRF]HĂQLH NRQLHF]QH MHVW VWZRU]HQLH ZïDĂFLZHM RUJDQL]DFML

ZHZQÚWU]QHM XPRĝOLZLDMÈFHM Z\]ZROHQLH NUHDW\ZQRĂFL -HVW QLÈ VWUXNWXUD WZR

U]RQDSU]H]HODVW\F]QH]HVSRï\]DGDQLRZHVNXSLRQHZRNöïZL]MLILUP\VSUDZLD

MÈFHMĝHZV]\VF\ZLHG]ÈGRNÈG]PLHU]DMÈļQD]\ZDQHWRE\ZDRUJDQL]DFMÈVLH

FLRZÈ7RSRGHMĂFLHZ\ZRïXMHNRQLHF]QRĂÊ]PLDQ\ZWUDG\F\MQHMRUJDQL]DFMLILUP

NWöUHMQLHRGïÈF]QÈF]ÚĂFLÈE\ïDKLHUDUFKLDXZDĝDQDGRWÈG]DF]\QQLNPRW\ZXMÈF\

OXG]LGR]ZLÚNV]DQLDZ\VLïNXLX]\VNLZDQ\FKHIHNWöZDE\]RVWDÊ]DXZDĝRQ\P

LbDZDQVRZDÊ-DNWZLHUG]ÈMHM]ZROHQQLF\ļGÈĝHQLHGRZVSLQDQLDVLÚSRV]F]HE

ODFKZïDG]\MHVWVWDï\PHOHPHQWHPQDWXU\OXG]NLHMZLÚFPRĝOLZRĂÊDZDQVXSLR

QRZHJRVWZDU]DPRW\ZDFMÚGRWZöUF]HMSUDF\3RQDGWRKLHUDUFKLDGDMHZLÚNV]È

ïDWZRĂÊNRRUG\QDFMLLNRQWUROLUR]SURV]RQ\FKG]LDïDñ2EHFQLHMHGQDNSU]\GDMH

VLÚZLÚNV]H]QDF]HQLHOXěQLHMV]\PSRZLÈ]DQLRPRFKDUDNWHU]HSR]LRP\PLb]H

(13)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

VSRï\SURMHNWRZHVWDMÈVLÚSRGVWDZRZ\PHOHPHQWHPZRNöïNWöUHJRQDVWÚSXMH

]RUJDQL]RZDQLHDNW\ZQRĂFLILUP\=DĂRGSUDFRZQLNöZZ\PDJDVLÚDE\VWDOLVLÚ

F]ïRQNDPLVLHFLWZRU]RQHM]WDNLFK]HVSRïöZZNWöUHMNDĝG\]bQLFKUHSUH]HQWXMH

RNUHĂORQH]DVRE\ZLHG]\GRĂZLDGF]HQLDLLQIRUPDFML

5\VXQHN(WDS\]DU]ÈG]DQLDZLHG]ÈZRUJDQL]DFML

Lokalizowanie wiedzy

Pozyskiwanie wiedzy

Zachowywanie wiedzy

Wykorzystywanie wiedzy

Rozwijanie wiedzy

Dzielenie się wiedzą i rozpowszechnianie

jej

3RSU]H]VLHÊSRZLÈ]DñPRJÈRQHE\ÊXGRVWÚSQLRQHLQQ\PZWUDNFLHZVSöï

SUDF\UöĝQ\FKVSHFMDOLVWöZSU]\UHDOL]DFMLRNUHĂORQ\FK]DGDñLQDVWÚSXMHļZVSR

PQLDQHZ\ĝHMļXWUZDODQLHSDPLÚFLSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD$XWRQRPLDSUDFRZQLNöZ

LSU]HGVLÚELRUF]RĂÊWRREHFQLHQDMZDĝQLHMV]DFHFKDNWöUDPXVLFKDUDNWHU\]RZDÊ

NDGUÚ SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD X]\VNXMÈFHJR GREUH HIHNW\ =HVSRï\ Z\ELHUDMÈ VZRLFK

OLGHUöZDOHUROHOLGHUöZPRJÈE\Ê]PLHQLDQHZF]DVLHFR]DVDGQLF]R]PLHQLD

V\VWHP PRW\ZDFML JG\ĝ MXĝ QLH DZDQV SLRQRZ\ DOH QDE\ZDQLH GRĂZLDGF]HQLD

ZbWUDNFLHUHDOL]DFML]DGDñWZRU]\NDULHUÚ]DZRGRZÈSROHJDMÈFÈQDW\PĝHSUD

FRZQLNķDZDQVXMHĵRWU]\PXMÈFFRUD]EDUG]LHMVNRPSOLNRZDQH]DGDQLDGRZ\NR

QDQLDLFRUD]SRZDĝQLHMV]HUROHGRVSHïQLHQLD]JRGQLH]MHJRGRĂZLDGF]HQLHP

LbDVSLUDFMDPL:NRQVHNZHQFMLODQVXMHVLÚREHFQLHSRJOÈGĝHFHOHPSU]HGVLÚELRU

VWZDQLHSRZLQQRE\ÊĂFLVïHNRQWURORZDQLHSUDFRZQLNöZFR]DSHZQLDï\VWUXNWXU\

KLHUDUFKLF]QHDOHļMDNMXĝPöZLOLĂP\ļVWZRU]HQLHWDNLHJRV\VWHPXĝHE\VDP\P

SUDFRZQLNRP ]DOHĝDïR QD Z\SURGXNRZDQLX MDN QDMOHSV]HJR SURGXNWX G]LÚNL

WZRU]HQLXDWPRVIHU\RGSRZLHG]LDOQRĂFLRSLHUDMÈFHMVLÚQD]DXIDQLXPLÚG]\SUD

FRZQLNDPL L LFK SU]HïRĝRQ\PL RUD] UR]ZLQLÚWHM SRWU]HELH V]NROHQLD VLÚ NDGU\

:QRZHMRUJDQL]DFMLUHODFMHPLÚG]\OXG]NLHFKDUDNWHU\]XMÈVLÚHODVW\F]QRĂ- FLÈ EOLVNRĂFLÈ L RWZDUWRĂFLÈ ]QLNDMÈ Z SHZQ\P VHQVLH OLQLH SRG]LDïX PLÚG]\

SU]HïRĝRQ\PLDSRGZïDGQ\PLRUD]SURGXFHQWDPLLRGELRUFDPLJG\ĝGRĂZLDG- F]HQLDZV]\VWNLFKVÈZ]DMHPQLHSU]HND]\ZDQH

/LWHUDWXUD

%RJGDQLHQNR-,QQRZDF\MQRĂÊSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZZ\G:\GDZQLFWZR80.7RUXñ

.HOO\76]WXNDLQQRZDFML, 07%L]QHV:DUV]DZD

.RěPLñVNL $. =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z ZDUXQNDFK QLHSHZQRĂFL 3RGUÚF]QLN GOD ]DDZDQVRZDQ\FK, :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1:DUV]DZD

0đOOHU55XSSHU33URFHVV5HHQJLQHHULQJ$VWUXP:URFïDZ

(14)

$QGU]HM -DVLñVNL

 352&(6< ,112:$&<-1( : 25*$1,=$&-,

,QQRZDFMDVWDQRZLVHGQRSURFHVX]ZLÈ]DQHJR]RGQDZLDQLHPWHJRFRRUJD

QL]DFMD RIHUXMH MHM SURGXNWöZ LOXE XVïXJ  RUD] VSRVREöZ LFK JHQHURZDQLD

LbGRVWDUF]DQLD5R]UöĝQLDP\]DWHPWU]\URG]DMHLQQRZDFMLSURGXNWRZH QRZH

SURGXNW\  SURFHVRZH QRZH SURFHV\ SURGXNF\MQH  L XVïXJRZH QRZH XVïXJL 

2F]\ZLĂFLHQLHNDĝGD GUREQD QRZRĂÊ]DVïXJXMHQDPLDQRLQQRZDFML

,QQRZDFMHSURGXNWRZHLSURFHVRZHVÈWRGZLHRGPLDQ\LQQRZDFMLWHFKQLF]

QHM SU]H] NWöUÈ UR]XPLHP\ SLHUZV]H KDQGORZH ZSURZDG]HQLH ]DVWRVRZDQLH  QRZHJRSURGXNWXSURFHVXV\VWHPXOXEXU]ÈG]HQLD

:\UöĝQLDP\UöZQLHĝLQQRZDFMHRUJDQL]DF\MQHFKRG]LWXWDMR]PLDQ\ZRUJD

QL]DFMLSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZDF]\RUJDQL]DFMLSUDF\,QQRZDFMHRUJDQL]DF\MQHF]ÚVWR

WRZDU]\V]ÈWHFKQLF]Q\PQDSU]\NïDGFDïNRZLFLHQRZDRUJDQL]DFMDZ\G]LDïXSUR

GXNF\MQHJRILUP\SU]HVWDZLDMÈFHMVLÚQD]XSHïQLHQRZÈWHFKQLNÚZ\WZDU]DQLD1 'UXJL]DVDGQLF]\SRG]LDïUR]UöĝQLDLQQRZDFMH D WUDQVIRUPDF\MQH E UDG\

