Industrial and Engineering Chemistry : industrial edition, Vol. 38, No. 5

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(2) ftrtbßOHrüiLf E M O. to. li- F 't. ;v: iv.;:. T ir. H H H WÊM. ¿ 4 'T tttxen ¿an, S v e n y /¿ fe fc itc a tiw T O P - E N T E R I N G M IX E R S — p o rta b le and flange-mounted. THE "REFINER" precision-built m ixer for liquids of low viscosity.. D O U B L E-C O N E B LE N D E R S fo r r a p i d m ix in g o f d ry pow ders, cry s tals, etc.. HE "G E N E R A L" a liquid m ixer d e signed for g en eral mixing operations.. PO R TER ED U CER a sub. stan tially-b uilt unit foi h e a v y - d u t y service.. S p e e d s a s low as '/* r.p.m . in a complete. ran g e from Zi h.p. up.. s iie. D O UBLE-RIBBO N M IX ERS heavy-du ty m a chines for sp e e d y mix ing of h e a vy m aterials. PAINT 'C H A N G E - C A N A N D P O N Y MIXERS for me chanical dispersion of liq u id s , p a s t e s , or pow ders.. AND. PASTE MlXtio. s u b s ta n tia lly. constructed for. h e a v y d u ty mixing of viscous liquids..

(3) INDUSTRIAL. and. ENGINEERING. VOLUME 38, NUM BER 5. IS S U E D. CHEMISTRY •. M A Y 10, 1946. industrial. edition. C O N S E C U T IV E N U M B E R 9. «. Jb e fL G A iłtte *til EDITOR: WALTER J. MURPHY ' Assistant to E d ito r:. N . A . PARKIN SO N. Executive E d ito r: JA M E S M . C R O W E M anaging E d ito r: D. O . M Y A T T. I. & E. C. R e p o r t s ......................................................................................................................... *5. A s W e See I t .................................................................................................................................... *¿5. Equipment and Design. A sso cia te E d it o r s. W a sh in g to n : ROBERT F. G O U LD A L LE G G IN N e w Y o rk :. 431. E d ito ria ls ........................................................................................................... H ead lines..................... .................................................................................................................................. Instrumentation.. Charles O w e n B r o w n ...............................................*71. *77. Ralph H . M u n c h .................................................................................... ■Waste Utilization. Plant Management.. Harold R. M u rd o c k .................................................................... *83 W alter von Pechmann. ....................................... . . . .. H A R R Y STENERSON. From the Editor’s D e s k .........................................................................................................*146. Ri c h a r d L . De m m e r l e. * Indicates page number In the advertising section.. *89. C h icag o : RICHARD L . K EN Y O N. *le clu ticc d /In iic le i.. Assistant E d it o r s. M ake-u p :. BERTHA REYNOLDS. M an u scrip t E d itin g :. H E LE N K . N EW T O N. M an u scrip t R e v ie w in g : Ed itoria l A s s is t a n t :. STELLA AN D ERSO N. C O R A G LA SN ER. C o n t r i b u t i n g E d it o r s. C H A RLES O W EN BROW N RALPH H . M U N C H H A R O LD R. MURDOCK WALTER V O N P EC H M A N N. A lk ylatio n of Paraffins in the Presence of Homogeneous C a t a ly s t s ...................... A . A . O Kelly and A . N . Sachanen Saran Coating Latex.. G . W . Stanton and W .. 462. A . Henson................. 468. Construction of Nomographs with Hyperbolic C o o rd in a te s ...................................... W alter Herbert Burrows. 472. Production of Benzyl Chloride by Chlorométhylation of B e n z e n e ...................... F.C . Whitmore and Collaborators. 478. Enrichment of Rice with Synthetic Vitamins and Ir o n ...................................................... M . F. Furter, W . M . Lauter, E. De Ritter, and S. H . Rubin Drying O il and Oleoresinous Varnish Films.. 486. Vincent J . Frilette..........493. W. L. BADGER. H . R. MURDOCK. Corrosion of Steel by Gaseous C h lo r in e ................................................................................. Gustave Heinemann, Foster G . Garrison, and Paul A . Haber. 497. H. E. BARNARD. C . F. PRUTTON. Vulcanization Reactions in Butyl Rubber.. John Rehner, J r ., and Paul J . Flory. 500. W. H. DOW. A . S. RICHARDSON. GASTON DUBOIS. W . A . SCHMIDT. Solubility of O xygen and Nitrogen in Organic Solvents from —2 5 ° to 5 0 ° C. C . B. Kretschmer, Janina Nowakowska, and Richard W iebe. 506. GUSTAVUS J . ESSELEN. R. N . SHREVE. Purification o! Commercial Benzene by Azeotropic D is tilla tio n ................................. John G risw old and R. H . Bowden. 509. A d v iso r y B o a rd. PER K. FROLICH. L. V. C. F. KETTERING. C . M . A . STEIN. STECK. 0 . E. M A Y. • E. C . S U LLIV A N. C. S. MINER. E. R. WEIDLEIN J O H N M. WEISS. Paper Capacitors Containing Chlorinated Imprégnants...................................................... L. Egerton and D. A . M cLean. 512. Nitrocellulose Lacquers.. 518. William Koch, H . C . Phillips, and Rufus W in t.. Asbestos as Filter A id in Sugar Refining.. THe American Chemical-Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to its publications. V iew s expressed in tfie editorials and reports are those of the editors and do not neces sity represent the official position of the American Chemical Society. Copyright. 1946. 3 7 ,1 0 0. by American Chemical Society. copies of this issue printed. Toh L i u , . ...................................................... 521. Moisture Adsorption of Textile Yarns at Low Tem peratures...................................... Robert C . Darling and Harwood S. Belding. 524. Carbon Dioxide in a Natural Gas-Condensate System ...................................................... Fred H . Poettmann and Donald L. Katz. 530. Mechanism of Solvent A ctio n .. Arthur K. D o o little ..................................................... 535. Storage of Dried Fruit ....................................................................................................................... E. R. Stadtman, H . A . Barker, Victoria Haas, and E. M . Mrak. 541. Effect of pH on Hydrolysis Rate of Chloroacetic A c i d ................................................. L. F. Berhenke and E. C . Britton. 544. Cyclization of Pseudoionone by A c id ic Reagents. Lime Hydrolysis of Soybean Protein. ;-.~„iC\ ,nP l 3e thanks the action of M e rco -N o rd ism. [ ve C o m p a n y In releasing (he front c o v e r o f this of . , , editorial purposes. Illustration shows part film , sa so lin e plant bu ilt for D istilla te Products mpany b y H u d so n En g in eering C o rp o ra tio n . Ph oto b y R obert Y em eH R ich ie . •. mLi i, Nfw v i 3m r ° i OffJ50 a AtifS;.. 9*4430. . .. Viscosity of Pine G um .. Joseph M . Perri, J r ., and Fred H azel. A ctive A m yl-lsoam yl A lco h o l System.. M«Jk If1 as second-class matter at the Post Office at Easton, Pa., under the Act of tdifin I ! ' 185 times a year— Industrial Edition monthly on the 1st, Analytical vwJw m°nthly on the 15th. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage pro•or in Section 1103, A ct of October 3, 1917, authorized July 13, 1918. cfjy -W n g e s and orders for subscriptions and for single copies, notices of changes jenf . new Professional connections, and claims for missing numbers should be the American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street N . W ., Washington 6,. 549. W . J . Runckel and I. E. Knapp.............................................. 555 E. R. Hafslund and C . L. Lovell . .. Successive Multiple-Contact Extraction Nomograph.. ky the American Chemical Society at Easton, Pa. Editorial Head^55 16th Street, N . W ., Washington 6, D. C .; telephone, Republic 5301/ ^ (Washington). N ew York Editorial Branch, 60 East 42nd Street, . 7' N . y.) telephone, Murray Hill 2-4662. Chicago Editorial Branch, Michigan Avenue, Chicago 4, III.; telephone, Wabash 7476. Business Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N . W ., Washington 6, D. C. 332 West 42nd Street, New York 18, N . Y .; telephone, Bryant. E. Earl R o y a ls ...................... 546. 556. Melvin N o rd ......................560. D: C . Changes or address for the Industrial Edition must be received on or before the 18th of the preceding month and for the Analytical Edition not later than the 30th of the preceding month. Claims for missing numbers w ill not be allowed (1 ) if re ceived mere than 60 days from date of issue (owing to delivery hazards, no claims can be honored from subscribers in Continental Europe, Asia, or the Pacific Islands other than Hawaii), (2) if loss was due to failure of notice of change of address to be received before the dates specified in the preceding sentence, or (3 ) if the reason for claim is ’"missing from files” . Annual subscriptions— Industrial Edition and Analytical Edition sold only as a unit, members $3.00, nonmembers $4.00. Postage to countries not in the Pan-Ameri can Union $2.25. Canadian postage $0.75. Single copies—current Issues. In dustrial Edition $0.75, Analytical Edition $0.50, back numbers. Industrial Edition $0.80, Analytical Edition prices on request; special rates to members. The American Chemical Society also publishes Chemical and Engineering News, Chemical Abstracts, Journal of the American Chemical Society. Rates on requeit..

