-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB
103
Apple Tree Model of Emotion-Involved
Processing: Videos for Emotions
and Foreign Language Learning
Jana Kamenická
'HSDUWPHQWRI/DQJXDJH3HGDJRJ\DQG,QWHUFXOWXUDO6WXGLHV
)DFXOW\RI(GXFDWLRQ&RQVWDQWLQHWKH3KLORVRSKHU8QLYHUVLW\LQ1LWUD 'UDçRYVNi1LWUD6ORYDNLD
E-mail address: janey.kamenicka@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8903-1943
Abstract
Aim. 7KHSULPDU\DLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWRSUHVHQWDQGGLVFXVVWKH$SSOH7UHH0RGHO
RI(PRWLRQ,QYROYHG3URFHVVLQJLQWKHFRQWH[WRIIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJZLWKUHJDUG
WRGLGDFWLFQHXURVFLHQWLÀFDQGSV\FKRORJLFDOYLHZSRLQWV7KHSURSRVHGPRGHOPLUURUV
WKHRULHVZKLFKHPSKDVL]HWKHUROHRIHPRWLRQDOH[SHULHQFLQJLQWKHSURFHVVRIOHDUQLQJ
DQGUHODWHLWWRWKHHQKDQFHPHQWRIFRJQLWLYHSURFHVVHV7KHVHFRQGDU\DLPRIWKLVSDSHU
LV WR SURSRVH H[DPSOHV RI DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKHVH WKHRULHV DQG UHFHQW UHVHDUFK ÀQGLQJV
²ZLWKWKHXVHRIYLGHRVLQIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJERWKLQVLGHDQGRXWVLGHRIWKH
FODVVHV
Methods. $ORQJZLWKVHYHUDORWKHUVWZRVWXGLHVDQDFWLRQUHVHDUFKDQGH[SHUL
PHQWGHDOLQJZLWKWKHUROHRIHPRWLRQDOHQJDJHPHQWDQGSRVLWLYHHPRWLRQDOVWLPXOL
DUHGLVFXVVHGLQPRUHGHWDLO&RQFHUQLQJWKHDFWLRQUHVHDUFK.DPHQLFNi .RYiĀLNRYi
WKHVXEMHFWVRIWKLVVWXG\ZHUHQRQQDWLYHWHHQDJHVHFRQGDU\JUDPPDUVFKRRO
()/OHDUQHUVLH\HDUVROG,QWKLVVWXG\WKHUROHRIHPRWLRQDOHQJDJHPHQWLQ
IRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJZDVREVHUYHG²ZLWKUHJDUGWROHDUQHUVRIYDULRXVOHDUQLQJ
VW\OHV&RQFHUQLQJWKHH[SHULPHQW.UiĕRYi.DPHQLFNi 7LUSiNRYiVXEPLWWHGIRU
SXEOLFDWLRQ LW SURYLGHG ERWK TXDQWLWDWLYH DQG TXDOLWDWLYH GDWD ,WV VXEMHFWV ZHUH
QRQQDWLYHÀUVW\HDUXQLYHUVLW\()/VWXGHQWVLH\HDUVROG7KHHIIHFWRIDSSOL
FDWLRQRISRVLWLYHHPRWLRQDOVWLPXOLGXULQJWKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHFODVVHVZDVREVHUYHG
²ZLWKUHJDUGWRUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWV·YRFDEXODU\UHWHQWLRQHPRWLRQDOH[SHULHQFLQJ
DQGWKHLUDXWRQRPLFVWUHVVUHVSRQVH7KHTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDJDWKHUHGGHDOWZLWKUHVHDUFK
SDUWLFLSDQWV·VXEMHFWLYHSHUFHSWLRQRIHPRWLRQDOO\FRPSHWHQWVWLPXOLDSSOLHGYRFDEX
ODU\UHFDOODQGH[SHULPHQWDOFODVVHVDVVXFK
Results. 7KHDQDO\VLVRIWKHTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDVXJJHVWVWKDWHPRWLRQDOHQJDJHPHQW
OHDGVWREHWWHUPRWLYDWLRQWROHDUQDPRQJOHDUQHUVLQFOXGLQJWKHUHOXFWDQWRQHV0RUH
RYHUWKHUHVHDUFKRXWFRPHVVXJJHVWWKDWHPRWLRQDOO\FRPSHWHQWVWLPXOLPLJKWEHFRQ
VLGHUHGDVDXQLYHUVDONH\ZKHQLWFRPHVWRHQJDJHPHQWRIOHDUQHUVRIYDULRXVOHDUQLQJ
VW\OHV)XUWKHUPRUHWKHTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDDQDO\VLVDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKDWOHDUQHUVHVSHFLDOO\
DSSUHFLDWHOHDUQLQJWKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHWKURXJKWRSLFVZKLFKDUHQRWXVXDOO\SDUWRI
VFKRROFXUULFXOXP7KHVWDWLVWLFDOGDWDDQDO\VLVLQGLFDWHVWKDWSRVLWLYHHPRWLRQDOH[SH
doi: 10.15503/jecs2021.1.103.116
ULHQFHVOHDGWRWKHLQFUHDVHRIERWKIRUHLJQODQJXDJHHQMR\PHQWDQGOHDUQHUV·IRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJHYRFDEXODU\UHWHQWLRQ
Conclusions. 7KHUHVHDUFKÀQGLQJVVXJJHVWWKDWSRVLWLYHHPRWLRQDOVWLPXODWLRQRI
)/OHDUQHUVPLJKWOHDGWRWKHLULQFUHDVHGPRWLYDWLRQIRUOHDUQLQJDVZHOODVWREHWWHU
UHWHQWLRQRIQHZODQJXDJHLWHPV)XUWKHUPRUHWKH\DOVRFRQÀUPWKHVLJQLÀFDQWUROHRI
WKHWHDFKHULQWHUPVRIUHJXODWLRQDQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHOHDUQLQJDWPRVSKHUH$V
QRZDGD\VWKH)/OHDUQLQJGRHVQRWWDNHSODFHLQFODVVHVRQO\WKHWHDFKHUV·PDQDJHULDO
JXLGDQFHDQGGLUHFWLRQRIOHDUQHUVEHFRPHVHVVHQWLDOPRUHWKDQHYHU:LWKUHJDUGWR
WKHVHÀQGLQJVVHYHUDOLGHDVKRZWRJXLGHOHDUQHUV·)/OHDUQLQJERWKLQVLGHDQGRXWVLGH
RIFODVVDUHSURSRVHG²ZLWKWKHXVHRIYLGHRVZKLFKDUHVWDJJHULQJO\RPQLSUHVHQWLQ
HYHU\GD\OLYHVRIQRZDGD\V·VRFLHW\
Key words:HPRWLRQVHPRWLRQLQYROYHGSURFHVVLQJIRUHLJQODQJXDJHHQMR\PHQW
ODQJXDJHSHGDJRJ\QHXURVFLHQFHSV\FKRORJ\7()/YLGHRV
Introduction
´:
KHQJDUGHQHUVJDUGHQLWLVQRWMXVWSODQWVWKDWJURZEXWWKHJDUGHQHUVWKHPVHOYHVµ.'UXVH7KHDUWRIJDUGHQLQJLVQRWDERXWWKH
QXPEHURISODQWVLQWKHJDUGHQEXWUDWKHUDERXWWKHEHDXW\RIWKHJDUGHQDQG
WKHTXDOLW\RIWKHKDUYHVW+RZHYHURQO\WRORRNDWWKHKDUYHVWDQGMXGJHLWV
TXDOLW\ZRXOGEHYHU\VKDOORZ:LWKUHJDUGWRKLJKTXDOLW\KDUYHVWWKHVHFUHW
LVLQFDUHZKLFKFDQEHSURYLGHGE\QDWXUHLWVHOIRUE\WKHJDUGHQHU:KHQLW
FRPHVWRIRUHLJQODQJXDJHHGXFDWLRQLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWFDUHDQGWKHKDUYHVW
DUHHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQW+RZHYHUWKHFDUHLVRIWHQRYHUORRNHGDVHGXFDWRUVRU