NDOQH L F  SU]\URVWRZH -DNR SU]\NïDG PRĝQD SRGDÊ NROHMQR D  WHOHIRQ E  WHOHIRQNRPöUNRZ\RUD] F WHOHIRQNRPöUNRZ\]RELHNW\ZHPIRWRJUDILF]Q\P

-HĂOLWHUD]SRïÈF]\P\REDRPöZLRQHSRG]LDï\RWU]\PDP\WDN]ZDQÈSU]HVWU]Hñ

LQQRZDF\MQÈ0RĝQDMÈJUDILF]QLHSU]HGVWDZLÊMDNQDU\VXQNX

5\VXQHN:\PLDU\SU]HVWU]HQLLQQRZDF\MQHM

3URFHV\LQQRZDF\MQHZRUJDQL]DFML



,QQRZDFMDVWDQRZLVHGQRSURFHVX]ZLą]DQHJR]RGQDZLDQLHPWHJRFRRUJDQL]DFMDRIHUXMH

MHM SURGXNWyZ LOXE XVáXJ  RUD] VSRVREyZ LFK JHQHURZDQLD L GRVWDUF]DQLD 5R]UyĪQLDP\

]DWHP WU]\ URG]DMH LQQRZDFML SURGXNWRZH QRZH SURGXNW\  SURFHVRZH QRZH SURFHV\

SURGXNF\MQH LXVáXJRZH QRZHXVáXJL 2F]\ZLĞFLHQLHNDĪGD GUREQD QRZRĞü]DVáXJXMHQD

PLDQRLQQRZDFML

,QQRZDFMHSURGXNWRZHLSURFHVRZHVąWRGZLHRGPLDQ\LQQRZDFMLWHFKQLF]QHMSU]H]NWyUą

UR]XPLHP\SLHUZV]HKDQGORZHZSURZDG]HQLH ]DVWRVRZDQLH QRZHJRSURGXNWXSURFHVX

V\VWHPXOXEXU]ąG]HQLD

:\UyĪQLDP\ UyZQLHĪ LQQRZDFMH RUJDQL]DF\MQH FKRG]L WXWDM R ]PLDQ\ Z RUJDQL]DFML

SU]HGVLĊELRUVWZD F]\ RUJDQL]DFML SUDF\ ,QQRZDFMH RUJDQL]DF\MQH F]ĊVWR WRZDU]\V]ą

WHFKQLF]Q\P QD SU]\NáDG FDáNRZLFLH QRZD RUJDQL]DFMD Z\G]LDáX SURGXNF\MQHJR ILUP\

SU]HVWDZLDMąFHMVLĊQD]XSHáQLHQRZąWHFKQLNĊZ\WZDU]DQLD

'UXJL ]DVDGQLF]\ SRG]LDá UR]UyĪQLD LQQRZDFMH D  WUDQVIRUPDF\MQH E  UDG\NDOQH L F  SU]\URVWRZH-DNRSU]\NáDGPRĪQDSRGDüNROHMQR D WHOHIRQ E WHOHIRQNRPyUNRZ\RUD] F 

WHOHIRQ NRPyUNRZ\ ] RELHNW\ZHP IRWRJUDILF]Q\P -HĞOL WHUD] SRáąF]\P\ RED RPyZLRQH

SRG]LDá\RWU]\PDP\WDN]ZDQąSU]HVWU]HĔLQQRZDF\MQą0RĪQDMąJUDILF]QLHSU]HGVWDZLü

MDNQDU\VXQNX



5\VXQHN:\PLDU\SU]HVWU]HQLLQQRZDF\MQHM



TUDQVIRUPDF\MQD



RDG\NDOQD



 PU]\URVWRZD



   

   PURGXNWRZDUVáXJRZDPURFHVRZD

ħUyGáR.3DYLWWLLQ0DQDJLQJLQQRYDWLRQ-:LOH\&KLFKHVWHU





'DOV]HUR]ZDĪDQLDGRW\F]ąZ\áąF]QLHLQQRZDFMLWHFKQLF]Q\FK

½UöGïR.3DYLWWLLQ, 0DQDJLQJLQQRYDWLRQ-:LOH\&KLFKHVWHU

,QQRZDFMHXZDĝDVLÚSRZV]HFKQLH]DSU]HMDZ\SRVWÚSXWHFKQLF]QHJRSU]H]

NWöU\ UR]XPLHP\ ķZSURZDG]DQLH QRZ\FK XGRVNRQDORQ\FK PHWRG SURGXNFML

Lb GRVNRQDOV]\FK QDU]ÚG]L SR]ZDODMÈF\FK QD RVLÈJDQLH ZLÚNV]\FK HIHNWöZ SUR

1 'DOV]HUR]ZDĝDQLDGRW\F]ÈZ\ïÈF]QLHLQQRZDFMLWHFKQLF]Q\FK

(15)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

GXNF\MQ\FK]]DVWRVRZDQLHPWHMVDPHMLORĂFLF]\QQLNöZSURGXNFMLOXEQDRVLÈ

JDQLH GRW\FKF]DVRZ\FK HIHNWöZ SU]\ ]DVWRVRZDQLX PQLHMV]HM LORĂFL ĂURGNöZĵ

((QF\NORSHGLD3RZV]HFKQD 

7ZRU]HQLHLQQRZDFMLRGE\ZDVLÚZUDPDFKG]LDïDOQRĂFLLQQRZDF\MQHMNWöUD

REHMPXMH ZLHOH G]LDïDñ R FKDUDNWHU]H QDXNRZ\P EDGDZF]\P  WHFKQLF]Q\P

RUJDQL]DF\MQ\PILQDQVRZ\PLKDQGORZ\P NRPHUF\MQ\P NWöUHPDMÈQDFHOX

RSUDFRZDQLHLZGURĝHQLHQRZ\FKOXELVWRWQLHXOHSV]RQ\FKSURGXNWöZLSURFH

VöZ:SUDNW\FHG]LDïDOQRĂÊWDMHVWZLHOFH]UöĝQLFRZDQD

:VSöïF]HĂQLHG]LDïDOQRĂÊLQQRZDF\MQDFRUD]F]ÚĂFLHMSU]HELHJD]JRGQLH]bPR

GHOHPķ]ZLÈ]DQHJRïDñFXFKDĵLQQRZDF\MQHJRZNWöU\PNOXF]RZH]QDF]HQLHGOD

rozwoju innowacjiRGJU\ZD]DNXPXORZDQDZLHG]DQDXNRZRWHFKQLF]QDļ]RE

U\VXQHN

5\VXQHN0RGHO]ZLÈ]DQHJRïDñFXFKD

½UöGïR6-.OLQH15RVHQEHUJ$QRYHUYLHZRILQQRYDWLRQV, National Press Academy, Washington



(16)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(



,QQRZDFMD MHVW SUDNW\F]Q\P UH]XOWDWHP SURFHVX D ZïDĂFLZLH ]ïRĝRQHJR

]ELRUXSURFHVöZNWöUHïÈF]QLHWZRU]ÈSURFHVLQQRZDF\MQ\Proces innowacyjny

ZZÈVNLPUR]XPLHQLXļSRZRïXMÈFVLÚQD:ïDG\VïDZD-DQDV]D  ļķ]DP\ND

VLÚZSU]HG]LDOHRGSLHUZV]HMNRQFHSFMLGRSLHUZV]HMUHDOL]DFML>@:W\PUR]X

mieniu, proces innowacyjny oznacza zmiany materialne i niematerialne elemen WöZZRNUHĂORQHMMHGQRVWFHJRVSRGDUF]HM%LHU]HVLÚWXSRGXZDJÚMHG\QLHFLÈJ

]GDU]HñZNWöU\PVWDQ\SR]QDZF]HVWDQRZLÈHOHPHQWLQQRZDFML3RGVWDZRZ\P

]GDU]HQLHPZWDNUR]XPLDQ\PSURFHVLHVWDMHVLÚZGURĝHQLHQRZHJRSURGXNWX

OXEUR]ZLÈ]DQLDZSUDNW\FHVSRïHF]QHMĵ

3URFHVLQQRZDF\MQ\ZV]HUV]\PUR]XPLHQLXVNïDGDVLÚ]QDVWÚSXMÈF\FKHWD

pów:

 VNDQRZDQLD RWRF]HQLD ]HZQÚWU]QHJR L ZHZQÚWU]QHJR  ļ GOD LGHQW\ILNDFML

V\JQDïöZU\QNRZ\FKLLQQ\FK

 VWUDWHJLF]QHJRZ\ERUXRSFML ZDULDQWX ļZFHOXUHDNFMLQD]LGHQW\ILNRZDQH

V\JQDï\

 Z\JRVSRGDURZDQLD SU]H]QDF]HQLD  ]DVREöZ SR]ZDODMÈF\FK RGSRZLHG]LHÊ

QDWHV\JQDï\

 LPSOHPHQWDFML SURMHNWX RG SRP\VïX GR ZSURZDG]HQLD QD U\QHN QRZHJR

SURGXNWXXVïXJL OXEZHZQÈWU]ILUP\ QRZ\SURFHVZ\WZöUF]\ ļZFHOXHIHN

W\ZQHMRGSRZLHG]LQDRZHV\JQDï\

 XF]HQLDVLÚQDW\PGRĂZLDGF]HQLXFRPDSURZDG]LÊGRXGRVNRQDOHQLDOXE

HZHQWXDOQLHUHLQQRZDFMLPRĝHWXFKRG]LÊQDSU]\NïDGRLQQRZDFMÚSU]\UR

VWRZÈ

6]F]HJöOQÈ UROÚ RGJU\ZD HWDS F]ZDUW\ VWDQRZL RQ R LVWRFLH SURFHVX LQQR

ZDF\MQHJR 7R WXWDM ZïDĂQLH PDMÈ PLHMVFH SUDFH EDGDZF]H %  UR]ZRMRZH

5  L ZGURĝHQLRZH :  0RĝQD MH RNUHĂOLÊ MDNR SRGHWDS\ 2QH ] NROHL XNïD

GDMÈ VLÚ ]Z\NOH Z RNUHĂORQ\ F\NO ]ZDQ\ F\NOHP UR]ZRMX QRZHM  WHFKQLNL

%5: 

1RZH Z\URE\ SRMDZLDMÈ VLÚ QD U\QNX Zb SRVWDFL RNUHĂORQHM SRGDĝ\ :b W\P

PRPHQFLHUR]SRF]\QDVLÚF\NOĝ\FLRZ\SURGXNWXXVïXJLMDNRSU]HMDZF\NOXĝ\FLD

QRZHM WHFKQLNL :\UöE SU]HFKRG]L Zb RNUHVLH VZRMHJR ĝ\FLD QD U\QNX QLHMDNR

SU]H]NLONDID]7\SRZ\SHïQ\F\NOĝ\FLRZ\SURGXNWXVNïDGDVLÚ]bQDVWÚSXMÈF\FK

HWDSöZZSURZDG]HQLHZ]URVWGRMU]DïRĂÊQDV\FHQLHLVFK\ïHN3RV]F]HJöOQHID]\

F\NOXRNUHĂODVLÚQDSRGVWDZLHZ\VRNRĂFLXWDUJöZ]HVSU]HGDĝ\GDQHJRZ\UREX

2EURW\RVLÈJDMÈPDNVLPXPZbVWDGLXPQDV\FHQLDMHGQDNVSU]HGDĝ]DF]\QDSU]\

QRVLÊ]\VNLGRSLHURQDSRF]ÈWNXID]\GUXJLHM1DOHĝ\]DXZDĝ\ÊĝHSLHUZV]DID]D

UR]SRF]\QDVLÚ]D]Z\F]DMZWHG\JG\MHV]F]HWUZDF\NOUR]ZRMRZ\Z\UREXZbMHJR

RVWDWQLHMID]LH3RQDGWRPDP\QLHMHGQRNURWQLHGRF]\QLHQLD]bQLHSHïQ\PF\NOHP

ĝ\FLRZ\PG]LHMHVLÚWDNZbZ\SDGNXGöEURbNUöWNRWUZDï\PSRS\FLHQDSU]\NïDG

WDN]ZDQ\FKDUW\NXïöZPRG\

:SUDNW\FH]DFKRG]ÈĂFLVïH]ZLÈ]NLPLÚG]\F\NOHPUR]ZRMXWHFKQLNLDbF\NOHP

ĝ\FLRZ\PZ\UREX ]REU\VXQHN -DNZLGDÊZ\VWÚSXMHFKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QD

FHFKDHNRQRPLNLG]LDïDOQRĂFLLQQRZDF\MQHMnajpierw przez pewien czas mamy

(17)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

GRF]\QLHQLD]bNRV]WDPLNWöUHSRF]ÈWNRZRZ\ND]XMÈQDZHWWHQGHQFMÚURVQÈFÈ

DbGRSLHURSRWHPSRMDZLDMÈVLÚGRFKRG\UöZQLHĝZ\ND]XMÈFHVWRSQLRZ\Z]URVW

Db QDVWÚSQLH VSDGHN 1D EDGDQLD SDWU]\ VLÚ ]Z\NOH SU]H] SU\]PDW NRV]WöZ QD

LQQRZDFMHļSU]H]SU\]PDWHIHNWöZ

5\VXQHN=DOHĝQRĂFLPLÚG]\F\NOHPUR]ZRMRZ\PDF\NOHPĝ\FLRZ\PSURGXNWX

½UöGïR2SUDFRZDQLHZïDVQHQDSRGVWDZLH':)RVWHU3ODQQLQJIRU3URGXFWVDQG0DUNHWV/RQJ

PDQ/RQGRQV )RVWHUSUH]HQWXMHNU]\ZÈF\NOXUR]ZRMRZHJRZRGZUöFRQHMSR]\FMLWR

MHVWSRZ\ĝHMRVL; 3K.RWOHU0DUNHWLQJ$QDOL]DSODQRZDQLHZGUDĝDQLHLNRQWUROD*HEHWKQHU

Lb6ND:DUV]DZDV ZF]ÚĂFLGRW\F]ÈFHMF\NOXĝ\FLRZHJR 

3URFHVRPLQQRZDF\MQ\PWRZDU]\V]\]MDZLVNRWUDQVIHUXWHFKQLNL-HVWRQF]Ú

VWRSRGVWDZÈLQQRZDFMLWHFKQLF]QHMDWDNĝHMHMQDVWÚSVWZHP7UDQVIHUWHFKQLNL

WHFKQRORJLL MHVWWRSU]HSï\ZV\VWHPDW\F]QHMZLHG]\GODZ\WZRU]HQLDSURGXNWX

]DVWRVRZDQLDSURFHVXOXEZ\NRQ\ZDQLDXVïXJOHF]QLHREHMPXMHWUDQVDNFMLRJUD

QLF]DMÈF\FKVLÚZ\ïÈF]QLHGRVSU]HGDĝ\F]\Z\QDMPXGöEU

-HGQ\P ] SU]HMDZöZ WHJR WUDQVIHUX MHVW G\IX]MD LQQRZDFML 3URFHV G\IX]ML

LQQRZDFML WHFKQLF]Q\FK UR]XPLHP\ QDVWÚSXMÈFR SR ZSURZDG]HQLX QRZHJR

wyrobu czy nowej technologii wytwarzania w danej organizacji, kolejni produ

FHQFL SRGHMPXMÈ VLÚ SURGXNFML WHJR Z\UREX OXE WHĝ DGDSWDFML WHM WHFKQRORJLL

Jest to GH IDFWR SURFHV NRSLRZDQLD QDĂODGRZQLFWZD '\IX]MD LQQRZDFML WUZD

GRWÈG GRNÈG SUDNW\F]QLH ZV]\VF\ SRWHQFMDOQL QDĂODGRZF\ SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZD  QLH UR]SRF]QÈ X VLHELH Z\WZDU]DQLD GDQHJR SURGXNWX F]\ VWRVRZDQLD GDQHM