(4) Vol. 38, No. 5. i — W'¥-.>s:ś’?:-;. v".-"i :S1 id-tí, C H E M IC A LS. \ Xk-. P re v e n ts c a k in g ,. j\ * U =. 7&. .“A. p r o m. ,m Prov(j ,# W. l?. \. o t e s. d is p e r s io n , '. / f- 1 4 i m p r o v e s flo w in g c h a ra c tfe r is tic s. of deliquescent crystals.. M any a good product can be m ad e. w ith. raiSerSs brWVe P °intVo^'e. Acts a<¡. CELITE. ,. n°n-scratchin pr So?Ptive, abrasive fQr n pol‘shing 3nd surface*.. met^ s. PROPERTIES OF SOME S T A N D A R D GRADES OF CELITE M IN E R A L FILLERS G rad e D esig nation. Fin eness. Color. A v e ra g e Particle Slxe (O den M ethod). C elite FC. Light buff. Maximum 3% on 150 mesh. 4-6 m icrons. Celite SSC. Light pink. M a xim u m 5 % on 150 m esh. 6-8 m icrons. Celite HSC. W hite. M a xim u m 7 % on 1 5 0 m esh. 7-9 m icrons. S n o w Flo ss. Light buff. Maximum 0 .5 % on 3 2 5 mesh. 1-2 m icrons. A p prox. 4%. Super F lo ss. W hite. Maximum 0 .5 % on 3 2 5 mesh. 2-4 m icrons. M a x. 1%. 150. *G ard n er-C o Ie m an M ethod— lb s. of liq uid per 100 lb s. of C e lite .. Such a wide variety of products have been improved—at low cost— by the addition ofJ-M Celite Fillers, that you may find it profitable to investigate how Celite* might bene fit your product. Celite Fillers are pure diatomace-. h. n. s - M. a n. M ax. 1% M a x. 1%. 210. 190. 9. 22 0. 180. 21 0. 185 120. v i l l e. Specific G ra v ity 2 .0 0. 17. * 2 .1 5. 10.5. 17. 2 .3 0. 8. 24. 2 .0 0. 9. 28. 2 .3 0. * * L b s . per cubic ft.. ous silica—inert, porous and cellu lar—processed by Johns-Manville in many grades for diverse indus trial uses. Light in weight, they ab sorb up to 205% of their weight of liquid. They have large surface area and low refractive index.. *R c *. U .S. Pat. Off.. J o. Free A b so rp tio n * Bulking M oisture Linseed V a lu e * * W ater O il Loose Wot Content A p prox. 4% 215 205 8 17. A Celite Engineer will gladly dis cuss your production problems and suggest the most effective Celite Filler for your needs. Addtess Johns-Manville, Box 290, New York 16, New York.. PRODUCTS.

(5) INDUSTRIAL. and. ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY. M axw ellian D e m o n at W o rk. The molecule sorter, dis cussed in the more fantastic moods of chemists and physi cists, is brought tantalizingly near reality in a small T-tube now in the possession of R . M . M ilton of the chemistry de partment, The Johns Hopkins University. By merely forcing compressed air into the center tube of this deceptively simple gadget, a stream of cold air is produced from one arm while warm air issues from the other. M ilton recently Adsited Germany to investigate low temperature work in connec tion with superconductivity research. He found the appara tus in practical use in the laboratory of Rudolf Hilsch at Erlangen, where it replaced the usual ammonia precooling apparatus in a liquid air machine. Disassembly showed the construction and functional opera tion of the instrument to be fascinatingly simple, as the sketch indicates.. Air forced into the center tube under pressure while the 'alve is fully open passes entirely out of the left-hand tube and eternal air is sucked into the right. However, on partially dosing the valve, air at a temperature noticeably lower than that of the in pu t passes out of the right-hand tube, while the temperature of the left effluent rises. Lowest temperatures are attained when the ratio of cold to warm effluent gas is “pproximately 1 to 3; maximum cooling is produced when. ¿tiie^pA eicU loe m tu tilth f d itjM i jp *. the ratio is about 1 to 1. In a recent demonstration by M il ton, using nitrogen at about 100 pounds per square yich and room temperature, frost was formed on the cold tube within a minute, while the right became warm to the touch. A similar effect was produced with hydrogen, discounting explanation on the basis of simple Joule-Thomson effect. M ilton stated that with air at 10 atmospheres pressure a temperature as low as —35° C. could be produced. He stated that the temperature drop was about 50% of the isentropically ideal, and efficiency of cooling was about 20% in the present state of development. W h y does the gadget work? Hilsch’s explanation, sugges ting frictional loss of kinetic energy by the gas molecules in the whirling center, does not satisfy M ilto n ; yet he and vari ous colleagues have not deduced the answer. W hat is your analysis? R .L .K . Alcoholism in Engines. The effect of alcohol, in all of its popular dilutions, upon the hum an body has been the subject of considerable experimental work. I t remained for the N ational Bureau of Standards, however, to in vestigate the results obtained by using alcohol and other related compounds as fuels for gasoline engines. The evidence from their tests indicates tha t, although the engines enjoy a “ lift” with some of the substitute fuels and give 2 to 4 % more power than w ith gasoline, 6070% more fuel is required. This would mean th a t a tank capable of holding enough gasoline, to carry a vehicle 200 miles could hold only enough anhydrous alcohol (200proof) to carry it 135 miles. W ith 120-proof alcohol the available mileage would be 60; w ith 90-proof, 40 miles; and finally with 70 proof (the content of most cordials and liqueurs), only 25 miles. In addition to these various ethanols, acetone, n-butanol, and ether (diethyl) blends were examined. Four engines of different makes were equipped with electric dynamometers and special spark plugs, as well as instruments for measuring oil pressure, cooling water temperature, and fuel consumption. The spark plugs contained a hollow electrode through which an iron-constantan thermocouple was introduced to measure the electrode tip temperature. (Continued on page 8). cJtestueal e+t<fUte&U, a n d. etcecutiueS, ¿*t ¿Ue. <Jte*H*ccd fVU>cL*c**Uf a*td c lte m ie a l co+t-Utmi+Uf ¿tuLuAbü& i.

(6) 6. INDUSTRIAL. AND. M o A /e y. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 5. Balanced hinged-pin disc rides evenly in the flow w hen valve is open; closes quietly w hen the flow slows down. H am m ering and con sequent strains on pipe lines are eliminated. H ead losses are re duced 6 5 (/o to 80% of those experi enced w ith conventional type check valves. Installed on pum p discharge lines, C hapm an T ilting Disc Valves not only increase pipe line capacity but also effect substantial pow er savings. W rite for new bulletin.'. The CH APM A N VALVE. M FG. COMPANY. Indian OrchardMass. ..

(7) May, 1946. A comer of the Link-Belt dryer laboratory showing, at right, a Multi-Louvre dryer-cooler and at left one of the Roto-Louvre dryer-coolers with equipment for recording accurate measure ments of temperature, moisture, dusting, etc.. How to get most efficient Drying, Cooling shown by Link-Belt laboratory tests • L in k - B e lt C o m p a n y operates a special lab o ra to ry where test m a te ria ls are d rie d or cooled u n d e r regu lar o p e ratin g c o n d itio n s on full-sized eq u ip m e n t. The o n ly difference is th a t special in stru m e n ts are provided. M a te r ia l is checked a n d w eighed accu rately, a n d d e ta ile d records are m a d e on each ba tc h of m a te ria l tested. T h u s th e lab o ra to ry obtains exact records o f m o is tu re c o n te n t a n d tem p eratures before, d u rin g , a n d afte r tests, th e speed of d ry in g and the m o st desirable air tem p e ra ture s a n d speeds for each m a te ria l tested. H undreds o f m a te ria ls h a v e been tested on this laboratory e q u ip m e n t. A c cu ra te records of equip-. SOM E LINK-BELT DRYER-COOLERS. I. R0T0-10UVRE DRYER-COOLER:. A most highly effi cient dryer. Fast drying without danger of overheating; gentle han dling with m inim um degradation; compact; low power consumption; long life; m inim um maintenance.. SEND FOR THIS LITERATURE 8»0K No. 1911 ROTO-LOUVRE DRYER-COOLER ooe'r'r °f the design and. £■. “.of this hiSh!y effi-. manv e5 UlPment- Illustrates J typical applications.. ymER No- 2009. Louvre d ryer -cooler. S r i i - ^ ! s smaller highly efficient other Linw n ' ! f s . brief description of ««-.belt dryer-coolers.. m e n t w ear a n d m a in te n a n c e h a v e been m ade, thus e n a b lin g Link- B elt M a te ria ls H a n d lin g E ngineers to give a close forecast of the p erfo rm an ce o f the ir e q u ip m e n t u n d e r m o st operating conditions. Y o u can tak e advantage of this b ro a d lab o ra to ry a n d p ra c tic a l experience in d ry in g a n d cooling, b y c allin g the nearest L in k- B elt office a n d asking for a M a te ria ls H a n d lin g E ngineer. Or, if y o u prefer, w rite for one of th e booklets show n below .. LINK-BELT COMPANY Chicago 9, Indianapolis 6, Philadelphia 40, Atlanta, Dallas 1, Minneapolis 5, San Francisco 24, Los Angeles 33, Seattle 4, Toronto 8. Offices in Prinicipal Cities.. MULTI-LOUVRE DRYER-COOLER: Application of the Roto-Louvre prin ciple to a new, smaller, more compact unit. Has many of the advantages of the Roto-Louvre dryer-cooler..