OHDUQHUV WRR RIWHQ FRQFHQWUDWH RQ WKH KDUYHVW RQO\ (YHQ LI WKH SODQWV· EDVLF
QHHGVDUHHQVXUHGWRKHOSWKHPÁRXULVKDQGJURZWKHJDUGHQHUQHHGVWRSUR
YLGHWKHPZLWKVRPHDGGLWLRQDOQXWULWLRQ6LPLODUO\LQHGXFDWLRQWRKHOSWKH
OHDUQHUVJURZDQGWRVXSSRUWWKHLUFRJQLWLYHSURFHVVHVWKHHGXFDWRUVKRXOG
SURYLGHDGGLWLRQDOQXWULWLRQLQWKHIRUPRIHPRWLRQV
1RZDGD\V QXPHURXV SODWIRUPV SURYLGH IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUV ZLWK
XQOLPLWHGRSWLRQVWREULQJLQHPRWLRQVDQGDXWKHQWLFODQJXDJHWRWKHLUFODVVHV
:KDWLVPRUHLWLVSRVVLEOHIRUWHDFKHUVWRWDNHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJRXWRI
WKHFODVVDQGPDNHLWDQDGGLFWLYHHYHU\GD\KREE\IRUWKHLUOHDUQHUV
Emotions In Education
7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIHPRWLRQLQOLIHKDVEHHQZLGHO\UHFRJQL]HGE\SKLORVR
SKHUVVFLHQWLVWVDQGHGXFDWRUVDOODURXQGWKHZRUOG7UDGLWLRQDOXQGHUVWDQ
GLQJ RI FRJQLWLRQ DQG LWV SULRULWL]LQJ RYHU HPRWLRQV KDV EHHQ RYHUFRPH E\
SKLORVRSKHUVVXFKDV$OIUHG1RUWK:KLWHKHDG+HQUL%HUJVRQ&KDUOHV6DQ
GHUV3HLUFH:LOOLDP-DPHVDQG-RKQ'HZH\.DQD]DZDE5HVHDUFKHUV
IURPVHYHUDOVFLHQWLÀFÀHOGVVXFKDVGHYHORSPHQWDOSV\FKRORJ\HGXFDWLRQDO
SV\FKRORJ\EHKDYLRUDOHFRQRPLFVQHXURORJ\VRFLRELRORJ\FRJQLWLYHVFLHQFH
QHXURELRORJ\SV\FKRSDWKRORJ\SK\VLFVHWFUHFRJQL]HWKHLPSRUWDQWUROHRI
HPRWLRQVLQFRJQLWLYHSURFHVVHV.DQD]DZDF1RORQJHUDUHHPRWLRQ
DQGFRJQLWLRQFRQVLGHUHGDVWZRVHSDUDWHHQWLWLHV,WLVEHOLHYHGWKDWHPRWLRQV
FDQDQGRIWHQGRJRKDQGLQKDQGZLWKFRJQLWLRQDVWKH\KDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWR
HQHUJL]HDQGUHJXODWHFRJQLWLYHSURFHVVLQJUDWKHUWKDQWRGLVWUDFWLW6WRUEHFN
&ORUH
7KHGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKHÀHOGRISRVLWLYHSV\FKRORJ\LQWKHVKDVOHG
UHVHDUFKHUVWRPRUHGHWDLOHGVWXG\RIWKHDIIHFWLYHDUHDVLQHGXFDWLRQDQGWKH
UROHRIHPRWLRQVLQIRUHLJQODQJXDJHSHGDJRJ\DSSOLHGOLQJXLVWLFVDQGHGX
FDWLRQDOSV\FKRORJ\7KHFRQFHSWRIHPRWLRQKDVEHFRPHZLGHO\GLVFXVVHGE\
UHVHDUFKHUV'HZDHOH3DYOHQNR6KDUZRRG6PLWK 7UXVFRWW
6ZDLQ :KLWH 7HUPV VXFK DV HPRWLRQDO LQWHOOLJHQFH 'HZDHOH
3HWULGHV )XUQKDP.DQD]DZDG6DORYH\ 0D\HUÁRZ
DV DQ RSWLPDO H[SHULHQFH '|UQ\HL +HQU\ 0XLU &VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L
DQGSRVLWLYHSV\FKRORJ\DVWKHVFLHQWLÀFVWXG\ZKLFKIRFXVHVRQKXPDQ
ÁRXULVKLQJDQGVWUHQJWKVRIKXPDQSV\FKH.DQD]DZDD2[IRUG
6HOLJPDQ &VLNV]HQWPLKDO\LKDVFRPHIRUZDUG$VDUHVXOWVHYHUDO
UHVHDUFKHUVWULHGWRYHULI\WKHHIIHFWVRIHPRWLRQVRQFRJQLWLRQLQWHUPVRIIRUH
LJQODQJXDJH)/OHDUQLQJRUPRUHSUHFLVHO\YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQ'HZD
HOH 3DYOHQNR.UiĕRYi.DPHQLFNi 7LUSiNRYiVXEPLWWHGIRUSXEOL
FDWLRQ6FKW]H
$QLQWHUHVWLQJQHXURVFLHQWLÀFSKHQRPHQRQ²IURPZKLFKERWKIRUHLJQODQ
JXDJH OHDUQHUV DQG WHDFKHUV FDQ EHQHÀW ² LV WKH VRFDOOHG HPRWLRQDOO\ FRP
SHWHQW VWLPXOXV (&6 &DUPLQH *DOOR H[SODLQV WKDW ZKHQ H[SHULHQ
FLQJWKHVHVWLPXOLZHHQWHUDKHLJKWHQHGVWDWHRIHPRWLRQZKLFKZLOOUHVXOW
LQEHWWHUOLNHOLKRRGRIUHPHPEHULQJGHOLYHUHGPHVVDJHV,QIDFWWKHVHVWLPXOL
WULJJHUHPRWLRQDODURXVDODQGWKXVFUHDWHPHPRULHVLQZKLFKQRWMXVWHYHQWV
EXWDOVRDFFRPSDQ\LQJHPRWLRQDOVHQVDWLRQVDUHLQYROYHGUHPHPEHUHGDQG
ODWHUUHFDOOHG$FFRUGLQJWR-RKQ0HGLQD(&6LVWKHEHVWSURFHVVHGNLQG
RIH[WHUQDOVWLPXOXVHYHUPHDVXUHG:KHQFRPSDUHGWRHPRWLRQDOO\QHXWUDO
PHPRULHV(&6SHUVLVWORQJHULQWKHKXPDQPHPRU\6XEVHTXHQWO\WKH\DUH
UHFDOOHGZLWKJUHDWHUDFFXUDF\WKDQWKHQHXWUDORQHV7KLVSKHQRPHQRQFRPHV
XQGHU VXFK QDPHV DV HPRWLRQDOO\HQKDQFHG PHPRU\ 7DOPL 6FKLPPDFN
3DWHUVRQ 0RVFRYLWFKRUDIIHFWLYHLQSXWHQKDQFHPHQW7UXVFRWW
*DOORUHIHUVWRWKLVSKHQRPHQRQDVHPRWLRQDOO\HQKDQFHGYLYLGQHVVDQ
HPRWLRQDOO\FKDUJHGHYHQWDQGÁDVKEXOEPHPRU\5HEHFFD7RGGFRQ
ÀUPVWKDWHPRWLRQDOO\DURXVLQJWKLQJVDUHSHUFHLYHGE\WKHKXPDQEUDLQZLWK
JUHDWHUFODULW\WKDQWKHRUGLQDU\RQHV$VDUHVXOWLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKH
UHFDOORIDQHYHQWLVLQÁXHQFHGE\WKHYLYLGQHVVRIWKHH[SHULHQFHLQWKHÀUVW
SODFH
,QWKHÀHOGRIIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\FRQGXF
WHGE\3LODU)HUUpLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHHPRWLRQDOLW\RIOH[LFDOLWHPVDQG
KRZ WKH LWHPV DUH SURFHVVHG KDV D GLIIHUHQW LPSDFW RQ VXEVHTXHQW YRFDEX
ODU\OHDUQLQJ7KHRXWFRPHVRIWKLVVWXG\LQGLFDWHGWKDWOH[LFDOYDOHQFHLVDQ
LPSRUWDQWIDFWRUZKHQLWFRPHVWR)/YRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJ7KHRXWFRPHVRIWKH
DIRUHPHQWLRQHGH[SHULPHQWDUHLQFRQFRUGDQFHZLWKVLPLODUVWXGLHVRQIRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJHYRFDEXODU\PHPRU\ZKLFKZHUHFRQGXFWHGODWHUE\$\üH$\oLoHùL
DQG&DWKHULQH+DUULV$UHFHQWVWXG\FRQGXFWHGE\<X.DQD]DZD
H[SHULPHQWDOO\LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHLPSDFWRIYRFDEXODU\LWHPVRIGLIIHUHQW