(18)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(

220

WHFKQRORJLL SURGXNFML .ODV\F]QD NU]\ZD G\IX]ML MHVW SRND]DQD JUDILF]QLH QD

U\VXQNX

5\VXQHN.ODV\F]QDNU]\ZDG\IX]ML

WHFKQRORJLLSURGXNFML.ODV\F]QDNU]\ZDG\IX]MLMHVWSRND]DQDJUDILF]QLHQDU\VXQNX

5\VXQHN.ODV\F]QDNU]\ZDG\IX]ML



ħUyGáR*5RVHJJHU7KHHFRQRPLFVRISURGXFWLRQDQGLQQRYDWLRQ3HUJDPRQ3UHVV2[IRUG



 '\IX]MĊ WUDNWXMHP\ MDNR SRĪąGDQH GRSHáQLHQLH SRMDZLDMąF\FK VLĊ LQQRZDFML

WHFKQLF]Q\FK Z W\P VHQVLH ĪH LQQRZDFMD SU]\QLHVLH SHáQH HIHNW\ GRSLHUR ZWHG\ JG\

ZV]\VF\DSU]\QDMPQLHM]GHF\GRZDQDZLĊNV]RĞüSRWHQFMDOQ\FKQDĞODGRZFyZZGURĪ\GDQ\

SURGXNWF]\SURFHVSURGXNF\MQ\,QQRZDFMHERZLHPVąF]ĊVWRUH]XOWDWHPWUDQVIHUXWHFKQLNL

FKRü QLH ]DZV]H 1D SU]\NáDG QRZH UR]ZLą]DQLH QDXNRZRWHFKQLF]QH PRĪH SRZVWDü RG

SRF]ąWNXGRNRĔFDZGDQHMRUJDQL]DFML

2UJDQL]DFMD ILUPD  MHVW NOXF]RZ\P XF]HVWQLNLHP SURFHVX LQQRZDF\MQHJR ERZLHP ]

MHGQHMVWURQ\±]JáDV]DSRS\WQDQRZHUR]ZLą]DQLDQDXNRZRWHFKQLF]QHD]GUXJLHM±RIHUXMH

SRGDĪLQQRZDFMLWHFKQLF]Q\FK:VSyáF]HĞQLH]UHV]WąPRWRUHPSRVWĊSXWHFKQLF]QHJRQLHMHVW

ZEUHZ SR]RURP  QDXNRZLHF SODFyZND QDXNRZD  OHF] LQQRZDF\MQLH QDVWDZLRQ\

SU]HGVLĊELRUFD SU]HGVLĊELRUVWZRLQQRZDF\MQH 

(IHNW\ZQLH G]LDáDMąFD RUJDQL]DFMD JRVSRGDUF]D ± WR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP MHGQRVWND

SU]HGVLĊELRUF]D 3U]HGVLĊELRUF]RĞü ]NROHL ZLąĪH VLĊ ]NRQLHF]QRĞFLą ZSURZDG]DQLD ]PLDQ

QRZRĞFL ZG]LDáDOQRĞFLRUJDQL]DFMLD]DWHPMHGQRVWNDSU]HGVLĊELRUF]DPXVLE\üQDVWDZLRQD

QDLQQRZDFMHWHFKQLF]QHLRUJDQL]DF\MQH

$NW\ZQRĞü LQQRZDF\MQą WUDNWXMH VLĊ ZLĊF MDNR HOHPHQW SU]HGVLĊELRUF]RĞFL SU]\ F]\P

LQG\ZLGXDOQH SRVWDZ\ LQQRZDF\MQH SUDFRZQLNyZ ZDUXQNXMą SU]HGVLĊELRUF]RĞü

½UöGïR*5RVHJJHU7KHHFRQRPLFVRISURGXFWLRQDQGLQQRYDWLRQ3HUJDPRQ3UHVV2[IRUG

'\IX]MÚWUDNWXMHP\MDNRSRĝÈGDQHGRSHïQLHQLHSRMDZLDMÈF\FKVLÚLQQRZDFML

WHFKQLF]Q\FKZW\PVHQVLHĝHLQQRZDFMDSU]\QLHVLHSHïQHHIHNW\GRSLHURZWHG\

JG\ ZV]\VF\ D SU]\QDMPQLHM ]GHF\GRZDQD ZLÚNV]RĂÊ SRWHQFMDOQ\FK QDĂODGRZ

FöZZGURĝ\GDQ\SURGXNWF]\SURFHVSURGXNF\MQ\,QQRZDFMHERZLHPVÈF]ÚVWR

UH]XOWDWHPWUDQVIHUXWHFKQLNLFKRÊQLH]DZV]H1DSU]\NïDGQRZHUR]ZLÈ]DQLH

QDXNRZRWHFKQLF]QHPRĝHSRZVWDÊRGSRF]ÈWNXGRNRñFDZGDQHMRUJDQL]DFML

Organizacja (firma) jest kluczowym uczestnikiem procesu innowacyjnego, ERZLHP ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ ļ ]JïDV]D SRS\W QD QRZH UR]ZLÈ]DQLD QDXNRZRWHFK

QLF]QHD]GUXJLHMļRIHUXMHSRGDĝLQQRZDFMLWHFKQLF]Q\FK:VSöïF]HĂQLH]UHV]WÈ

PRWRUHPSRVWÚSXWHFKQLF]QHJRQLHMHVWZEUHZSR]RURPQDXNRZLHF SODFöZND

QDXNRZD OHF]LQQRZDF\MQLHQDVWDZLRQ\SU]HGVLÚELRUFD SU]HGVLÚELRUVWZRLQQR

ZDF\MQH 

(IHNW\ZQLH G]LDïDMÈFD RUJDQL]DFMD JRVSRGDUF]D ļ WR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP MHG

QRVWND SU]HGVLÚELRUF]D 3U]HGVLÚELRUF]RĂÊ ]b NROHL ZLÈĝH VLÚ ]b NRQLHF]QRĂFLÈ

ZSURZDG]DQLD ]PLDQ QRZRĂFL  Zb G]LDïDOQRĂFL RUJDQL]DFML Db ]DWHP MHGQRVWND

SU]HGVLÚELRUF]DPXVLE\ÊQDVWDZLRQDQDLQQRZDFMHWHFKQLF]QHLbRUJDQL]DF\MQH

$NW\ZQRĂÊ LQQRZDF\MQÈ WUDNWXMH VLÚ ZLÚF MDNR HOHPHQW SU]HGVLÚELRUF]RĂFL

SU]\F]\PLQG\ZLGXDOQHSRVWDZ\LQQRZDF\MQHSUDFRZQLNöZZDUXQNXMÈSU]HGVLÚ

ELRUF]RĂÊLQG\ZLGXDOQÈSRVWDZ\]ELRURZH]DĂļSU]HGVLÚELRUF]RĂÊFDïHM]DïRJL

ïÈF]QLH]bNDGUÈNLHURZQLF]È3RVWDZ\LQQRZDF\MQH]DUöZQRLQG\ZLGXDOQHMDN

Lb]ELRURZHSRMDZLDMÈVLÚZWHG\JG\SRV]F]HJöOQLSUDFRZQLF\RUD]FDïD]DïRJD

(19)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 221

]bNLHURZQLFWZHPRUJDQL]DFMLQDF]HOHZLG]ÈZbW\PLQWHUHVWR]QDF]\EÚG]LHVLÚ

LPWRRSïDFDÊEDUG]LHMQLĝLQQHG]LDïDQLDQDSU]\NïDGSRSU]H]Z]URVWFHQZ\WZD

U]DQ\FKSURGXNWöZ1DVWÈSLWRZWHG\NLHG\EÚGÈVLÚRQLVSRG]LHZDÊNRQNUHW

Q\FK NRU]\ĂFL ]b ]DFKRZDñ LQQRZDF\MQ\FK QRZDWRUVNLFK  OXE ]DJURĝHñ VWUDW  ]bW\WXïXSRVWDZ]DFKRZDZF]\FK

=QDF]HQLHLQQRZDFMLZ]UDVWDZUD]]QDVLODQLHPVLÚNRQNXUHQFMLļSUDNW\F]QLH

QD ZV]\VWNLFK U\QNDFK PLÚG]\QDURGRZ\FK NUDMRZ\FK L ORNDOQ\FK ,QQRZDFMD

VWDïDVLÚREHFQLH]DVDGQLF]\PLQVWUXPHQWHPNRQNXURZDQLD6WÈGMDNRRVWDWHF]Q\

MHMFHOSRZV]HFKQLHX]QDMHVLÚZ]PRFQLHQLHDSU]\QDMPQLHMXWU]\PDQLHSR]\FML

NRQNXUHQF\MQHMSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZDQDU\QNX-DNPöZL]QDQHSRZLHG]HQLHķ1LH

ZSURZDG]DÊLQQRZDFMLļ]QDF]\XPLHUDÊĵ

Organizacja zorientowana na innowacje albo inaczej RUJDQL]DFMD LQQRZD- F\MQD to taka, która:

ļ SURZDG]L Z V]HURNLP ]DNUHVLH SUDFH EDGDZF]RUR]ZRMRZH OXE GRNRQXMH

zakupów projektów nowych produktów czy technologii);