(8) 1. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. dering a built-to-blueprint Stainless Steel vessel.. "H ow have you equipped your men and your plant to cope with the difficulties that arise in Stainless Steel fabrication?" Make no mistake about it. Difficulties do arise in the welding, forming, cutting of stainless steel. A nd the life, the corrosion resistance, the efficiency of your processing equipment depend on how w ell prepared your fabricator is to solve these produc tion problems* S. B lick m an , Inc. has w orked w ith stainless steel since its appearance as an alloy. We have trained our men, and de signed our plant to safeguard the qualities of the metal at every stage in fabrication. To be sure of getting m axim um corrosion resistance when you specify stainless steel for a processing vessel — consult w ith us.. S. Blickman, Iniyt 205 Gregory Ave., Weehawken, N.J.. <■/ / / /e ch tu tia yy. Previous experiments liad shown this temperature to be proportional to the mean com bustion temperature of the cylinder mixture. The latter measurement was in dicative of the fuel-air ratio for any given fuel. Changes in the carburetor to perm it a greater rate of flow were also necessary to make it possible to operate the engine over a wide range of m ixture ratios. In addition, a H ays O rsatom at gas analyzer indicated the percentage of carbon dioxide in the exhaust gases, and an air-flow indicator measured air in p u t. Except in the case of the alcohols of low proof, where a greatly increased spark advance was necessary, the spark was held at a pre determined o p tim u m setting in all tests. Two series of tests were run— full throttle and part throttle, or road load tests. I n .the former, the engine speed was kept constant a t 1500 revolutions per minute by changing the electric load of the dynamometer, and in the latter, actual driving conditions were simulated by keeping the engine speed a t a predetermined level tanta m o unt to road operation. In the full throttle tests the fuel consum ption was approxim ately proportional to the respective stoichiometric ratios and inversely proportional to the heat of com bustion of the fuel. The increase in power of alcohol and other substitute fuels was attributed to greater density of cylinder charge due to the cooling effects of the fuel; the latent heat of vaporization of alcohol was about three times as great as gasoline, and when the weights of the fuels are considered, this cooling effect is found to be abou t five times as great. The road load tests showed sim ilar results to those in the full throttle tests. I n addition, some interesting observations were made in the analysis of the exhaust gases. I t was determined, for instance, th a t the percent age of carbon dioxide in the gas reached its maximum near the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. I n the case of gasoline this carbon dioxide m ax im um was lower than with al cohol fuel exhausts, which m ay be explained by the fact th a t the alcohol molecule is smaller than the average molecule found in gasoline, and more complete combustion is therefore possible. D istribution of the fuel was an im po rtan t consideration in these tests. W ith gaseous fuels it is safe to assume th a t distribution am ong all the cylinders will be even, but with liq uid fuels this is true only if the manifold is so designed th a t each cylinder receives the same amount of unvaporized fuel. Gasoline m ay be only 50% vaporized when it reaches the cylinders, and autom otive engines are designed with this fact in m ind. W hen other fuels arc used, however, the different vaporization characteristics m ust be taken into consideration as well as those factors, s u c h . as viscosity and surface tension, which partial!} determine the p a th of the tin vaporized fuel through the m anifold. This .was confirm edi by temperature curves, drawn on the substitute fuels, which showed clearly that some of the cylinders received too great a proportion o the fuel whenever the m ixture was enriched. (Continued on page 10).

(9) INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. TYPICAL CUSTOMERS OF GIRDLER’S GAS PROCESSES DIVISION. Am erican Steel & W ire C om p any. Imperial O il Com pany. Sun O il Com pany. Arkansas Fuel O il Com pany. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation. Sunray O il Com pany. Armour & C om p any. Lago O il & Transport Com pany. T e x as Com pany. Atlantic Refining C om p any. Lion O il Refining Com pany. Tid ew ater Associated O il. Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Liquid C arb on ic Corporation. C a b o t C arb o n C om p any. M cKanie G a s Cleaning Com pany. Timkin Roller Bearing Com pany. C om pany. C a r d o x Corporation. Mathieson Alkali W orks. United Fuel G a s Com pany. C a te rp illa r Tractor C om p any. Monsanto Chem icals, Ltd.. U. S. Rubber Com pany. C e la n e se C orporation of Am erica. M oraine Products Division — G M C. Wilson & Com pany. Cities Service G a s Com pany. N ational C ash Register Com pany. Colum bian C a rb o n C om p any Com m ercial Solvents Corporation. Permanente M etals Corporation Phillips Petroleum Com pany. Consumers Pow er Com pany. Pittsburgh Steel Com pany. Continental O il C om p any. Procter & G a m b le , Inc.. C rucible Steel C om p an y of. Pure O il Com pany. Am erica Dow C hem ical C om p any. Revere C o p p e r & Brass Com pany Shell Petroleum Corporation. East O hio G a s C om p any. Skelly O il Com pany. Firestone Tire & Rubber Com pany. Socony Vacuum O il Com pany. Ford M otor C om p an y. Southern A lk ali Corporation. G e n e r a l Motors Corporation. Southern Cotton O il Com pany. B. F. G o odrich C hem ical C om p any. Sta n d a rd O il C om p an y of C alifornia. G o o d y e a r Synthetic Rubber C om p an y G u lf O il C orporation Hercules Pow der Com pany Im perial Chem ical Industries. Sta n d a rd O il C om p any of Indiana Sta n d a rd O il C om p any of Louisiana Sta n d a rd O il C om p an y of N ew Jersey. For your legitimate m oney’s worth in Gas Processes. . . . . . deal with the organization th at does business with these customers I F A man is judged by the character of his friends, a company can be measured by the calibre of its cus tomers. Listed here are some of the people who use Girdler gas processes plants —processes for gas manufacture, Purification, separation, and dehy. dration—processes involving hydro gen sulphide, carbon monoxide, car bon dioxide, inert and controlled atmospheres, natural gas, refinery gases, liquid hydrocarbons, hydro gen, nitrogen. Girdler’s versatile, practical expe rience—the many good customers. Girdler has served in the past and intends to serve in the future—are your assurance of excellent service and your legitimate money’s worth in gas processes. ' For a dependable, economically sound solution to your next gas proc esses problem, get Girdler on the job.. T he G I R D L E R C O R P O R A T I O N Gas Processes Division, Dept. IE-5, Louisville 1, Ky. New York Office . . . 150 Broadway, New York 7, N. Y..

(10) Keep those viscous fluids MOVING with . ^. I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. <7ec^ « J ^ ~ £. A ll in nil, these tests indicate th a t gasoline’s competitors in the form of alcohols can enter the field in significant am ou nt only when they are 190 proof or more. For the present a t least, the other weaker alcoholic concentratcs arc safe in their pretty glass houses on the shelves of bars and stores— safe, a t any rate, from the ravages of the modern autom otive engine. R.L.D.. QUARTER-TURN OPERATION. VISUAL DISC POSITION INDICATOR. DEEP STUFFING BOX. DISCS ARE NOT AFFECTED BY EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION OF THE VALVE BODY. THROUGHCONDUIT. JACKET INLET. JACKET. JACKET CHAMBER JA CKET DRAIN. Reed Jacketed Steel or Jacketed Semi-Steel valves w ill keep yo u r viscous m aterials m ov ing a t a ll times. They require no lu b rica tio n and m aintenance costs are n e g lig ib le . The jacketing design provides correct o p e r ating tem perature over the entire valve body, keeping the m aterial flu id from fla n g e to flang e. Reed V alves a re in terch an g eab le with w'edge steel valves and a re supplied with A . S . A . stan dard for O . S. & Y. w edge gate valves.. REED. 6 H -I. N ylon u n d F arbstoffe. I f some people still think that G erm any wields supremacy in synthetic organic chemis try, the Technical Intelligence R eport prepared for the A rm y Quartermaster on dycstuffs research in former enemy countries should provide a m odicum of disillusion m ent. W ith no intention of belittling or scoffing at the efforts of the Germans in dyestuffs. research and textile application, it is evident th a t this activity has suffered in recent years in the land where von Bayer, Hoffmann, and others made chemical history with their synthetic dyes. W a r was not the only reason. Take the m atter of nylon and some other new fibers for which the Germans sought im p o rtan t m ilitary uses. The dyeing of such fibers has been a problem. D id the great Badisehe Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik, Meister Lucius. & Briining, and other dye plants in the I . G. Farbenindustrie group solve it through the development of new lines of colors? N o t so far as we can ascertain from a careful scanning of the Q M C report, which about approximates the telephone directory for the city of New Y ork in size and pagination. Germ an dyes for “ Perlon” , the name given a polyam ide fiber corresponding somewhat to our nylon, merely confirmed w hat had been learned in the U nited States— th a t colors suitable for acetate, such as the Celliton types, and acid colors are also suitable for polyam ide fibers. The Germans, of course, did n o t overlook the oppor tu n ity of bringing ou t a “ new” color line for their type of nylon under the nam e “ Perlonecht” . These were chiefly azo colors, premetallized with cobalt or chromium, and also un metallized anthraquinones; b u t they consisted chiefly of dyes brought out previously for coloring lacquers and plastics. The research was extensive, yet it overlooked some v ita l technical considerations. One is the tension which occurs during the tw isting and weaving of poly amide fibers and causes m arked changes in dyeing proper ties. The I. G . personnel, probably because it was dif ficult to obtain A m erican nylon fabrics, failed to distin guish between the dyeing properties of the oriented nylon and the unoriented or draw n fiber. The materials used and the manner of producing the Germ an polyam ide fibers also differed from those em ployed in this country. I. G . based its polym eron caprolactam ; the corresponding product here is manufactured commercially from hexamethylenediamine and adipicacid. The Italia n s evidently had no more success with the polyam ide problem th a n the Germans. They employed dispersed and developed acetate (Continued on vage w.