OH[LFDOYDOHQFHRQLQFLGHQWDOUHFDOOOH[LFDOUHWHQWLRQ7KHUHVHDUFKKDVVKRZQ
WKDWSRVLWLYHO\YDOHQFHGZRUGVZHUHOHDUQHGEHWWHU²ZKHQFRPSDUHGWRQHJD
WLYHZRUGVWKHGLIIHUHQFHZDVVLJQLÀFDQWLQFRPSDULVRQWRQHXWUDOZRUGVWKH
GLIIHUHQFH ZDV PDUJLQDO 7R DGG .DQD]DZD SURSRVHG DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ
K\SRWKHVLVWKDWHPRWLRQLQYROYHGSURFHVVLQJLVDQHYHQGHHSHUOHYHORISUR
FHVVLQJWKDQVHPDQWLFSURFHVVLQJRUSHUFHSWXDOSURFHVVLQJ²ZKLFKDVDUHVXOW
OHDGVWREHWWHUORQJWHUPUHWHQWLRQ7KHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGK\SRWKHVLVLVVFKHPD
WLFDOO\GLVSOD\HGLQWKHIROORZLQJÀJXUH
Fig. 1. (PRWLRQ,QYROYHG3URFHVVLQJ+\SRWKHVLV(,3+
Source: DGDSWHGIURP.DQD]DZD
$OWKRXJK WKH VLJQLÀFDQFH RI OH[LFDO YDOHQFH LQ HPRWLRQLQYROYHG SURFHV
VLQJLVXQGLVSXWDEOHWKLVWKHRU\LVERXQGWRVSHFLÀFOH[LFDOLWHPV+RZHYHULQ
RUGHUWRDIIHFWWKHZKROHJURXSRIOHDUQHUVLQHGXFDWLRQDOSUDFWLFHVRPHWKLQJ
RIPRUHXQLYHUVDOQDWXUHLVQHHGHG$OWKRXJKHPRWLRQDOH[SHULHQFLQJLVDYHU\
VXEMHFWLYHSKHQRPHQRQWKHDFWLRQUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGE\-DQD.DPHQLFNiDQG
(OHQD.RYiĀLNRYiRQQRQQDWLYHWHHQDJHVHFRQGDU\JUDPPDUVFKRRO
()/OHDUQHUVLH\HDUVROGVXJJHVWVWKDWDQDGGHGSRVLWLYHHPRWLRQDO
LQSXWVWLPXODWLRQ DQG FRQVHTXHQW HPRWLRQDO HQJDJHPHQW PLJKW SRVLWLYHO\
DIIHFWIRUHLJQODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ,QWKHIROORZLQJVWXG\RIPL[HGTXDOLWD
WLYHTXDQWLWDWLYHPHWKRGVDSSURDFKZKLFKZDVFRQGXFWHGE\=GHQD.UiĕRYi
-DQD.DPHQLFNiDQG$QQD7LUSiNRYiVXEPLWWHGIRUSXEOLFDWLRQWKHHIIHFWRI
HPRWLRQDOO\FRPSHWHQWVWLPXOL(&6DVWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQZKLFKZHUHRIWHQ
GHOLYHUHGWKURXJKYLGHRVZDVREVHUYHG²ZLWKUHJDUGWRUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWV·
UHWHQWLRQ RI YRFDEXODU\ HPRWLRQV H[SHULHQFHG DQG WKHLU DXWRQRPLF VWUHVV
UHVSRQVHV7KHVXEMHFWVZHUHQRQQDWLYHÀUVW\HDUXQLYHUVLW\()/VWXGHQWV
LH\HDUVROG7KHTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDJDWKHUHGGHDOWZLWKUHVHDUFKSDUWL
FLSDQWV·VXEMHFWLYHSHUFHSWLRQRIHPRWLRQDOO\FRPSHWHQWVWLPXOLDSSOLHGYRFD
EXODU\UHFDOODQGH[SHULPHQWDOFODVVHVDVVXFK
,QWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGUHVHDUFKWKH(&6RIYDULRXVIRUPVZHUHLPSOHPHQ
WHGGXULQJWKHUHJXODU(QJOLVK()/FODVVHV9RFDEXODU\WHVWDQGVSHDNLQJWHVW
ZHUHDSSOLHGWRGHWHFWWKHUHWHQWLRQRIWKHGHFODUDWLYHDQGSURFHGXUDONQRZ
OHGJHRIWKHWDUJHWYRFDEXODU\LWHPV7KHVHFRQGREMHFWLYHRIWKHPHQWLRQHG
VWXG\ZDVWRPRQLWRUWKHHPRWLRQDOVWDWXVRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVGXULQJWKHLQWH
UYHQWLRQ,QRUGHUWRPHDVXUHSDUWLFLSDQWV·JHQHUDOHPRWLRQDOVWDWHWKH(PR
WLRQDO+DELWXDO6XEMHFWLYH&RPIRUW6FDOH(+&6'çXND 'DOEHUWZDV
XVHG0RUHRYHUWKH)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH(QMR\PHQW6FDOH)/(6'HZDHOH 0DF,QW\UHZDVXVHGWRUHÁHFWWKHLUVSHFLÀFHPRWLRQDOVWDWHVUHODWHGWR
)/OHDUQLQJEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWRGHWHFWWKHDXWRQR
PLFVWUHVVUHVSRQVHWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV·KHDUWUDWHZDVPHDVXUHGGXULQJWKHVSH
DNLQJWHVW$IWHUWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQWKHOHDUQHUVZHUHDVNHGWRÀOOLQWKHIHHGEDFN
TXHVWLRQQDLUHLQRUGHUWROHDUQWKHLULGHDVSHUFHSWLRQVDQGUHÁHFWLRQVRQWKH
OHDUQLQJSURFHVV
:KHQLWFRPHVWRWKHYRFDEXODU\WHVWWKHLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHH[SHULPHQ
WDO JURXS DIWHU WKH LQWHUYHQWLRQ LQ WKH SRVWWHVW ZDV PRUH WKDQ GRXEOH ² LQ
FRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHFRQWUROJURXS&RQFHUQLQJWKHVSHDNLQJWHVWWKHSRVW
WHVWLPSURYHPHQWZDVDOLWWOHKLJKHULQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSDOWKRXJKWKH
LPSURYHPHQWZDVQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLÀFDQW7RFRQFOXGHWKHUHVXOWVRIWKLV
H[SHULPHQWVXJJHVWWKDW(&6DIIHFWGHFODUDWLYHYRFDEXODU\NQRZOHGJHPRUH
WKDQ WKH SURFHGXUDO RQH 5HJDUGLQJ WKH JHQHUDO HPRWLRQDO VWDWHV RI SDUWLFL
SDQWVWKH(+&6SUHWHVW²SRVWWHVWGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLÀFDQW
+RZHYHUZKHQLWFRPHVWR)/(6WKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHHQMR\PHQWLQFUHDVHG
LQERWKJURXSVDIWHUWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQEXWWKHLQFUHDVHZDVPRUHWKDQWZLFHDV
KLJKLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXS:LWKUHJDUGWRDXWRQRPLFVWUHVVUHVSRQVHVWKH
KHDUWUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWGLGQRWVKRZDQ\VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLÀFDQWGLIIHUHQFHV
ZKHQLWFRPHVWRWKHVWUHVVUHOHDVHGXULQJWKHSRVWWHVW7KHIHHGEDFNTXHVWLRQ
QDLUHVUHYHDOHGWKDWWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSSHUFHLYHGWKH
(&6DVWKHLUIDYRULWHSDUWRIWKH()/FODVVDQGFODLPHGWKH\ZRXOGDSSUHFLDWH
PRUHRIWKHPLQWKHIXWXUH)XUWKHUPRUHWKH\FODLPHGWKDWWKH(&6KDGKHOSHG
WKHPUHPHPEHUQHZYRFDEXODU\PDLQO\EHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHIXQPXOWLVHQVRU\
DQGGHDOWZLWKWRSLFVZKLFKDUHQRWXVXDOO\LQFOXGHGLQWKHVFKRROFXUULFXOXP
7KXVWKHDXWKRUVRIWKLVH[SHULPHQWLPSO\WKDW(&6LQIRUHLJQODQJXDJHHGXFD
WLRQLVDQHDVLO\DSSOLFDEOHVWUDWHJ\ZKLFKLVWUDQVIHUDEOHDFURVVYDULRXVFXOWX
UDODQGODQJXDJHFRQWH[WV$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKH\HPSKDVL]HWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\
RIWKHWHDFKHUIRUWKHUHJXODWLRQRIWKHOHDUQLQJDWPRVSKHUHLQWKHFODVVURRP
+RUZLW]
,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGSHGDJRJLFDOQHXURVFLHQWLÀFDQG
SV\FKRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKGRQHLQWKLVÀHOGZHSURSRVHWKH$SSOH7UHH0RGHORI
(PRWLRQ,QYROYHG3URFHVVLQJ
Fig. 2. $SSOH7UHH0RGHORI(PRWLRQ,QYROYHG3URFHVVLQJ
Source: RZQUHVHDUFK
7RH[SODLQWKLVÀJXUHLQRUGHUWRKHOSWKHWUHHWRJURZZHKDYHWRSURYLGH
LWZLWKVXIÀFLHQWFDUH(YHU\VLQJOHSDUWRIWKHWUHHLVHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWWKH
WUXQNDQGEUDQFKHVSHUFHSWXDOSURFHVVLQJWKHVKDOORZURRWV\VWHPVHPDQWLF
SURFHVVLQJDQGWKHGHHSHVWURRWVHPRWLRQLQYROYHGSURFHVVLQJ+RZHYHU
IRUWKHWUHHWRVXUYLYHZDWHUDQGQRXULVKPHQWHPRWLRQVDUHHVVHQWLDO7KHVH
FDQEHSURYLGHGE\QDWXUHLWVHOIEXWRQO\DFDULQJJDUGHQHUWKHWHDFKHUFDQ
SURYLGHWKHWUHHZLWKWKHEHVWFDUHLWQHHGVWREHDUWKHKLJKHVWTXDOLW\IUXLWV
,WLVWKHZDWHUDQGWKHQRXULVKPHQWFRQWDLQHGLQWKHJDUGHQHU·VZDWHULQJFDQ
HPRWLRQDO LQSXW LH WDVNV GXULQJ ZKLFK (&6 DUH H[SHULHQFHG WKDW UHDFKHV
DQGQRXULVKHVWKHGHHSHVWURRWVRIWKHWUHHDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\VXSSRUWVWKH
IRXQGDWLRQVDQGWKHWUHHLWVHOI7KHUHIRUHWKHHPRWLRQDOH[SHULHQFHVXSSRUWV
WKH´IRXQGDWLRQVµRIOHDUQHUVDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHSURYLGHVWKHLUWHDFKHUV
ZLWKJUHDWRSSRUWXQLW\WRJLYHDIRUPWRWKHLU´VKDSHVµ$VDUHVXOWWKHWUHH
ZLOOEHDUIUXLWV$JDLQWREHDUGHOLFLRXVDQGMXLF\DSSOHVWKHWUHHQHHGVDSSUR
SULDWHQRXULVKPHQWDQGZDWHU²WRHQVXUHWKHEHVWSRVVLEOHRXWFRPHDULFK
KDUYHVWWKH\DUHSURYLGHGDQGRUVXSSOHPHQWHGE\WKHJDUGHQHUKLPVHOI
KHUVHOI7KXVWKHHPRWLRQDOLQSXWSURYLGHGE\WKHWHDFKHUKDVWKHSRZHUWR
VXSSRUWOHDUQHUV·SV\FKRORJLFDOIRXQGDWLRQDQGDWVDPHWLPHKHOSVWRHQVXUH
WKHFRJQLWLYHKDUYHVW
Videos for foreign language learning
)LUVWLQRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHSRWHQWLDORIYLGHRVLQHGXFDWLRQLWLVHVVHQ
WLDOWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHLUQDWXUH&ODLPLQJWKDWWKH\DUHMXVW´PRYLQJSLFWXUHVµ
ZRXOGEHDQLQDGHTXDWHDQGLQVXIÀFLHQWGHÀQLWLRQDVWKH\FRPSULVHSLFWXUHV
VRXQGVDQGPXVLFDQGVRPHVRUWRIPRYHPHQWRUG\QDPLFZKLFKLVRIWHQ
DFKLHYHGWKURXJKVWRU\WHOOLQJ$VSURSRVHGE\*DOORWRHQKDQFHOHDU
QLQJWKHIROORZLQJEUDLQIULHQGO\WRROVDQGDLGVFDQEHXVHG
SLFWXUHVLPDJHVDQGYLGHRV
SURSVDQGGHPRV
PHPRUDEOHKHDGOLQHV
XQH[SHFWHGDQGVKRFNLQJVWDWLVWLFV
SHUVRQDOVWRULHV
,QHGXFDWLRQPRVWRIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGFDQEHDFKLHYHGWKURXJKYLGHRV
7KHUHIRUHZKHQXVLQJYLGHRVLQIRUHLJQODQJXDJH)/HGXFDWLRQOHDUQHUVGR
QRW OHDUQ MXVW WKH OLQJXLVWLF FRQWHQW ² WKH\ DUH DOVR JLYHQ DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR
OHDUQDERXWVRPHWKLQJEH\RQGLW9LGHRVSURYLGH)/OHDUQHUVZLWKDVSDFHIRU
OHDUQLQJODQJXDJHV²ZKLOHRIWHQSURYLGLQJWKHPZLWKÀUVWKDQGDQGUHDOOLIH
H[SHULHQFHVDQGDQDXWKHQWLFODQJXDJHHQYLURQPHQW:KDWLVPRUHOHDUQHUV
FDQDQGRIWHQGRLGHQWLI\ZLWKFKDUDFWHUVLQWKHYLGHRHVSHFLDOO\LIWKH\KDYH
VRPHWKLQJLQFRPPRQ
:LWKUHJDUGWRYDULRXVOHDUQLQJVW\OHV-LP6FULYHQHUGLVWLQJXLVKHV
WKUHHW\SHVYLVXDODXGLWRU\DQGNLQHVWKHWLF9$.OHDUQLQJVW\OHV&RQFHU
QLQJWKHÀUVWJURXSRIOHDUQHUVYLVXDOWKH\OHDUQEHVWE\VHHLQJ²HJJUD
SKLFVSLFWXUHVLOOXVWUDWLRQVGHPRQVWUDWLRQVOLVWVHWF7KHQH[WJURXSPHQ
WLRQHG EHQHÀWV IURP DXGLWRU\ LQSXW VXFK DV VSRNHQ SUHVHQWDWLRQV VRQJV
MD]]FKDQWVUK\WKPDQGVRXQGVDVPHPRU\DLGVRXWORXGGULOOLQJVSRNHQ
VWRU\WHOOLQJDQGVSRNHQLQWHUYLHZV7KHODVWJURXSEHQHÀWVIURPG\QDPLF
VHQVDWLRQVZKLFKLQFOXGHPRYHPHQW²IRULQVWDQFH735DFWLYLWLHVPRWLRQ
JDPHV PLPLQJ XVLQJ SURSV PDNLQJ SURGXFWV H[SHULPHQWV PRYHPHQWV
DV PHPRU\ DLGV ² HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ OHDUQLQJ RU UHYLVLQJ $FFRUGLQJ WR IXU
WKHUUHVHDUFKÀQGLQJV.DPHQLFNi .RYiĀLNRYiSLFWXUHVPXVLFDQG
VRXQGVDQGNLQHVWKHWLFG\QDPLFVDUHWKHWKUHHDVSHFWVZKLFKLQGLFDWHWKDW
YLGHRVLQHGXFDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\)/HGXFDWLRQPLJKWEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDXQL
YHUVDONH\WRXVHZKHQGHDOLQJZLWKWKHJUDPPDUVFKRROOHDUQHUVRI9$.