ļ SU]H]QDF]DQDWÚG]LDïDOQRĂÊVWRVXQNRZRZ\VRNLHQDNïDG\ILQDQVRZH

ļ V\VWHPDW\F]QLHZGUDĝDQRZHUR]ZLÈ]DQLDQDXNRZRWHFKQLF]QH

ļ UHSUH]HQWXMHGXĝ\XG]LDïQRZRĂFL Z\UREöZLWHFKQRORJLL ZZROXPHQLHSUR

GXNFMLLXVïXJ

ļ VWDOHZSURZDG]DLQQRZDFMHQDU\QHN

,QQRZDFMDMHVWSURFHVHPDQLHZ\UZDQ\P]NRQWHNVWX]GDU]HQLHPSRGGDMH

VLÚ ZLÚF ]DU]ÈG]DQLX =DU]ÈG]DQLH WR VSURZDG]D VLÚ MHGQDN GR RGG]LDï\ZDQLD

EDUG]LHM QD SURFHV QLĝ QD SRMHG\QF]H ]DFKRZDQLD -HGQRF]HĂQLH ]DU]ÈG]DQLH

LQQRZDFMÈ MHVW SURFHVHP XF]HQLD VLÚ XNLHUXQNRZDQ\P QD EXGRZDQLH L LQWH

JURZDQLH NOXF]RZ\FK HOHPHQWöZ WZRU]ÈF\FK HIHNW\ZQH VSRVRE\ WHJR ]DU]È

G]DQLD

=DU]ÈG]DQLHLQQRZDFMDPLWHĝWUDNWRZDQHMDNRSURFHV PD ZLHOHFKDUDNWH- U\VW\F]Q\FK FHFKZ\QLNDMÈF\FK]HVSHF\ILNLG]LDïDOQRĂFLLQQRZDF\MQHMDPLDQR

wicie:

ľ PDZ\PLDUVWUDWHJLF]Q\U]XWXMHQDPRĝOLZRĂFLSU]HWUZDQLDUR]ZRMXRUJDQL

]DFMLZGïXJLPRNUHVLH

ľ Z\NUDF]D SR]D GDQÈ RUJDQL]DFMÚ FKRFLDĝ ZGURĝHQLH QDVWÚSXMH ]D]Z\F]DM

ZbMHGQRVWFHSURGXNF\MQHM

ľ XF]HVWQLF]ÈZQLPSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHSUDFRZQLF\UöĝQ\FKSRGPLRWöZJRVSRGDU

F]\FKLRUöĝQ\FKVSHFMDOQRĂFLDFKRGQDXNRZFöZGRPDMVWUöZQDZ\G]LDOH

produkcyjnym;

ľ GRW\F]\ G]LDïDñ R UöĝQ\P FKDUDNWHU]H EDGDQLD QDXNRZH PDMÈ FKDUDNWHU

SUDF\ LQWHOHNWXDOQHM SUDFH ZGURĝHQLRZH EOLVNLH VÈ RSHUDFMRP SURGXNF\M

nym;

ľ GXĝRWUXGQLHMMHVWZ]ZLÈ]NX]W\PZ\FHQLÊZ\QLNLEDGDñQDXNRZ\FKQLĝSUDF

ZGURĝHQLRZ\FK

3RQDGWRZ\PDJD]Z\NOHILQDQVRZDQLD]UöĝQ\FKěUöGHï ZHZQÚWU]Q\FKLb]H

ZQÚWU]Q\FK 

(20)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(

222

3XQNWHPZ\MĂFLDLMHGQRF]HĂQLHSRGVWDZRZ\PHOHPHQWHP]DU]ÈG]DQLDG]LD

ïDOQRĂFLÈLQQRZDF\MQÈMHVWRSUDFRZDQLHLUHDOL]DFMDVWUDWHJLLLQQRZDF\MQHMSU]HG

VLÚELRUVWZD6WUDWHJLDLQQRZDF\MQD, albo inaczej: techniczna, zwana czasami stra

WHJLÈEDGDZF]RUR]ZRMRZÈ FRMHGQDN]DZÚĝDMHM]DNUHV WRGïXJRIDORZ\SODQ

UR]ZRMX WHFKQLF]QHJR RUJDQL]DFML L MHM SURGXNWöZXVïXJ : GXĝ\FK L ZLHONLFK

RUJDQL]DFMDFKPDRQD]D]Z\F]DMVIRUPDOL]RZDQ\FKDUDNWHU:PDï\FKLĂUHGQLFK

VÈWRWDN]ZDQHVWUDWHJLHLQWXLF\MQH

3U]\VWÚSXMÈFGRRSUDFRZ\ZDQLDVWUDWHJLLLQQRZDF\MQHMQDOHĝ\ļMDNVXJHUXMH

$3RP\NDOVNL  ļRGSRZLHG]LHÊFRQDMPQLHMQDSLÚÊS\WDñ

 *G]LHWHUD]MHVWHĂP\"  $QDOL]DV\WXDFMLU\QNRZHM

 *G]LHFKFHP\E\Ê"  $QDOL]D]DVREöZLRWRF]HQLD

 -DNWDPGRMG]LHP\"  :\EöUURG]DMXVWUDWHJLL

 .WöU\VSRVöEMHVWQDMOHSV]\"  .U\WHULDILQDQVRZHLQLHILQDQVRZH

 -DN]ZLÚNV]\ÊSHZQRĂÊUHDOL]DFML"  :GUDĝDQLHLNRQWURODVWUDWHJLL

-DNRQDMZDĝQLHMV]\QDOHĝ\X]QDÊHWDSWU]HFL7XERZLHPGRNRQXMHVLÚZ\ERUX

WHFKQRORJLLDZïDĂFLZLHGURJLUR]ZRMXWHFKQLF]QHJRRUJDQL]DFML:\ERUXQRZHM

WHFKQLNLPRĝQDGRNRQDÊZGZöFKID]DFK

ľ DQDOL]\WHFKQLF]QHM DQDOL]DFHOXZ\NRU]\VWDQLDQRZHMWHFKQLNL RUD]

ľ DQDOL]\HNRQRPLF]QHM DQDOL]DHIHNW\ZQRĂFLHNRQRPLF]QHMQRZHMWHFKQRORJLL

ZZDUXQNDFKU\QNRZ\FK 

=HVWUDWHJLLGRSLHURSRZLQQRZ\QLNDÊ]DU]ÈG]DQLHG]LDïDOQRĂFLÈLQQRZDF\MQÈ

QDELHĝÈFR=DU]ÈG]DQLHLQQRZDFMDPLSROHJDļZHGïXJ:-DQDV]D  ļQD

RGG]LDï\ZDQLX QD SU]HELHJ NLHUXQHN VNDOÚ L QDWÚĝHQLH  SURFHVöZ LQQRZDF\M

Q\FKF]\OLZ\ZRï\ZDQLXSRVWXORZDQ\FK]PLDQ

3URFHV\LQQRZDF\MQHPDMÈPLHMVFHZRNUHĂORQ\PNRQWHNĂFLHRUJDQL]DF\MQ\P

,QQRZDFMD WHFKQLF]QD SRWU]HEXMH GREUHM RUJDQL]DFML GREUHJR NOLPDWX RUJDQL

]DF\MQHJRZVSDUFLDZHZQÈWU]RUJDQL]DFML6WUXNWXU\VSU]\MDMÈFHLQQRZDFMRPWR

VWUXNWXU\HODVW\F]QHSïDVNLHSURVWHWZRU]RQHad hocQDF]DVSU]HGVLÚZ]LÚFLD

F]ÚVWRRFKDUDNWHU]HSURMHNWRZ\POXE]DGDQLRZ\P

,QQRZDFMD Z\PDJD ZïDĂFLZHM RUJDQL]DFML ]DVREöZ ILUP\ U]HF]RZ\FK OXG]

NLFK L ILQDQVRZ\FK RUD] LQIRUPDF\MQ\FK 3RZV]HFKQLH XZDĝD VLÚ ĝH ] SXQNWX

ZLG]HQLD G]LDïDOQRĂFL LQQRZDF\MQHM QDMZDĝQLHMV]\P ]DVREHP VWUDWHJLF]Q\P

RUJDQL]DFMLQLHMHVWļZEUHZSR]RURPļWHFKQRORJLDF]\QRZDWHFKQRORJLDOHF]

F]\QQLNOXG]NL&KRG]LWXWDMRNDGUÚ]DUöZQRNLHURZQLF]ÈMDNLLQĝ\QLHU\MQR

WHFKQLF]QÈ.DGUÚSRZLQQDFHFKRZDÊWZöUF]DSRVWDZDSURZDG]ÈFDGRFLÈJï\FK

]PLDQ WHFKQLF]Q\FKLRUJDQL]DF\MQ\FK 

6XNFHV PHQHGĝHUöZ Z G]LDïDOQRĂFL LQQRZDF\MQHM MHVW X]DOHĝQLRQ\ RG ZLHOX

FHFKNWöUHSRZLQQLZVRELHXNV]WDïWRZDÊ1DMZDĝQLHMV]H]QLFKZHGïXJ-HU]HJR

Bogdanienko (2004) to:

ļ VNXWHF]QHNRPXQLNRZDQLHVLÚ

ļ SURDNW\ZQDSRVWDZDSROHJDMÈFDQDVWDïHMJRWRZRĂFLGR]PLDQ

(21)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

ļ ]GROQRĂÊGRWZRU]HQLDNRDOLFMLLSR]\VNLZDQLD]ZROHQQLNöZ

ļ QDVWDZLHQLHQDRVLÈJDQHZ\QLNLDQLHQDSU]\SRGREDQLHVLÚLQQ\P

ļ XPLHMÚWQRĂÊQLHXVWDQQHJRXF]HQLDVLÚQRZ\FK]DFKRZDñWHFKQRORJLLLVSRVR

EöZG]LDïDQLD

8GDQH]DU]ÈG]DQLHLQQRZDFMDPL]DOHĝ\EDUG]LHMRGSR]QDQLDL]UR]XPLHQLD

WHJRFRG]LHMHVLÚSR]DGDQÈRUJDQL]DFMÈ WRMHVWQDU\QNXZVHNWRU]HEDGDñ

LbUR]ZRMX %5 ZV]NROQLFWZLH]DJUDQLFÈ QLĝZMHMZQÚWU]X3RWU]HEQ\MHVW

]DWHPVNXWHF]Q\PDUNHWLQJNWöU\WUDNWXMHP\FDïRĂFLRZRMDNREDGDQLDPDUNHWLQ

JRZHSOXVG]LDïDQLDPDUNHWLQJRZH2F]\ZLĂFLHZGURĝHQLHQRZHJRUR]ZLÈ]DQLD

QDXNRZRWHFKQLF]QHJRPD]D]Z\F]DMPLHMVFHZSLRQLHSURGXNF\MQ\PSU]HGVLÚ

ELRUVWZD1LH]EÚGQDMHVWZLÚFGREUDRUJDQL]DFMDSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZDLVSUDZQHMHJR

IXQNFMRQRZDQLH

/LWHUDWXUD

%RJGDQLHQNR- UHG ,QQRZDF\MQRĂÊSU]HGVLÚELRUVWZ80.Z7RUXQLX7RUXñ

(QF\NORSHGLD3RZV]HFKQD3:1:DUV]DZD

-DQDV]:,QQRZDF\MQHVWUDWHJLHUR]ZRMXSU]HP\VïX:\GDZQLFWZR86]6]F]HFLQ

-DVLñVNL$+,QQRZDFMHLWUDQVIHUWHFKQLNLZSURFHVLHWUDQVIRUPDFML, Wydawnictwo Difin, War

V]DZD

3RP\NDOVNL$=DU]ÈG]DQLHLQQRZDFMDPL:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1:DUV]DZD

(22)

$QGU]HM 3 :LDWUDN

 =$5=k'=$1,( -$.2¥&,k

'HILQLRZDQLHMDNRĂFLLZ\PRJLZW\P]DNUHVLH]PLHQLDMÈVLÚZUD]]UR]ZR

MHPVSRïHF]QRJRVSRGDUF]\P:RUJDQL]DFMDFKSU]HNïDGDVLÚWRQDUHDOL]RZDQH

VWUDWHJLHREHMPXMÈFHLFKIXQNFMRQRZDQLHLZ\QLNDMÈFH]QLFKRF]HNLZDQLDZREHF

MDNRĂFL RUD] ]DU]ÈG]DQLD QLÈ =QDMGXMH WR RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH Z SRJOÈGDFK QD

]DU]ÈG]DQLHMDNRĂFLÈZRUJDQL]DFML3U]\NïDGHPPRJÈE\ÊQDVWÚSXMÈFHSRJOÈG\

NODV\NöZMDNRĂFL

--XUDQļMDNRĂÊMHVW]GROQRĂFLÈGRXĝ\FLDOXE]DVWRVRZDQLD]DSHZQLDMÈFÈVSHï

QLHQLHSU]H]SURGXNWOXEXVïXJÚSRNïDGDQ\FKZQLPFHOöZPRĝOLZ\FKGRRVLÈJ

QLÚFLDSRSU]H]UHDOL]DFMÚRGSRZLHGQLFKSURMHNWöZGRVNRQDOHQLD3RGVWDZÈMDNR

ĂFLVÈWU]\SURFHV\SODQRZDQLHMDNRĂFLNRQWURODMDNRĂFLLGRVNRQDOHQLHMDNRĂFL

W]Z7U\ORJLD-XUDQD 

3K%&URVE\ļMDNRĂÊWR]JRGQRĂÊ]Z\PRJDPLRSDUWDQDNXOWXU]HRUJDQL]DFML

U]HWHOQRĂFLSURIHVMRQDOL]PLHZVSöïSUDF\LHW\FHZV]\VWNLFKSUDFRZQLNöZRUD]

EH]XVWHUNRZHMSUDF\3RGVWDZÈWHMNRQFHSFMLVÈF]WHU\DEVROXW\MDNRĂÊRNUHĂOD

VLÚ MDNR ]JRGQRĂÊ ]H VSHF\ILNDFMÈ L VSHïQLHQLHP RNUHĂORQ\FK Z\PDJDñ Z W\P

Z\PDJDñQDE\ZFöZMDNRĂÊRVLÈJDVLÚSU]H]SURILODNW\NÚDQLHSU]H]RFHQLDQLH

VWDQGDUGMDNRĂFLR]QDF]DEUDNXVWHUHN ]HUREïÚGöZOXEGHIHNWöZ RUD]MDNRĂÊ

RFHQLDVLÚNRV]WHPEUDNX]JRGQRĂFL]HVSHF\ILNDFMÈDQLHZVNDěQLNDPL

$9)HLJHQEDXPļE\ïWZöUFDMDNRĂFLWRWDOQHMRNUHĂODMÈFHM]ELRUF]ÈFKDUDNWH

U\VW\NÚSURGXNWXLVHUZLVX]XZ]JOÚGQLHQLHPPDUNHWLQJXSURMHNWXZ\NRQDQLD

L XWU]\PDQLD ’ÈF]QH XMPRZDQLH W\FK F]\QQLNöZ SRZRGXMH ĝH GDQ\ SURGXNW

LbVHUZLVVSHïQLDMÈRF]HNLZDQLDXĝ\WNRZQLND

:('HPLQJļRNUHĂODMDNRĂÊMDNRSU]HZLG\ZDQ\VWRSLHñMHGQRURGQRĂFLLQLH

]DZRGQRĂFLSU]\PRĝOLZLHQLVNLFKNRV]WDFKLGRSDVRZDQLXGRZ\PDJDñU\QNX

RSDUW\QDWU]HFK]DVDGDFK]RULHQWRZDQLHQDNOLHQWDFLÈJïHGRVNRQDOHQLHLV\VWH

PRZH XMÚFLH 3RGHMĂFLH WR XMPXMH V\VWHP 3&'$ WDN ]ZDQH .RïR 'HPLQJD), NWöU\ MHVW SRGVWDZÈ NRPSOHNVRZHJR XMÚFLD MDNRĂFL L VWDïHJR MHM GRVNRQDOHQLD

SRSU]H]SRGHMPRZDQHG]LDïDQLDLGÈĝHQLDGR]PLDQ SRUU\VXQHN 

=DU]ÈG]DQLHMDNRĂFLÈZRUJDQL]DFMLVSURZDG]DVLÚGR]DSHZQLHQLDFHFKSUR- GXNWX OXEXVïXJL NWöUHGHF\GXMÈRLFK]GROQRĂFLGR]DVSRNRMHQLDVWZLHUG]R- Q\FKOXESRWHQFMDOQ\FKSRWU]HERGELRUFöZDOHWDNĝHLRUJDQL]DFML QDSU]\NïDG

Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR MHM UHQWRZQRĂFL  : ]ZLÈ]NX ] W\P SRGHMPRZDQH G]LDïDQLD

VïXĝÈ]DSHZQLHQLXMDNRĂFLSRSU]H]LFKXNLHUXQNRZDQLHQD

ľ SURGXNFMÚļGRWU]\PDQLHZSURGXNFML]DïRĝRQ\FKZDUWRĂFLSRGDQ\FKZVSH

cyfikacjach;

ľ SURGXNWļMDNRREHFQRĂÊRNUHĂORQ\FKVNïDGQLNöZFKDUDNWHU\VW\NZ\UREXLWS

(23)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

ľ Xĝ\WNRZQLNDļ]DVSRNRMHQLHMHJRSRWU]HE

ľ ZDUWRĂÊļMDNRĂÊMDNRSRUöZQDQLHRWU]\PDQHMNRU]\ĂFLGRSRGDQHMFHQ\

5\VXQHN6WDï\F\NOSRGQRV]HQLDMDNRĂFL V\VWHP3'&$

Sprawdź (check)