(11) INDUSTRIAL. Hay, 1946. AND. ENGINEERING. Nine years ago, this big food processing firm looked at a heating problem . . . thought o f the future . . . and installed a Dowtherm “nit. I heir foresight has been paying them dividends ever since in Spendable, accurate heating service. Tfc particular D ow therm system is used for deodorizing vegetable (,ils at temperatures o f 500° to 550° F. . . . a job well suited to fcrm’s precise control and low pressure operating flie unit is gas fired, entirely autom atic in operation, food investment. A recent letter from the superintendent of the plant * °f the steady and satisfactory service this installation is still Plfeg after years of operation. record like this w ill be no surprise to hundreds o f other satisfied °"'therm users. Dow’therm vapor heating covers the range of pro fessing temperatures from 300° to 725° F., w ith pressure requirements n°t exceeding 110 lbs. per sq. in. gauge. W ith its simplicity of operation, low m aintenance requirements, and accuracy of control, 1115handling difficult heating problems for m any industries. therm may bring speedier production, reduced upkeep costs, ail(^ oreater product u n ifo rm ity to your processing operations. Just r°pa line to D ow for further inform ation.. the d o w. c h e m ic a l. "•»W Q j^ .. Boston. •. St. Louis. •. * *. c o m p a n y. Ph ilad elphia Houston. •. •. , m id l a n d , M ic h ig a n. W ashington. S a n Francisco. • •. C levelan d Los An g eles. • •. Detroit Seattle. CHEMISTRY.

(12) Vol. 38, No.. Swenson L .T .V . Evaporator of the type used in concentrating glue liquors.. Swenson Process o. 188 S. to Improve Products..Reduce Costs STO R A G E. Consistently through more than 60 years, Swenson engineering skill has produced a wide variety o f im portant process develop ments. The. Swenson staff attacks each new project w ith a determi nation to find some way to secure “ a better product at lower cost.” Typical Swenson process developments include: • Recovery of chemical values from natural brines or minerals; • Simplification of chemical processes-; • Effecting economies in the use o f heat, power, and materials; and • Disposal o f chemical wastes. O perating economy and efficiency and im proved product quality are the results which the chemical industry has come to expect when it calls in Swenson for consultation. W hatever the special nature o f your manufacturing processes, you can confidently lo o k to Swenson for cost-reducing, product-improving solutions to your engineering problems.. LEGÉNP - M - VMLV£ HCRtif, VA LVE r o / t P V * IV £. HO*. A TM O f***£& /C. EVAPORATORS. A C /T A T O R .. m ec* VALVE. Y Ù. £. F u n n e l o tt V/ftAUV QV£A.r*lO\tf <•!’ S T - (S S T C E L PIPE. i/IA*. C M CkKl W P S. O V ER FLO W S A U o v e * T H E P IA N T. CRYSTALLIZERS.

(13) Hay, 1946. *,l,FJLTRAT£. S 4 1 T WASH VAt. FILTER.. / tunte* *% &‘CMci Cl.. a,304 *SO L'H. jfHG.VAC. X II * f V A fo a. Swenson Process Engineering Has Done for the Glue In d u s t r y . . . In the concentration of glue (bone and hide) liquors, a time-temperature problem arises from the necessity of m aintaining original composition in order to preserve adhesive properties. Organic in nature, this material is heatsensitive and subject to thermal decom p o s itio n w h ic h tends to reduce gel strength. Through the application of Long Tube Vertical Evaporators, which em ploy a rising-film type o f evaporation, Swenson engineers succeeded in design ing equipment which achieved single pass operation through the tubes in each effect— thus m inim izing the length of exposure time to heat while permitting. SWENSON 15671 L athrop Ave.. rapid evaporation at higher temper atures with complete safety. Swenson has also developed triple eifect evaporation for use in the glue in dustry, which is rapidly displacing the long used double effect installations. Triple effect evaporation is bringing important savings in evaporator steam requirements. W ith the advent o f pearling in the glue industry, Swenson engineers made a further contribution in process de v e lo p m e n t by d e s ig n in g co m p ou nd evaporators to concentrate solutions to the h ig h e r de n s itie s re q u ire d fo r pearling.. EVAPORATOR. COMPANY. Division of W hiting Corporation. Harvey, Illino is. Periodic Check-Ups. SW ENSON. EVAPORATOR CO. H A R V E Y , IL L ., U . S .A .. Title- F L O W S / / £ £ r M A T£R/A L B A L A N C E Capacity.

(14) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. Knight-Ware/ Custom Built Laboratory Equipment No forms or molds are used to make acid-proof KNIGHT-WARE sinks. Each is specially built to meet your exact style and size requirements. There are no joints to be caulked or maintained, for each KNIGHTW ARE sink, its back, drainboard, apron, and outlet is one solid piece. KNIGHT-WARE standard pipe and fittings are available for acid drain lines and fume ducts. Special fittings are readily made for difficult wall or floor situations. Other KNIGHT-WARE laboratory equip ment such as table troughs, receptors and neutralizing sumps also help to give you a maintenance-free laboratory. KNIGHT-WARE, a quality ceramic material, is entirely corrosion-proof throughout. The red brown finish is a fusion of the surface only for appearance, not an applied coating or glaze for acid protection. O ur engineers w ill help you plan and select permanent equipment. A copy of KNIGHT-WARE Laboratory Equipment catalog is yours for the asking.. MAURICE. A.. KNIGHT. cv / / Je w n o io y f. colors for nylon, and technical inform ation obtained by American experts was found to be identical with pro cedures in the U nited States. Outside of the polyam ide field it m ust be concluded that the Germans were able to produce very few new dyestuffs. M a n y colors listed as new by their technicians, after careful screening and study, have been found to be mere modifications of older specifications. In effecting such modification or revision, however, it must be con ceded th a t the farbewerke personnel showed great chemical skill. Developm ent of more suitable water-soluble dyes for cellulose acetate was given emphasis. In this country such yarns and fabrics are treated with insoluble dyes from aqueous dispersion. The Germans took one group of colors, norm ally insoluble in water, and rendered them water soluble by adding side chains of the ethanoxy type. T hey produced another group of water-soluble dyes known as Astrazones, which im parted extreme brilliance to cellulose acetate through p rin tin g or solid shade dyeing. The enemy laboratories accorded generous attention to pigm ent printing, in which they followed American ad vances achieved with Aridye and Sherdye types. One definite im provem ent appears to have been made in the application of Anthrasols, corresponding to the Indigosols here, which are sulfuric acid esters of the leuco vat dyes. They are adversely affected in the usual nitrous acid oxida tion. After m any attem pts, I. G . succeeded in stopping this deleterious action with a new inhibiting agent, Anthrasol S alt N O , derived from thiourea. A dditions were made ju s t prior to or during the war to the established I. G. dyestuffs lines known as the Immediasols, Chromoxanes, A cid Anthracenes, Diazos, Supranols, Benzo Fast Chromes, A utazol Chromes, and Igenals, and the b rilliant Sirius dyes. These all seem to incorporate technological im provements which over come previous difficulties in the printing and dyeing of rayon, cotton, wool, and synthetic fibers. B u t this is a phase of research which is the constant problem of dye industries the world over. H.W.S. Lo, the M ig h ty P e a n u t! America is going nuts, at least where peanuts are concerned. I n a report compiled by C. L. W renshall of the Southern Research Institute, Bir m ingham , Ala., an appraisal is made of the great southern industry of peanut culture. D uring the war years it underwent a five fold increase and is now the No. 1 cash crop of Georgia, bringing in an estimated S200,000,000 .to southern farmers. This is all the more remarkable when one realizes th a t this growth took place during an era of fewer circuses, baseball games, and prize fights, all of which are noted for peanut consumption. A lthough the American industry is prim arily concern« with the production, processing, and marketing of peanut» and food products; considerable time an* been spent on investigating possible industria uses for the nuts and their waste products. Crushing produces the meal and the oil, (Continued on paSe ™.