OHDUQLQJVW\OHV5HJDUGLQJWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGVWXG\XVLQJYLGHRVDVFDUULHUV
RIUHDOOLIHVWRULHVVWRU\WHOOLQJZDVLPSOHPHQWHGWRLQFUHDVH)/HQMR\PHQW
DQGHQJDJHPHQWRIOHDUQHUV²LQRUGHUWRHQKDQFHWKHLU)/YRFDEXODU\OHDU
QLQJ0RVWRIWKHPLQFOXGLQJWKHUHOXFWDQWOHDUQHUVFODLPHGWKH\EHQHÀWHG
IURPWKHLPSOHPHQWHGDFWLYLWLHV7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDOVRFOD
LPHGWKDWWKHYLGHRVFRPSOHPHQWHGDFRQWH[WRIWKHQHZYRFDEXODU\LQSXW
ZKLFKZDVRIWHQPLVVLQJLQWKHWH[WERRNVDQGDGGHGDXWKHQWLFLW\WRWKH)/
FODVVHV,QDGGLWLRQWKH\HQDEOHGWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVWROHDUQDERXWFXOWXUDODQG
KLVWRULFDO DVSHFWV RI VRFLHW\ QRW MXVW WKH ODQJXDJH LQSXW LWVHOI 7KH UHVXOWV
RIWKLVDFWLRQUHVHDUFKDOVRVXJJHVWWKDWDFHUWDLQG\QDPLFRUUDWKHUDVHQVH
RIPRYHPHQWZKLFKLVQHHGHGIRUNLQHVWKHWLFOHDUQHUVPLJKWEHGHOLYHUHG
WKURXJKYLGHRVDQG3UH]LSUHVHQWDWLRQV²ZKLFKDWWKHVDPHWLPHDUHDGYDQ
WDJHRXVWROHDUQHUVRIYLVXDODQGDXGLWRU\OHDUQLQJVW\OHV
%HDULQJLQPLQGDOOWKHIHHGEDFNIURPWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGDFWLRQUHVHDUFK
SDUWLFLSDQWVZHSURSRVHWKDWZKHQOHDUQLQJDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHWKH´UHDOV·
SULQFLSOHµVKRXOGEHDSSOLHGVWXGHQWVVKRXOGEHOHDUQLQJDERXWUHDOOLIHXVLQJ
UHDOODQJXDJHLQUHDOFRQWH[WV.DPHQLFNi,QWKHFRQWH[WRIHGXFDWLRQ
LWLVEHOLHYHGWKDWGRLQJDXWKHQWLFDQGUHDOZRUOGWDVNVPRWLYDWHVVWXGHQWVWR
OHDUQ*UHHQVSDQ %HQGHUO\)XUWKHUPRUHPRWLYDWLRQKDVRIWHQEHHQ
GLVFXVVHGZLWKHPRWLRQDOVHQVDWLRQV)ULFN7KHUHIRUHZKHQLWFRPHV
WRWULJJHULQJHPRWLRQDOUHVSRQVHVDQGHQKDQFHPHQWRI)/OHDUQLQJLWLVHVVHQ
WLDOWRHPSKDVL]HWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDXWKHQWLFODQJXDJHLQSXWZKLFKFDQEH
SURYLGHGE\VWRULHVMRNHVYLGHRVHWFDQGVXEVHTXHQWSHUIRUPDQFHRIUHODWHG
DXWKHQWLFWDVNV
&RQFHUQLQJWKHPRWLYDWLRQWROHDUQ5REHUW&*DUGQHUFUHDWHGWKH
VRFDOOHGVRFLRHGXFDWLRQDOPRGHORIPRWLYDWLRQ7KHDXWKRUSURSRVHVWKDW
ZKHQLWFRPHVWR)/OHDUQLQJLWLVOHDUQHUV·SRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVWKH
WHDFKHUIRUHLJQODQJXDJHFRXUVHDQGWDUJHWODQJXDJHZKLFKSOD\WKHSUR
PLQHQWUROH6LPLODUO\VHYHUDORWKHUUHVHDUFKHUV'HZDHOH:LWQH\6DLWR 'HZDHOHHPSKDVL]HWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHWHDFKHUZKHQLWFRPHVWR
WKHLUOHDUQHUV·PRWLYDWLRQ$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVVWXG\IRUHLJQODQJXDJHHQMR\
PHQW)/(LVUHODWHGWRWKH)/WHDFKHUV·SUDFWLFHVZKLOHIRUHLJQODQJXDJH
DQ[LHW\)/$VHHPVOHVVUHODWHGWRWKHP7KHUHIRUHLWLVVXJJHVWHGWRFRQ
FHQWUDWH RQ ERRVWLQJ WKH )/( UDWKHU WKDQ ZRUU\LQJ WRR PXFK DERXW )/$
$VSURSRVHGLQWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGVWXG\WKHUROHRIWKHWHDFKHULVFHQWUDO
QRWRQO\ZKHQLWFRPHVWRWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFRPSUHKHQVLEOHGLVFRXUVHEXW
DOVRZKHQLWFRPHVWRWKHFUHDWLRQRIDQDSSURSULDWHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW
,QVXFKHQYLURQPHQW´VWXGHQWVEHOLHYHLQWKHYDOXHRIOHDUQLQJDODQJXDJH
ZKHUHWKH\IHHOWKH\FDQIDFHWKDWFKDOOHQJHDQGZKHUHWKH\XQGHUVWDQGWKH
EHQHÀW WKH\ FDQ JHW IURP DWWDLQLQJ LWµ $UQROG )RQVHFD S ²
ZKLFKFDQEHDFKLHYHGERWKWKURXJKYHUEDODQGQRQYHUEDOPHDQVLQFOXGLQJ
WKHXVHRIYLGHRVDVDSDUWRIHGXFDWLRQ$QRWKHUVWXG\ZKLFKZDVFRQGXFWHG
E\1DVUDK0,VPDLOYHULÀHGWKHHIIHFWRIWKHHQJDJHPHQWSURJUDPRQ
DOOHYLDWLRQRI)/$DQGHQKDQFHPHQWRIPRWLYDWLRQRIIHPDOHXQLYHUVLW\VWX
GHQWVRI(QJOLVKWROHDUQZKLFKLQFOXGHGVHYHUDOOHDUQLQJDFWLYLWLHVLQZKLFK
HGXFDWLRQDOYLGHRVSOD\HGDQLPSRUWDQWUROHWRR
Role of educators
$VZHDOUHDG\VXJJHVWHGWRHQKDQFH)/OHDUQLQJWHDFKHUVVKRXOGVWULYH
IRUWKHLUOHDUQHUVWRKDYHSRVLWLYHHPRWLRQDOH[SHULHQFHVGXULQJWKHSURFHVV
RIOHDUQLQJ(YHU\WHDFKHUFDQEHOLNHQHGWRDVHOOHURIDSURGXFW7KHLUJRDO
VKRXOGEHWRSHUVXDGHWKHEX\HUWKDWWKH\QHHGWKHSURGXFWDQGZLOOXVHLWLQ
WKHIXWXUH²DQGSRVVLEO\SHUVXDGHWKHLUIULHQGVWREX\LWWRR:KHQLWFRPHV
WREXVLQHVVLWLVRIWHQDYLGHRZKLFKVHOOVWKHSURGXFW
$VGLVFXVVHGYLGHRVFRPSULVHSLFWXUHVPXVLFDQGVRXQGVDQGFHUWDLQ
G\QDPLFV $OWKRXJK DOO RI WKHVH DUH LPSRUWDQW LQ D YLGHR WKH PXVLF FDQ
DIIHFWWKHYLHZHULQDYHU\VLJQLÀFDQWZD\(YHU\WHDFKHUFDQYHULI\LWVHIIHFW
GXULQJWKHHGXFDWLRQDOSURFHVVLQDYHU\VLPSOHH[SHULPHQW)RUWKLVH[SH
ULPHQWDIRRWDJHRIDEDWWOHFDQEHXVHG,I\RXDGGDVRXQGWUDFNFRPSRVHG
LQDPLQRUNH\WKHYLHZHUVZLOOSHUFHLYHWKHYLGHRIURPWKHVLGHRIWKHGHIH
DWHGDUP\6XEVHTXHQWO\\RXFDQSOD\WKHPWKHVDPHIRRWDJHKRZHYHUWKLV
WLPHZLWKDVRXQGWUDFNFRPSRVHGLQDPDMRUNH\7KHYLHZHUVZLOOSHUFHLYH
WKHYLGHRIURPWKHVLGHRIWKHYLFWRULRXVDUP\$OWKRXJKWKHIRRWDJHLVWKH
VDPHLWLVWKHPXVLFWKDWPDNHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHDQGSURYLGHVWKHHGXFDWRU
ZLWKWKHSRVVLELOLW\WRPXOWLSO\RUPDQLSXODWHWKHHPRWLRQDOH[SHULHQFHWKH
YLHZHUV JHW 6HYHUDO UHVHDUFKHUV GHDOW ZLWK WKH LQÁXHQFH RI PXVLF RQ WKH
PHDQLQJ %ROW] %ROW] 6FKRONLQG .DQWUD 6KHY\ 7DQ
6SDFNPDQ :DNHÀHOG DQG DJUHHG RQ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH SRZHU RI
PXVLFLQPRYLHVLVUHPDUNDEOHLQWKLVUHJDUG²ZKHWKHULWSUHFHGHVIRUHVKD
GRZVDFFRPSDQLHVRUIROORZVDFHUWDLQHYHQW:KHQLWFRPHVWRHGXFDWLRQ
WRPXOWLSO\WKHHPRWLRQDOH[SHULHQFHIURPDYLGHRYLGHRVZLWKLQWHUHVWLQJ
PXVLFFDQEHXVHG
:KHQVXIÀFLHQWO\HPRWLRQDOO\HQJDJHGWKHOHDUQHUVEHFRPHWKHWHDFKHUV·
UHJXODU´FOLHQWVµ+RZHYHULWLVQRWRQO\´VHOOLQJRIDSURGXFWµZKLFKLVWKH
PDLQ UROH RI WHDFKHUV 7KH WHDFKHUV VKRXOG EHFRPH OHDGHUV DQG PDQDJHUV ²