Wykonaj (do) Zaplanuj (plan)

Działaj (act)

½UöGïR2SUDFRZDQRQDSRGVWDZLH$+DPURO=DU]ÈG]DQLHMDNRĂFLÈ]SU]\NïDGDPL, Wydawnictwo 1DXNRZH3:1:DUV]DZDV

6SRVöEGRFKRG]HQLDGRMDNRĂFLLIXQNFMRQRZDQLDRUJDQL]DFMLQDVWDZLRQHMQD

MDNRĂÊXND]XMH0RGHO'RVNRQDïRĂFL(XURSHMVNLHM)XQGDFML=DU]ÈG]DQLD-DNRĂ- FLÈ ((XURSHDQ )RXQGDWLRQ IRU 4XDOLW\ 0DQDJHPHQW ļ ()40  0RGHO WHQ MHVW

LQQRZDF\MQÈNRQFHSFMÈGRVNRQDOHQLDZHZQÈWU]RUJDQL]DF\MQHJRPDMÈFÈFKDUDN

WHUG\QDPLF]Q\2GE\ZDVLÚWRSRSU]H]XF]HQLHVLÚLLQQRZDFMHNWöUHSRZRGXMÈ

Z]URVWSRWHQFMDïXDWHQ]NROHLZSï\ZDQDRVLÈJDQHZ\QLNLLGRVNRQDOHQLHMDNR

ĂFL0RGHOWHQRSLHUDVLÚQD

ľ NU\WHULDFKļREHMPXMÈF\FKQDMZDĝQLHMV]HREV]DU\IXQNFMRQRZDQLDRUJDQL]D

FMLLHIHNWöZMHMUHDOL]DFML SRUU\VXQHN  ľ ]DVDGDFK]DU]ÈG]DQLDMDNRĂFLÈ

.U\WHULDļREHMPXMÈFHZV]\VWNLHREV]DU\IXQNFMRQRZDQLDRUJDQL]DFMLLHIHN

WöZMHMUHDOL]DFMLVNïDGDMÈVLÚ]GZöFKJUXS

ľ 3RWHQFMDï RUJDQL]DFML WR MHVW SU]\ZöG]WZR ]DU]ÈG]DQLD OXGěPL SROLW\ND

LbVWUDWHJLDRUD]]DVRE\LSURFHV\

ľ :\QLNL RUJDQL]DFML, to jest satysfakcja pracowników, satysfakcja klientów, ZSï\ZQDVSRïHF]HñVWZRRUD]NOXF]RZHZ\QLNLG]LDïDOQRĂFLRUJDQL]DFML

0RGHOWHQQLHQDU]XFDJRWRZ\FKUR]ZLÈ]DñDWZRU]\UDP\RVLÈJDQLDGRVNR

QDïRĂFL:\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\MHVWZFHOXVW\PXORZDQLDLZVSLHUDQLDG]LDïDñXVSUDZ

QLDMÈF\FK SU]H] HXURSHMVNLH RUJDQL]DFMH :DUXQNLHP MHJR ZGURĝHQLD MHVW ]UR

]XPLHQLH]DDNFHSWRZDQLHLSU]\MÚFLHZGDQHMRUJDQL]DFMLRĂPLXQDVWÚSXMÈF\FK

]DVDG]DU]ÈG]DQLDMDNRĂFLÈ ]DVDGGRVNRQDïRĂFL 

 =RULHQWRZDQLHQDNOLHQWDļSRSU]H]

 ļ EDGDQLHVDW\VIDNFMLNOLHQWDRUD]]UR]XPLHQLHREHFQ\FKLSU]\V]ï\FKMHJR

potrzeb,

 ļ RVLÈJQLÚFLHGXĝHJRXG]LDïXZU\QNX

 3U]\ZöG]WZRLVWDïRĂÊFHOöZFRïÈF]\VLÚ]

(24)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(



5\VXQHN0RGHOGRVNRQDïRĂFLRUJDQL]DFMLZHGïXJ()40

Przywództwo 100 pkt.

(10%)

Zarządzanie ludźmi 90 pkt. (9%)

Polityka i strategia 80 pkt. (8%)

Zasoby 90 pkt. (9%)

Procesy 140 pkt.

(14%)

Satysfakcja pracowników

90 pkt. (9%)

Satysfakcja klientów

200 pkt.

(20%)

Wpływ na społeczeństwo

60 pkt. (6%)

Wyniki działalności

150 pkt.

(15%)

Potencjał – 500 pkt. (50%) Wyniki – 500 pkt. (50%) Innowacje i uczenie się

½UöGïR$+DPURO=DU]ÈG]DQLHMDNRĂFLÈ]SU]\NïDGDPL, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa

V

 ļ VWZRU]HQLHPPLVMLLFHOöZRUJDQL]DFMLRUD]NLHUXQNöZMHMUR]ZRMXLZDUWR

ĂFLNLHURZDQ\FKQDU\QHN

 ļ LQVSLURZDQLHPLPRW\ZRZDQLHPSUDFRZQLNöZ

 5R]ZöML]DDQJDĝRZDQLHSUDFRZQLNöZļSRSU]H]

 ļ VWZRU]HQLH ]DVDG\ ZVSöïXF]HVWQLF]HQLD SUDFRZQLNöZ Z UHDOL]DFML FHOöZ

strategicznych,

 ļ ]DDQJDĝRZDQLHZSURFHVDFKSRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]ML

 ļ FLÈJïHXF]HQLHVLÚLZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLHLFKZLHG]\

 3RGHMĂFLHSURFHVRZHļREHMPXMÈFH

 ļ ]LGHQW\ILNRZDQLHSURFHVöZLRNUHĂOHQLDNU\WHULöZRFHQ\LFKVNXWHF]QRĂFL

LVSUDZQRĂFL

 ļ GRVNRQDOHQLHSURFHVöZGODSRSUDZ\Z\GDMQRĂFLLRSïDFDOQRĂFL

 ļ HIHNW\ZQH Z\NRU]\VWDQLH ]DVREöZ L RSW\PDOL]RZDQLH F\NOöZ SURGXNF\M

nych;

 3RGHMĂFLHV\VWHPRZHļSRSU]H]

 ļ ïÈF]HQLHSURFHVöZLLFKZVSöïG]LDïDQLHZV\VWHPLHRUJDQL]DFML

 ļ RNUHĂOHQLHL]UR]XPLHQLHVSU]ÚĝHñ]ZURWQ\FKPLÚG]\SURFHVDPLLSRGV\

stemami organizacji;

 &LÈJïHGRVNRQDOHQLHLLQQRZDFMHļSRSU]H]

 ļ XVWDQRZLHQLHSURFHVöZFLÈJïHJRGRVNRQDOHQLD

 ļ XVWDQRZLHQLH V\VWHPX ZVNDěQLNöZ RFHQ\ UHDOL]DFML FHOöZ RUD] VSRVREX

LbF]DVXLFKSRSUDZ\

(25)

5R]G]LDï  =DU]ÈG]DQLH Z NRQWHNĂFLH ]PLDQ 

 ļ GRVWDUF]HQLHSUDFRZQLNRPQDU]ÚG]LRUD]PRĝOLZRĂFLUR]ZLÈ]\ZDQLDSURE

lemów;

 5]HF]RZHLUDFMRQDOLVW\F]QHSRGHMĂFLHGRSRGHMPRZDQLDGHF\]MLļRSLHUDMÈFH

VLÚQD

 ļ V\VWHPDW\F]Q\P]ELHUDQLXLQIRUPDFMLLMHMSU]HWZDU]DQLX]DSRPRFÈX]QD

nych metod,

 ļ SRGHMPRZDQLXGHF\]MLLG]LDïDñNWöUHPDNV\PDOL]XMÈSURGXNW\ZQRĂÊLbPL

QLPDOL]XMÈVWUDW\

 5R]ZöMSDUWQHUVWZD]GRVWDZFDPL

5DFMRQDOQRĂÊ JRVSRGDURZDQLD ]DVREDPL REHMPXMH UöZQLHĝ PRW\ZRZDQLH

]DWUXGQLRQ\FKGRG]LDïDñQDU]HF]MDNRĂFLLWDNĝHLFKRGSRZLHG]LDOQRĂÊZW\P

Z]JOÚG]LH=DJDGQLHQLHWRSU]HGVWDZLDU\VXQHN

5\VXQHN  0RGHO V\VWHPX ]DU]ÈG]DQLD MDNRĂFLÈ Z RUJDQL]DFML ZHGïXJ QRUP\ ,62



Wyniki organizacji

Pomiary, analiza doskonalenie Zarządzanie

zasobami

Zadowolenie klienta

Wymagania klienta

Realizacja produktu Odpowiedzialność

kierownictwa

½UöGïR$GDSWRZDQR],62ļ6\VWHP\]DU]ÈG]DQLDMDNRĂFLÈ:\PDJDQLD 31(1,62

 