(15) Pi c t u r e d : H e a v y d u t y c oi l t y p o P ritchard In du ced Draft T o w e r in R e f i n e r y s e r v i c e .. invite factu Other Pritchard SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT. u r c h a s e. Here’s another actual case (on which we can show you the file) of a power plant job in which careful pre-purchase evaluation again proves a Pritchard cooling tower to be the “best bu y .” It's a typical example of what Pritchard features, efficiency and operating economy, mean to the owner. W e can cite dozens of others.. • "Airdfin" Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers. Item. • Cooling Towers, All Types and Capacities • Shell & Tube and Atmos pheric Heat Exchangers. • 3* Zone" Cleaners and Separators for Air, Gas ond Steam •Air Treaters for Purifica tion and Positive Con trol of Moisture and T e m p e ra tu re in A ir Conditioning Systems. lo w er Bid Tower. Percentage _ Above Low Bid Annual Operating Cost Percentage Above LowBid 23% Fifth Year Evaluated Cost $31,633 Twentieth Year $ 7 1 ,8 7 4 Evaluated Cost. • Evaporative Condensers and Engine Coolers. 1'Hydryer" Air and Gas Drying Units. a n a l y s i s !. Tower B. Tower C. Tower D. 13%. 23%. 29%. 2%. 28%. 10%. 7%. —. Pritchard Tower. $34,608. $34,636. $35,661. $ 2 9,4 34. $76,644. $71,4 19. $ 7 1,9 49. $ 6 2,1 04. Similar records are available on other Pritchard equipment also, weighing all practical considerations over a reasonable period of actual operation. These service histories all testify that Pritchard equipment engineered to your exact needs, will give you money-saving, trouble-free performance. . . the kind of performance that means PRO FIT to you .. . year after year.. J. F. Pritchard & Co., EQUIPMENT DIVISION, Fidelity Bldg., Kansas City 6 , Mo.. Ho u s t o n , t u l s a , P i t t s b u r g h , n e w y o r k , SALT LAKE C IT Y , D E T R O IT , EL P A S O , A T L A N T A , °ENVER, O M A H A , ST. P A U L ,. LOS ANG ELES,.

(16) 16. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. randcsccnt — -jlamp5. Vol. 38, No.. D is t illa t i. P"*. it it io ? , ö ■ C a lc iu n i. m S Sm . tcrm ... . $3 .. I n d u s t r y ’s O ^ e w W o r l d ¡High V acu u m ojfers to industry a vast netv. a re a ,. the methods, it was, in practice, harassed by grave difficulties, not the least o f which was the maintenance o f high vacuum on an industrial scale, hitherto undreamed of. A t the request o f W PB, National Research, under a DPC re search contract (Plancor 708), was given the task o f solving this vacuum problem, then the” largest industrial project involving pressures in the micron range. Six weeks after deceiving the|assignment we had a pilot plant in operation. During the following four months we designed large diffusion pumps to improve the yield and shorten the cycle, devel oped recording gauges for process control and evolved vacuum engineering techniques ofvaluein the design o f the larger plants. Deliveries o f equipment were made for a full-scale plant al ready building in Canaan, Connecticut, for the New England Lime Company. O f all the Magnesium plants begun in wartime, some completed before we were given our assignment, this was the first to be in production. Later equipment was supplied to others, including Ford at River Rouge.. v irtu a lly un. explored. T^lo one knows its extent or its resources. W o one can s a y w b at opportunities are there fo r y o u r industry. 7<!o one can tell y o u , but N a t io n a l Research Corporation can help y o u fin d out as it has helped m a n y others. J t can fu rn is h the technology a n d equipment as it did f o r the wartim e production o f M a g ne sium .. In 1938 the United States produced 2,400 tons o f Magnesium while Germany made six times as much. As the war progressed, the demand for aircraft and incendiary bombs increased. Magne sium had become a fighting metal. As this country became increasingly involved in war, Magne sium became a strategic material that must be produced in quanti ty— at any'cost. There was no time to debate processes. From 1940 to 1942 O P M and W P B built 14 plants using four basic methods never before tried in this country. In 1943, 185,000 tons o f Magnesium were produced. W hile three o f the new processes struggled with problems of large-scale production, W PB turned to the National Academy o f Science for further recommendations and was directed to the Canadian National Research Council and the Dolomite-Ferrosilicon process, then developed on a laboratory scale by Dr. Lloyd M. Pigeon. In this process Magnesium is vaporized from briquettes at temperatures from 1100° to 1150° C. and pressures o f about 10-2 mm. Hg. The vaporized metal is crystallized in cooled cylinders. W hile the process ap peared to be the simplest o f all. J t has beat said o f the Dolomite-‘J errosilicon process that it was “the most spectacular development o f the w a r“ an d “the primary candidate f o r postw ar scrapping“. W hatever its fate, we are proud o f the work that we did in m ak in g it (jtiick ly practical. This is ty p ic a l o f the sort o f engineering that N . J i . C . has to offer— the sort o f service that vou m a v expect fro m us when you explore the new world o f high vacuum.. N A T IO N A L RESEA RC H C O R P O R A T IO N , Boston 15, Massachusetts.. tve cngtncer plant installations and. manufacture H igh. Vacuum gauges, V a lves, Seals, Diffusion Pum ps, Stills, fu rn a ces, Coaling Equipment and Dehydration Equipment. H. I G. H. V. A. C. U. U. M. F. O. R. I. N. D. U. S. T. R. Y. N A T IO N A I\\R Ë S E A R C H C O R P O R A T IO N.

(17) pay, 1946. You’ve selected Alcoa Aluminum for that process ing plant because aluminum gets along well with the materials to be handled. Thus, you’re assured of longer life for the equipment and higher quality. Aluminum Standard Structural Shapes and. in products. Why not go all the way and employ. Aluminum Standard Pipe are carried in stock by. Alcoa Aluminum structurally?. Alcoa distributors everywhere. Aluminum grating. Those stairs and their supports, the grating for walkways, the railings— made of Alcoa Aluminum,. is manufactured by a number of companies. To get in touch with them, or for data on Alcoa. They’ll stayTsafe. Maintenance. products, call the nearby office of A l u m i n u m C o m p a n y o f A m e r i c a . Or address your inquiry. costs will be less.. to Alcoa, 2154 Gulf Building, Pittsburgh 19, Pa.. they’ll be highly resistant to corrosive attack.. JU S T. P U B L IS H E D. This booklet, "Utility Railings of Alcoa Aluminum. P ip e ”, contains m any. d etail. draw in g s and lists A lco a fittings and pipe for railings. M a y w e send you a copy?. „ALCOA A L U M IN U M. A L U M IN U M.

(18) I. & E. C. Reports on the Chemical World Today. and from these two most of the industrial uses extend Oleomargarine and shortening consume almost 90% of tli oil produced, And most of the meal finds its way inti livestock feed where its high protein value is desirable In 1939, 8 % of the crop was crushed for oil, wkerea in 1941, under the stim ulus of a govern ment-sponsorei diversion program, 3 5 % was treated in this manner Actually, crushing serves as an overflow absorber for lov grade peanuts in addition to those not needed for direc food requirements. The crushing procedure in the peanut industry i similar to th a t used for cottonseed. M odern expelle presses, however, make it possible to obtain a cake whicl contains only 4 or 5 % of oil instead of the 9 % formerl; left behind. Solvent extraction of the oil has never pro gressed on a commercial scale because of the difficulty o handling the fragile peanut flakes, which break down t( give small particles th a t float in the mixture. However interest in solvent extraction remains because the cake fron this process contains only 1 % of residual oil and a higl percentage of protein th a t has no t been denatured b] heat. E ffort is made in the pressing method to operate a: far below the critical denaturing temperatures as possibk (118° C. under dry condition and 80° under 100% rela tive h u m id ity ) and still produce an efficient oil yield. The residues from peanut oil rem oval contain from 40 ti 5 0 % of the proteins, arachin and couarachin; these ar< extracted b y treatm ent w ith dilute alkaline solution; which, in turn, are acidified w ith sulfur dioxide to form i curdy precipitate. W hen dried, this product can be re dissolved in water if the residual acidity is neutralize!. C H JM te t 1 with MtStll Methyl Chloride Y IE L D S - E x c e lle n t , b e tte r. than 90% .. REACTION—Proceeds smoothly, rapid ly, and is easily controlled. Can be carried on at atmospheric pressure and slightly above room temperature. A P P A R A T U S —S i m p l e. and. ANSUL C H 3 C I - N. a lo w c o st c h e m . ow. in e x p e n s iv e .. ic a l d u e to g r e a tly e x p a n d e d p r o d u c tio n fa c ilit ie s . M A G N E S IU M -R e a d ily. available and. now relatively inexpensive. C O N C L U S IO N S - E x c e lle n t. smooth. r e a c tio n ,. c h lo r id e. before drying. This peanut protein is under study w ith m any possibli industrial applications in m ind. I t can be made into i textile fiber, for instance, by extrusion of a'viscous alkalim dispersion into a coagulating acid bath and subsequen treatm ent w ith formaldehyde to harden it. However like other protein fibers, it has the disadvantage of a lov wet strength. The report is th a t peanut protein has beei successfully used in the m anufacture of tacky and rewet table glue, alm ost equal to anim al glues in adhesiv> strength b u t superior in color, moisture resistance, am. y ie ld. inexpensive methy. and magnesium . . . make a. Low Cost. G r ig n a r d. 1/ ' p r o p e r t ie s. P H YS IC A L C h em ical fo rm u la ----M o le cu la r w eig h t. . . . C o lo r fe a s o r liq u id ). O dor .................. M eltin g p o in t.............. C r it ic a l te m p e r a tu r e '. C r it ic a l p re s s u re .......... Reagent.. ....................... ... \. ....C H s C l ........... 50.491. ..............I * . . . .C olorless ^ •¿ t h e r ^ l, AogirritatinK creal, o. .......... ............ 144° F . ( — 1 0 .6 5 ° F . ( -. 9 7 .6 23 .7. 2 8 9 .6 rF.. tit( 143.1 .............289.6' ;'*. C .) C .) C .). sanitary qualities. The American taste preference, according to experts calls for a tasteless, bland, highly refined salad oil, so tha peanut oil can be used interchangeably with cottonseei and corn oils. E vid e ntly we like to absorb it externall; as well as internally because it is used in soap, cosmetics shaving cream, and massaging oils as well. I t has als< been successfully utilized as a carrier for drugs such a adrenalin and penicillin as well as an ingredient for in secticide emulsions. I n the latter use it, has been showr to be superior to petroleum oil in the control of Mexicar mealy bugs, provided it was applied in a crude state Squash bugs are laid low in less time by nicotine or ot iei. V- lbs. 1 o pn . ito. n. abs. 962.2 er sq.. '^ " V ^ u im. t h y l. h o l— read ily soluble Specific gravity o f li q u i d .. ’ *. Send fo r B u lle tin N o. 9 0 0. “Preparing M e th y l GrignardRc-. * R E G . U .S .P A T . O F F .. C H E M 1C A L. ft | | P i l l H. \. f a l i W. M eth y l C h lo rid e.. COMPANY. I I. 6. IN D U STR IA L CHEM ICALS D IV IS IO N , M A R IN ETTE, W IS .. w. k. Eastern O ffic e : 6 0 E . 42nd S t., N ew YoH< City. insecticides carried in a vehicle of peanut oil. (Continued on -page &%). 1«.