ZLWK ZKRP RWKHU SHRSOH LQFOXGLQJ WKHLU VWXGHQWV ZDQW WR ZRUN 7RJHWKHU
WKH\ZRUNRQFROODERUDWLYHSURMHFWV²VRWKDWDOORIWKHPSURÀWDQGVSUHDG´WKH
SURGXFWµIDUDQGZLGH
Videos in use
$VZHGLVFXVVHGWKHSRWHQWLDORIYLGHRVWRVWLPXODWHHPRWLRQDOH[SHULHQ
FLQJLQOHDUQHUVLVUDWKHULQWHUHVWLQJ+RZHYHULWLVHVVHQWLDOWRHPSKDVL]HWKDW
ZDWFKLQJYLGHRVLVPRUHRIDSHUFHSWLRQWKDQRIODQJXDJHSURGXFWLRQ+RZH
YHU LQ )/ HGXFDWLRQ D UHFHSWLYH LQSXW VKRXOG EH IROORZHG E\ D SURGXFWLYH
RXWSXW+RZ"$IWHUZDWFKLQJDYLGHRVHYHUDODFWLYLWLHVFDQEHSHUIRUPHGWR
HOLFLWSURGXFWLYHUHVSRQVHVIURPOHDUQHUVERWKVSRNHQDQGZULWWHQ
GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH VFHQH ² WR HOLFLW EDVLF YRFDEXODU\ HVS QRXQV DQG
DGMHFWLYHVIRUWKHEHJLQQHUOHDUQHUVRID)/
UHWHOOLQJRUGHVFULSWLRQRIHYHQWV²WRSUDFWLFHWKHXVHRIJUDPPDUHVS
YDULRXVYHUEIRUPVDQGWHQVHV
GLVFXVVLRQ ² IRU FKHFNLQJ OHDUQHUV· FRPSUHKHQVLRQ IRU EHWWHU XQGHU
VWDQGLQJRIDSUREOHPVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOLVVXHVHWF
FRPSDULQJWKHYLGHRZLWKSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHV
VSHFXODWLQJ²HVSDERXWHYHQWVWKDWSUHFHGHGRUPLJKWIROORZWRSUDF
WLFHSDVWDQGIXWXUHWHQVHVZKDWLIVWRSUDFWLFHFRQGLWLRQDOV
$QRWKHU SRVVLEOH XVH RI YLGHRV LQ )/ OHDUQLQJ FDQ EH ZDWFKLQJ MXVW IRU
HQMR\PHQW²ZKLFKFDQEHIROORZHGE\DJHQXLQHUHDFWLRQDQGRUUHÁHFWLRQRI
OHDUQHUVWRWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHYLGHR,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRLQIRUPWKHOHDUQHUVWKDW
WKH\DUHDERXWWRZDWFKDYLGHRMXVWWRHQMR\LWDQGWKDWQRFRPSUHKHQVLRQWDVNV
ZLOOIROORZ8VXDOO\DVLJKRIUHOLHIFDQEHKHDUGLQWKHFODVVURRPDIWHUVXFK
LQIRUPDWLRQ²IROORZHGE\WKHUHOD[LQJSRVWXUHVRIWKHVWXGHQWV
7RFRPELQHEXVLQHVVZLWKSOHDVXUHZHSURSRVHWKDWOHDUQLQJDIRUHLJQODQ
JXDJHVKRXOGWDNHSODFHQRWRQO\LQWKHFODVVURRPEXWDOVRRXWVLGHRIWKHFODV
VURRP²QRWEHFDXVHWKHOHDUQHUVKDYHWROHDUQEXWEHFDXVHWKH\ZDQWWRDQG
GRHQMR\WKHH[SHULHQFHRIDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH7KHUHIRUHZHSURSRVHVHYHUDO
LGHDVRQKRZWRFKRRVHYLGHRVZKLFKSURYLGHOHDUQHUVZLWKXSWRGDWHOH[LFDO
LQSXWDQGIUHVKLQIRUPDWLRQHYHU\GD\7KHVHLGHDVFDQEHGHULYHGIURPDQG
EXLOGXSE\WKHWHDFKHUVWKHPVHOYHVRUWKH\FDQEHVLPSO\UHFRPPHQGHGWR)/
OHDUQHUVLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHLU)/VNLOOV
Following a foreign YouTube channel.7KHUHDUHWKRXVDQGVRI<RX7XEH
FKDQQHOVZKLFKGHDOZLWKWUDYHOOLQJPDNHXSIDVKLRQFRRNLQJVFDOHPRGHO
PDNLQJWXQLQJFDUVQDWXUHVXUYLYDOLQQDWXUHSULPLWLYHVXUYLYDOWHFKQLTXHV
SOD\LQJ D PXVLFDO LQVWUXPHQW JDPLQJ DUFKHRORJ\ HWF 7KH DGYDQWDJH KHUH
LVDQXQOLPLWHGVRXUFHRIQHZYRFDEXODU\LQVRPHRQH·VÀHOGRILQWHUHVW7KH
DGGHGYDOXHLVWKHHPRWLRQWKDWLVWULJJHUHGIURPVRPHRQH·VIDYRULWHDFWLYLW\
KREE\RUGHDOLQJZLWKDWRSLFRIWKHLULQWHUHVW0RUHRYHUZKHQIROORZLQJD
<RX7XEHFKDQQHOWKHOHDUQHULVSURYLGHGZLWKQHZYLGHRVRQDUHJXODUEDVLV
DQGZKHQHQJDJHGWKH\GRQRWZDQWWRPLVVWKHP$VDUHVXOWWKH\OHDUQD
IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH RQ D UHJXODU EDVLV ² ZLWKRXW HYHQ UHDOL]LQJ LW DV WKH\ DUH
DEVRUEHGLQIROORZLQJWKHLUKREE\
Watching quality foreign reality shows. 7KHUH DUH QXPEHUV RI UHDOLW\
VKRZVZKLFKGHDOZLWKWUDYHOOLQJJROGPLQLQJVXUYLYDOLQQDWXUHSURGXFWLRQ
RIJRRGVDQGGHYLFHVKRZWKLQJVDUHPDGHZHLUGSODFHVP\VWHULRXVKLVWRU\
KLGGHQ VHFUHWV KLGGHQ SODFHV DQG EXLOGLQJV DQLPDOV FDU UHSDUDWLRQV DQG
WXQLQJDXFWLRQVEX\LQJZHGGLQJRUSURPGUHVVHVEX\LQJÁDWVDQGKRXVHV
ÀVKLQJHWF$JDLQWKHVHUHDOLW\VKRZVSURYLGHDQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHURIDIRUH
LJQODQJXDJHZLWKDQXQOLPLWHGVRXUFHRIQHZYRFDEXODU\LQWKHDUHDRIWKHLU
LQWHUHVW
Watching BBC News. 7KLV JLYHV OHDUQHUV DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR OHDUQ DERXW
PRVWUHFHQWHYHQWV²DQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WRFRQVWDQWO\XSGDWHWKHLUYRFDEXODU\
)RU(QJOLVKOHDUQHUVWKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQWEHQHÀWRI%%&LVLQGLVSXWDEO\WKH
RSSRUWXQLW\WRFRPHWRWRXFKZLWKVRFDOOHG53(QJOLVKZKLFKZHZLOOGLVFXVV
ODWHU
Watching movies in a foreign or the original language.7KLVFDQJLYHOHDU
QHUVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRHQMR\WKHPRYLHHYHQPRUHWKDQZKHQZDWFKLQJLWLQ
DGXEEHGYHUVLRQ7KHÁXHQWIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVSHDNHUVDJUHHWKDWDORWFDQ
EHORVWLQWUDQVODWLRQV1RWWRPHQWLRQWKHIDFWWKDWWKHGXEELQJSHUIRUPDQFHV
RIDFWRUVDUHQRWDOZD\VFRQYHQLHQWHQRXJKIRUHYHU\YLHZHU6RPHWLPHVLW
LVDGYDQWDJHRXVIRUDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQHUWRZDWFKDPRYLHLQDIRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJHZKLFKWKH\DUHDOUHDG\IDPLOLDUZLWKLQWKHLUPRWKHUODQJXDJH7KLV
SURYLGHVWKHPZLWKDVHQVHRIVDIHW\DQGDOOHYLDWHVWKHLUDQ[LHW\
Watching TV series in a foreign or the original language. ,QWKHHUDRI1HW
ÁL[DQG+%2*2EHLQJDUHJXODUYLHZHURID79VHULHVLVQRWKLQJXQFRPPRQ
$QH[FLWLQJVWRU\OLQHDQGYLHZHUV·LGHQWLI\LQJZLWKLWVFKDUDFWHUVLVZKDWKDV
WKHUHDOSRZHUWRHPRWLRQDOO\VWLPXODWHDQGHQJDJH7KHYLHZHUVGRQRWHYHQ
UHDOL]HWKDWDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKH\EHFRPHOHDUQHUV$JDLQWKHUHJXODUDQGJUD
GXDOUHOHDVHRIHSLVRGHVWKHH[FLWLQJVWRU\OLQHDQGVWURQJFKDUDFWHUVLVZKDW
PDNHVWKH79VHULHVDGGLFWLYHWRWKHOHDUQHU
Using Google Street View + YouTube videos.&KRRVLQJDUDQGRPSODFH
RQWKHPDSDQGSHHNLQJWKHUHWKURXJK*RRJOH6WUHHW9LHZEULQJVDVHQVHRI