6WRVRZDQLHZ\PLHQLRQ\FK]DVDGLNU\WHULöZGRVNRQDïRĂFLRUJDQL]DFMLPDQD

FHOXRSW\PDOL]RZDQLHSURFHVöZZ\WZDU]DQLDUHDOL]DFMLSURGXNWöZZRUJDQL]DFML

LMHMIXQNFMRQRZDQLD:\QLNDWR]WHJRĝHMDNRĂÊZHZVSöïF]HVQ\P]DU]ÈG]DQLX

MDNRĂFLÈMHVWVSUDZÈFDïHMRUJDQL]DFMLSRF]\QDMÈFRGNLHURZQLFWZDLZ\]QDF]HQLD

FHOXVWUDWHJLF]QHJRDNRñF]ÈFQDUHDOL]DFML]DGDñQDNDĝG\PHWDSLHZ\WZDU]DQLD

LGRVWDUF]DQLDSURGXNWX SRUWDEHOD 7DNLHSRGHMĂFLHXZ]JOÚGQLD]DDQJDĝR

ZDQLHSUDFRZQLNöZLFKZVSöïSUDFÚLDNW\ZQRĂÊLQQRZDF\MQÈZ]DNUHVLHWZRU]H

QLDMDNRĂFLQDNDĝG\PHWDSLHSU]\JRWRZDQLDSURGXNWöZWRMHVW

=DSHZQLHQLD MDNRĂFL Z ID]LH SURMHNWRZDQLD SURGXNWX, a w tym procesów, REHMPXMHPLÚG]\LQQ\PLRSUDFRZDQLH]DïRĝHñWHFKQLF]Q\FKGRSURMHNWRZDQLD

(26)

25*$1,=$&-$ , =$5=k'=$1,( : =$5<6,(



na podstawie analizy rynku i innowacji, przeprowadzenie analizy technicznej SURMHNWX XVWDOHQLH MDNLH NRPSRQHQW\ EÚGÈ NXSRZDQH X GRVWDZFöZ D MDNLH

EÚGÈZ\NRQ\ZDQHZRUJDQL]DFMLRUD]XUXFKRPLHQLHVHULLSUöEQHMLHZHQWXDOQD

SRSUDZDZDG

=DSHZQLHQLDMDNRĂFLZID]LH]DRSDWU]HQLDNWöUHRSLHUDVLÚQDRFHQLHMDNRĂ

ciowej próbnej partii dostarczanych elementów, audycie u dostawcy w celu oceny MHJRV\VWHPXMDNRĂFLLPRĝOLZRĂFLSURGXNF\MQ\FKRUD]RSLQLLLQQ\FKRGELRUFöZ

SURGXNFMLRGRVWDZF\OXEWHĝ]DZLHU]HQLXSRVLDGDQ\PSU]H]GRVWDZFÚFHUW\ILND

WRPQDV\VWHPMDNRĂFLLZ\WZDU]DQHZ\URE\

=DSHZQLHQLDMDNRĂFLZID]LHWZRU]HQLDSURGXNWXļSRSU]H]ĂFLĂOHSU]HVWU]H

JDQLH Z SURFHVDFK Z\WZDU]DQLD XVWDOHñ Z ID]LH SURMHNWRZDQLD XWU]\P\ZDQLH

VWDELOQRĂFLSURFHVöZL]GROQRĂFLMDNRĂFLRZHM]DVREöZRUJDQL]DFMLRUD]QDG]RUR

ZDQLHMDNRĂFLGRVWDZ

=DSHZQLHQLDMDNRĂFLZID]LHVSU]HGDĝ\ļREHMPXMÈFHRFKURQÚMDNRĂFLZ\WZR

U]RQHMZSURFHVLHUHDOL]DFMLSURGXNWXSRSU]H]RFKURQÚSURGXNWXSU]HGXV]NR

G]HQLHPZSURFHVDFKPDJD]\QRZDQLDSDNRZDQLDLWUDQVSRUWXLWS

=DSHZQLHQLDMDNRĂFLZID]LHHNVSORDWDFMLSRSU]H]VLHÊREVïXJLJZDUDQF\MQHM

LbSRJZDUDQF\MQHMSU]HSURZDG]HQLHQDSUDZLXOHSV]HñNWöUHUR]ZLÈ]XMÈSRMD

ZLDMÈFHVLÚSUREOHP\ZID]LHXĝ\WNRZDQLD]DSHZQLHQLDEH]SLHF]HñVWZDSURGXN

WöZLWSDWDNĝHGRUDG]WZRLV]NROHQLHGODRGELRUFöZ

7DEHOD3RJOÈG\QD]DU]ÈG]DQLHMDNRĂFLÈ

7UDG\F\MQHXMÚFLH :VSöïF]HVQHXMÚFLH

ľ -DNRĂÊZLÈĝHVLÚ]SURGXNWHP ľ =DMDNRĂÊRGSRZLDGDG]LDïNRQWUROL

MDNRĂFLRUJDQL]DFML

ľ .RQWURODMDNRĂFLSURZDG]RQDMHVWSR

wytworzeniu produktu

ľ 'RVNRQDOHQLHMDNRĂFL]ZLÚNV]DNRV]W\

FDïNRZLWH

ľ 6\VWHP\MDNRĂFLRSDUWHQDNDUDFK

Z\]ZDODMÈPHFKDQL]P\RFKURQQH

ľ -DNRĂÊWRVSUDZDWHFKQLF]QDLIDFKRZD ľ -DNRĂÊQLHVWDQRZLQDMZDĝQLHMV]HJR

NU\WHULXPRFHQ\G\UHNFML]DU]ÈGX

organizacji

ľ -DNRĂÊZLÈĝHVLÚ]RUJDQL]DFMÈ ľ =DMDNRĂÊRGSRZLDGDMÈZV]\VWNLH

komórki organizacji

ľ 3URFHV]DU]ÈG]DQLDMDNRĂFLÈ]DF]\QDVLÚ

QDSRF]ÈWNXNDĝGHJRHWDSXUHDOL]DFML

produktu

ľ -DNRĂÊMHVWMHGQ\P]QDMZDĝQLHMV]\FK

instrumentów walki konkurencyjnej ľ 'ÈĝHQLHGR]DSHZQLHQLDMDNRĂFL

LQVSLUXMHGRDNW\ZQRĂFLLQQRZDF\MQHM

LbZ]PDFQLDZVSöïG]LDïDQLH ľ -DNRĂÊWRFHOVWUDWHJLF]Q\

ľ -DNRĂÊMHVWSRGVWDZRZ\PNU\WHULXP

RFHQ\G\UHNFML]DU]ÈGXRUJDQL]DFML

½UöGïR$.XSF]\N+.RUROHZVND0Uö]0&]HUZRQND5DG\NDOQH]PLDQ\ZILUPLH2GUHHQJL- QHHULQJXGRRUJDQL]DFMLXF]ÈFHMVLÚ:\GDZQLFWZR3UDZQR(NRQRPLF]QH,1)25:DUV]DZD

V

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

QLH SRZLQQD RJUDQLF]Dü VLĊ GR SU]HSURZDG]HQLD EDGDĔ DOH SRZLQQD

EH]SRĞUHGQLR SRGVWDZRZH FHOH RUJDQL]DFML QS NRPyUNL SURGXNF\MQH Z IDEU\FH OXE NRPyUND. JUXSXMąFDSURJUDPLVWyZZILUPLHLQIRUPDW\F]QHM

LFK IXQNFMRQRZDQLD 6:3% 3OXVHP WHJR W\SX V\VWHPX MHVW WR ĝH Z

Z\RGUčEQLRQHMDNRMHGHQ]REV]DUyZ]DU]ĈG]DQLDZ-67VWDQRZLĈF\VDPo- G]LHOQ\]DNUHV]DJDGQLHęRSLVDQ\FKSRSU]H]V]F]HJyãRZHNDWHJRULH NU\Weria) ]DU]ĈG]DQLD 15  2EV]DU

Prosty dowód ruchu postępowego Słońca.. Prędkość ruchu postępowego

Tt follows that even in such a situation as that of the North Sea, the notion of apportioning an as yet undelimited area, considered as a whole (which

(b) If the defendant organization rejects the proposal, the Registrar shall notify the complainant that the regular procedure shall be followed and instruct her or him to submit

Depuis l’image de la mère silencieuse et son symbolisme archétypique jusqu’aux personnages incapables de trouver les mots, le silence joue un rôle es- sentiel dans sa