(19) Auvßi\LLoiiiHK.o i — u /it* u w i r e. p a g e is a p a ia a a v c m s c m e a t. P re p a r e d M o n th ly b y V . S . In d u str ia l C hem icals, In c.. I. CHEMICAL NEWS. A Monthly Series for Chemists and Executives of the Solvents and Chemical Consuming Industries. Toughness,Durability Are Features of New Pkthalie-Alkyd Resin Aroplaz 1076 is Recommended For a Variety of Outdoor Finishes Recently developed by U.S.I., Aroplaz 1076 offers many new possibilities to coatings man ufacturers. A pure long oil phthalic-alkyd, il provides toughness and durability, and may lie used in all types of exterior finishes. Sim ilar to Navy 52-R-13 Resin Exoept for interior color retentive finishes, Aroplaz 1076 is very similar in physical char acteristics and performance to Aroplaz 1240 (Navy 52-R-13 Resin). During the war, this resin helped to protect America’s “bridge of. 1946. Low-Cost Amino Acid Synthesis Seen Revolutionizing Treatment Of L iver Damage, Burns, Shock Methionine, Made At Vast Cost Reduction by New U.S.I. Process, Should Play Vital Role in Extending Modern Amino Acid Therapy W ith this issue of C H E M IC A L N E W S, U .S.I. announces the development of a comm ercially practical method of synthesizing ¿/-methionine, the am ino acid which has been known for some time to have great value in treating and prevent-. R o ten o n e E xtracted B y New B ritish Process A new process for the extraction of rotenone from derris root is described in a recent British patent. According to the claims made, both the resins and the rotenone are first ex tracted with acetone. The bulk of the acetone is then removed, and the rotenone and resin ous constituents in the residue are separated by dissolving the residue in alcohol. The ro tenone is selectively precipitated from the alcohol on standing.. M ontan W ax Substitute M ade F ro m L ignite, P eat. When coatings h a v e to “ ta k e It" , A ro p la z 1 0 7 6 provides tou ghn ess a n d d u ra b ility . C o atin g s osed on this v e rs a tile resin a re u sed w id e ly in ou tdoor a p p lic a tio n s.. ★. A suitable substitute for Montan wax—a dark, hard, and odorless ester wax melting at about 80 degrees C. — may now be ex tracted from Devon lignite and various Eng lish and Scottish peats, according to a tech nical paper published recently. Prior to the war, Montan wax was extracted from the lig nites of Saxony and Thuringia. Devon lignite wax is similar to Montan wax in most re spects, but peat wax is softer in texture and has a iower melting point by 10-15 degrees C.. ing liver damage but which has been little used because of its high cost. The new process is expected to bring a cost reduction in the range of 40 to 1 and to make methionine widely available both for treatment of liver damage and for the still newer uses which also appear to hold far-reaching possibilities. Among these newer uses are the treatment of shock, burns, exposure, as well as poison ing from a wide range of compounds, par ticularly halogenated carbon compounds. U.S.I.’s methionine is supplied for manufac turing use only. It is reported that protein hydrolysates con taining amino acids have been used with out standing success in the treatment of peptic ulcers and starvation cases. One of the prin cipal uses of methionine will be to fortify the protein hydrolysate and increase the methio nine content. It is known, for example, that yeast hydrolysates, long used for their nutri tional value, are deficient in methionine. Treatm ent o f B urns, Shock and Exposure Burns, shock, exposure, fracture and surgi cal wounds are promptly followed by cell de struction on a major scale, owing to the raid ing of protein tissue to provide the required methionine. While high protein ingestion might prevent or overcome this destruction, in many cases the patient’s ability to consume or retain food is so impaired that a high( C ontinu ed on n e xt p age). Alps' against salt spray, scorching sun, stinglnf,.r?‘n’ ai!d quick temperature changes. In Mention to its resistance to severe service conlton"’ l*le ^ avy ^ n*s*' coat based on Aroplaz ™ possessed good brushability and drying “aracteristics. Today, Aroplaz 1076 will pro'«ie the same superior qualities in a host of ®u?p, durable finishes for many types of Cls|lian work. W id e A pplications m^j*3 v.ersatile new U.S.I. resin is recomended for all types of outdoor finishes. It is su‘table for trim and trellis, as as railroad coach and freight car finishes, oplaz 1076 may also be used for a wide trpl61^ i ’nter‘or coatings except -where ex,r„ CS ,r retention is paramount. Samples a* available upon request.. S lcular.ly. The specifications for A ro p la z 1 0 7 6 a re : Viscosity <GH) A'id No. (p la s tic ) Color GH. Z -Z , 8 -12 7 _ 10. ^'■/Gal. a t 2 5 ° C . 7 .8 5 - 7 .9 5 lbs. nthalic a n h y d rid e content 25%. vil content. 64 °/. The n e w low -cost m ethionine h elp s in m an y a ilm e n ts, pro m ises q re a t th in a s in n utrition . These.