FXULRVLW\DQGZRQGHUDQGDOORZVERWKWHDFKHUVDQGOHDUQHUVWROHDUQDERXW
H[RWLFSODFHV²WKHSRSXODURQHVRUWKHRQHVWKH\KDYHQHYHUKHDUGRI6XEVH
TXHQWO\ZDWFKLQJD<RX7XEHYLGHRDQGDIROORZXSXVHRIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG
DFWLYLWLHVGHDOLQJZLWKWKDWSDUWLFXODUSODFHRUWKHLVVXHVLWVLQKDELWDQWVKDYH
WRIDFHSURYLGHDJUHDWRSSRUWXQLW\IRUIXUWKHUIRUHLJQODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ
$IDFWZRUWKKLJKOLJKWLQJLVWKDWZKHQDSSO\LQJWKHVHLGHDVWKHOHDUQHUV
DUHH[SRVHGWR)/VSHDNHUVRIYDULRXVDFFHQWV:KHQLWFRPHVWR(QJOLVKWKH
%%&1HZVSURYLGHV)/OHDUQHUVZLWKDQRSSRUWXQLW\WROLVWHQWRWKHVRFDOOHG
53(QJOLVKZKLFKLVD8.SURQXQFLDWLRQYDULHW\RIWHQVHHQDVDVWDQGDUGHGX
FDWHGSURQXQFLDWLRQ6FULYHQHU+RZHYHUWKH53LVQRWDUXOHLQWKHUHVW
RIWKHPHQWLRQHGYLGHRLGHDV$FFHQWVDQGQXPHURXVYDULHWLHVRI(QJOLVKFDQ
EHIRXQGLQWKHVHYLGHRVDQGPRYLHV²ZKLFKLVYHU\DGYDQWDJHRXVWROHDUQHUV
²DVLQUHDOOLIHLWLVERWKQDWLYHDQGQRQQDWLYHVSHDNHUVRI(QJOLVKWKDWWKH
OHDUQHUVPLJKWFRPHLQWRFRQWDFWZLWK+HQFHWKHOHDUQHUVRIDIRUHLJQODQ
JXDJHVKRXOGDLPWRFRPPXQLFDWHHIIHFWLYHO\DQGLQWHOOLJLEO\ZLWKSHRSOHRI
YDULRXVQDWLRQDOLWLHVDQGFXOWXUHV
$QRWKHU DGYDQWDJH RI EHLQJ H[SRVHG WR DXWKHQWLF ODQJXDJH LQ WKH PHQ
WLRQHGYLGHRVDQGPRYLHVLVWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\SURYLGHWKHOHDUQHUVZLWKDQ
RSSRUWXQLW\ WR LPSURYH QRW RQO\ YRFDEXODU\ DQG JUDPPDU EXW DOVR WKRVH
DVSHFWVRIIRUHLJQODQJXDJHZKLFKDUHQRWXVXDOO\WDXJKWDWVFKRROV²WKHVXSUD
VHJPHQWDOOHYHORISKRQHWLFVDQGSKRQRORJ\LHSURVRGLFIHDWXUHVVXFKDV
ZRUGVWUHVVVHQWHQFHVWUHVVWRQHLQWRQDWLRQHWF.UiĕRYi5RDFK
²ZKLFKOHDGVWRWKHRYHUDOOLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHLUSURQXQFLDWLRQDQGWKXVWR
EHWWHULQWHOOLJLELOLW\RIWKHLUXWWHUDQFHV
Conclusion
%HDULQJ LQ PLQG WKH DSSOH WUHH PRGHO WKH JDUGHQLQJ WRROV SURYLGHG E\
WKH SHGDJRJLFDO DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO HGXFDWLRQ WKH IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUV
DFTXLUHGPLJKWQRWEHVXIÀFLHQWIRUWKHLUSODQWV·ZHOOEHLQJWRGD\7RNQRZ
WKHSODQWDQGWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRULWVJURZWKLVHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQW²DQGWKDWLV
WKHUROHRIWKHWHDFKHUDVWKHHGXFDWRUWRVXSSRUWDQGKHOSWKHPJURZ²VR
WKDWWKH\FDQÁRXULVKEORVVRPDQGRUEORRPDQGEULQJKDUYHVW$OWKRXJKWKH
DXWKRUDQGKHUFRZRUNHUVDUHFXUUHQWO\ZRUNLQJRQDPRUHGHWDLOHGHPSLUL
FDOVWXG\WKHTXHVWLRQRIKRZWRGHOLYHUHPRWLRQDOO\FRPSHWHQWVWLPXOLLQWKH
FODVVDQGZKDWPDWHULDOVFRXOGEHXVHGWRHPRWLRQDOO\VWLPXODWHWKHOHDUQHUVLV
DOVRIRUWKHWHDFKHUVWKHPVHOYHVDQGIRUWKHUHDGHUVRIWKLVSDSHUWRDQVZHUWRR
/DVWO\PRUHGLYHUVHPHWKRGRORJLHVVKRXOGEHLQWHJUDWHGDQGFROODERUDWLRQ
ZLWK RWKHU UHVHDUFKHUV LQ WKLV ÀHOG ZRXOG EH IUXLWIXO LQ D IXWXUH VWXG\ 7KH
PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\PL[HGPHWKRGVDSSURDFKLQWKHIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKFDQEHHVSH
FLDOO\EHQHÀFLDO²LQRUGHUWRSURYLGHWKHHGXFDWRUVDQGWHDFKHUVZLWK´IHUWLOL
]HUVµIRUWKHLUJDUGHQV²SDUWLFXODUO\GHVLJQHGIRUWKHFRQGLWLRQVZHFXUUHQWO\
OLYHLQ
Acknowledgements
7KLVZRUNZDVVXSSRUWHGLQSDUWE\WKHJUDQW.(*$8.)RIWKH
0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH5HVHDUFKDQG6SRUWRIWKH6ORYDN5HSXEOLF
DQGLQSDUWE\WKHJUDQW8*$9RIWKH&RQVWDQWLQHWKH3KLORVRSKHU
8QLYHUVLW\LQ1LWUD6ORYDN5HSXEOLF
References
>@ $UQROG- )RQVHFD&$IIHFWLQWHDFKHUWDON,Q%7RPOLQVRQ(GLanguage Acqu- isition and DevelopmentSS1HZ<RUN&RQWLQXXP
>@ $\oLoHùL$ +DUULV&/%LOLQJXDOV·UHFDOODQGUHFRJQLWLRQRIHPRWLRQZRUGVCogni- tion and Emotion, 18
>@ $\oLoHùL$ +DUULV&/(PRWLRQPHPRU\HIIHFWVLQELOLQJXDOVSHDNHUV$OHYHOVRI
SURFHVVLQJDSSURDFKBilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12
>@ %ROW] 0 * 7KH FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVLQJ RI ÀOP DQG PXVLFDO VRXQGWUDFN Memory &
Cognition, 32
>@ %ROW]0*6FKRONLQG0 .DQWUD6(IIHFWVRIEDFNJURXQGPXVLFRQUHPHPEHULQJ
RIÀOPHGHYHQWVMemory & Cognition, 19
>@ &VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L0Flow: The psychology of optimal experience1HZ<RUN+DUSHU 5RZ
>@ 'HZDHOH-05HÁHFWLRQVRQWKHHPRWLRQDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDODVSHFWVRIIRUHLJQODQ
JXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGXVHAnglistik. International Journal of English Studies, 22
>@ 'HZDHOH-0 0DF,QW\UH3'7KHWZRIDFHVRI-DQXV"$Q[LHW\DQGHQMR\PHQWLQ
WKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHFODVVURRPStudies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4
>@ 'HZDHOH-0 3DYOHQNR$(PRWLRQYRFDEXODU\LQLQWHUODQJXDJHLanguage Learn- ing, 52
>@ 'HZDHOH-03HWULGHV.9 )XUQKDP$(IIHFWVRIWUDLWHPRWLRQDOLQWHOOLJHQFH
DQG VRFLRELRJUDSKLFDO YDULDEOHV RQ FRPPXQLFDWLYH DQ[LHW\ DQG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH DQ[LHW\
DPRQJDGXOWPXOWLOLQJXDOV$UHYLHZDQGHPSLULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQLanguage Learning, 58
>@ 'HZDHOH-0:LWQH\-6DLWR- 'HZDHOH/)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH(QMR\PHQWDQG
$Q[LHW\LQWKH)/&ODVVURRP7KH(IIHFWRI7HDFKHUDQG/HDUQHU9DULDEOHVLanguage Teaching Research, 22
>@ '|UQ\HL=+HQU\$ 0XLU&Motivational currents in language learning: Frame- works for focused interventions1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