(20) A D V E R T I S E M E N T — T h is en tire Pape is a t'eue! a d vertisem e n t. May. U S .! .C H E M I C A L N E W S. *. Low-Cost M ethionine protein diet is impossible. In such cases, as well as those where over-feeding is contra indicated—such as stomach operations—it is relatively easy to administer the required methionine by capsule or intravenously. M ethion in e as a Detoxicant It appears that methionine not only has definite therapeutic properties, but prophylac tic ones as well. Experimental and clinical results show that it exerts a remarkable pro tective effect on the livers of persons exposed to poisons known to cause liver injury. Among the poisons which yield to methionine are arsenical and phosphorus compounds. TNT, and halogenated carbons such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. TNT Poisoning TNT poisoning, often fatal, has been effec tively treated with methionine, which halts destruction of liver tissue, and aids in its re building. Methionine has also been used with outstanding success in cases of carbon tetra chloride poisoning which would normally prove fatal. There seems every reason to be lieve that other important applications may be just around the corner.. A n e w w a s h a b le , w a te rp ro o f fa b ric suit a b le for s e a t covers is d e v e lo p e d . . . A n ylo n s lip p e r is m arketed w h ic h can be scru bb ed w ith so a p a n d w a te r . . . A m ethod is reported for m ak ing rayon sh rin k p ro o f . . . H ig h -sp e e d w a r p knitting is reported from G e rm a n y . . . E le ctrically h e a ted rugs a re p re p are d . . . A n e w type of p o ly m e riz a b le dyestuff is reported to be su p erio r to o ld -ty p e dyestuffs . . . A carbon im p re g n a te d “ conductor” ta p e is sla te d to be u sefu l in sh ie ld in g a n d electro static flux g ra d in g . . . A n e w process Is d e v e lo p e d for im parting a p e rm a n e n t w a te r-re p e lle n t finish to cloth w ith o u t affecting the “ feel'' . . . Fire -re sistan ce is im p a rte d to textiles b y a zinc b o rate a n d p h o sp h a te c o m b in a tion . . . By m e an s of a n e w treatm en t, it is c la im e d that a ll-w o o l suits can be m ad e cool in w a rm w e a th e r . . . A n e w m e ch a n i cal cotton picker is in vented .. A teb rin H olds P rom ise In T rea tm en t o f Cholera. Research recently carried out in India in A ction o f M ethionine dicates that atebrin, now used widely in the Amino acids are the building blocks of treatment of malaria, may also be of value in proteins. That is another way of saying that combating the equally dread disease, cholera. proteins are broken down into various amino This drug, which is synthesized with the aid acids before they can be assimilated in the of noval ketone, a product of U.S.I., is claimed body. Of the ten essential amino acids, methionine is the one which seems to be essen to have shown promising results with more than a dozen cholera patients. tial to a healthy liver. In addition to poisons In dilutions of 1 to 4000, atebrin was found which attack the liver, there are other condi to be bacteriostatic to 10 strains of the Inaba tions, such as burns, shock, and exposure Sub-type of vibrio cholera and 11 strains of that cause the animal system to raid tissueprotein molecules for their methionine, caus the Ogawa sub-type. Its effect, however, was nil on 9 strains of para-cholera vibrios and 12 ing cell destruction at a rapid rate. Methionine is primarily an exogenous sub strains of saprophytic vibrios. The drug was also found to be non-bacteriostatic to enteric stance which must be ingested with food, or and dysenteric microorganisms. introduced into the system in some other man ner. Best natural sources of methionine are dairy products, fish and liver. However, to administer therapeutic doses from natural methionine sources would call for an impracThe synthesis of biologically active Vitamin tically large food intake. For instance, 4 to 6 A substances was achieved by U.S. wartime or even up to 10 quarts of milk would be in research, but was kept secret for a long time cluded in the daily diet in order to secure a under government orders to prevent it from curative dosage of methionine. A few grams falling into enemy hands, it was revealed of the new synthetic product will produce the recently. The procedure for the synthesis of same effect. these substances is reported to involve seven U.S.I. is making every effort to have methio or eight chemical steps, and to make use of nine available in sufficient quantities for man ufacturing use to supply clinics and experi such chemicals as ethyl chloroacetate, betaionone and acetylene. mental laboratories.. Vitam in A Synthesis. U.S.I 60. £ A S T - 4 2 NO. N D U ST RIAL S T .,. N EW . Y O R K. ALCOHOLS • Amyl Alcohol Butanol (Normal Butyl Alcohol) “ Fusel O il—Refined Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) Specially Denatured—all regular ; - and anhydrous formulas Completely Denatured—all regular. and anhydrous formulas Pore— 190 proof. C .P . 969r. * Absolute . *Suoer Pyro Anti-freeze ■*Solox Proprietary Solvent * ANSOLS Ansol M Ansoi PR. 17.. N.. Y.. A C ET IC ESTERS Amyi Acetate Butyl Acetate Ethyl Acetate O XALIC ESTERS Dibutyl Oxalate Diethyl Oxalate PHTHALIC ESTERS Diamyl Phthaiate Dibutyl Phthaiate Diethyl Phthaiate OTHER ESTERS •Diatol Diethyl Carbonate Ethyl Choloroformate Ethyl Formate. Further information on these items may be obtained by writing to U.S.I. A pharmaceutical slide rule, designed for use in pharmaceutical, chemical, and allied indus tries, is described as affording a rapid method for converting units in the various systems of weights and measures. Some conversions con tained on this slide rule are: grams per kilo to grains per pound, ounces to cc.'s and degrees C. to degrees F. (No. 063) U S I A new cleaning compound, described as a paste, is said to clean painted surfaces, enamels, tiles, porcelain, stainless steel, nickel, and chrome plate without the use of a solvent. It is claimed to be non-injurious to the hands. .(No. 064) U S I New mold release agents are said to secure re lease of plastic or rubber materials fabricated by injection or compression molding or pressure lam inating. (No. 065) U S I A new marble-like material is stated to be harder than marble and to be ten times more resistant than plaster to penetration by water. The manu facturer claims it can be sawed, sanded, pol ished, an d generally handled like a plastic. (No. 066) US-I A new wetting agent of the fatty-amide type is described as a freely flowing amber liquid which congeals at 0 degrees C., has a mild oaor, and is miscible w ith water, vegetable oil, fat, ana waxes. (No. 067) U S I A new mildewproofing agent, described as a specially treated textile resin, is claimed to be non-toxic and non-irritating to the skin at recom mended concentrations. It is reported to be water soluble and easy to apply. (No* 068/ U S I. A new plastic adhesive, marketed as a winecolored liq u id w ith a separate catalyst in powder form, is claimed to cure at room temperature vntn only slight pressure. It is recommended by me manufacturer as a strong adhesive for bonding wood, leather, vulcanized fiber, cloth, U S I A new scouring agent for wool is described as a detergent soluble in hot water. It is said o give uniform scouring action without so° ^ U S I A new injection molding plastic has been an nounced. It is described as light in ^ el<3ht an tough, w ith a specific gravity of 1.17 to i.z. » is reponed to have a n unlimited c0*% raJ5n a n d to mold to a fine finish. (No. / U S I. A replacement ior methyl orange as a standard for total alk alinity titrations is said o Be eitremely sensitive an d to produce a cle°F y n79\ fined endpoint. <No’ 0721. CHEMICALS, BRANCHES.. INTERMEDIATES Acetoacetanilide Acetoacet-ortho-enisidide Acetoacet-ortho-chloraniiice Aceto'acet-ortho-toluidicle Acetoacet-para-chloranilide Aloha-acetylbutyrolactone 5-Ch loro-2* pentan one SDiethylamino-2-pentar.one Ethyl Acetoacetate Ethyl Benzoylacetate Ethyl Alpha-Oxalpropionate Ethyl Sodium Oxalacetate Methyl Cyclopropyl Ketone ETHERS Ethyl Ether Ethyl Ether Absolute—A .C .S .. 1946. TECH N ICA L DEVELOPM ENTS. THE M O N T H IN TEXTILES. (Continued from preceding page). *. IN. ALL. PRINCIPAL. FEED CONCENTRATES ‘ Curbay B-G •Curbay Special Liquid *Vacatone 40 ACETONE C n e " ’ ¿ally Pure RESIMS Este= G u m i- a ll types. INC. CITIES. •. C o n g o G u m s — ra w . fu se d & e ste n fie d • A r o p ia z — a lk y d s a n d a llie d m a te ria ls • A r o fe n e — p u re p h e n o lic s •A r o c h e m — m o d ifie d .ty p e s. ,. Natural Resins—all standard grades OTHER PRODUCTS Collodions ethylene Ethylene Glycol ' ^re N itr o c e llu lo s e S o lu tio n s. . . Printed in U .o.n».

(21) you have this information in ■your files? Here’s a bulletin containing complete technical information on tlie properties and uses of the following plasticizers produced by T H E R E S IN O U S P R O D U C T S & C H E M IC A L C O M P A N Y : P L A S T iC IZ E R 36— a good general purpose type plasticizer com bining excellent efficiency, low vola tility and flexibility a t extremely low temperatures. P A R A P L E X G-25 — a unique polym er ty pe plas ticizer possessing outstanding permanence, non-migratibility, and resistance to beat, oil and ultraviolet radiation.. T H E R E S IN O U S P R O D U C T S & C H E M IC A L C O M P A N Y W 'A SH l\ G 10S SQU ARE, P H IL A D E L P H IA , PA. o/o.

(22) CHEMISTRY LEA T H E R MANUFACTURE THE. by. o f. G E O R G E D . M c L A U G H L IN. Director, B.D. Eisendrath Memorial Laboratory, Racine, Wisconsin; Formerly Director, Tanners' Council Research Laboratory, University °fC incinnati. .. ^. R T H£|S. Professor of Chemical Engineering and Director of the Industrial Biochemistry Laboratories at Lehigh University.. A. C. S. MONOGRAPH No. 101 T „ tc. .. ------------------1H IS scholarly trea tise presents a vast fund of experimental informa tion which is of the first importance not only to leather chemists and technologists, but to a number of other groups of scientists. Because of its ex tremely detailed reports of all recent research find ings on the preservation, pickling, tannirig and histology of hides and skins, it will be invaluable to dermatologists, cosmeticians, and colloid chem ists, as well as to researchers in the electrochemistry of proteins. Much attention is devoted, to acidbase equilibrium and the effect of pH on various phages of operations in the manufacture of leather. The chapters on vegetable and chrome tanning un questionably constitute the most complete treat ment of this subject to be found in the entire literature of leather chemistry. Prepared as the third volume of .the monograph of the same title written by the late John Arthur Wilson, it is a most worthy and notable addition to its predecessors. All the experimental material described is carefully and painstakingly evaluated by the authors in the light of their own extensive work and their profound knowledge of protein chemistry. The result is a body of correlated facts and theories which can be described only by the word “monumental.” 800 Pages, Profusely Illustrated $10.00 "T h e Chemistry o f Leather M anufacture” will. be an invaluable reference book to the follow ing groups:. ORGANIC CHEMISTS . INORGANIC CHEMISTS COLLOID CHEMISTS . PHYSICAL CHEMISTS DERMATOLOGISTS . HISTOLOGISTS LEATHER CHEMISTS . COSMETIC CHEMISTS PHYSICISTS . ELECTROCHEM ISTS TANNERS . SHOE MANUFACTURERS. REINHOLDPUBUSHINfi CORP.n. n ?y !. Today The use of peanut oil in salad dressings and mayon naise made it necessary to study methods of winterization to w ithstand the frigid rigors of the modern refrigerator. The crystals formed on chilling were soft and not easily filtered, and remained an enigma u n til a solvent crystal lization process a t low temperatures was developed. H ydrogenated peanut oil was also solvent-winterized, and the product recovered from the solvent in 78% yield proved to be a superior textile lubricant to the conven tional olive oil, according to tests conducted by the N ational W ool M anufacturers’ Association. Peanut oil was n o t so well adapted to sulfonation as olive oil, how ever, and it was not u n til a rearrangement of the glyceride molecules by hydrolysis and re-esterification was ef fected th a t it was possible to sulfonate low grade peanut oil. . ■ ' A lthough it has relatively good keeping qualities, pea n u t oil, like other oils of its class, gradually undergoes oxidative deterioration, and the mechanisms of the natural antioxidants and artificial antioxidants are now being studied in the Southern Regional Research Laboratory. The last p art of the peanut anatom y for consideration is the hull. Its m ain use is for fuel to fire the boilers of the industry itself. Its utilization as a ^construction m aterial or filler is somewhat lim ited because of the weak ness and shortness of its cellulose fibers and the bulkiness of the hulls themselves. R.L.D. O ld Chestnuts Are Going. The way their hides will be tanned in the future is a matter that grows more serious daily for the leather industry. The chestnut wood reserve of this country is nearing exhaustion. Chestnut is an essential ingredient in tanning fluid blends. I t has a tempering effect which; for instance, counteracts the effect of imported que bracho in making leather brittle and that of wattle in making it spongy. , Strenuous efforts have been made ever since 1904 to Halt the spread of the chestnut blight (brought from China and Japan) bu t all have failed, and stands of live chestnut are commercially extinct. Nearly all the chestnut wood ex tracted today comes from trees dead for many years. Chest nu t extract production declined from 79 million tan uni* (3 to 12 are needed per hide) in 1943, to 63 million m i to less than 59 million in 1945. Although wartime labor shortages have sharpened the decline (despite extensive use of war prisoners by some producers), the industry attn the drop primarily to exhaustion of reserves. Alternate tanning materials now available are eit ier u suitable or too high in price (tan u n it costs are app io x im a double or triple that of chestnut). The Depai mer Agriculture, is searching for some other domestic Canaigre root, scrub oak, sumac, and western hemlot, , have been tested, and acceptable leather has been ma e extracts from the first two. A blight-resistant chestnu. . has shown considerable promise. B u t the si ua critical. Unless we solve it, we will be a have-no in one more item of great industrial importance.. ^.

(23) May, 1946. These u n its a re a v a ila b le in a v a r ie ty o f d e s ig n s f o r d iffe r e n t flu id s a n d r e q u ir e m e n t s . T h e G -R B e n fu b e S team G e n e ra to r sh o w n a b o v e has s u b m e rg e d , sc a le -s h e d d in g h e a tin g e le m e n ts .. STEAMGENERATORS submerged and heater types Recovery of heat from cracking coil tar, hot gas oil, or other heavy, dirty or clogging fluids presents no difficulties in a G-R Steam Generator. In many instances, these units have proven highly successful in recovering heat which formerly had to be wasted. Clogging is prevented by the use of single tubes for each pass, with liquid passages of large and uniform area throughout their length. Ac cumulation of scale from raw, untreated water is prevented by scale-shedding heating elements. Maximum steam production is provided by counter-current flow of water and hot liquid. Here is an opportunity to reduce your process costs . . . your pump ing costs. . . your cooling system load . . . and your boiler house steam demand. Write for bulletin describing illustrating their features of design. G-R Steam Generators in detail, and aa-ns. THE GRISCOM-RUSSELL C O ., 2 8 5. A v e n u e , N e w Y o rk 17, N . Y-. GRISCOM-RUSSELL ftio s te e b l in. J ie a t.

(24) INDUSTRIAL. 24. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Vol. 38, No. 5. ItolOOOhP COMPUTE W C lO S M i f o r PROTECTIO a g a in s t It. D IR T , D U S. A N D W EATHER.

(25) May, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. CHEMISTRY. Tri-Clad m o to rs- « design principles in. E L E C T R 7IC 50-251. 25.

(26) Vol. 38, No. 5. A "SEARCHLIGHT" TO FOCUS RADIO WAVES In the new microwave radio relay system between New York and Boston, which Bell Laboratories are develop ing for the Bell System, giant lenses will shape and aim the wave energy as a searchlight aims a light beam. This unique lens—an array of metal plates — receives divergent waves through a waveguide in the rear. As they pass between the metal plates their direction of motion is bent in. ward so that the energy travels out as a nearly parallel beam. At the next relay point a similar combination of lens and waveguide, working in re verse, funnels the energy back into a repeater for amplification and re transmission. A product of fundamental research on waveguides, metallic lenses were first developed by the Laboratories during the war to produce precise radio beams.. This “searchlight” is a milestone in many months of inquiry throug ® realms of physics, mathematics and electronics. But how to focus wav es is only one of many problems that Ben Telephone Laboratories are working on to speed microwave transmission. e goal of this and all Bell Laboratory research is the same — to keep on ■ing American telephone service e and better.. r i c d UHNF. SERVICE.

(27) May, 1946. INDUSTRIAL. AND. ENGINEERING. 27. CHEMISTRY. T O A TM O S.. f. A IR DRYING TOWER. SO j . A BSO RBER TOWER. ECONOMIZER. TO * C IO. STORAGE SUL fU K BU RN ĘR. W ASTE H E A T B O IL E R. B LO W E R. ACID A C 10 C O O LER. C A TA LY ST C 0N VERTER. AC/O COO LER. PUMP SU LFU R M ELTE R A CIO RUM P. SU LFU R PUUP SULFU«. H i t f B o u f* s. w a s t e. W aste heat boilers perform two im p ortant func tions in the m anufacture of sulphuric acid by the contact process. First, the necessary close control over tem perature and rate o f cooling is established; second, valuable steam is generated by the heat recovered. C onstructed to resist corrosion, tubes of these waste heat boilers are protected by a sheath of cast iron, and all joints are outside the gas pas sages. Extended-surface elements speed cooling. of S02 gas, an d reduce gas-travel distance through the elements. W h e n you have a heat-recovery problem, con sult Foster W heeler— specialists in all types of heat-exchanging equipm ent. FOSTER. W HEELER. C O R P O R A T IO N. 165 B ro a d w a y , N e w Y o rk 6 , N . Y .. S pecially-constructed w aste h eat b o ile r perform s tw o fu n ctio n s — controls S O 2 gas tem peratures a n d generates steam..

(28) Vol. 38, No. 5. EXTRA METAL R EIN FO R CEM EN TS E x c lu s iv e F l e x if a I lie * 't a ilo r m a d e " construction uses metal* to -m e ta l rein fo rcin g w in d in g s w h e re a n d a s n eed ed th ro u g h out the s p ir a l, one of m any F le x ita llic p a t e n t e d f e a t u r e s . Th is p ro vid es m axim um g a ske t strength a n d re silie n c y w ith a minimum of se atin g a re a .. PO SITIV E H IG H -P R ESS U R E IN TERLOCK. The Answer to. Positive in its in te rlo c k in g a c tio n , th e F le x ita llic d e . 1001 Gasket Problems. m ent o f th e g a ske t to m eet c h a n g in g lin e co n d itio n s.. sign pro vid e s a d e q u a te re silie n cy fo r a u to m a tic a d ju s t. In stall Flexitallic Gaskets— and forget. At the close of the war, more than 75% of. them ! They’re easier to install. They require. all combat craft and a high percentage of all. no painstaking hand-finishing of seating sur. maritime vessels were Flexitallic equipped. faces. They automatically compensate for. __convincing evidence of their dependa. changing line conditions even under the. bility and uniformly precise construction.. highest of modern pressures and tempera. W rite for catalog. Better yet, send details. tures and the most severe conditions of use.. of your application for specific gasket recom mendations by Flexitallic engineers.. FLEXITALLIC GASKET COMPANY • C A M D E N , N . J..

(29) May, 1946. Si!!!*'. I• .llliv mmsÿ&âS.. W h e n you call in a FairbanksMorse scale engineer, you’ve taken the first step toward getting far more than enduringly reliable weighing instruments. You’ve made the right start toward profiting from the often unsuspected services modern scales can render. Today’s line of Fairbanks-Morse Scales is so complete, so diversified, and so adaptable that regular or. Fairbanks-Morse. Diesel Locomotives • Diesel Engines Scales • Motors • Pumps • Generators Magnetos • Stokers • Railroad Motor Cars and Standpipes • Farm Equipment. A name worth rem em bering.

(30) Vol.’ 38, No. 5. This Sim plifies Ordering. STEEL VALVES and PARTS. This six-page, file-size folder contains much useful informa tion in convenient form.. Here are the standard names of. all component parts of steel gate, globe and check valves. Cut-away pictures make it a very simple matter to identify each part.. Send for your copy.. Reading-Pratt & Cady distributors are located in principal cities. Reading Cast Steel V a lv e s and Fittings • Pratt & Cad y B rass and Iron V a lv e s d'Esfe Autom atic Regulating V alves. Reading, Pa. • Atlanta • Chicago • Denver • Detroit • Houston • Los Angeles • New York • P hiladelp h ia • Pittsburgh • Portlan d, Ore. • San Francisco • Bridgeport, Conn.. TRADE ' MARK.