>@ 'çXND- 'DOEHUW&9ìYRMDRYHUHQLHYDOLGLW\äNiOHPRFLRQiOQHMKDELWXiOQHMVXE
MHNWtYQHMSRKRG\6(+3>(ODERUDWLRQDQGYHULÀFDWLRQRIHPRWLRQDOKDELWXDOVXEMHFWLYHZHOO
EHLQJVFDOHV6(+3@ÿHVNRVORYHQVNiSV\FKRORJLH
>@ )HUUp3(IIHFWVRIOHYHORISURFHVVLQJRQPHPRU\IRUDIIHFWLYHO\YDOHQFHGZRUGVCog- nition and Emotion, 17
>@ )ULFN 7 Emotions, Learning, and Good Teaching %ORRPLQJWRQ ,QGLDQD 8QLYHUVLW\
%ORRPLQJWRQ
>@ *DOOR&Talk Like TED1HZ<RUN0DFPLOODQ
>@ *DUGQHU5&Motivation and second language acquisition: The socio-educational model
1HZ<RUN3HWHU/DQJ
>@ *UHHQVSDQ6, %HQGHUO\%/The growth of the mind and the endangered origins of intelligence5HDGLQJ$GGLVRQ:HVOH\
>@ +RUZLW] ( . 2Q WKH 0LVUHDGLQJ RI +RUZLW] +RUZLW] DQG &RSH DQG WKH
1HHGWR%DODQFH$Q[LHW\5HVHDUFKDQGWKH([SHULHQFHVRI$Q[LRXV/DQJXDJH/HDUQHUV.,Q
&K*NRQRX0'DXEQH\ -0'HZDHOH(GVNew insights into language anxiety: Theory, research and educational implicationsSS%ULVWRO0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
>@ ,VPDLO107KH(IIHFWLYHQHVVRIDQ(QJDJLQJ3URJUDPWR5HGXFH6DXGL)HPDOH8QL
YHUVLW\()/6WXGHQWV·)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH$Q[LHW\DQGWR(QKDQFHWKHLU0RWLYDWLRQWR/HDUQ
(QJOLVKDW7DLI8QLYHUVLW\International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8
>@ .DPHQLFNi-+RZWR(QMR\WKH-RXUQH\)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH9RFDEXODU\/HDUQLQJDQG
7HDFKLQJSlavonic Pedagogical Studies Journal, 8
>@ .DPHQLFNi- .RYiĀLNRYi(Emotional Engagement in Teaching English Vocabulary
3UDKD9HUEXP
>@ .DQD]DZD<D%H\RQGSRVLWLYHSV\FKRORJ\3KLORVRSKLFDOLQVLJKWVWRDYRLGWKHSRWHQ
WLDOGDQJHUVRIYXOJDUL]HGDSSUHFLDWLRQVRISRVLWLYHHPRWLRQJournal of International Studies, 8
>@ .DQD]DZD<(PRWLRQDV´GHHSHUµWKDQFRJQLWLRQ7KHRUHWLFDOXQGHUSLQQLQJVDQG
PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\OLJQHVGHIDLWVWRWKH(PRWLRQ,QYROYHG3URFHVVLQJ+\SRWKHVLV(,3+Jour- nal of International Studies, 9
>@ .DQD]DZD<E(PRWLRQFRJQLWLRQERG\LQWHUFRQQHFWHGG\QDPLVP0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\
DQGQHXURVFLHQWLÀFSHUVSHFWLYHVJournal of International Studies, 8SS
>@ .DQD]DZD<F)URPWKHHPRWLRQFRJQLWLRQGLFKRWRP\WRDQRUJDQLFZKROH3KLOR
VRSKLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHVYLD-DPHV:KLWHKHDG3HLUFH'HZH\DQG%HUJVRQJournal of Interna- tional Studies, 8
>@ .DQD]DZD<0LFUROHYHOHPRWLRQDVDIDFWRURI/YRFDEXODU\PHPRU\7KHHIIHFWRI
OH[LFDOHPRWLRQDOYDOHQFHRQLQFLGHQWDOUHFDOOSHUIRUPDQFHLanguage Education & Technology, 53
>@ .DQD]DZD<G7UDLWHPRWLRQDOLQWHOOLJHQFHDVDQLQGLYLGXDOGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHHIIHFWLYH
QHVVRIQRQ(PRWLRQ,QYROYHG6HPDQWLF3URFHVVLQJ3RWHQWLDOLQWHUSOD\EHWZHHQPDFURDQG
PLFUROHYHOHPRWLRQLQIRUHLJQODQJXDJHYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJDQGDFTXLVLWLRQKwansei Gakuin University Humanities Review, 24
>@ .UiĕRYi=Faktory anglickej fónickej kompetencie >)DFWRUVRI(QJOLVK3KRQLF&RPSH
WHQFH@æLOLQD8QLYHUVLW\RIæLOLQD
>@ .UiĕRYi = .DPHQLFNi - 7LUSiNRYi $ (PRWLRQDOO\ &RPSHWHQW 6WLPXOL LQ 7HDFKLQJ
)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH9RFDEXODU\6XEPLWWHGIRUSXEOLFDWLRQ
>@ 0HGLQD-Brain Rules6HDWWOH3HDU3UHVV
>@ 2[IRUG5/7RZDUGDSV\FKRORJ\RIZHOOEHLQJIRUODQJXDJHOHDUQHUV7KH¶(03$
7+,&6·YLVLRQ,Q3'0DF,QW\UH7*UHJHUVHQ 60HUFHU(GVPositive psychology in SLA SS%ULVWRO0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
>@ 3DYOHQNR$7KHDIIHFWLYHWXUQLQ6/$,Q'*DEU\Ĥ%DUNHU -%LHOVND(GV The affective dimension in second language acquisition SS%ULVWRO0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
>@ 5RDFK3English Phonetics and Phonology&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>@ 6DORYH\3 0D\HU-'(PRWLRQDOLQWHOOLJHQFHImagination, Cognition and Persona- lity, 9
>@ 6FKW]H8Language learning and the brain: Lexical processing in second language acquisi- tion&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>@ 6FULYHQHU-Learning Teaching2[IRUG0DFPLOODQ(GXFDWLRQ
>@ 6HOLJPDQ 0 ( 3 &VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L 0 3RVLWLYH SV\FKRORJ\ $Q LQWURGXFWLRQ
American Psychologist, 55
>@ 6KDUZRRG6PLWK0 7UXVFRWW-Multilingual mind: A modular processing perspective
&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>@ 6KHY\07KHPRRGRIURFNPXVLFDIIHFWVHYDOXDWLRQRIYLGHRHOHPHQWVGLIIHULQJLQ
YDOHQFHDQGGRPLQDQFHPsychomusicology, 19
>@ 6WRUEHFN- &ORUH*/2QWKHLQWHUGHSHQGHQFHRIFRJQLWLRQDQGHPRWLRQCognition and Emotion, 21
>@ 6ZDLQ07KHLQVHSDUDELOLW\RIFRJQLWLRQDQGHPRWLRQLQVHFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
Language Teaching, 46
>@ 7DOPL'6FKLPPDFN83DWHUVRQ7 0RVFRYLWFK07KHUROHRIDWWHQWLRQDQG
UHODWHGQHVVLQ(PRWLRQDOO\(QKDQFHG0HPRU\Emotion, 7
>@ 7DQ6/6SDFNPDQ03 :DNHÀHOG(07KH(IIHFWVRI'LHJHWLFDQG1RQGLHJH
WLF0XVLFRQ9LHZHU·V,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRID)LOP6FHQHMusic Perception, 34
>@ 7RGG5'LVFXVVLRQZLWK&DUPLQH*DOOR)HEUXDU\,Q&*DOORTalk like TED
1HZ<RUN0DFPLOODQ
>@ 7UXVFRWW-Consciousness and second language learning%ULVWRO0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV
>@ :KLWH&-7KHHPRWLRQDOWXUQLQDSSOLHGOLQJXLVWLFVDQG7(62/,Q-GH'LRV0DU
WtQH]$JXGR(GEmotions in second language teachingSS6ZLW]HUODQG6SULQJHU